The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 12 Recruit Program Chapter 12 Presentation Instructor Notes Forcible Entry

Slide 1 Slide 5 Forcible Entry and Equipment

June 2013 Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1 Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 2 Slide 6 Tools and Equipment Manual Prying Tools Hugh • Common tools Halligan • Some can be used as striking tools; most cannot • Use only for intended purpose for safe and efficient operation Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 3 Slide 7 Tools and Equipment Forcible Entry Prying Tools

• Useful for opening doors, windows, The technique used by the Fire locks, and moving Department to gain access to a heavy objects structure whose normal means of • Manually operated types use principle access is locked, blocked or of lever and fulcrum nonexistent. • Hydraulic can be powered or manual

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Slide 4 Slide 8 Tools and Equipment Lesson Goal Flat-Head Axe • Available in 6-pound or 8-pound (2.7 or 3.6 kg) head weights • After completing this lesson, the student • Wooden or fiberglass handle shall be able to force entry through various • Used to chop through same materials as pick-head axe types of doors, padlocks, windows, and • Blade can be used for same walls following the policies and procedures purposes as pick-head axe • Used in conjunction with other set forth by the authority having jurisdiction tools to force entry (AHJ). • Commonly carried with ; set known as “irons” • Used in both structural and wildland fire fighting operations

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1 of 19 Revision: 092914 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 12 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 12 Presentation Instructor Notes Forcible Entry

Slide 9 Tools and Equipment Slide 13 Tools and Equipment Striking Tools Metal Cutting Devices

• Examples • Power • Sometimes only – Most useful tools in fire required service – Types include circular, • In forcible entry, used rotary, reciprocating, with another tool chain, ventilation saws • Dangerous when – Many able to run on AC improperly used, and DC power carried, or maintained – Safety issues

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Slide 10 Tools and Equipment Slide 14 Tools and Equipment Metal Cutting Devices Metal Cutting Devices

• Bolt cutters • Oxyacetylene cutting torches – Used in forcible entry in a – Hand-carried and wheeled units variety of ways – Advancement in security – Cut through heavy metal technology has limited use components • Rebar cutters – Generate flame temperature more – Powered version than 5,700ºF (3 149ºC) – Manual version – Cut through iron, steel with relative – Used to cut rebar ease when breaching concrete – Use diminishing in fire service – Used to cut security bars on windows/doors Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 11 Tools and Equipment Slide 15 Tools and Equipment Metal Cutting Devices Metal Cutting Devices

• Handsaws • Circular saws – May be needed when – Useful when electrical power unavailable power readily available – Include carpenter’s and heavier, bulkier handsaw, , saws too difficult to hacksaw, drywall saw handle – Extremely slow in – Small battery-powered comparison to power units available saws

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Slide 12 Tools and Equipment Slide 16 Tools and Equipment Metal Cutting Devices Hydraulic Prying Tools

• • Effective in extrication – Blade moves in/out similar rescues to handsaw • Useful in forcible entry – Variety of blades for situations different materials • Useful for prying, pushing, pulling – When equipped with metal- cutting blade, ideal for • Rescue tools, hydraulic cutting sheet metal, door opener structural components on – Hydraulic spreader vehicles – Hydraulic ram – Hydraulic door opener – Battery-powered available Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

2 of 19 Revision: 092914 The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 12 Recruit Firefighter Program Chapter 12 Presentation Instructor Notes Forcible Entry

Slide 17 Tools and Equipment Slide 21 Tools and Equipment Tool Use Carrying Forcible Entry Tools

• No single forcible entry tool provides a firefighter • Striking & Prying with needed force/leverage to handle all forcible entry situations – If not in scabbard, carry with blade • may have to combine two or more tools to accomplish task away from body • Types of combinations carried vary – With pick-head axe, • Most important consideration is selecting proper grasp pick with hand tools for job to cover • Preincident surveys help determine necessary – Never carry on tools shoulder Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 22 Tools and Equipment Slide 18 Tools and Equipment General Care / Maintenance Forcible Entry Tool Considerations • Forcible entry tools function as designed • Become familiar with all tools used when properly maintained • Read/follow manufacturers’ guidelines • Tool failure on fireground may have harsh • Use extreme caution in atmospheres that consequences could be explosive • Always read manufacturers’ • Keep tools in properly designated places recommended maintenance guidelines on apparatus

