5238 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 By Mr. D'EW ART: Journal of the proceedings of Thursday. ·LEAVES OF ABSENCE H. R. 4069. A bill authorizing the Secretary May 10, 1951, was dispensed with. On request of Mr. McFARLAND, and of the Interior to issue a patent in fee to by unanimous consent, Mr. FREAR was Lucy Yarlott; to the Committee on Interior MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT-AP- and Insular Affairs. PROVAL OF BILL AND JOINT RESOLU­ excus~d from attendance on the sessions H. R. 4070 A bill for the relief of Isabelle TION of the Senate this week because of official F. s.tory; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Messages in writing from the Presi­ committee business. By Mr. HELLER: dent of the United States were commu­ On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by H. R. 4071. A bill for the relief of Demos­ unanimous consent, Mr. NIXON was ex­ thenes J. Dambassis and Mrs. Helen Dam­ nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries, and he announced cused from attendance on the sessions bassis; to the Committee on the Judiciary. of the Senate for 1 week because of his H. R . 4072. A bill for the relief of John D. that the President had approved and Theodoracopoulos, Mando J. Theodoracopou­ signed the following act and joint resolu­ appointment as a member of the .United los, Panagiottis Theodoracopoulos, and Char- tion: States delegation to the World Health Organization, which is meeting in Ge­ 1laos Theodoracopoulos; to the Committee On May 11, 1951: on the Judiciary. S. J. Res. 72. Joint resolution to provide neva, Switzerland. By Mr. HINSHAW: certain benefits for certain persons who On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by H. R. 4073 . . A bill for the relief of the shall have served in the Armed Forces of the unanimous consent, Mr. KEM was ex­ Union Oil Co. of California and the Matson United States on or after June 27, 1950. cused from attendance on the sessions of Navigation Co.; to the Committee on the On May 14, 1951: Judiciary. the Senate for 1 week. S. 613. An act for the relief of Ernestine On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by By Mr. HUNTER: Bacon Jacobs. H . R. 4074. A bill for the relief of Prapion unanimous consent, Mr. MILLIKIN was Diranian Der Monsessian; to the Committee MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE excused from ~ttendance on the sessions on the Judiciary. A message from the House of Repre­ of the Senate today and tomorrow. By Mrs. ST. GEORGE: H. R. 4075. A bill for the relief of Adrio sentatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one ·of its COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING SENATE Socci; to the Committee on the Judiciary. reading clerks, announced that the SESSION By Mr. SHELLEY: House had agreed to the amendment of On request of Mr. LONG, and by unani­ H. R. 4076. A bill for the relief of the the Senate to the bill ple of Tallahassee and United States to appoint, and the Senate of The petition of David Darrin, of Washing­ Florida and became a leading citizen and the United States to confirm the appoint­ ton, D. C., relating to the establishment of distinguished member of the Florida bar, a world court; to the Committee on For- commander of the Tallahassee Post of the ment of, Hon. Francisco Carneiro for a sec­ eign Relations. · ond term as United States Attorney for the American Legion, and district governor of Virgin Islands A resolution adopted at a mass meeting the Florida National Exchange Club; and held at the Polish Home, Lackawanna, N. Y., "Whereas his distinction as a citizen led "Whereas Francisco Carneiro, of the Virgin rela~ing to the defense and restoration of the the Honorable Doyle E. Carlton, Governor Islands, was appointed by the President of just rights of the Republic of Poland; to the of Florida, to request the said Curtis L. Wal­ the United States and confirmed by the Committee on Foreign Relations. ler to assume the duties of State attorney Senate of the United States, in 1947, to be A telegram in the nature of a memorial for the Second Judicial Circuit of Florida, United States attorney for the Virgin Islands from the American Chamber of Commerce of a position which he discharged with fidelity for a period of 4 years; and the Philippines, Manila, Philippine Islands, and great ability; and "Whereas Mr. Corneiro's term of office will remonstrating against the omission of Ameri­ end in July 1951; and "Whereas the eminence he enjoyed at the can civilians from the bill ( S. 1262) to Florida bar and the esteem in which he was "Whereas with the exception of a brief amend the War Claims Act of 1948 to com­ held by his fellow citizens resulted in his period of illness in the year 1950, Mr. Car­ pensate members of the military and naval being drafted by the citizens of Leon County neiro has served in this position with distinc­ forces of the United States for losses sus­ for membership in the Florida House of tion and to the satisfaction of the majority tained as a result of Japanese sequestration Representatives for the years 1933-34, where of the people of the Virgin Islands; and 'of bank accounts in the Philippine Islands; he made an outstanding record as a legis­ "Whereas, although the duties of the of­ to the Committee on the Judiciary. fice of United States attorney for the Virgin lator and, among his other achievements, The petition of Armesto Ramoso and Joa­ became the author of a new provision in the Islands have increased considerably during quina de Ramoso, of Cabanatuan, Nueva Florida State Constitution and was deeply the incumbency of Mr. Carneiro, he. has co­ Ecija, Philippine Islands, relating to their loved and honored by his fellow legislators; operated fully with the executive and legis­ claim and its sett:ement by the United and lative branches of Government, giving them States-Philippine Islands War Damage Com­ both legal service and legal advice as re­ "Whereas the said Curtis L. Waller, in mission; to the Committee on the Judiciary. response to his patriotic conviction that the quested, in addition to acting as prosecuting A resolution adopted by the Municipal attorney for the Government of the Virgin greatest security for his country lay in Council, Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippine strength through preparedness, volunteered Islands; and Islands, expressing its gratitude to the "Whereas in addition to his legal work, his services to the Armed Forces and became American public for the grant of war dam­ a major, and later a lieutenant colonel, in Francisco Carneiro has participated regu­ age c!aims; to the Committee on the Ju• larly in diverse civic factions which has been the Specialist Reserve in the Army of the diciary. United States; and of great educational .benefit to the people of Resolutions adopted by the Auxiliary to the Virgin Islands; and "Whereas his legal learning, his unblem­ Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, ished character, his judicial temperament, "Whereas it is the belief of the Legislative Massachusetts Department, Lexington, Mass., Assembly of the Virgin Islands that Hon. led President Franklin D. Roosevelt, with relating to the proper use of the flag, and so the unanimous advice and consent of the Francisco Carneiro has done a good job as forth; · to the Committee on the Judiciary. United States attorney and should be ap­ Senate, to commission him as judge of the pointed to serve a second term in that office: A petition signed by Samuel K. Nong, and District Court of the United States for the Now, therefore, be it sundry citizens of Hides, Okla., praying for Northern and Southern Districts of Florida "Resolved and it is hereby resolved .by the the repeal of the so-called McCarran Act on the 19th of June 1940, a position he dis­ Legislati ve Assembly of the Virgin Islands in (the Internal