DOCSLIB.ORG

On Foot Scampering Over Tree Roots

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Foot Scampering Over Tree Roots 5. Netarts/Happy Camp Beaches Safety & Etiquette Netarts has two good beach access points, 7-9 Cape Lookout • Pack it in, pack it out. Cape to Cape with restrooms at both. Just north of the These hikes are longer and more • Keep dogs on leash. village of Netarts, take Happy Camp Road ! strenuous than the other hikes in this • Watch children closely. west down the hill. At the end of the road you guide. Be prepared for muddy sections and • Do not climb cliffs or walk out will find a gravel parking lot near the mouth on Foot scampering over tree roots. Wear good onto rock faces. of Netarts Bay. From the parking lot, you can shoes, carry water, and plan for unpredictable Netarts Area Trails and Beach Walks • Be prepared for sudden walk to the south along the bay or to the changes in weather. Cape Lookout can be weather changes. from Cape Meares to Cape Lookout north with great views of Three Arch Rocks. very windy or become shrouded in fog quickly. This area has strong tidal currents and is • Watch for sneaker waves. unsafe for swimming. Jim Young In Netarts, turn west off the main highway 7. North Trail at Netarts Bay Drive. You will immediately Jim Young see Netarts Bay and the County Boat Ramp North Trail crosses the cape and follows the parking lot. From the lot, walk west about coastline north 2.3 miles (4.6 miles round-trip) 100 yards to the bay beach. A day-use through the shaded forest and down to the parking fee is required. park day-use area. 8. Cape Trail Tidepool Etiquette Cape Trail, 4.8 miles round-trip, passes • Touch gently. Tidepool animals are through a coastal forest of old spruce and easily damaged. hemlock trees to spectacular views of the • Check regulations. Many tidepool animals ocean, Cape Kiwanda to the south, and are protected by law. Cape Meares to the north. The trail follows a • Watch your step. Take care not to step steep cliffside with no rails. Look for marine on any creatures. birds and mammals, including migrating gray whales, at viewpoints throughout the trail. Tsunami Safety Jim Young 9. South Trail Beware of tsunami evacuation signs. If you feel an earthquake, see the seawater suddenly 6. Cape Lookout State Park/Netarts Spit South Trail meanders 1.8 miles (3.6 miles recede from the shoreline, head inland and round-trip) along the south side of the cape From Cape Lookout to the end of Netarts uphill quickly. Even on headlands, immediately and connects down to the beach and a large Spit lies a beach walker’s paradise- seven go inland in case of landslides. unbroken miles of sandy beach. Start at the rocky tidepool area. day-use area of Cape Lookout State Park. A day-use parking fee is required. 10. Bayocean Spit Turn right onto a long gravel road at the base Access across the dunes from the campground is limited to marked trails due of Bayocean Spit. A 7.8 mile loop takes you to ongoing erosion and dune restoration. around the entire peninsula, from the ocean Pick up a park brochure to enjoy a short loop beach to an old road along Tillamook Bay. For with educational information located between shorter hikes, use one of the many trails that Netartsbaytoday.org the day-use area and campground. cut across the dune forest between the ocean and the bay. Salty Dog Fund 1. Cape Meares Netarts Area Trails and Beach Walks The lighthouse parking lot at Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint is a great place to 1. Cape Meares* begin a walking tour of the area. To the west, two short paved trails lead to the Lighthouse 2. Short Beach (open late spring to early fall) with views of closed road offshore rocks and seasonal seabird nesting 3. Tunnel Beach sites, sea lions, and gray whales. To the east, follow a wide path up to the Octopus Tree, 4. Oceanside Beaches* a Sitka spruce with a 50-foot base and large Jim Young branches that give it its name. East past the 5. Netarts/Happy Camp Octopus Tree hike 0.4 miles (0.8 miles round- Cape Meares Lighthouse Beaches* trip) through a shaded forest with old growth trees. 2. Short Beach Cape Lookout State 6. Look for a fence on the east side of the Park/Netarts Spit Another trailhead is at the parking lot outside the park entrance gate. To the left follow a highway and a sign at the trailhead on the short spur trail to view the largest Sitka Spruce left. Parking is limited. The trail to the beach Cape Trailhead in Oregon. To the right (north), the 1.6 mile is short but steep, watch your step. All rocky 7. North Trail* round-trip trail is difficult as it passes through islands along the Oregon Coast are part of 8. Cape Trail a large landslide area and leads to the beach the Refuge and are closed to the public to protect nesting seabirds. Netarts Area 9. South Trail* below at low tide. oregonstateparks.org 10. Bayocean Peninsula Park 3. Tunnel Beach Park at the Oceanside Beach State Recreation * Part of the Oregon Coast Trail Site. Maxwell Point juts out into the surf but a 360-mile walking route along Studio Timberdoodle | brochure design by Elise Wahl Oregon’s coastline a long tunnel through Maxwell Point allows Pacific access during low tide to this secluded beach. During some very low tides it may be Ocean Legend possible to walk around Maxwell Point. Beach access varies with changing tides and Viewpoint Camping beach conditions. During very low tides there are colorful tidepools to explore. Restroom Beach Access 4. 