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Slide 19 Tools and Equipment Slide 23 Tools and Equipment Other Power Saw Safety Care/Maintenance of Forcible Entry Tools

• Match saw to task and material • How well maintained • Blades from different manufacturers may look directly affects alike but not be interchangeable performance • Never force saw beyond design limitations • DO NOT PAINT • Do Not store composite blades in compartment where gasoline fumes accumulate • Manicured tools are • Store blades in clean, dry environment a reflection of • DO NOT use when working in flammable Company Pride atmosphere

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Slide 20 Tools and Equipment Slide 24 Tools and Equipment Carrying Forcible Entry Tools Care/Maintenance of Fiberglass Handles

• Striking tools • Wash with mild – Keep heads close to ground detergent, rinse, and – Maintain firm grip wipe dry • Power tools • Check for damage, – Never carry running tool more than 10 feet cracks – Transport to where working, start there • Check tightness of tool head

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Slide 25 Tools and Equipment Slide 29 Door Characteristics Care/Maintenance of Cutting Edges Wooden Swinging Door

• Inspect cutting edge • Three types • Replace cutting heads – Panel when required – Slab • File cutting edges by hand – Ledge • Sharpen blade as specified • Most are panel or slab in SOP

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Slide 26 Tools and Equipment Slide 30 Door Characteristics Care/Maint. of Unprotected Metal Surfaces Panel Doors

• Keep free of rust • Made of solid wooden • Oil metal surface lightly members inset with panels • Do not paint metal surfaces • Panels may be wood or other • Inspect metal for chips, cracks, sharp materials edges; file off when found • Panels may be held in place by molding that can be removed for quick access

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Slide 27 Tools and Equipment Slide 31 Door Characteristics Care/Maintenance of Power Equipment Slab Doors

• Read, follow manufacturers’ instructions • Among most common • Be sure battery packs fully charged • Two configurations • Inspect periodically; ensure will start – Solid core manually – Hollow core • Check blades for damage, wear • Replace damaged, worn blades

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Slide 28 Tools and Equipment Slide 32 Door Characteristics Care/Maintenance of Power Equipment Slab Doors • Most interior doors in newer residences are • Check electrical components for cuts, hollow core other damage – Lightweight • Ensure all guards functional, in place – Relatively inexpensive • Ensure fuel is fresh; mixture may • Exterior slab usually solid core separate, degrade over time • Most do not have windows, other openings • Raised panels purely decorative • Solid-core doors much more substantial, heavier, more expensive than hollow-core

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Slide 33 Door Characteristics Slide 37 Door Characteristics Ledge Doors Sliding Doors

• Also known as batten • Operation doors – Do not actually slide • Found in variety of – Small roller/guide wheel make easy to move occupancies – Some are pocket doors • Planks fastened to • More common type is assembly used in horizontal, diagonal ledge boards patio areas of residencies • Lock with various locks • Patio sliding doors may be barred or blocked by metal rod Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 34 Door Characteristics Slide 38 Door Characteristics Metal Swinging Door Revolving Doors • Classifications • Made up of glass door – Hollow metal panels that revolve around – Metal clad center shaft – Tubular • Lock in various ways • Difficult to force • All equipped with mechanism • Most often set in that allows locking open in metal frame emergency

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Slide 35 Door Characteristics Slide 39 Door Characteristics Metal Swinging Door Overhead Doors

• Rigid, resist being • Wide variety of uses penetrated • When set in metal – Residential, commercial garage doors frame, power tools – Service doors at loading docks almost always needed to open • Constructed of variety of materials • Construction varies – Wood depending on intended use – Metal • When ordered to force, – Fiberglass consider power tools

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Slide 36 Door Characteristics Slide 40 Door Characteristics Sliding Doors Overhead Doors

• Most residential sliding • Difficult to force open doors travel left or right • Sectional doors • Those in retail • Tilt-slab doors businesses often travel • Roll-up doors in both directions • Telescoping doors