Security Act of 1950); to the charged with particular distinction and de­ session assembled, That the President of the Committee on the Judiciary. votion; and United States is hereby petitioned to appoint, A telegram in the nature of ·a petition "Whereas his eminent record as a district and the Senate of the United States is from the Sisterhood of the Jewish Commun­ judge of the United States caused President hereby petitioned to confirm the appoint­ ity Center of Teaneck, N. J., signed by Mrs. I. Roosevelt to commission him, with the unan­ ment of Francisco Carneiro, of St. Thomas, Shapiro, president, praying for the enact­ imous advice and consent of the Senate, on Virgin Islands, for a second term as United ment of legislation to send 2,000,000 tons of the 10th day of March 1943 as judge of the States attorney for the Virgin Islands of the wheat to India; ordered to lie on the table, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth United States; and be it and it is hereby A letter in the nature of a petition from Circuit; and further the Council of the Arts, Sciences and Pro­ "Whereas the said Curtis L. Waller served "Resolved, That this resolution ·be for­ fessions, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, as a judge of the United States Court of warded to the President of the United States, Mich., praying for the early enactment of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit until the date and that a copy each thereof be transmitted legislation to supply wheat to India; ordered of his death, July 11, 1950, and as judge of to the honorable the President of the S€nate to lie on the table. the said . Court of Appeals enriched the law of the United States; the Honorable Howard By Mr. EASTLAND: with his learning, strengthened the court McGrath, Attorney General of the United A concurrent resolution of the Legisla· with his character, and added new security States; the Honorable Peyton Ford, Assistant ture of the State of Florida; ordered to lie to the liberties and freedom of our citizens Attorney General of the United States; the on the table: through his interpretation and declaration Department of the Interior; the Honorable of the Constitution and the laws of our land Morris F. de Castro, Governor of the Virgin "House Concurrent Resolution 4 and through his great ability, magnanimous Islands; and the Honorable Francisco Car­ "Whereas Curtis Longino Waller was born sentiment, and · devotion to the American neiro, United States attorney for the Virgin of a distinguished Mississippi family in Law­ way of life contributed to the majesty and Islands." rence County, Miss., January 9, 1887, was might of our democratic Republic; and A telegram in the nature of a petition graduated from Mississippi College and Mill· "Whereas the State of Florida and the from the National Federation of Settlements saps Law School, and was admitted to the Legislature of the State of Florida desire in and Neighborhood Centers, New York, N. Y., bar of Mississippi in 1910, where he imme­ some fitting way to remember and to honor relating to appropriations for the public diately achieved recognition and success: the said Curtis L. Waller and deem it appro­ housing program; to the Committee on Ap­ and priate that such recognition can be extended propriations. "Whereas the said Curtis L. Waller in the and such_honor worthily bestowed by set­ A resolution adopted by the National So­ year 1911 became secretary to the able and ting aside as a public park, and honoring ciety Daughters of the Union 1861-1865, eminent Pat Harrison as a Member of the with his name, the area lying between the Inc., River Edge, N. J., expressing confidence House of Representatives in the Congress capitol and the supreme court building in in General MacArthur; to the Committee on of the United States, whom he served as Tallahassee, which was his home, where he Foreign Relations. secretary until 1914; and was honored and loved for more than a quar­ Resolutions adopted by the National So­ "Whereas the said Curtis :r~. Waller patri­ ter of a century by his fellow citizens, and ciety, Daughters of the American Colonists, otically responded to the call of his country which area is peculiarly appropriate because Washington, D. C., pledging its support of by joining and serving in the Air Force of of the service of the said Curtis L. Waller 5?i42 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 as a legislator in the capitol and his having By Mr. BREWSTER: nor of the Farm Credit Administration, been one of those to achieve the highest S. 1482. A bill for the relief of the town United States Department of Agriculture, at judicial "office ever held by a citizen of Flor­ of Mount Desert, Maine; to the Committee Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, January 15, ida: Now, therefore, be it on the Judiciary. 1951. "Resolved by the House of Representatives By Mr. BENTON: Article on fJivil Defense, by Ph111p VVylie, of the Legislature of the State of Florida S. 1483. A bill for the relief of Olinda Bal­ guest of Columnist Walter Winchell, pub­ (the senate concurring), That there is hereby boni, his wife and son; to the Committee lished in the New York uaily Mirror of May set apart as a public park, and dedicated to on the Judiciary. 11, 1951. the memory of Curtis L. Waller, the area EMERGENCY FOOD AID TO INDIA­ By Mr. MARTIN: Editorial entitled "How Come?" published between the capitol and the supreme court AMENDMENTS building in Tallahassee, Fla., the same here­ in the Washington Evening Star of May 13, after to be maintained, developed, and pre­ Mr. SALTONSTALL (for himself and 1951. served by the State of Florida as a public Mr. FERGUSON) submitted amendments Editorial entitled "Aiding the Enemy," park and to bear the name of him who hon­ intended to be proposed by them, jointly from the Washington Evening Star, regard­ ored Florida and whom Florida delights to to the bill (8. 872) to furnish emergency ing the attitude of Senator KEM on the honor, the Curtis L. Waller Park." shipment of arm:; and state3ic materials to food aid to India, which were ordered to Russia. BILLS INTRODUC.l!:D lie on the table and to be printed. Article entitled "What's Wrong With Be­ Bills were introduced, read the first HOUSE BILL REFERRED ing an Oil Company?" written by Ernestine time, and, by unanimous consent, the Adams, and reprinted from the Petroleum second time, and referred as follows: The bill eople of various kingdoms Thus from the day of the birth of her 70) to suspend the application of certain and countries and states. But Miss babe, toiling, sorrowing, rejoicing, on­ Federal laws with respect to an attorney Anna M. Jarvis, a distinguished woman ward through life mother goes, gener­ employed by the Senate Committee on of West Virginia, has established Moth­ ously giving the best of her thought and Rules and Administration. er's Day in the love, in the devotion, and energy and effort and life to the develop­ Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, the in the throbbing heart of the humanity ment of her child into a successful, use­ Senator from Michigan has indicated of every Christian country in the world. ful, righteous woman or man. that the presence of a quorum is desir­ Today we venerate the sacred name But until "the stars are old, and the able. Therefore, I suggest the absence and memory of mother. We laud the sun grows cold, and the leaves of the of a quorum. virtue, extol the spirit of self-sacrifice, Judgment Book unfold," no one will ever The PRESIDING OFFICER f the Senate to the bill of section 6, on page 3 · get from some other country or furnish with all the grandiose display· of propa­ of the bill~ relating to the distribution herself. I do not see why we should ganda of which the Soviet propagandists of these supplies contains the following claim the right to supervise the entire are capable he