Bay, Oregon, with Notes on Shehfish Temperature, and Physical

COASTAL RIVERS I NFORMAT I ON

Observations onon FishFish LiistributDistribution ion inin TillamookTillamook Bay, Oregon,Oregon, wi-f-h with NotesNotes on ShellfishSheHfish Temperature, and Physical Characteristics

by T. Edwin Cummings Richard L. Berry

Fish Commission of Oregon Management and Research Division

This work was conducted in cooperation with -f-hethe NationaJ National Marine Fisheries Service under the AnadromousFish Act PL 89-304

April 19741974 4

CONTENTS

Page No.

I NTRODUCT I(ON ON

DESCRIPTION OF ThETHE AREA.

METHODS...... 4

Seining Sites. 4 Equipment . 5 Data Recorded 5

RESULTS ...... 5

Coho.

Chinook. . Herr! ng...... 12

Smell-..ei I 2 Sole..So I e.. 13 StanyFyFlounder Flounder...... 13 SurfPerch ...... 13 Col-tids...... ,...... 14 MiscellaneousMiscellaneousFish Fish SpeciesSpecies...... 14 Shellfish...... 14 Temperature ...... 17

DISCUSSION. 17

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 19

LITERATURE CITED. 19

APPEND IX 20 FIGURES fj9urefure No.No. Page No.

I Map of Tillamook Bay,Bay, OregonOregon 3

2 Presence ofof FishesFishes inin thethe Ti TM I lamookIamook BayBay EstuaryEstuary ...... 8

TABLES

Table No. Page No.

I Names of Fish Occurring in TiHarnookTillamook Day,Bay, Oregon ...... 6

2 Clam Species FoundFound inin TillamookTiHamook Bay,Bay, OregonOregon ...... 155

3 Surface Water Temperature (C) at Six Seining Sites in Tillamook Bay, 1972 ...... 17

APPENDIX TABLES

AHA-H Station 2.4 km. Point Below Crab Harbor?Harbor, TillamookTiliamook Bay, 1972 ...... 21

A-2 Station 4.0 km. Point OppositeOpposite GarabaldiGarabaldi Off Office ice Building, TillarnookTillamook Bay,Bay, 19721972 ...... 22

A-3Station 5.6 km. Bay SideSide ofof GhostGhost Hole, Hole, Ti Tillamook I lamook Bay, 1972 ...... - ...... 23

A-4Station 8.5 km. Sibley Sands,Sands? TiTillamook I lamook Bay,Bay, 19721972 ...... 24

A-5A-S Station 10.010.0 kin.km. Kilchis Point Upbay from Submerged Piling, Tillamook Bay, 1972 ...... 25

A-6Station 15.0 km. Tomlinson Slough at Confluence of Trask and TITlllamook I lamook Rivers,Rivers, TillamookTi I larnook Bay, Bay, 1972 1972 ...... 262(3

B-IB--I Supplemental Seining Stations in Tillamook Bay, 1972 ..... 28

B-2 Supplemental SeiningSeining StationStation inin SloughsSloughs ofof IIITillamook lamook Bay, 1972 ...... 29 Some Observations on Fish Distribution in Tillamook Bay, OregonOregon, with Notes onon ShelfShellfish, fish, Temperature, and Physical Characteristics

I NTRODUCT I ON

Fish Commission of Oregon personnefpersonnel seined selected locations of

Tillarnook Bay, Oregon, from June to September 1972.l972, to determine if juvenile salmon were rearing inIn the estuary and to get some concept of relative numbers of fishfish inin thethe variousvarious partsparts o-fof thethe bay. These data then coufdcould be compared withwith resultsresults ofof simisimiliar liar samplingsampi ng projects inn other bays andand give an insight on possible management measures to preserve or enhance salmon populations. Observations ofof thisthis typetype areare alsoafso valuablev&uable in pro viding techniques, sample stations, and scope or need for planning of more definitive studies on the bay in the future.

Information from previousprevious workwork andand reportsreports ofof fishfish distributiondistribution forfor other species are includedIncluded with comments on physical characteristics and other facets ofof thethe baybay duringduring thethe sumrnersummers

DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

TillamookTi I lamook Bay Bay isis locatedlocated onthe north coast of Oregon 80 kikilometers ometers

(50 miles) south of the ColumbiaRiver. The bay lieslies inin aa flatHat valvalley ey which has large lumber andnd dairyindustriesindustries. Much of thethe lowlandslowlands sur-sur- rounding the upper bay have beendiked and converted from salt marsh to pasture land.

The bay is about 9.7 km (6 iii) long and 4.8 km (3 mi) wide with an area of 3,354 hectares oror 8,2898,289 acresacrGs (Div.(Div. ofof St.SL Lands,Lands, 1973)1973) andand isis equally divided between tidelands (1685 ha) and submerged lands (f,670(1,670 ha).

TillamookTiHamook BayBay ranksranks thirdthird inin sizesize ofof OregonsOregons estuaries,estuaries followingfolfowing the

Columbia River estuary (37,953(37953 ha)ha) andand CoosCoos BayBay (5,010(5,010 ha).ha). 2.

Major rivers entering the bay are the Miami, Kilchis,Kitchis,Wilson, Trask,

and T1llamookTillamook (Figure I). These streams draindrain 1,3991399 km2km2 (540(540 mi2)mi2) andand

annually contribute about 266 million cubic meters(216,000 acre ft) at a

combined average flowflow ofof 90.5690.56 m3/secm3/sec (3,200(3,200 cfs).cfs). The annual rate of

precipitation on the watershed varies from 228.6cm (90 in) on the coastcoast toto

381 cm (150 in) near the crest of the Coast RangeMountains.