0ceanside Beaches Trailhead/Parking Oceanside Beach State Recreation Site provides a convenient day-use beach area with parking and public restrooms. From here, CAUTION: The Oregon Coast is a you can walk the beach south (left) to Happy dynamic place. Be prepared for changes Camp in Netarts. Walk north (right) along in weather, tides, and trail conditions. the beach for a warm basking spot on a View of Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife windy day. Use caution and be careful. Refuge at Oceanside Beach Jim Young.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bay, Oregon, with Notes on Shehfish Temperature, and Physical
    COASTAL RIVERS I NFORMAT I ON Observations onon FishFish LiistributDistribution ion inin TillamookTillamook Bay, Oregon,Oregon, wi-f-h with NotesNotes on ShellfishSheHfish Temperature, and Physical Characteristics by T. Edwin Cummings Richard L. Berry Fish Commission of Oregon Management and Research Division This work was conducted in cooperation with -f-hethe NationaJ National Marine Fisheries Service under the AnadromousFish Act PL 89-304 April 19741974 4 CONTENTS Page No. I NTRODUCT I(ON ON DESCRIPTION OF ThETHE AREA. METHODS.......................................................... 4 Seining Sites. 4 Equipment . 5 Data Recorded 5 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 5 Coho. Chinook. Herr! ng. .................................................... 12 Smell-..ei I 2 Sole..So I e.. 13 StanyFyFlounder Flounder............................................................ 13 SurfPerch .................................................................................................... 13 Col-tids....................... .,....... ..................... 14 MiscellaneousMiscellaneousFish Fish SpeciesSpecies.................................. 14 Shellfish................................................... 14 Temperature ................................................. 17 DISCUSSION. 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 19 LITERATURE CITED. 19 APPEND IX 20 FIGURES fj9urefure No.No. Page No. I Map of Tillamook Bay,Bay, OregonOregon 3 2 Presence ofof FishesFishes inin thethe Ti
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Oregon Administrative Rules Compilation
    2019 OREGON ADMINISTRATIVE RULES COMPILATION CHAPTER 736 Parks and Recreation Department Published By DENNIS RICHARDSON Secretary of State Copyright 2019 Office of the Secretary of State Rules effective as of January 01, 2019 DIVISION 1 PROCEDURAL RULES 736-001-0000 Notice of Proposed Rules 736-001-0005 Model Rules of Procedure 736-001-0030 Fees for Public Records DIVISION 2 ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES 736-002-0010 State Park Cooperating Associations 736-002-0015 Working with Donor Organizations 736-002-0020 Criminal Records Checks 736-002-0030 Definitions 736-002-0038 Designated Positions: Authorized Designee and Contact Person 736-002-0042 Criminal Records Check Process 736-002-0050 Preliminary Fitness Determination. 736-002-0052 Hiring or Appointing on a Preliminary Basis 736-002-0058 Final Fitness Determination 736-002-0070 Crimes Considered 736-002-0102 Appealing a Fitness Determination 736-002-0150 Recordkeeping, Confidentiality, and Retention 736-002-0160 Fees DIVISION 3 WILLAMETTE RIVER GREENWAY PLAN 736-003-0005 Willamette River Greenway Plan DIVISION 4 DISTRIBUTION OF ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE FUNDSTO PUBLIC AND PRIVATELY OWNED LANDMANAGERS, ATV CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS 736-004-0005 Purpose of Rule 736-004-0010 Statutory Authority 736-004-0015 Definitions 736-004-0020 ATV Grant Program: Apportionment of Monies 736-004-0025 Grant Application Eligibility and Requirements 736-004-0030 Project Administration 736-004-0035 Establishment of the ATV Advisory Committee 736-004-0045 ATV Operating Permit Agent Application and Privileges 736-004-0060
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Trails Project USP 549: REGIONAL PLANNING and METROPOLITAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT
    The Long Trails Project USP 549: REGIONAL PLANNING and METROPOLITAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning College of Urban and Public Affairs Portland State University Fall, 2012 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 2 II. History of Long Trails and Regional Trail Networks ..................................................................................................... 6 III. Long Trails in Northwestern Oregon...............................................................................................................................20 IV. The Demand for Long Trails-based Recreation ...........................................................................................................36 V. Long Trails and Community Economic Development .............................................................................................52 VI. Long Trails Implementation ...............................................................................................................................................76 I. Introduction and Acknowledgements The Oregon Department of Forestry and the Oregon Parks Team 3: The Demand for trails-base recreation; analysis and Department are currently engaged in a joint assessment of a new critique of SCORP and similar surveys; trails in the context of trail extending from Garibaldi, on the Oregon coast, to the crest other recreational opportunities;
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Shore Management Plan
    Ocean Shore Management Plan Oregon Parks and Recreation Department January 2005 Ocean Shore Management Plan Oregon Parks and Recreation Department January 2005 Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Planning Section 725 Summer Street NE Suite C Salem Oregon 97301 Kathy Schutt: Project Manager Contributions by OPRD staff: Michelle Michaud Terry Bergerson Nancy Niedernhofer Jean Thompson Robert Smith Steve Williams Tammy Baumann Coastal Area and Park Managers Table of Contents Planning for Oregon’s Ocean Shore: Executive Summary .......................................................................... 1 Chapter One Introduction.................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter Two Ocean Shore Management Goals.............................................................................19 Chapter Three Balancing the Demands: Natural Resource Management .......................................23 Chapter Four Balancing the Demands: Cultural/Historic Resource Management .........................29 Chapter Five Balancing the Demands: Scenic Resource Management.........................................33 Chapter Six Balancing the Demands: Recreational Use and Management .................................39 Chapter Seven Beach Access............................................................................................................57 Chapter Eight Beach Safety .............................................................................................................71
    [Show full text]
  • DOGAMI TIM-Till-05, Plate 1: Local-Source (Cascadia Subduction Zone) Tsunami Inundation Map for Garibaldi
    STATE OF OREGON Tsunami Inundation Map Till-05 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Tsunami Inundation Maps for Garibaldi - Bay City, www.OregonGeology.org Local Source (Cascadia Subduction Zone) Tsunami Inundation Map Tillamook County, Oregon Larry Givens, Governing Board Chair Vicki S. McConnell, Director and State Geologist Plate 1 Don W.T. Lewis, Assistant Director Rachel R. Lyles Smith, Project Operations Manager Garibaldi - Bay City, Oregon Ian P. Madin, Chief Scientist 2012 123°56'0"W 123°54'0"W 123°52'0"W Introduction displacement of the Pacific Ocean, resulting in an increase of the tsunami inundation onshore in Oregon. DOGAMI has also The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries incorporated physical evidence that suggests that portions of the 200 (DOGAMI) has been identifying and mapping the tsunami inundation coast may drop 4 to 10 feet during the earthquake; this effect is hazard along the Oregon coast since 1994. In Oregon, DOGAMI known as subsidence. Detailed information on fault geometries, 100 manages the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, which subsidence, computer models, and the methodology used to create has been administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric the tsunami scenarios presented on this map can be found in Administration (NOAA) since 1995. DOGAMI’s work is designed to DOGAMI Special Papers 41 (Priest and others, 2009) and 43 (Witter help cities, counties, and other sites in coastal areas reduce the and others, 2011). potential for disastrous tsunami-related consequences by understanding and mitigating this geologic hazard. Using federal Map Explanation funding awarded by NOAA, DOGAMI has developed a new generation of tsunami inundation maps to help residents and visitors along the This tsunami inundation map displays the output of computer entire Oregon coast prepare for the next Cascadia Subduction Zone models representing five selected tsunami scenarios, all of which (CSZ) earthquake and tsunami.