merely made a statement requirement for a preliminary agree­ relief program of India. that the Russian Government wanted ment: Mr. G:..."LLE'ITE. Mr. President, I to send 50,000 tons of wheat, "and after To distribute the supplies made avail­ think the Senator's position is quite lo&"i­ a while we will talk about terms." able under this act, as well as similar sup­ cal. The question wnich he has raised Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. No; that plies obtained locally or imported from out­ was discussed in the Foreign Relations is not correct. The article I have is an side sources by the Government of India, Committee. AP dispatch from New Delhi, India, among the people of India without dis­ Mr. AIKEN. · Can the Senator tell us dated May 12. The burden of the article crimination as to race, creed, or political belief. something about the manner in which is that the shipment of Russian wheat, ECA has handled the relief distribution which is not a gratuity, because, as I There is also the provision which I of food? Has the ECA handled relief understand, the Indian Government paid have just read in answer to the Senator grains for Yugoslavia? I know that the full value for the 50,000 tons of wheat­ from Maryland. work has been supervised by CARE, and the burden of the article seems to be that Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the I understand that that organization has the Russian move has completely ob­ Senator yield for another question? done an excellent job of supervising the scured the fact that the United States, Mr. GILLETTE. Just a moment. distribution, and also giving the people over a period of months, has been send­ There is an additional requirement in of Yugoslavia full publicity as to where ing 100,000 tons of wheat to India free of . subsection of section 6, on page 4: the grain came from. cost to the people· of India. To permit persons designated by the Gov­ Mr. GILLETTE. While the Senator Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will ernment of the United States to observe from Iowa has no personal knowledge, the Senator yield? without restriction the distribution in In­ he is informed that ECA closely super­ Mr. GILLETTE. I yield. dia of supplies made available under au­ thority of this act. vises all the distribution of such aid in Mr. HUMPHREY. I shall be glad to the European area. supplement the article by another pub­ Mr. AIKEN. Will the Senator explain Mr. AIKEN. Let us hope that some lished in the Washington Star, which why it is that, in addition to demand- improvements are ma.de in this respect sets forth that the Russian Ambassador . ing the right-and very properly so­ before the bill is finally passed. said to the Prime Minister of India, "We to supervise and inspect the distribu­ will talk about terms later on." That Mr. GILLETTE. I share the hope of tion of the grain which is sent from the the Senator from Vermont, and I thank leads me to say that in this confifot of United States, we also demand the right ideas, when we are trying to seek the him. to supervise the entire relief program Not only during the present dark friendship of other peoples, dramatic of India, which amounts to some nine moves are apparently very desirable. struggle with the aggressive imperialism and a half million tons a year? As a of the Soviet Union, but long after that I commend the Senator from Iowa for· matter of fact, I declined to be a cospon­ his leadership in the Foreign Relations struggle will have ended, the United sor of this bill because I thought that States will want to have in south Asia Committee, and I commend other Mem­ was an unwarranted interference with bers as well for bringing this subject to genuine friends and stanch allies of hu­ the internal affairs of another country. man liberty. the attention of the Senate so that the I do not know that it could have been issue may be voted on. Without in any way diminishing the avoided if at the same time we were to efforts we are making to form the most I point out that we have not been retain supervision over the 1,000,000 tons giving 100,000 tons of wheat. My friend which we propose to furnish. However, friendly ties with the other newly estab­ from Maryland is misinformed. We it seemed to me to be going pretty far lished independent nations in southeast have been selling 100,000 tons of cereal to require India to place in effect a civil and south Asia, but rather as an integral grain at a concessional price. · The rights program, when we cannot even part of this policy, we must make a spe­ United States Government has not given pass one through the Senate. cial effort and take special pains to link 100,000 tons of cereal grain or wheat Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Pres­ ourselves in friendship with the people for months. That is what we are talk­ ident, will the Senator yield? of the largest, most populous, and po­ ing about now. Had we had the legisla­ · Mr. AIKEN. I should be glad to have tentially most powerful country in that tive authority to give it, I am sur.e that anyone answer the question. vast area. it would have been given long ago. It Mr. GILLETTE. I yield to the Sena­ It is of the utmost importance for the was sold. The deal was consun,mated tor from New Jersey. future that the relations which are now in the month of October 1950 for 390,000 developing between the people of the Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I am glad American Republic and the people of the tons of milo grains, which is a type of to answer the question. I believe that food product suitable for the diet of the the Senator from Michigan [Mr. FER­ Indian Republic be grounded in mutual Indian people. GusoNJ and his colleague will offer an understanding, mutual desire to build an Mr. GILLETTE. I thank the Senator amendment to strike out that particular enduring and stable friendship, and mu­ from Min'1.esota. . provision, because provision is made in tual tolerance of the inevitable differ­ In connection with the question which another part of the bill for the opera­ ences between us. the Senator from Maryland [Mr. BUT­ tion to be under ECA, under the same AMERICA'S OPPORTUNITY LER] just asked me, subsection (b) of conditions under which ECA operates Because of the series of natural ca­ section 6, on page 4 of the bill, provides in European countries. In one case we lamities that have befallen the Indian that one of the agreements which must have grants, and in the other loans. people in the past year, we in America be entered into as a condition precedent This will be a loan project before we are have been afforded an opportunity to is- through with it, and it will be handled demonstrate, by actio:&.1 rather than To give full and continuous publicity in as a loan under ECA. merely by words, our friendship, our hu­ India to the assistance furnished by the Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator man fellow-feeling, and our confidence United States. from New Jersey and the Senator from in the people of India. Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the Iowa. I think that would be a distinct What the Congress of the Unik~d Senator yield? improvement. I thought it would be States does in answer to J.ndia's appeal 5258 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 for food cannot but have the most pro­ Bengal famine.'' Senators will recall States and of India, to provide assistance found and far-reaching effect on the at­ that in the frightful 1943 famine in on a half-loan half-grant basis. titude of the peoples of India and of all Bengal, the death toll amounted to from Section 4 of the bill, therefore, pro­ Asia toward our country. How we meet one and one-half to three million per­ vides that, of the $95,000,000 to be made the emergency resulting from famine sons. immediately available, one-half is to be conditions in India will go far to deter­ Mr. President, the starvation which in the form of a gift, and one-half in the mine the character of our long-range threatens our friends in India this year form of a loan. Section 5 of the bill relationships with that country. We can be prevented. It can be prevented authorizes a similar 50-50 ratio between have a responsibility, therefore, not only by the people of the United States act­ gift and loan for an additional $95,000,- to our own generation, but to those that ing through their Congress. The need 000 to be available during fiscal 1952, if will follow us. Our children and our is acute and immediate. · We have a sub­ an on-the-spot survey reveals the need, grandchildren will live in the same world stantial carry-over of food grains. At an and if the Congress approves additional with the children and grandchildren of average cost of less than a dollar from appropriations. We know for certain the present generation of India. The each of our citizens, we can help the that 1,000,000 tons is needed, but we do attitudes they hold for one another may Indian people in this moment of their not yet know how much of the second one day bear decisively on the course of dire need. We can send the food they million tons will be required. world history. must have from stocks on hand in the · There were several reasons why the What we do here is likewise under the United States. committee decided on a half-grant half­ scrutiny of the entire world. We are THE BILL'S PROVISIONS loan program. In the first place, we did going to give some sort of answer to not feel that we could disregard the fact India's appeal. I pray that our answer It is my privilege to bring to the floor that the Indian Government asked for will be one that leads to friendship and of the Senate S. 872, which was intro­ ai::sistance on special and easy terms. not to animosity, that looks to the fu­ duced by the senior Senator from New India did not ask for an outright gift. ture as well as to the present and the Jersey [Mr. SMITH] for himself and 29 While the committee fully appreciated past, and that will make all Americans other Senators of both parties. This India's need for help, we could not avoid proud to be Americans and all the people bill was considered by the Foreign Re­ feeling that to give India the entire of India proud to be our friends. lations Committee, under the able amount requested would be inappropri­ I have spoken of an emergency. It is chairmanship of the Senator from Texas ate, in view of the form in which the a more pressing emergency today than [Mr. CONNALLY], for 5 days and reported request was made. Some members also it was 4 months ago. It becomes more without a dissenting vote, with a few felt it would possibly set a questionable pressing every day that goes by. The amendments which I shall describe in a precedent. l:ne between safety and disaster may moment. On the other hand, the committee have already been crossed. Before discussing the provisions of the had in mind that by providing some I hold in my hand a telegram dated bill, I want to commend the initiative of the assistance in the form of a grant, April 23, from Calcutta, which reads in and perseverance of the Senator from counterpart funds would be generated part as follows: New Jersey. Weeks before the President in India which could be used for agri­ asked the Congress to consider this mat­ Press reports 6 dead, 35 injured Cooch­ cultural and industrial development in Bihar town when police fired a+. mob during ter, the Senator from New Jersey took that country. disturbances arising from food shortages in the initiative, together with a bipartisan Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the this former princely state about 300 miles group from both Houses of Congress, in Senator yield? north of Calcutta. giving careful study to the situation in Mr. GILLETTE. I yield. Disturbances included parade several India and to possible ways in which the thousand hunger marchers, food riot in United States could help meet the emer­ Mr. AIKEN. There is one additional bazaar, and hunger strike by five citizens. gency. On January 30, these Members portion of the bill, as reported by the Police pelted by bricks, acid bulbs. Deputy addressed a letter to the President asking committee, which I do not understand, commissioner, other senior officials man­ for his support for the proposed assist­ and as to which I should like to have handled·, one official vehicle burned. Twenty­ some illumination. It refers to the de­ four policemen injured included two thrown ance. The following week they dis­ posit of amounts in a specfal account into water tank. Troops now patrolling town cussed the situation with the President. "for the benefit of the people of India in where general suspension business prevails. During this period, I had the privilege programs to increase food production, to Food riots also reported two towns nearby. of consulting about the. situation in In­ develop industrial and mineral resources, I hold in my hand another telegram of dia not only with the Senator from New and in other projects and programs, eco­ the same date from New Delhi, which Jersey but with the subcommittee .of the nomic and legislative, as may prove de­ reads in part as follows: Foreign Relations Committee on Near sirable, in the mutual interest of the . East and African Affairs, of which I am Five more starvation deaths Bihar where United States and India." What is 1,600,000 affected. India begins talks Viet­ chairman, and with representatives of meant by the words "and legislative" as nam rice. Lack rain threatens maize crop the Department of State. Out of these they refer to programs? What kind of Bihar. Food situation West Bengal, Ahmed­ discussions came the bill, which, in legislative program would be of mutual abad worsens. amended form, is now before us. interest? I also have in my hand a telegram LOAN OR GIFT Mr. GILLETTE. It was reported to us from our Ambassador in New Delhi dated When S. 872 was referred t0 the For­ that the enactment of some legislation in late March which states that the eign Relations Committee, it provided might be necessary to enable India to American agricultural attache has vis­ that the United States should give effectuate the building up of its food pro- · ited Bihar province and personally in­ 2,000,000 tons of wheat to India for the duction and its industrial production. spected growing conditions there. The sole purpose of meeting the emergency Mr. AIKEN. The provision does not rice crop was off by 50 percent. The land need there. apply to the formulation of political was too hard, because of drought, to Our committee gave careful considera­ policies of any description? plant new crops. Rations which were tion to the question of whether the Mr. GILLETTE. No. If it did, I would supposed to be 8 ounces per day, having United States should give this food to not suooort it. been reduced from 12 ounces a day, could India, or lend India the funds with which Mr. AIKEN. I would not think so. not be met because the ration shops had to buy the wheat. We were confronted I did not believe the Senator from Iowa only enough wheat to meet half this with a situation in which India had would do so. I merely wished to make it ration. asked the United States for help, on clear that it is not intended to promote I also have here a story printed in the special and easy terms. The Presi­ any political program. New York Times of April 23, the head­ dent of the United States recommended Mr. GILLETTE. I am glad the Sen­ line of which reads, "Famine migration that a substantial portion of the re­ ator asked the question. indicated in India," and a paragraph of quested grain be made available prompt· Counterpart funds in rupees can serve which reads: ''Responsible leaders and Iy on a grant basis; that is, as a gift. to improve agricultural