The shore line of Tillamook Bay is rocky from themouth to 3.2 km

(ml 2). A large tideflattidefat onon thethe northnorth endend ofof thethe bay,bay, knownas Garibaldi

Flat,FIat, is composed of rock, sand,sand; and mud. The tidelands across the main channel from Garibaldi are composed of sharp sand. These change gradually to a sand and mud mixturemixture atat 8.08.0 kmkm (mi(mi 5) and to mudmud atat 12.912.9 kmkm (mi(mi 8).8).

At 14.5 km (ml 9), the bottom is composed of silt deposited from tributary streams. Above 14.5 km the bottom changes from fine tocoarser gravel as the gradient of tributary streams increase.

Eel grassgrass bedsbeds andand associatedassociated sinai smaller icr plantsare scattered up to about

12.9 km. Beds of eel grass are relatively smal Iin the spring but cover large areas of the bay prior to the onset of winter storms.storms.

About 1,214 ha (3,000 acres) of the bayare leased for commercial oyster production. Commercial fishermen harvest crabs, clams, anda variety of species for bait from the bay. Sport fishing, crabbing, clamming, hunting, and boating are popular. Garibaldi Basin is home port for a fleet ofocean- going commercialcommercial aridand sportsport boats. Boat launching facilities at the basin are used by many tourists.tourists.

Historically,Historical ly, severalseveral wellwell defined channelsran generally north and south in the bay. These channels provided access for boats carryingpas- sengers and freight betweenbetween TiTi 1I larnooklamook CityCity andand pointspoints along the coast. Miami River heloe Point (3U(3I.

z Hobsonville Point

LJj U 0 (6.L U U- UL) BAY CITY T°0T°°

Highway 101

(1 LE( II TidelandTideland between between elevations elevations ofof mean Slough F4 lowlow andand mean high water ten Mile4i1e numbernumber (iMi(iM 1 (19.3 1cm) Seining sites )( Tiliamook Tr River River

FigureFIgure 1. Map of Tillamook Bay, Oregon (Approximate tide level -1.0 ct)ft) 4.

Most of these old channels are no longer passable at low tide,even to small

skiffs. Pile dikes were placed across some in the unsuccessful attempt

to maintain a single channel past Bay City on the east side of the bay.

With the exception of the Garibaldi Boat Basin, channels in the bay have

not been dredged for several years. The lower Wilson and Trask were dredged inin thethe fal fall I of 1972. Prior toto thisthis dr-edging,dredging, nonenone of the river mouths were accessible to our boat at low tide.

METHODSMETHOD S

Seining Sites

We sampled selected sites monthly at low tide and random sites occasionally atat highhigh tidetide toto collectcoHect finfin fishfish throughout the summer of

1972. Site selection was governedgoverned byby availabilityavaHability ofof areasareas firmfirm enoughenough toto stand on while pulling a seine. We found six areas, suitable for seining at low tide, that gave reasonable coverage of the bay along the main channel.

These were located 2.4, 4.0, 5.6, 8.5, 10.0, and 15.05.0 km above the endend of the north jetty (Figure I).

Bottom type and conformation varied with each site.site, The sitesite atat 2.42.4 ksrkm had a rock and sand bottom that dropped off intoa weed bed and deep water.

At 4.0 km we seined in a shallow, sandy, side channelonto a sand beach.

The site at 5.65,6 km was a sand beachon the edge of the ughost"ghost hole," a major holding and sport fishingarea for adult salmon. At 8.5 km we seined over a weed bedbed andand mudmud flatflat ontoonto thethe endend ofofa mud and rock mound known as Sibley Sands.Sands." Seining at 10.0 km was through shallow waterover a mud bottom onto a sandy mud beach. Soft mud and snags precluded effective seining between 10.00.0 km and 15.0 km. At 15.05.0 km we seined in a hole on the TiTillamook I lamook RiverRiver justjust belowa cut-off channel from the Trask River. We sampled other areas of the bay and sloughs when they were accessible at higher tidal stages. 5.

Equipment

Our equipment included aa 125125 ftft (38.1(38J m)m) 'ong,long, byby 10-ft10-ft (3(3 m)m) deepdeep bag seine with 3/4" (9.5 mm) mesh. Itt waswas setset fromfrom a 16-ft (4.9 m) skiff powered with an outboard motor.A crew ofof threethree handledhandled -1-hethe geargear andand examinedexamined the catch.

Data Recorded

We recorded date, time,time, airaft andand surfacesurface waterwater temperature,temperature, aridand thethe number of each species taken in one seine haul at each location. Bad hauls were aborted and another set was made. Fie'dField identification ofof specimens was verified in the laboratory using an identification key. Data for fin fish species other than those seined and shel If ish came from observations made during a sport use survey in 1971 and personalperson8l observations in the bay and tributaries.

RESULTS

Of the 4646 finfin fishfish speciesspecies recorded recorded for for Ti TillamookI larnook BayBay (Table I),I), we captured 33. The numbers of fish and invertebrates seined at standard supplementary stations are summarized in Appendix Tables A and B. At standard sites, we foundfound 2424 fishfish speciesspecies inin thethe areaarea belowbelow 4.04.0 km;km;188 species from 4.0 km through 8.5 km; and 12 species above 10.0O.O km. Juveniles dominated the catch and confirmed the importance of the estuaryas a spawning and rearing area.