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Slide 41 Door Characteristics Slide 45 Window Characteristics Fire Doors Hinged (Casement) Windows

• Movable assemblies designed to • Can only be opened by operating crank cover doorway openings in rated separation walls in event of fire in mechanism one part of building • Double casement windows have at least • Components four locking devices as well as two crank • Several standard types devices • May be manually, mechanically, electronically operated • May or may not be counterbalanced Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 42 Door Characteristics Slide 46 Window Characteristics Fire Doors Operations Projected (Factory) Windows

• Two standard means by which fire doors • Found in variety of operate: self-closing and automatic-closing buildings • Often have metal sashes • Self-closing usually installed in stairway with wire glass; function enclosures by pivoting at top or • Automatic-closing usually installed in bottom hallways, corridors • Classified by the way they swing when opened: • Vertical sliding are normally open but projected-in, projected- close automatically out, pivoted-projected Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 43 Window Characteristics Slide 47 Window Characteristics Double-Hung (Checkrail) Windows Projected (Factory) Windows

• Have been popular in building • Most practical method of forcing is same as casement • Metal frames, wire glass make rapid forcible entry construction difficult • Various materials • Do not enter unless cannot be avoided • Often have security bars or screens to discourage entry • Made of two sashes • Often cover large area, but moveable window sections • Usually secured by one or two small • Usually located several feet off floor thumb-operated locking • If another entry point unavailable, rotary saw can be devices used to cut window frame

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Slide 44 Window Characteristics Slide 48 Window Characteristics Hinged (Casement) Windows Awning Windows

• Wooden or metal • Large sections of glass frames about 1 foot (3 m) high, as long as window width • One or two sashes mounted on side • Constructed with metal or hinges that swing wood frame around glass outward when crank assembly operated • Hinged along top rail, • Locking devices vary bottom rail swings out

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Slide 49 Window Characteristics Slide 53 Jalousie Windows Forcible Entry Size Up

• Small sections about 4 The first step at any forcible entry operation is inches (100 mm) high the size up. There are 5 major points to consider and as long as window in developing a good size up. width 1.Type of Response (Mission) • Panes held in moveable frame at ends 2.Method • Crank, gear housing at bottom 3.Fire Conditions • Entry requires removal of several panes 4.Door Construction • Because relatively small, offer restricted access 5.Survey

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Slide 54 Slide 50 Window Characteristics Forcible Entry Size Up Type of Response (OUR MISSION) Hurricane Windows The nature of the incident we are • Designed to resist hurricane-force winds • Use laminated glass with advanced polymer responding to will determine how • Intended to help keep building intact we carry out the forcible entry • Ionoplast layer sandwiched between two layers mission. These responses can be of glass resulting in laminated glass 100 times as rigid and five times as tear resistant as broken down into Tactical, commonly used high-impact glass Developing, or Routine • Identifying during preincident planning helps in operations. tool and technique selection

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Slide 51 Slide 55 Type of Response Tactical Response

• Working fire or other emergency where prompt entry is needed to save life and property. • Under these circumstances the forcible entry must be quick and reliable.

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Slide 52 Slide 56 Type of Response Forcible Entry Concerns Developing Situation

• Different types of structures have varying Indication of a fire or hazardous situation. degrees of access points. • Buildings with door construction unique to • Light smoke condition their intended usage. • Food on the stove • A diversified response area will require firefighters to be skilled in several forcible • Electrical odor entry techniques.

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Slide 57 Slide 61 Type of Response F.L.O.I.T.S. Routine Response

• Non fire or emergency operation such as • Feel the Door for Heat an alarm investigation, water leak, or other • Locked? non life threatening situation. – Try before you Pry • Outward • At these types of responses the primary • Inward concern is to limit the amount of damage • Tool Selection done during entry. • Safety

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Slide 58 Forcible Entry Size Up Slide 62 Methods and Techniques Methods of Forcible Entry Conventional Forcible Entry

There are 3 basics methods of forcible entry: The oldest and most reliable method used. • Conventional • Involves the use of force, leverage, and • Thru the lock impact • Primary tools are the Irons • Power tools • 8lb axe or 10lb maul is recommended

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Slide 59 Forcible Entry Size Up Slide 63 Methods and Techniques Fire Conditions Convention Forcible Entry

There are several • Location and extent of fire, and the procedures that can be potential for back or flashover will used. have an effect on the method, timing, and • Prying the door and lock location of F.E. away from the jamb. • Operating above • Breaking the lock. • Forcing the hinges. • Waiting for a line • Breaking the door or • Waiting for ventilation door panel.