productivity in newspapers have begun cautiously to The committee decided that, as a mat­ such a way as to make repetitions of fam­ warn the Government of the possibility ter of principle, it would be in the best ine threats less likely in the future. India of a repetition in Bihar of another interest of the ·people of the United can benefit greatly from technical advice 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5259 available in the United States. The Mr. AIKEN. How long is required for SHIPMENT OF FLOUR existence of rupee funds will not only a ship to make a round trip to India? Is The committee received a number of stimulate efforts in India to remove the 1 month required for a round trip? suggestions that a certain proportion of causes of famine but will also enable Mr. GILLETTE. It take 45 days to the wheat shipped to India be in the India to develop industrial and mineral make the trip one way. form of flour. The Senator from Wash­ resources that will earn dollars for her Mr. AIKEN. Then it will require 100 ington [Mr. MAGNUSON] brought this and help the free world grow in strength. ships, each carrying 10,000 tons of grain, matter to the attention of the Admin­ The bill contains, in Section 6, the re­ to transport 1,000,000 tons of grain to istrator for Economic Cooperation. . In quirement that no assistance is to be Indian between now and the 1st of Oc­ view of the assurances which Mr. Foster given until an agreement has been con­ tober, when the need is likely to be the gave to the Senator from Washington cluded between India and the United ·greatest. Is that correct? on this subject, I ask unanimous con­ States. This agreement is to include the Mr. GILLETTE. That is correct. sent that the exchange of correspond­ normal conditions that the Congress has ence on this important matter be in­ developed during past years in connec­ Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator. Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, in ad- serted in the RECORD at this point. tion with programs of aid to Western There being no objection, the corre­ Europe and, most recently, in the Yugo­ dition to this rapid survey of the bill's major provisions, there are two other spondence was ordered to be printed in slav aid bill. According to the Depart­ the RECORD, as follows : ment of State, this section seeks no un­ matters I want to discuss briefly. One relates to strategic materials which are UNITED STATES SENATE, dertakings that would be unacceptable COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE to the Government of India. available in India, and the other to the shipment of flour to India. AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, Section 8 of the bill provides that as­ April 24, 1951. sistance is to be furnished under the STRATEGIC :MATERIALS Hon. TOM CONNALLY, applicable provisions of the Economic There has been considerable discus­ Chairman, Committee on Foreign Cooperation Act, as amended. This sion in the press about India's embargo Relations, United States Senate. means that such provisions as that re­ of the export of monazite sands, a source DEAR SENATOR: When the India aid bill was quiring 50 percent of the supplies be introduced, I announced my intention of material for certain rare earths that are submitting an amendment requiring a speci­ sent in American-flag ships if they are valuable in defense production in the fied percentage of wheat, to be moved under available, would be applicable to this United States and also a source for its provision, be given in the form of flour. program. The last section of the com­ thorium used in connection with atomic­ I stated that my decision to offer a formal mittee report is devoted to describing the energy research. The Indian embargo amendment would be determined after ob­ applicable provisions of the ECA Act. has existed since 1946 and is now em­ taining information on the amount of flour Section 10 authorizes an advance from bodied in the Indian Atomic Energy Act. that might move as a result of normal ship­ the RFC to the Department of Com­ The committee examined this matter ping, milling, and related factors. merce to enable the Maritime Adminis­ On March 29, I addressed a letter to the most carefully. It heard a representa­ ECA Administrator, propounding the follow­ tration to break out some hundred mer­ tive of the industry most directly affect­ ing questions: chant ships of the reserve fleet to carry ed by the Indian embargo. The comm~t­ "1. What factors will dictate the move­ this wheat. It is expected that most of tee was satisfied, after discussing this ment of a portion of the wheat in the form this advance will be recouped from the matter in executive sessions, that steps of flour? freight which India will pay for the ship­ are being taken which assure that the "2. Approximately what percentage of the ment of this food and from freight defense interests of the United States total gift would be so affected? that will be earned by these vessels as will be properly protected. The commit­ "3. Would you oppose an amendment to they return to the United States with the bill, summarizing these judgments? tee felt, as the report states, that "it "4. If your answer (to question 3) is strategic materials from the Middle East would not be proper for this Government 'Yes,' would you ·also oppose including a and South Africa. to use its position as the principal avail­ paragraph in the committee report dealing Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the able source of food grains for India as a with this subject?" Senator yield? device to seek to compel the Indian Gov­ Yesterday, April 23, I received a respon~e Mr. GILLETTE. I yield. ernment to lift its embargo on monazite." to my inquiry. I am attaching a copy of Mr. AIKEN. Did I understand the India is also the source of other the response, signed by Mr. Foster, ECA Ad­ Senator to say that it would enable the ministrator. I quote the most important strategic materials. The United States portions of the letter: Department of Commerce to prepare is the principal purchaser in India of 100 ships? "We helieve it would be unwise to pre­ manganese, mica, jute and jute prod­ scribe in advance that any particular per­ Mr. GILLETTE. Through funds of ucts, and miscellaneous other strategic centage of the wheat suprlied to India be the RFC. materials. Page 8 of the report gives a in the form of flour. • • • We hope Mr. AIKEN. The number of ships was table ·of Indian exports of these ma­ that final (. ~termination of the percentage 100? terials. can await actual shipph1g and distribution Mr. GILLETTE. Yes. experience. If first shipments are succPss­ Mr. AIKEN. It would mean one round JUTE AND JUTE PRODUCIS ful, it is possible that as much as 20,000 to trip for each ship, if they are 10,000-ton The committee examined the ques­ 30,000 tons per month could be shipped as ships? tion of jute prices in the United States flour but if spoilage prove;.; to be excessive, Mr. GILLETTE. I do not know what and · the steps which our Government shipments of flour or atta would have to be has taken in connection with the req­ curtailed. sized ships would be involved. "• • • From the point of view of ex­ Mr. AIKEN. Does not a Liberty ship uisition by the Indian Government of pediting the movement of large quantities carry approximately 10,000 tons of grain? burlap under contract to American pur­ of food to India in a limited time, there are Mr. GILLETTE. I understand that chasers. It believes that steps are now real advantages in shipping flour or atta as to be the capacity. However, I have no being taken which will assure the con­ well as grain. This is because flour can be personal knowledge of it. tinued flow of jute and jute products to exported through ports additional to those Mr. AIKEN. It would result in out­ this country. through which whole grain can be shipped fitting 100 commercial ships and charg­ For my part, I want to emphasize the and because at the ports flour utilizes facill­ ties other than those which are used for ing the cost to the wheat-for-India ap­ importance I attach to the absolute ne­ grain. Hence, since there is urgent need for propriation, would it not? cessity of having the Department of the highest possible level Of shipments, ECA Mr. GILLETTE. I did not understand State work most closely with American would look with favor upon shipments of the question of the Senator. businessmen who are dependent on for­ flour and;or atta provided these products Mr. AIKEN. If 100 ships are to carry eign sources for certain raw materials: can be shipped and distributed success­ the wheat, with each carrying 10,000 At a time when many governments are fully. • • • tons, it would mean that 1,000,000 tons engaged in trade which we in the United "We would not object if the committee re­ port on the India aid program includes a would be carried, with each ship making States believe is more properly the field paragraph dealing with these subjects." 