Data collected at the seining stations and other sources provided informationInformation onon thethe presencepresence ofof finfin fishfish withinwithin thethe main main channel, channel, sloughs, soughs, and lower river channels of Tillamook Bay (Figure 2). 4

Table I. Names of Fish Occurring in TiHamook Bay, Oregon

Family and Common Name Scientific Name 1/

Petromyzont I dae Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus

ClupeldaeClupeidae American shad* Alosa sapidissirna Pacific herring4 ClueaClzçea hcrtengus hcrtengus paliasipaliasi

Engraulidae Northern anchovy* Engraulis mordax

Salmon idae Chum salmon OncorhjnchusOncorhjncthue keta Coho salmon* 0.kiutchkisutch Chinook salmon* 0. tshavytscha Cutthroat trout* SalnioSainio clarki Rainbow trout* S.gairdneri

Osmeridae Surf srneit*smelt* Hypornesus pretiosus

Gad idae Pac iI ff iIc c tomcodtomcod Micro gadus proximus

AtherinldaeAtherinidae TopsmeltTopsme I t AtherinopsAther-inops affinisaffinis J acksme I t AtherinopsisAtherinopsiB californiensiscaliforniensis

Gasteroste iidae dae Threespine stickleback* Gasterosteus aculeatus Tube.snout* Aulorhynchus flavidus

Embfotocidae Shiner perch* cymatogasterCymatogaster aggregataaggregata Striped seaperch* EnbiotocaEinbiotoca lateralislateralis SiSI IIver ver surfperch*surfperch* Hyperprosopon ellipticum11ipticum Walleye surfperch H, argenteumargenteum White seaperch* PhaneroclonPhanerodonfurcatus furcatus Pile perch Rhacoci2ilusRhacochilus vaccavacca RedtaiiRedtail surfsurfperch* perch* Ainphistichus rhodo-berus rhodoterus

Stichaeidae Snake prickleback Lumpenus 8agittasagitta

Phol Idaeidae Rockweed gunne* Xererpes fucorum Penpoini-Penpoint gunnelgunnel Apodichthys flavidusfiavidus S3ddleback gunnel* Pholis ornata 7.

Table I. (cont?d)

Family and Common Name Scientific Name 1/

Anarhichad idae Wolf-eel AnarrrhichthysAriarrhichthys oceoce I latus

Scorpaen I dae Black rockflsh*rockfish* Sebastes melanops Blue rockfish S. mystinus Copper rockfish* S. caurinus

Hexag ramm I dae Kelp greenling*greenhing* HexagranimosHexagram'nos decagrcvm'nusdecagrcvnrnus Rock greeni ing*jng* H. lagocephalus L 1 ngcod Ophigdon elongatuselongatus

Cott II ddae ae Padded sculpin* Artedius fenestralLis fenestralis Prickly sculpin* Cottus asper Buffalo sculpin* Enophrys bison Pacific staghorn sculpin* Leptocot1sLeptocottus arrnatusarmatus Cabezon* Scoi'paenichthysScoi'paenic7'zthys marmar noratusnoratus Brown Irish Iord*lord* HerniHemi lepidotuslepidotus spinosusspinosus Red Irish Iord* H. hernilepidotushemilepidotus Si Iverspotted sculpin* Blepsias cirrhosus

PleuronectPleuronec-I- idaeidae English sole* Parophrys vetulus Starry flounder* Platichthys stellatus Sand sole* Psettichthys memelanostictus lanostictus

AmmodytidaeAmmodyt I dae Pacific sand lance* ArnmoclLftes hexapterushexa'ptrus

Syngnath iidae dae Bay pipefish SyrignathusSyngnathusgriseolineatus griseolineatus

1/ From Coninon and Scientific NamesofFishesAFS Pub./6, 1970.1970.

Captured during 8iningseining operations, operations, summer sunnerof1972. Pacific lamprey - P- NorthernPacificAmerican herring anchovy shad - -F -. CuttiiroatChinookCoioChum salnonsalmon sa1on trout PacificSurf:aiiibow srielt toincod trout JacksmeltTopsinelt leback Threespine stick (32 kin) 2 I (6JL kin) (96 kin) 6 (12,9(12.9 kin) 8 I (16.1(16.i 1cm)kin) 10 I 4 (19.3 kin) 1212 Figure 2. Prcsence of Fishes in the Tillamook Bay Estuary. Miles from Ocean Shiner perch - WalleyeSilverStriped surfperchsurfperch seaperch RedtailPileWhite perch seaperch surfperch PenpointRockweedSnake pricklebackgunnel Wolf-eelBlackSaddleback rockfish gunnel KelpCopperBlue greenlingrockfish rockfish (3.2 kin) 2 (6.1k kin) (9.6 kin) 6 (129(12.9 kin)kin) 8 (16.1 1cm)kin) 10 (19.3 kin) 12 Figure 2. (cont'd) Miles from Ocean RockPaddedLingcod greenling sculpin PacificBuffaloPrickly staghornsculpin sculpin RedCabBrown e Irishzon Irish lord br StarryEnglishSilverspotted flounder sole s culpin Thbe-snoutPacificSand sole sand la nce Bay pipefish 0 (32 km) 2 (6i(61 1cm) (9.6 1cm) 6 (12.9 km)k) 8 (16.1 1cm) ') 10 (19.3 1cm)ii) 12 Figure 2. (contd) Miles from Ocean Coho

We captured a few Juvenile coho each day of seining through August 7.

However, peakpeak outmigrationoutmigration ofof yearyearlings I ings probablyprobably occurredoccurred inin May before seining commenced. A few fish of the year were taken in June and their proportion increased,increased, inin comparisoncomparison toto yearyearlings, I ings, asas thethe seasonseason progressed.progressed.

Mature coho were caught by sportsmen in the upper bay and tributary streams from October to December.

Chinook

Chinook yearlings were common above 4.0 km during the summer with

large numbers occasionally observed in the boat basin at Garibaldi. On

August 2 and 4, 1972, H5,275115,275 fai fall I chinook were released fromfrom thethe FishFish

Commission's Trask River Hatchery which is located at 3t.231.2 km (river mile

19.4). We seined the bay on August 7 and captured larger numbers of chinook than in previous sampling days. Another 52,000 fatfal Ichinook were released on September 3 and relatively large numbers were again noted while seining

in the bay on September 7. In both instances, chinook were observed in the Trask River with some, but not ali,all, migrating into the bay shortly after release.