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Slide 60 Forcible Entry Size Up Slide 64 Door Construction & Locking Devices Techniques

• What type of door are we dealing with, The type of door and the locking devices wood, glass or steel? along with the prevailing conditions at the • What types of locking devices are in use, scene, (heat-smoke-visibility) will dictate and how many are there? the proper technique to use. • What is the best method of F.E. considering the type of door, and the types of locks in place?

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Slide 65 Slide 69 Door Size Up Conventional F.E.

What is the door and the frame made of? • Wood door in wood frame • Wood door in metal frame • Metal door in metal frame

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Slide 66 Slide 70 Door Size Up Shocking the door • Use Halligan like What type of door is battering ram to strike it? the door in the area of the locks. • Inward Swinging • This will loosen a very tight door. • Outward Singing • This may also help indicate which locks are engaged.

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Slide 67 Slide 71 Door Size Up Gapping the Door Creates an opening in Identifying the the door to allow the location and types of tool to enter. locks. • Place the adz • Mortise Locks between the door and • Dead Bolt jamb 6” above or • Fox Lock below lock. • Rim Lock • Rock the tool up and • Police Lock down to create a bigger opening.

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Slide 72 Slide 68 Gapping the Door Forcing an INWARD opening door • Maintain control of the back of adz to prevent Inward opening doors are forced conventionally tool from slipping. by using the following steps: • Gap door in multiple • Shocking the door locations depending on number of locks. • Gapping the door • May result in the door • Setting the tool opening

• Forcing the door

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Slide 73 Slide 77 Setting the Tool Forcing the Door • The forks are driven in to spread the door A door with several good locks or a away from the frame. substantial locking device may not break • This stresses and compromises the loose on the first try. locks. • Irons F.F. controls the A good Irons Firefighter will have back up striking of the halligan plans if this occurs. by saying hit.

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Slide 78 Slide 74 Adding Leverage Setting the Tool • An extra push can be • Forks are placed obtained by placing bevel towards the the head of the axe door. between the halligan • Tool is set 6” above and the door. or below locks • Once this is in place • Tool is initially set on the halligan can be 45 degree angle. sharply pushed in. • Tool is slowly brought to perpendicular as it is driven in. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 75 Slide 79 Setting the Tool The War Winner • Tool must be brought • If the door does not past the perpendicular open using the forks, so that forks don’t get hold gap with axe and stuck in the jamb. remove halligan from • Tool should end up door. firmly set between the • Place the adz in the door and jamb to allow gap, tap in with axe if for maximum force. needed. • Use 2 F.F.’s to push tool towards door.

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Slide 76 Slide 80 Forcing the Door Controlling the door • Force is applied to the • Prevent door from tool to apply leverage flying open once its against the door. forced. • This may require 2 • Use a small piece of firefighters to work in rope, , or unison. halligan • Push in sharply until • Protects members of tool strikes the face of F.E. team & maintains the door. integrity of hallway until line is in place.

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Slide 81 Conventional F.E. Slide 85 Baseball Swing • Make sure pike is set securely into the jamb. • Exert downward pressure on tool driving adz into the door. • Secure door once opened.

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Slide 82 Slide 86 Chocking the door Baseball Swing • Once door is forced and room is entered the door must be chocked. • Use wood or metal chock in hinge. • Use the axe in the hinge, or in the gap between floor & door.

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Slide 83 Slide 87 Baseball Swing Forcing an outward opening door • Used primarily on wood doors in a wood • Mainly found in jamb like those found in private dwellings. commercial settings. • Usually well fortified doors especially when • Is quick and reliable for less fortified doors. in the rear of a bldg. • Door may be • Can be accomplished by one F.F. recessed making access difficult.