1 trip, would it not? of private enterprise, it is extremely im­ Mr. Foster addressed his letter to me on Mr. GILLETTE. It is contemplated portant that American private traders April 20. As I have stated before, it reached that each ship will made one round trip. have the assistance of their Government me on April 23. Your committee voted to If additional food is made available later in dealings with foreign gc,-\·ernments report the India aid bill on April 20-hence, on, additional trips will be made. engaged in such trade. I had no opportunity to call this matter to 5260 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 your attention while the bill and the com­ whole grain can be shipped and because at are incapable of grinding in the required time mittee report were still under discussion. the ports flour utilizes facilities other than all of the wheat that should be distributed Flour millers in the Pacific Northwest are those which are used for grain. Hence, since in fl.our form. In addition, there is the still running at less than 70 percent capacity. there is urgent need for the highest possible problem of internal transshipments and of Too, terminal and country storage facilities level of shipments, ECA would look with packaging. in this area are glutted with wheat. Oppor­ favor upon shipments of flour and/or atta If the picture given me is correct, there t:unity to grind a substantial portion of this provided these products can be shipped and may be no need of offering a formal amend­ wheat into fl.our or atta would accomplish distributed successfully. We believe it would ment to S. 872. Circumstances I have men­ a double objective-using idle milling ca­ be most unwise to ship any product to India tioned plus others will operate to accom­ pacity and at the same time making avail­ which is likely to spoil before it can be uti­ plish the objective I have in mind, namely, able more storage space for the coming wheat lized but we hope that by using multiwall movement in the form of flour of 15 to 20 crop. There may be other sections of the bags and by taking other necessary precau­ percent of the wheat we give India. country where similar conditions prevail. tions the danger of atta spoilage during the I will appreciate having your views on I would oppose subverting the prime ob­ long shipping and distribution period can be the proposition herein stated. In your best jective of the India aid bill; namely, relief minimized. .judgment: for starving people. On the other hand, I We hope also that we can avoid a provi­ 1. What factors will dictate the movement see no wisdom in failing to help a segment sion which would require shipments from of a portion of the wheat in the form of of our own industry when this can be done areas where storage facilities are most seri­ fl.our? without injury to the India aid program ously glutted. Certainly such a provision 2. Approximately what percentage of the itself. should not confine shipments strictly to the total gift would be so affected? Since I received the Administrator's letter glutted storage area. If adopted, the pro­ 3. Would you oppose an amendment to too late to obtain formal consideration by vision by all means should permit exports the bill formaUzing these judgments? your committee, I respectfully request that from other areas as long as all the grain 4. If your answer is "Yes," would you you insert, as a part of your floor recom­ which can be made available at ports is being also oppose, including ·a paragraph in the mendations, my March 29 letter and Mr. Fos­ exported from the glutted storage area. committee report dealing with this subject? ter's response of April 20, thus making EOA's -Otherwise, the export progrJ.m for India Thank you for your many past courtesies. attitude on shipments of fl.our to India a part would break down as soon as storage diffi­ Best personal regards. of the legislative record. culties developed at any specific coastal Sincerely, Thank you and kindest personal regards. range. Under circumstances existing today WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Sincerely, a provision such as the one you propose United States Senate. By direction: would not affect the level of exports from WARREN G. MAGNUSON, any specific coastal range since we are ex­ Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, I United States Senate. porting from all coastal ranges all the grain have tried, in as brief a statement as that can be made available at the ports. possible, to give Members a clear view Incidentally, we doubt that a provision such ECONOMIC COOPERATION as this would have relieved the Pacific. North­ of the principal provisions of the bill and ADMINISTRATION, west grain-storage problem. this past summer to point to some of the problems the Washington, D. C., April 20, 1951. and fall, since grain exports from that area committee considered. In conclusion, ·1 Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, were limited principally by an insufficient wish to stress what seems to me the most United States Senate, quantity of boxcars rather than by a lack of important, overriding reason for our Washington, D. C. export demand for the grain. helping India's people at this time. DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: This is in reply We would not object if the committee re­ to your letter of March 2!:', 1951, in which Regardless of the causes of this im­ you requested my comments on the desir­ port on the India-aid program includes a. paragraph dealing with these subjects. We pending famine-the droughts, the ability of incorporating in the impending hope, however, that any such comments will floods, the earthquakes, the errors in India-aid legislation a provision which would recognize that it is not desirable to use public judgment and mistaken policies which requre that a specified percentage of the funds for flour or atta for India to the extent may have contributed to the tragedy­ wheat, to be supplied to India under the aid that these products cannot successfully be we cannot ignore the facts : and the facts program, be made available in the form of used in that country and that emphasis on fl.our. You also indicated that you are con­ are that people in India are already· shipments from a specific area where a stor­ dying of starvation,. and that more people sidering a provision which would require the age problem exists should not be the cause procurement agency to ship wheat from of a diminished rate of total United States in India will die of starvation, unless those sections of the tTnited States where food grains which are available and are storage facilities are most seriously glutted. exports to India. If we cai be of any further service, please in surplus in the great American