We were unableunable toto differentiatedifferentiate betweenbetween fal fall I and spring chinook juveniles so could not determine if both were present in the bay at any given time of year. However, spring chinook have been noted to move downstream from reservoirs on the WitWillamette lamette throughoutthroughout thethe winterwinter monthsmonths (Larry(Larry Korn,Korn, pers. comm.). Good returns of adult spring chinook to Trask Hatchery from smolts releasedreleased duringduring thethe late late fat fall I or early winter (age 0+) suggested observations onon thethe WilWillamette lamette areare applicableapplicable to coastaicoastal streams. Low catches of age 1+ chinook in early summer indicated that most of these fish 2.

from the various races using the bay, had already emigratedto the ocean.

Increasing catch rates on age 0+ chinook through thesummer suggested they

may spend part of their 1St5tyear in the stream, hatchery,hatchery, estuary,estuary, oror aa

combination of these environments.

AdultAdu't springspring chinookchinook areare caughtcaught inin thethe baybay arid and tributaries fromfrom MayMay

to September with migration through the bayduring the spring. Based on

body coloration, another group of chinookmove into the upper bay, apparently

during July and August, where they remain until September.Maturing fall

chinook enter the by initt September Soptembr ind briqht fichfisharere cuyhlcuyht ftir thotho baybay

and tributaries until January.

Herring

Adult herring are taken for bait by sportsmen and, in pastyears,

by commercial nets from January to March. This is earl ier than they appear

in Yaquina, Umpqua, and Coos bays. Herring spawn on piling in the boat

basin at Garibaldi, on eel grass bedsup to 9.7 km, and on the rocks a'ongalong the shore of the lower bay.

Juveniles were large enough to be caught inour seine by June and the number occurring in each seine haul increasedas the summer progressed.

Juvenile herring were caught through 8.5 kmon or adjacent to weed beds over rock/sand to a mud/sand substrate.

SmeSme I t

We found large numbers of surf smeltup to 6.46.4 kmkm aridand aa fewfew toto 19.319.3 km.

On August II we landed about 1,000 smelt ina single seine haul at 2.4 km when the tide had been flooding for about4 hours. Surf smelt appear to 13.3.

adapt to a wide range of salinities but were more common innear full

strength sea water than in the slightly brackish water environment of the

upper sloughs.

Topsmelt andand jacksmeltjacksmelt werewere foundfound belowbelow 7.27.2 kmkm inin 1-he the main channelschannels

and over the mud flats at high tide.

SoSo Ile e

Juvenile EnglishEnglish solesole were were found found up up -1-0 to 10.010.0 kmkm withwith the largest numbernumber

caught in June and July between 5.6 and 10.0 km. EngiEngI ish sole were foundfound

on all bottom types from rock through sharp sand to mud but were more

commonly associated with mud substrate.

Sand sole were found below 6.4 km in areas witha sharp sand bottom.

MoNo adult sole were caught during the summer.

Starry Flounder

Starry flounder were found throughout the bay over all types of bottom

material. They were mostmost abundantabundant inin thethe upperupper baybay aboveabove 10.030.0 kin km where

the bottom is mainly mud or mud/loam. The fish ranged in size from about

2.5 to 12.7 cm long in the upper bay and to 22.9 cm long in the lower bay.

Adult starry flounder are found throughout the bay during the winter and

early spring months.

Surf Perch

Seven species of perchperch areare foundfound inin thethe baybay atatvarious times of the

year. Shiner perch dominated our catch throughout the bay. Juveniles

(2.5 cm at birth to 6 cm in September) of all specieswere more common

than adults in our seine catches during thesummer. Adult striped and white seaperch,seaperch, pile.pile. perch,perch, redtai redtail, I, white,white, and silver surfperch were 14. caught by sport anglers below 8.0 km throughout the year (Unpub. data,

1971 estuary study, Fish Comm. Oreg.) with heaviest catches in the spring.

Cottids

Staghorn sculpins were found on all sites but were most common below

16.1 km where they preferred mud or mud/'oammud/loam substrates to sharp sand.

A few padded sculpins were found to 15.0 km where prickly sculpin began to appear. Buffalo sculpin, red Irish lord,'ord, brown Irish lord, cabezon, and silverspottedsi!verspotted sculpin were caught among weeds along the rocky beaches through 3.2 km. These species apparentlyapparent'y prefer a relatively high salinity.

Miscellaneous FishFTsh Species

Species found near the mouthmoul-h of of the the bay bay in in high high sal salinity, inity, weed beds, and rocks included the snake prickleback, rockweed gunnel, penpoint gunnel, wolf-eel, blackblack rockfish,rockfish, blueblue rockfish,rockfish, coppercopper rockfish,rockfish, kelp kelp greenl greenling, ing, rock greenlgreenling, ing, longcodlongcod juveniles,juveniles, andand PacificPacific sandsand lance.lance. The saddleback gunnel seems to be tolerant of fresh water and was found to 19.3 km in some of the sloughs. Both the saddlebacksaddleback gunnelgunnel andand snakesnake pricklebackprickeback were found in upper sloughs of Coos Bay in areas of moderate sal inity, weedbeds, and rocks in 1970 (Cummings and Schwartz, 1971).

Threespine stickleback were found above 10.5O.5 km while tube-snout and bay pipefish were generally below this point. Pacific tomcod were found below 6.46,4 km (Unpub. data, 1971 estuary study, Fish Comm. Oreg.)

Shellfish

During seining and other work on the bay we alsoa'so noted the occurrence of clam beds. We can generally comment on species (Table 2), area, and levelseveIs of use. 15.