    [Show full text]
  • Highway 131 Transportation Refinement Plan
    HighwayHighway 131131 TransportationTransportation RefiRefi nementnement PlanPlan PREPARED FOR: Economic Development Council of Tillamook County Tillamook County Department of Community Development Oregon Department of Transportation PREPARED BY: JuneJune 20072007 TB052007004PDX 352200.02.10 5/18/07 kw CONTENTS Section Page Figures Page 1 Introduction...................................................................................... 1 1 Highway 131 Study Area .................................................................1 2 Advisory Committee Meeting (February 2007).............................2 2 Planning Process.............................................................................. 2 3 Existing Conditions Field Review...................................................5 4 Modified Circulation of Wayside and Pacific Avenue.................7 3 Recommendations........................................................................... 7 5 Oceanside Improvement Concepts .................................................9 Oceanside Improvement Concepts................................................ 7 6 Example of a Gateway Feature (Astoria, OR)..............................10 Netarts Improvement Concepts ................................................... 12 7 Typical Bicycle Rack Designs.........................................................10 Corridor Improvement Concepts................................................. 16 8 Example of a Slow Street (Newport, OR).....................................11 9 Netarts Improvement Concepts
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Coast Trail
    OREGON COAST TRAIL Finalized Design Submittal Boardman Trail Project Logo - Oregon Coast Trail Submitted by Denise Dahn, Dahn Design 2/1/04 Actual size variable OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL TRAIL TRAIL COAST COAST COAST OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON OREGON TRAIL OREGON OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL The Oregon Coast Trail begins its 382-mile route at the 1 Columbia River south jetty. The trailhead is 4 miles north of 1. Columbia River to Fort Stevens State Park campground. The first 16 miles is on the beach between the south jetty and Gearhart. Finalized Design Submittal Boardman Trail Project Logo - Oregon Coast Trail Submitted by Denise Dahn, Dahn Design 2/1/04 OREGON Actual size variable Oswald West State Park COAST OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL L T AIL RAI AS COLUMBIA RIVER T TR T S L E G E N D CO OA C COAST Fort Stevens EGON OREGON COAST TRAIL OR OREGON TRAIL OREGON OREGON State Park COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST Oregon Coast Trail TRAIL OREGON Beach Trail COAST TRAIL ASTORIA OREGON COAST 30 Trail on Road/Hard Surface TRAIL Alternate Route 101 OREGON COAST TRAIL Roads Finalized Design Submittal Boardman Trail Project Logo - Oregon Coast Trail 104 Submitted by Denise Dahn, Dahn Design 2/1/04 Actual size variable WARRENTON 101B 1 Trail Direction Information OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON State Park Boundary COAST TRAIL TRAIL TRAIL AST COAST COAST CO OREGON COAST TRAIL OREGON OREGON TRAIL OREGON 104 S OREGON COAST TRAIL Interpretive Exhibit Information OREGON COAST TRAIL 101B Camping AIL 0 1.25 2.5 N A TR miles miles -TO-SE RT FO OREGON COAST TRAIL PLEASE NOTE: The trail route may change due to Sunset Beach safety issues, road closures or State Recreation Site OREGON COAST TRAIL detours.