granary We believe it would be unwise to prescribe do not hesitate to call on us. are shipped to them in· time. in advance that any particular percentage of Sincerely yours, the wheat supplied to India be in the form The people of this country have never WILLIAM 0. FOSTER, been found wanting when other people of fl.our. However, if the India-aid legisla­ Administrator. tion is passed without such a provision, we have been in need because of great natu­ are quite certain that some fl.our or atta will ral disasters that have overtaken them. be shipped, but we hesitate at this time to MARCH 29, 1951. Mr. WILLIAM C. FOSTER, We have never turned a deaf ear or re­ attempt to estimate the percentage. We hope fused to share our plenty. Without re­ that final determination of the percentage Administrator, Economic can await i:i.ctual shipping and distribution Cooperation Administration, gard for the race, the creed, or the poli­ experience. If first shipments are success­ Washington, D. C. tical belief of the people in trouble, ful, it is possible that as much as 20,000 to DEAR MR. FOSTER: As you know, I am co­ Americans are always willing to extend 30,000 tons per month could be shipped as sponsoring the Aid to India bill. At the a helping hand. The tremendous vol­ flour but if spoilage proves to be excessive, time the bill was introduced I announced ume of mail I have·received during past shipments of fl.our or atta would need to my intention of offering an amendment re­ months urging swift action on this meas­ be curtailed. quiring a reasonable percentage of the wheat ure convinces me beyond any doubt that The Indian consumer normally prefers to given India to move in the form of fl.our. obtain his weekly wheat ration in the form In addition, I indicated I was considering our people want to send this help to of whole grain after which it is ground by incorporating a provision requiring the pro­ India now. ThLY are right. We should his family or by a local grinder. Hence, curement agency to take wheat from those do so. · from the standpoint of distribution and con­ sections of the country where storage fa­ I know that there will be some who sumption in India, shipments in the form cilities are most seriously glutted. will support this bill because they think of whole wheat are likely to prove more I felt it necessary out of fairness to the it is a good way to fight communism in satisfactory than shipments in the form of other sponsors to make these announce­ fl.our and certainly less risks w0uld be in­ ments. By doing so, I reserved the right to Asia. I do not think, for a minute, that volved in the shipping. The 72-percent ex­ pursue an independent course of action we can purchase protection or insure traction wheat flour regularly produced in should subsequent developments so dictate. support against communism by sending the United States is not commonly used by I have had a number of conversations with 2,000,000 tons of wheat to India. But if those people of India who are suffering most representatives of the milling and shipping we cannot purchase insurance against from insuftlcient food. From this standpoint industries since introduction of the Aid to ·communism by this bill, we can none­ atta would be much more satisfactory, but India bill. These representatives in turn theless recognize that our failure to do since atta is a product of very high extrac­ had conferred with members of your staff, what we can to prevent starvation in tion, it is much more diftlcult to keep. with appropriate oftlcials of the Department From the point of view of expediting the of Agriculture and others. India would most certainly provide an movement of large quantities of food to India They inform me that a number of cir­ unparalleled opening for Communist in a limited time, there are real advantages cumstances surrounding the India situation agitation among the underfed peoples of in shipping flour or atta as well as grain. will in the natural course of events compel India:_and of all Asia against a pros­ This is because fl.our can be exported through sizable shipments of fl.our. They point out, perous, well-fed, dog-in-the-manger-as ports additional to those through which for example, that milling facilities in India. they would designate us-America. We 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 5261 are not so blind as to want to give them wavering between the east and the west Mr. AIKEN. Did it come under the this opening. , swung further toward the Russian camp after general freeze order of December 15 to In past years, through our churches. this latest development. January 26? our clubs, .and our charitable organiza­ UNITED STATES AID OBSCURED Mr. GILLETTE. I cannot answer that tions like the Red Cross, Americans have The Russian move completely obscured the question. many times dug down into their pockets . fact that the United States in the past Mr. AIKEN. I was simply trying to to help their fellow men abroad. The months has been expediting grain shipments ascertain whether the drying up of the present job is too big to be handled that to India at the rate of more than 100,000 tons supply of jute and burlap might have way. a month. been attributable in any way to the fix­ United States information and other prop­ Mr. President, I have received a num­ aganda means have failed to get across to ing of prices below the level of the world ber of letters from persons in the New the average Indian the fact that what the market. England area and from persons in the Soviets are doing on small scale the United Mr. .GILLETTE. Frankly, I am un­ Middle West area who already have con­ States has been doing for a long time on a able to say. I shall endeavor to get the tributed, as individuals, their assistance larger scale. information for the Senator and place it in the way of funcls or in the way of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehur himself in the RECORD tomorrow. grain actually to be sent to India. The contributed to this swing of sentiment by Mr. AIKEN. I thank the Senator. same spirit that has prompted private the dramatic manner in which he told Par­ Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ liament that not only had negotiations for dent, ·as a member of the Committee on citizenc and groups to support voluntary Russian wheat started but that Russian relief programs in the past now prompts ships laden with wheat already were on their Foreign Relations, I rise to support the thtm to ask us, as their representatives, way. pending bill, and, in an introductory way, to transmit American aid through Gov­ TIMING HURTS UNITED STATES I wish to pay tribute to the distinguished Senator from Iowa, who has just spoken ernment channels to the people of India. He made this announcement first and then Indifference to human suffering is a told Parliament an hour later that India on the subject, and who has adequately positiv3 evil that our conscience cannot was in accord with whichever proposal the covered the case purely from the com­ tolerate. United States adopted for sending 2,000,000 mittee standpoint. I thank him for his Our primary concern in considering tons of wheat. But the Russian announce­ kind references to my efforts in this con­ this measure, Mr. President, is therefore ment blunted the effect of the other. nection, and I return the compliment, not how this emergency arose, but how Despite the apparent importance of this because, without the aid of the Senator to meet it swiftly and effectively now Russian gesture, top Government officials di­ from Iowa and of other Senators who that it has come. The vital issue before rectly responsible for finding food to avert have joined in this cause, it would have the threatened famine say they still must been difficult for us to make progress us is not the question of relations be­ place their main reliance on the United tween India and Pak~stan, not the diplo­ States for future supply. with this important proposed legislation. matic positions taken by governments, "From August on," he declared, "we have For nearly 3 months since the pending not the price of jute or the shipment of only 300,000 tons per month in sight and we bill for emergency food aid to India was minerals, not the matter of sterling bal­ must have an average of 600,000 tons. There introduced on February 15, world prob­ ances, and not even the threat of Com­ is no place in the world v.