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Slide 88 Slide 84 Forcing an outward opening door Baseball Swing First you must verify • Place your hands that the door is above the forks outward opening. grasping the shaft • Hinges are visible on like a baseball bat. an outward opening door. • Swing halligan • Door will be flush with towards door, driving the door frame. the pike into the jamb.

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Slide 89 Slide 93 Gapping an outward opening door Setting the Tool • Place the adz 3” • Pull out slightly on the above or below the tool (towards you) so lock, or in between the adz slips past the multiple locks. stop.

• Drive the adz in • Hold the tool away between the door from the door as the and the frame until adz is driven in with it reaches the stop. the axe.

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Slide 90 Gapping an outward opening door Slide 94 • On a very tight door Setting the Tool you can create an • Once the adz is initial gap using the locked around the fork end first. inside of the door, the tool is set.

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Slide 91 Slide 95 Gapping an outward opening door Forcing the Door • Driving the blade of • Pull out sharply on the axe in just above the Halligan tool and or below where you pry the door open. want to place the adz, may also start an opening for the adz.

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Slide 92 Slide 96 Gapping an outward opening door Outward Opening • You can also rock the adz up and down as it enters the gap, which spreads the door and allows for easier entry

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Slide 97 Slide 101 Through the Lock Disadvantages of thru the lock • Involves removing the Plate must be lock cylinder with the • Some cylindersremoved may in order be difficult to pull. to access lock proper tools and cylinder operating the internal locking mechanism. • Cylinder guards or plates may slow down operations. • Requires a good working knowledge on the types of locks • Multiple locks on a door may lead to you may encounter. confusion as to which locks are engaged and which locks are disengaged. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 102 Slide 98 Thru-the-Lock Types of Locks Having a good working knowledge of the different types of locks you may encounter will greatly improve your rate of success.

• Mortise lock • Rim lock/ Police lock • Tubular dead bolt

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Slide 103 Slide 99 Mortise Lock Thru the Lock • Uses a mortise cylinder • Generally used on outward opening (set into a cavity) commercial doors. • Has a cam on the rear of the cylinder that • Can be utilized on inward opening doors, moves in a circular fashion. as well as residential doors • Requires cam end of key tool using 5 to 7 principle to force.

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Slide 104 Slide 100 Rim Lock Advantages of thru the lock • Uses a rim cylinder • Generally causes less damage. • Has a stem on the rear of the cylinder • May result in quicker entry on some locks. that moves in a circular motion. • Requires flat end of • Allows for the door to be re-locked key tool or flat following operations in many cases. screwdriver to force.

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Slide 105 Slide 109 Police Lock Pulling the cylinder • Type of rim lock • Once K tool or lock (Fox Lock) puller is set, downward and side • Stem of cylinder is to side pressure square shaped as can be applied. opposed to flat. • Cylinder should begin to pull out • Requires the 5/32” from the door. Alan key using the • Save the cylinder screw driver principle. once removed.

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Slide 106 Slide 110 Tubular Dead Bolt Forcing the door using the Key Tools • An inspection must be • Once the cylinder is made of the cylinder to pulled we must determine the shape of identify the type of the hub. lock involved in order • Hub may be square, flat, half moon, or cross. to select the proper • Once the shape of hub tool for opening. is determined insert appropriate end of key tool and turn in either direction until the lock opens. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Slide 111 Slide 107 5 o’clock 7 o’clock principle Thru the Lock Tools • Insert cam end of key There is a wide array tool pointing to 5 or 7 of tools used in thru o’clock. the lock. • Depress deadlock • The K tool mechanism and slide (most widely used) tool in opposite • The O (officers) tool direction. • The Rex tool • If mechanism is found • Sunila tool at 5, move towards 7 • Modified channel lock and if at 7 move to 5.

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Slide 108 Slide 112 Pulling the cylinder Screw driver principle • First remove brass • Use flat end of key tool or flat screw driver. rim from cylinder. • Place K tool or lock • Insert tool into cylinder hole parallel to ground puller on top of and perpendicular to the door, with flat end cylinder and tap down pointing at bulls eye. with striking tool. • Continue until tool is • Turn key tool either direction as some locks will securely set on open turning clockwise and others counter cylinder. clockwise.