    [Show full text]
  • O R E G O N North Pacific Ocean
    412 ¢ U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 9 31 MAY 2020 Chart Coverage in Coast Pilot 7—Chapter 9 124° 123° NOAA’s Online Interactive Chart Catalog has complete chart coverage 18520 C O L http://www.charts.noaa.gov/InteractiveCatalog/nrnc.shtml U M B I A 126° 125° 18521 R Astoria I V E R 46° Seaside Tillamook Head NEHALEM RIVER 18556 Vancouver 18558 TILLAMOOK BAY Portland Cape Lookout Cascade Head 45° SILETZ RIVER YAQUINA RIVER ALSEA RIVER 18581 18561 NORTH PA CIFIC OCEAN OREGON Heceta Head 44° 18583 SIUSLAW RIVER 18584 UMPQUA RIVER 18587 Coos Bay Cape Arago 18588 COQUILLE RIVER 43° 18589 Cape Blanco 18600 18580 Port Orford ROUGE RIVER 18601 CHETCO RIVER 42° 18602 CALIFORNIA 31 MAY 2020 U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 9 ¢ 413 Chetco River to Columbia River, Oregon (1) This chapter describes 200 miles of the Oregon coast rare clear skies; it is more likely in early winter. Winter from the mouth of the Chetco River to the mouth of the and spring winds are moderately strong, particularly south Columbia River. Also described are the Chetco and Rogue of Newport. From North Bend southward, winds reach 17 Rivers, Port Orford, Coquille River, Coos Bay, Umpqua knots or more about 5 to 15 percent of the time and 28 and Siuslaw Rivers, Yaquina Bay and River, Nehalem knots or more about 1 to 3 percent of the time. Extreme River and Tillamook Bay. The cities of Coos Bay and wind speeds usually occur in either winter or early spring North Bend on Coos Bay and Newport on Yaquina Bay and have climbed to around 50 knots.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecola State Park
    Pack it in, pack it out. Please don’t litter. Play it safe on the beach! Stay off logs, know the tide schedule, and Park Information: 63400-8088 (2/13) don’t turn your back on the ocean. 1-800-551-6949 Ecola www.oregonstateparks.org Year-Round Picnicking Links with History Wrapping around Tillamook Head between Seaside and Cannon Beach, Ecola State Park is a hiking and sightseeing Picnic areas with tables are located near viewpoints at the Ecola State Park is a part of the Lewis and Clark National mecca with a storied past. Ecola Point and Indian Beach parking areas. A covered picnic and State Historical Park, which includes federal and state shelter at Ecola Point is reservable for group use through parks associated with the history of the Corps of Discovery STATE PARK Trails for Explorers Reservations Northwest (1-800-452-5687). Ecola Point is 1½ expedition in both Oregon and Washington. Ecola’s trails are situated above nine miles of Pacific Ocean miles above the park’s vehicle entrance near Cannon Beach. shoreline. They offer cliffside viewpoints that look out on Beach Discoveries Pacific Ocean To Astoria picture-postcard seascapes, cozy coves, densely forested Saddle Mt. Two spacious, sandy beaches–Crescent Beach and Indian Ecola State Natural Area promontories, and even a long-abandoned offshore lighthouse. Parking The trail network includes an 8-mile segment of the Oregon Beach–provide opportunities to explore the wonders of Ecola Trailhead 1 Seaside N Coast Trail (OCT)—the park’s backbone—and a 2 /2-mile State Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Accumulation in Tillamook Bay, Oregon: Natural Processes Versus Human Impacts
    Sediment Accumulation in Tillamook Bay, Oregon: Natural Processes versus Human Impacts Paul D. Komar, James McManus, and Michael Styllas College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Tillamook Bay on the northern Oregon coast has experienced significant sediment accumulation and shoaling. Anal- yses show that part of the increased sedimentation was a result of substantial human impacts in the watersheds of the five rivers that drain into the bay. River discharges were enhanced by approximately 13% during the period 1931– 1954, when commercial logging and a series of devastating forest fires occurred, compared with discharges in the years after reforestation. Potential annual sediment yields calculated from daily discharges were enhanced by 29% during 1931–1954, but actual yields would have been substantially greater as a result of increased