Table 2. Clam Species Found in Tillamook Bay, Oregon

Common Name Scientific NarnName

Gaper clam Tresus capa Cockle clam ClinocaTdiumClinocczTd'Lum nuttalli nuttalli

Softshell clam Nya arenariaarenaria Butter clam SaxidoriiusSaxidorn,is Uiganteus

Native littleneck clam ProtothacaPro tothaca sstajninea tajninea

Bentnose clam MacornaMacoma nccsutanasuta

Sand clam Jacoma secta

Bodega teltellen len Tellina bodejensis Razor clam Siliqua patula Manila littleneck clam Tapes as ernidecussata

There was intensive sport harvest of cockle,cockle gaper, native littleneck,

and butter clamsclams onon 'Garibaldi'Garibaldi FlatHat at the north end of the baySbay. East from

this flat toto thethe parkingparking areaarea atat GaribaldiGaribaldi BoatBoat Basin, Basins a asoft soft mud mud flat flat con- con-

tained bentnose, sand, cockle, and some native littleneckI ittleneck clamsclams andand aa large

population of bait shrimp. From thethe boatboat bas basin iii to HobsonviHobsonville Ie Point,Point, tide-tide-

land composed of mud and sand produced cockle, gaper, and butter clams.clams This

area has limited sportsport useuse nearnear thethe shore.shore Most clam diggers preferprefer thethe

sandy tide flat near the main channel.

Littleneck c'amsclams werewere foundfound amongamong the the rocks rocks at at Hobsonvi Hobsonville I le PointPoint while

the areas south to Bay City contained softshellsoftsheH clams,clams, bentnosebentnose clams,,clams, and

bait shrimp. South of BayBay CityCity toto II11.3 .3 kmkm thethe mudmud flatsflats supported softshel II clams and bait shrimp.

Across the main channel fromfrom Gariba'diGaribaldi toto 8.08.0 kmkm isis aa seriesseries ofof smalsmall I channels end islands which range from sharp sand habitat on the north to mud on the south. This area afforded excelexcellent sent digging,digging, forfor thosethose withwith boats,boats, on cockle clams and bait shrimp. A few razor clams were found on the north- west Islands near thethe mouthmouth ofof thethe bay.bay Sand clamsclams, manimanila Ia littleneck,littleneck, and bodega tellen were scattered In the towerlower bay, while bentnose clams were comon throughout most of the bay.

On the west shore of the bay from KincheloKincheloe Point south to 6.4 km,km, thethe tideflats were intensively used by clam diggers for cockle and gaper clams.

ExcellentExcel lent beds ofof softshelsoftshell I clams were found above this area to 11.3 km.

SoftshellSof-l-shell clam clam beds beds above above 11.3 11.3 km km areare variab'evariable withwith densitiesdensities dependent onon the duration of fresh water over the tideflats during winter months.Most of these upper beds are accessible only by boat and are lightly used by clam diggers.

We found juvenilejuvenile DungenessDungeness crabscrabs (Cancer(Cancer ma9'ister)ma9'istr) throughout thethe baybay

in nearly every seine haulhaul.. The 'argestlargest catches were taken over mud substrate.

There was an Intensiveintensive crab fishery by both sport and commercial gear through the channels south of Garibaldi from 2.4 to 6.4 km. A few commercia'commercial fishermen set gear in the bay all year while others bring their pots in from the ocean in the fall whenwhen thethe oceanocean getsgets rough.rough We counted over 200 and estimated a total of 300 pieces of crab gear set in the bay on September 7, 1972.

Sportsmen fish for crabs all year with the greatest pressure in summer months.

Oysters (C'raseostrea(Craseostra gigas)gigas) areare farmedfarmed on about 1,2(4I2I4 haha ofof tide flatsflats

in Tillamook Bay. The oyster bedsbeds areare mainlymain'y locatedlocated from from 6.4 64 toto 11.21L2 kmkm onon the west side of the bay. A small oyster plat in Miami Cove was rendered useless by log storage in past years. About 909Oof Oregons qysteroyster production comes fromfrom IllTillamook lamook Bay.Bay. Sport harvest of oysters is illegal in

Oregon. However, public clam digging is allowed by lawaw on tide'andtideland leased for oyster production. '7.i7.

TemperatureTernperatu re

Surface water temperatures are subject to the influence of changes in air temperature and wind action but can give a genera'general trend of subsurface temperatures.The water at 2.4 km ranged from 12.8 to 15.05.O C (Table 3) similar to the temperature of the nearby ocean during the same period. The water was progressively warmer at sites further up the bay, reflecting the influence of the tributary streams and upper tide areas which have a relatively poor exchange rate with cool ocean water. A high surface temperature of 21.1 C was recorded at 15.0 km in August, but temperatures declined throughout the bay by September.

Table 3. Surface Water Temperature (C) at Six Seining Sites in Tillamook Bay 1972

Bay Kilometer 5.6 8.5 0.0 $5.0 Date

6-27 13.3 14.4 15.0 16.1 16.767

7-10 15.0 15.6 15.6 16.716,7 727.2 18.3

878-7 14.4 14.4 16.1 18.9 20.0 21.1

9-7 12.8 13.3 l4414.4 I5615.6 16.7 16.7IG.7

Daily air temperatures ranged to the high 20s2Os in August and decreased to below 20 C in early September. We did not observe any relationship between water or air temperature and the number or species of fish caught at a particular seining site.

DISCUSS ION

A larger variety of fish species was found near the ocean than further up the bay. Rockfish, greengreenl I ing,I ingcod, and other species of fish commonly found in the ocean near rocks and weed beds were seined at 2.4 km but not dtat 5.2 km, anan areaares similarstmtlr inin allall respectsrespects except forthe unmeasured fac+or,

satsalinity. inity. HerringsHerring, sr;jtsr;elt and and surf surf perch perch tolerate tolerate Ioer loer sal salinity inity andwere

corrvnon to 10.0 km over substrates ranging from rock to mud and sand. Prickly

sculpin and threespine stickleback, associatedassociatedwith brackish and fresh water,

were found above 10.0 km.

We recorded 4646 speciesspecies ofof fishfish inin TillamookTiHamookBay while Cummings and

Schwartz (1971) recorded 66 species inCoos Bay. The number of fish we

caught in eacheach seineseine haulhaul waswas smalsmaller ler thanthanwas caught from Coos Bay. Coos

Bay, inIn contrast to Tillarnook Bay, has deepdeep water channels and extensive

sloughs. Comparison of apparent greater diversity of fin fish inIn Coos Bay

with that of Tillamook Bay indicatesa need for better understanding of

limiting factors controltingcontrolling estuarine production.production. Planned and present

studies should provide part of this information.