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Slide 113 Slide 117 Thru-the-Lock Cutting Locks • Locks should be attempted first because they are easier to cut, and result in less damage.

• Cut all the locks on the fire bldg. as well as the exposures.

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Slide 114 Slide 118 Power Tools Padlocks • Power saw with an • Most commonly found aluminum oxide on roll down gates. blade. • Made of case hardened steel, which cant be cut • oxy-acetylene or with bolt cutters mapp gas torch • High quality locks have toe and heel mechanism • battery powered requiring both sides of saw-zall hasp be cut simultaneously.

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Slide 115 Slide 119 Power Tools Cutting Padlocks • Allow quick and • Place lock in a reliable entry when secure position dealing with heavy prior to cutting. security devices. • Place disc evenly on both sides of • Roll down steel gates. hasp. • Begin slow, and • Heavy duty padlocks. increase saws R.P.M. as disc cuts into metal.

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Slide 116 Slide 120 The F.E. Saw American Series 2000 Hockey Puck Locks • A rotary saw equipped • More commonly with an aluminum seen at high end oxide blade. stores, or in high crime areas. • The most versatile • May have a shield of all power tools. covering the entire lock. • Capable of opening • Widely used on most security devices commercial utility in rapid fashion. vans.

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Slide 121 Slide 125 Hockey Pucks Inverted “V” Cut • Place disc in center • Start 2nd cut on the of the lock surface, opposite angle about ¾ of the way up from 1 foot below initial the key way. cut, leaving a portion • Start out slow, and intact. increase the R.P.M.’s • Continue down to full power as a towards the opposite groove forms in the lock. corner. • When a shield is • Cut remaining tab and present cut through it. pull all remaining slats

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Slide 122 Slide 126 Hockey Pucks Pulling Slats “Inverted V” • Cutting too low or too high will result in missing the locking pin.

• Depending how the Pull Slats towards lock was placed, key opening, by driving point of halligan way may not always into the metal, in be at the bottom. order to expand the opening.

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Slide 123 Slide 127 Cutting Gates Slash Cut Gates should be • To be used on gates cut when one of the 12 feet wide or less. following conditions • Place saw as high in exist: middle of gate as • Multiple locks possible. requiring an • Make one cut from extensive operation. top to bottom. • No locks visible • Pull slats from each from outside. side following cut.

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Slide 124 Slide 128 Inverted “V” Cut Pulling Slats “Slash Cut” • Have charged hose line in place before cutting. • Start cut in center as high on gate as Pull Slats towards the possible. slash cut to • Bring first cut down expand the opening. on an angle toward corner.

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Slide 129 Slide 133 Gates and Fences

• Property owners often take additional measures to protect homes and businesses Attachment – Well-built, heavily Points secured doors, windows – Fences

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Slide 130 Slide 134 Gaining Access Through Gates and Fences

• Barbed wire can be cut with bolt cutters • When cutting chain-link, easier and faster to use rotary saw Attachment Point • Wire fences should be cut near posts • Alternative method of opening chain-link fence is to cut wire bands holding fence fabric to posts • Fence gates often secured with padlocks or chains

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Slide 131 Slide 135

PAD LOCK

Hinges Attachment Points

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Slide 132 Slide 136

Attachment Points

Hinges

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Slide 137 Slide 141

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Slide 138 Slide 142

Hinge

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Slide 139 Slide 143

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Slide 140 Slide 144

Sliding Gate

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Slide 145 Slide 149

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Slide 146 Slide 150 Forcible Entry

Knowledge, experience and the ability to Keep Your Cool under pressure are some of the traits the “Irons Man” must have. At many operations the forcible entry fire fighter is the Most Important Member and must perform his / her duties well under all conditions.

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Slide 147 Slide 151 Thank you for your Participation & Attention

Special Thanks to: F.F. Paul DeBartolomeo and Lt. Ed Burwell of F.D.N.Y. for their assistance and input on this presentation.

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Slide 148 Slide 152 NEVER FORGET

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