erosion rates because of deforestation. Sand transported by the rivers consists primarily of rock fragments, in contrast to the quartz and feldspar sand carried into the bay from the ocean beach. Surface sediments collected throughout the bay consist, on average, of about 40% sand from the rivers and 60% from the ocean beach. Cores show increasing percentages of beach sand beneath the surface, with evidence for major episodic inputs rather than the higher percentages of river- derived rock fragments that human impacts would have produced. Subduction earthquakes have struck the Oregon coast repeatedly during the past several thousand years; the most recent was in January 1700. The down-core increase in beach-derived sand in Tillamook Bay is from sand transport by the tsunami that accompanied the 1700 earthquake and the deepening of the bay from land subsidence at the time of the earthquake, which permitted more frequent and extensive spit overwash events during storms.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Siletz This Page Intentionally Left Blank for Printing Purposes
    History of the Siletz This page intentionally left blank for printing purposes. History of the Siletz Historical Perspective The purpose of this section is to discuss the historic difficulties suffered by ancestors of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (hereinafter Siletz Indians or Indians). It is also to promote understanding of the ongoing effects and circumstances under which the Siletz people struggle today. Since time immemorial, a diverse number of Indian tribes and bands peacefully inhabited what is now the western part of the State of Oregon. The Siletz Tribe includes approximately 30 of these tribes and bands.1 Our aboriginal land base consisted of 20 million acres located from the Columbia to the Klamath River and from the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean. The arrival of white settlers in the Oregon Government Hill – Siletz Indian Fair ca. 1917 Territory resulted in violations of the basic principles of constitutional law and federal policy. The 1787 Northwest Ordinance set the policy for treatment of Indian tribes on the frontier. It provided as follows: The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in the property, rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded, or disturbed, unless in just, and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace, and friendship with them. 5 Data was collected from the Oregon 012.5 255075100 Geospatial Data Clearinghouse.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Day Trip Ideas
    RBCC & Visitors Center Come visit the Oceans Edge… Best Day Trip Ideas If you’ve wondered where you can get a real beach experience where the sand, sea and air are the main attractions, then Rockaway Beach is your answer! If you’re a sportsman looking for some of the best hunting, deep-sea or freshwater fishing, then Rockaway Beach is your answer! If you’re looking for a change of pace, where the simple things like clamming, beachcombing, bonfires, building sand castles or watching the sun as it sets are still fun, then Rockaway Beach is your answer! Rockaway Beach: The town has been a destination for vacationers since the early 1900s. It is small and friendly with a quaint downtown area where you can find a variety of shops and restaurants. The atmosphere is calm and unhurried, a perfect place to relax. Rockaway Beach offers more than 200 places to stay and many different types of accommodations. We offer lodging to fit everyone’s needs and any size family. Artisans, restaurants and more… Special events: Kite Festival, Pirate Festival, Fireworks on the Fourth of July, Fire Festival, Arts & Crafts Festival and many more. Restaurants: Enjoy the taste of the coast. Relax with your favorite espresso drink at a sidewalk cafe, savor fresh Pacific seafood seasoned with Jacobson Sea Salts, and other delights at the neighborhood restaurants. Sample our local Oregon bounty, including CSA produce, local milk from Bennett Farms, Old Oregon Smokehouse fresh-smoked fish or Sea Breeze ice cream. Choose formal oceanfront dining or Lions hot dogs and Kettle corn at the Ocean’s Edge.
    [Show full text]