Factors contributing toto anan increaseincrease inin tidelandtideland inin TiTillamookI lamook BayBay

indudeInclude poorlypoorly placedplaced pilepile dUcesdikes (across(acrosschannels) inin thethe latelate i800ms;l8O0s; major

forest firesfires Inin thethe watershedwatershed sincesince 1933;p933; logging andand roadroad building;building; andand aa

break inth the south end of the spit betweenthe bay and the ocean in 1952.952.

Deep water channels have not been maintained above Garibaldi.The upper

salt marshes and some sloughs have been filledor diked. Heavy winter run- off from the five tributary streams contributessediment and fresh water which is intolerable to marine species.

Various alterations of the bay have been made through theyears and more are proposed to improve transportation and aid in flood control.

Projects that increase the tidal prismmay improve the fish rearing potential of the bay. Benefits to be derived from TI I lamook Baycan be increasedIncreased through planning and implementation of multiplemu'tipleresource programs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Personnel from OWC and FCO Otter Traw'Trawl investigationInvestigation each assisted in

day's seining. Bob Cruse?Cruse, aa NeighborhoodNeighborhood YouthYouth CorpsCorps enrollee,enrollee, afalso so worked on the project.

LITERATURE CITED

Cumings, E. and E. Schwartz. f1971. 971. Fish in Coos Bay Oregon, with comments on distribution, temperature, and safsal inity of the estuary. Fish Comm. Oreg., Coastal Rivers Invest. fnfo.Info. Rept.Rept. 70-If.70-Il. Mimeo, 22 p.

Skeeslck, 0. G. 1972. Spawning fish surveys in coastafcoastal watersheds, f971.1971. Fish Comm. Oreg., Coasta'Coastal Rivers fnvest.Invest.InfoInfo, Rept. 72-I.72-k Mimeo 45 p.

Division of State Lands.Lands. 1973. Oregon estuaries. Div. St. Lands, Oreg.

Book I etet.- 20.

APPENDIX A

(Tables A-I through A-6)

Numbers of Fish and Invertebrates Seined at StandardStandard Stations Stations in inTi THlamookI lamook Bay, Oregon..Oregon, 19721972 21.

Appendix Table A-I. Station 2.4 km. Point Below Crab Harbor, TillamookTI Ilamook Bay,Bay, 19721972

Number of Species bionth and Day pec i es 7/TO 7iT/ 8/7 9/7 To-ta

Fish

American shad 0 2 3 0 0 5 Pacific herring 150 3/ I 750 3/ 222 3/414 3/1,537 Northern Anchovy 17 0 4 I 0 22 CohosalmoriCoho salmon 0 2 4 0 0 6 Chinook salmon 0 0 0 6 38 44 Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 0 0 0 Surf smelt 950 2 I,000 6 5658 2,016 Threespine stickleback 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tube-snout 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shiner perch 4 63 I 24 12 104(04 Striped seaperch 0 0 0 8 5 13 Silver surfperch 0 0 0 0 0 0

White seaperch 0 C) 0 0 I 0 I Redtail surfsurfperch perch 0 0 I 0 0 Rockweek gunnel 0 3 0 6 0 9 Saddleback gunnel 0 0 5 0 1I 0 6 Black rockfish 0 66 2 5 II 84 Copper rockfish 0 0 0 I 0 Kelp greenling 0 18IC 0 3 3 24 Rock greengreenl I ing 0 I 0 I 0 2 Padded sculpin 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prickly sculpin 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buffalo sculpin 0 6 0 0 I 7 Pacific staghorn sculpin 0 7 0 IlII 2 20 Cabezon 0 10 0 3 5 18 Brown Irish lord 0 0 0 6 2 8 Red Irish lord 13 0 0 5 3 21

Silverspotted sculpin I 0 0 0 0 English sole 0 2 0 I 6 9 Starry flounder 0 2 0 I 2 5 SandsoleSand sole 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific sand lance 0 0 0 0 0 0

InvertebratesI nvertebrates

Ghost shrimp 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shrimp (Crago sp) 0 1313 0 7 8 28 Dungeness crab 0 13 0 0 0 13 Red rock crab 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shorecrab 0 0 0 0 0 0

1/ LowLow tidetide +3+3 hourBhoUrB 2/ Low tide +4 hours 3/3j' JuvenilesJuveni lea 22.

Appendix Table A-2. Station 4.0 km. Point Opposite Garibaldi Office Building,Building, TillamookTiHamook Bay,Bay, 1972.

Number of Species by Month ancDa3'and Day Spec!es U276127 77Th7/iT) 77 9/7 Total

Fish QOOQQQtOQOQOOoQQcQQQQQQQQQ_ American shad 5 0 0 55 Pacific herring (N 0" Pacific herring 13 0 o0 N) 308 /

ft-i 308 / Northern anchovy Northern anchovy I 0 I 4 Coho salmon 14 IIH 26 Chinook salmon - Chinook salmon NJ I 49 - 171 Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 0 Surf smell-smelt 72 14 1 88 Threespine stickleback 0 0 0 0 Tubesnout 0 0 0 0 Shiner perch Shiner perch 8 I 0 13 Striped seaperch 0 0 0 0 Silver surfperch 0 0 0 0 White seaperch 0 0 0 0 Redtail surfperch 0 0 0 0 Rockweed gunnel Rockweed gunnel 0 I 0 I Saddleback gunnel 0 0 0 0 Black rockfishrockfjsh 0 0 0 0 Copper rockfish 0 0 0 0 Kelp greenling 0 0 0 0 Rock greengreenl Ii ing ng 0 0 0 0 Padded sculpin 0 0 0 0 Prickly sculpin 0 0 0 0 Buffalo sculpin 0 0 0 0

Pacific staghorn sculpin I 0 0 Cabezon 0 0 0 0 Brown Irish lord 0 0 0 0 Red Irish lord 0 0 0 0 SilverspottedSHverspotted sculpinsculpin 0 0 0 0 English sole 34 6 0 40 Starry flounder 0 0 0 0 Sandsole 0 0 2 3

PecificPacific sand lance 0 2 0 00OQQQQQQQQQQCQQQQQQQQCQQNJLiQ 2

InvertebratesI nvertebretes ornoocD Ghost shrimp 0 0 0 0

Shrimp (Crago sp.) 2 7 I I 33

Dungeness crab 0 I 0 I Red rock crab 0 0 0 0

Shore crab 0 0 0 cQQjQ 0

k/Z_/ JuvenileaJuvenilea 23.

Appendix Table A-3. Station 5.65.6 kri.km. Bay Side of Ghost Hofe,Hole, Tillamook Bay, 1972

Number of Species byby MonthMonth andnd Day Species 6/27 71W7/10 8/7 9/7 Tot&Total

Fish cJQONcDoOQQQQCDoOQOOQQQQQQQO-1Q 0-0000 N 0000000 CD 00000000000 00 - American shad 3 0 0 3 Pacific herring 0 3 0 4

Northern anchovy 0 0 I I

Coho salmon 6 5 I 12 Chinook salmon 5 27 123

Cutthroat trout tI 0 I 2 Surf smelt 0 0 0 2 Threespine stickleback 0 0 0 0

Tube-snout II 2 0 3 Shiner perch 13 221 4 48 Striped seaperch 0 0 0 0 Silver surfperch 0 0 0 0 White seaperch 0 0 0 0 Redtail surfperch 0 0 0 0 Rockweed gunnel 0 0 0 0 Saddleback gunnel 0 0 0 0 Black rockfish 0 0 0 0 Copper rockfish 0 0 0 0 Kelp greenling 0 0 0 0 Rock greenlinggreenhing 0 0 0 0 Padded sculpin 0 0 0 0 Prickly sculpin 0 0 0 0 Buffalo sculpin 0 0 0 0

I Pacific s-taghornsiaghorn sculpinsculpin I 0 0 Cabezon 0 0 0 0 Brown Irish lord 0 0 0 0 Red Irish lord 0 0 0 0 Silverspotted sculpin 0 0 0 0 N English sole 29 23 12 88 Starry fflounder founder 0 0 00 Sand sole 0 0 0 3

Sandsole 0 Pacific sand lance 0 0 0 0

Invertebrates

Ghost shrimp 0 0 0 0 0 Shrimp (Crajo sp.) 14 6 2 33 55 Dungeness crab 12 0 4 9 25 Red rock crab 0 0 0 0 0 Shorecrab 0 0 0 0 0

1/ Juveniles 24.

Appendix Table A-4. Station 8.5 km. Sibley Sands,Sands, TillamookTiHamook Bay, 1972

Number of Species by Month and Day Species 77T777ro7 9/7917 IotaTote I

FishFl sh

AmerIcanAmer I can shadshad 0 2 0 0 2

Pacific herring 3 0 31 I I 3 1/ 147 Northern anchovy 0 0 2 0 2

CohoCohosalmon salmon I 6 3 II Chinook salmon 4 5 1212 3 24 Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 Surf smelt 0 0 0 0 0 Threespine stickleback 0 0 0 0 0

Tube-snout C) 0 0 0 0 Shiner perch 7 II 7 14 49 Striped seaperch 0 0 0 0 0

Silver surfperch I 0 0 0 I White seaperch 0 0 0 0 0 RedtailRedtall surfperch 0 0 0 0 RockweêdRockweed gunnel 0 0 0 0

Saddleback gunrielgunnel I 3 I 5 Black rockfish 0 0 0 0 Copper rockfishrockflsh 0 0 0 0 Kelp greenllnggreenlng 0 0 0 0 Rock green I ing 0 0 0 0 Padded sculpin 0 0 0 0

Prickly sculpin 0 I 0 I Buffalo sculpin 0 0 0 0

Pacific staghorn sculpin 3 5 I 19 Cabezon 0 0 0 0 Brown Irish lord 0 0 0 0 Red Irish lord 0 0 0 0 Silverspotted sculpinsculpfr 0 0 0 0

EngHshEnglish solesole 6 II I tO10 Starry flounder 0 0 4 4 SandsoleSand sole 0 0 0 0 Pacific sand lance 0 0 0 0

Invertebrates

Ghost shrimp I 0 0 0

Shrimp (Crago sp.) 6 0 40 2 48L!J

Dungeness crab 0 I 3 5 Red rock crab 0 0 0 0 0 Shore crab 0 0 0 0 0

Lii1/ Prima.rilyPrimarily juvenilesjuvenil8 I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16 16 16 24 24 55 55 48 48 198 198 106 1/ 106 1/ 499 499 Total Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 42 42 9/7 9/7 -N I I I 0 I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 II II 8/7 8/7 by Month and Day by Month KHchis Point Upbay from Point Upbay KHchis KHchis Point Upbay from Point Upbay KHchis Bay, 1972 Til lamook 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 4 4 0 0 0 0 16 16 JO 10 52 52 III III 469 469 771b Species P11 ing, I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 C) 0 II II II II 25 25 69 69 Number of Species by Month and Day of Species by Number Number of Number 6/27 6/27 Station 10.0 km. Station 10.0 km. Station Submerged 1972 Bay, Piling, Tillamook Submerged Specles Species Appendix Table A-5. Appendix Table A-5. Appendix Primarily juveniles _/ Fish Fish I nvertebrates Invertebrates American shad American shad Pacific herring Pacific herring Northern anchovy Northern anchovy Chinook salmon Chinook salmon Surf smelt Surf smelt Tube-snout Shiner perch Shiner perch Striped seaperch Striped seaperch Silver surfperch Silver surfperch Saddleback gunnel Saddleback gunnel Black rockfish Black rockfish Kelp greenitng Kelp greenling Rock green I ing Padded sculpin Padded sculpin Prickly sculpin Prickly sculpin Pacific staghorn sculpin Brown Irish lord Brown Irish lord Silverspotted sculpiri Silverspotted sculpin Starry flounder Coho salmon Coho salmon Cutthroat trout Cutthroat trout Threespine stickleback Threespine stickleback Tube-snout White seaperch White seaperch Redtail surfperch Redtall surf perch Rockweed gunnel Rockweed gunnel Copper rockfish Copper rockfish Rock greeni ing Buffalo sculpin Buffalo sculpin Pacific staghorn sculpin Cabezon Cabezon Red trish lord Red Irish lord EngI ish sole English sole Starry flounder Sand sole Sandsole Pacific send lance Pacific sand lance Ghost shrimp Shrimp (C'2'a'o sp.) Shrimp (Ci'aga sp.) Dungeness crab Dungeness crab Red rock crab Red rock crab Shorecrab Shorecrab 1/ Primarily juvnilee Ghost shrimp 26.

Appendix Table A-6. Station 15.0 km. Tomlinson Slough at Con- fluence ofof TraskTrask andand TilfamookTiHamook Rivers,Rivers. Tilla-Titla- mook Day,Bay, 1972

Number of Species by Month and Day Species 6/137iT 7/tO7/10 8/7 9/7 Total

Fish

American shad 6 0 0 Pacific herringherrIng 0 0 0 Northern anchovy 0 0 0 Coho salmon 6 7 7 Chinook salmon 3 0 12 Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 Surf smelt 0 0 0 Threespine stickleback 0 0 0 Tube-snout 0 0 0 Shiner perch 32 46 7 Striped seaperch 0 0 0 Silver surfsurfperch perch 0 0 0 White seaperch 0 0 0 Redtail surfperch 0 0 0 Rockweed gunnel 0 0 0

Saddleback gunnel 0 I 0 Black rockfish 0 0 0 Copper rockfish 0 0 0 Kelp greenhinggreenling 0 0 0 Rock greengreenling I ing 0 0 0

Padded sculpin II 0 0

Prickly sculpin' I 0 0 Buffalo sculpin 0 0 0 Pacific staghorn sculpin II 6 1010 Cabezon 0 0 0 Brown Irish lord 0 0 0 Red Irish lord 0 0 0 Silverspotted sculpin 0 0 0 English sole 0 0 6 Starry flounder 5 8 12 Sand sole 0 0 0 Pacific sand lance 0 0 0

Invertebrates

Ghost shrimp 0 0 0 0 0

Shrimp (Crcqjo(Crago sp.)sp.) I 0 2 20 23 Dungeness crab 0 0 0 77 7

Red rock crab 0 0 0 II I Shorecrab 0 0 0 0 0

.1_I1/ PrimarilyPrimarily juvenilesjuveniles 27.

APPENDIX B

(Tables B-iBH andand B-2)B-2)

Numbers of Fish and Invertebrates Seined at SupplementalSupplemental Stations Stations in inTi THiamookI lamook Bay, Oregon 1972 Appendix Table B-I. Supplemental Seining Stations in Tillarnook Bay, 972

Number of SDecies by Area, Month, and Day Crab Hobsonvi lie

D I ke Point Midbay Harbor Point

6/1 3 67T37T3 I 7/Il7/ I I 7/Il7 / I SpecIesSpecies (8.8 km) (12.7 km) (5,6 km) (1.9 km) (5.0 km)

Fish

American shad 0 0 0 0 Pacific herring 0 0 0 0 Northern anchovy 0 0 0 0 Coho salmon 7 2 8 9 Chinook salmon 6 2 0 0

Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 I Rainbow trout 0 0 0 0

Surf smelt I 0 230 21

Threespine stickleback I 2 0 0 Shiner perch 12 24 27 0 White seaperch 0 0 2 0 Snake prickleback 0 0 0 0 Saddleback gunnel 0 0 0 0 Prickly sculpinscupin 0 0 0 0 Pacific staghorn sculpin 3 5 0 0

English sole 9 I 7

Starry flounder I 9 0 0 Sand sole 0 0 0

IInvertebrates nverteb rates

Shrimp (Crago sp.) 2 I I 0

Dungeness crab I 0 2 3 29.

Appendix TableTable B-ZBZ SupplementalSupplemental SeiningSeining StationStation in Sloughs of Tillamook Bay. 1972

Number of Species by Area, Month, and Day Dougherty Dry Stock- juartenI-kiarten Slough Slough SiouhSiou ingin SI.SI. _WHsonWilson R. R. SI.St._ 91l89/18 91189/18 9/18 9/18 9/20T20 SpecIes (19.0 km) (16.9 km) (18.5 km) (15.3 km) (2.6 km) (1.9 km)

Fish

American shad 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pacific herring 0 0 0 0 0 0 Northern anchovy 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coho salmon 0 I 1/ 0 0 0 0 Chinook salmon 0 2 2/ 3 3 0 2

Cutthroat trout 0 0 0 0 I 0

Rainbow trout 0 0 0 0 I 0

SurfsmeltSurf smelt 0 0 I 2 0 0

Threespine stickleback 46 1 0 0 0 0 Shiner perch 65 46 10 83 370 37 White seaperch 0 0 0 0 0 0 Snake pricklebackprlckleback 0 00 0 0 0 0

Saddleback gunnel I 6 0 I 5 0

Prickly sculpin 42 0 I 2 0 0 Pacific staghorn sculpin 7 44 0 2 6 0 English sole 0 0 0 0 0 0

Starry flounder 17 5 2 I 0 2 Sand sole 0 00 o0 0 0 0

Invertebratesnvertebrates

Shrimp (Crago sp.) 32 Dungeness crab 0

1J Adult 2// OnOne jack andand oneon juvenilejuvnil