-hich can supply that lems and world issues of overriding im­ munist manipulation of India's misery. food and the shipping to get it to us at that portance have claimed the time of the The vital issue is how best we ca'l grasp rate except the United States." Senate. It is entirely proper that this this opportunity to speak and act as Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the should have been the case, but it would be friends of the Indian people. Mr. Pres­ Senator yield for a further question? a great misfortune if our preoccupation ident, our purpose is not to help the Gov­ Mr. GILLETTE. I yield. with these great issues and events on ernment of India, but to help the people Mr. AIKEN. Can the Senator explain which our national safety depends were of India. a little more in detail the cause of the to blind us to the significance of the Their answer to our actlon will come ending of the exprtations of jute and pending measure. I am convinced that :flowing back to us, and to our children burlap from India to the United States? this bill, which I had the honor to intro· and grandchildren-not in the form of Mr. GILLETTE. Of course, behind duce and which bears the names of 29 gratitude, which we do not seek and distinguished cosponsors of both parties, that question are the contentions be­ and which is, therefore, signally bipar­ should not ask, but in the form of friend­ tween Pakistan, which is the jute-grow­ t~san in character, directly touches tbe ship based on their recognition that we ing section, and India. are their brothers in common humanity. important interests of our Nation and Mr. AIKEN. I notice from the report the moral ideals of the American people. This transcends all else in the kind of re­ that the United States evidently imports lationship we want with the people of from 20 to 25 percent of the Indian pro­ ORIGIN OF THE BILL India. duction of jute and burlap, the supply of Before I go into details of the pending There is an old Indian proverb that which I understand has dried up. I know bill I should like to point out that it is says: that one bag manufacturer in my State the result of hard work and initiative on Help thy brother's boat across-and lo, found it necessary to close his plant be­ the part of Members of the Congress­ thine own has reached the shore. cause of inability to obtain any more and in that statement I include both Houses-to a degree that is not unusual Mr. President, I feel confident of what burlap. Mr. GILLETTE. That is the situa­ in the field of foreign affairs. This fact America's answer will be: the United is clear from the list of the Senate co­ States will help the great new democracy tion. sponsors, whose names I wish to insert of India to meet the crisis it faces today. Mr. AIKEN. Is it due to the difficul­ in the RECORD at this point. I ask unani­ EXHIBIT 1 ties which exist between India and · mous consent that that be done. [From the Baltimore Evening Sun of May Pakistan? There being no objection, the list of co­ It 12, 1951) Mr. GILLETTE. is primarily at­ sponsors with Mr. SMITH of New Jersey SOVIET-TO-INDIA WHEAT CALLED UNITED STATES tributable to those difficulties, and the of the bill want to think in terms of himself. If I read the last two para· Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ helping starving women and children at graphs of the statement I think it will sent at this point in my remarks to have this time when we are able to help them. bring out the fact that there must have printed in the RECORD a table which That is the great motivation behind the been some newspaper exaggeration appears in the report of the committee bill. I shall try to bring out some of the which was not justified. at page 4. It is entitled "1951 Imports questions which have been raised, and I There is no doubt that there is a feel­ of Food Grains Procured or in Process of shall try to answer questions which may ing in Asia against the western nations. Procurement, by Source and Commod· be asked, but the great motivation be­ There is no doubt that there is a feel­ ity.'' It lists the various supplying coun­ hind the bill is to help starving women ing in that area against the United tries, including, of course, the United and children. We are interested only in States. There is no doubt that there is States, and points out figures as to wheat saving human lives. a tendency to try to exaggerate differ· and flour, grain sorghum, and rice. Mr. THYE. Mr. President, will the ences rather than to arrive at coopera· There being no objection, the table Senator yield further? tion. I am advised that the hostile press was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I yield. in India has slanted toward Russia. as follows: · Mr. THYE. The very able Senator has They talk of 5C,OOO tons when we are· 1951 imports of food grains procured or in covered most of the thoughts I had in talking in terms of 2,000,000 tons. I am process of procurement, by source and mind with reference to this question. If hoping we shall get a better reaction commodity the United States Governmc.nt differs from the Indian press when this problem politically with.the Government of India, is taken care of. Supplying country Commodity Long the question should be taken up through Let me read from the statement of tons diplomatic channels with the Govern­ Nehru: ment of India. But here is a question of Australia______Wheat and flour 382, 000 In our view there are no political or dis­ (wheat equiva- thousands of starving persons, and we criminatory conditions attached to these two . lent). should give them aid. There are many bills- ·Pakistan ______------_____ do ______------25, 000 Canada_------Wheat______290, 000 persons in dire need. If such a situation Argentina ______------_____ do ______Referring to the House and Senate Uruguay ______do ______666, 500 existed in the United States, we would 30, 000 try to meet it and take care of the people. bills- United States______do ______350, 000 and therefore there can be no objection on International Wheat _____ do ______453, 000 So we must help the innocent people of Agreement. India. these grounds to our acceptance of either of them. While the form in which assistance Subtotal, wheat and ------2, 201, 500 Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I think the is given to India is a matter for the United flour. senator from Minnesota has eloquently States of America to decide, we would prefer United States______Milo (grain sor- 330, 000 expressed the motivation of the sponsors the terms embodied in the House bill, which ghum). of the proposed legislation. are simpler. Thailand______Rice._--·------338, 000 Pakistan ______----- _____ do ______---- Mr. THYE. It was because I felt so I shall discuss that a little later, Mr. Burma ______------_____ do ______300, 000 China ______do ______223, 000 strongly about the question that I was President. 50, 000 a cosponsor of the bill. Viet Nam (Indochina) ______do ______30, 000 I should like to express our gratitude to Egypt. ------·------_____ do ______5, 500 Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, will the Government of the United States of the Senator yield? America for the efforts they have made to Subtotal, rice and ------1, 276, 500 Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I yield to send food grains to India. I should also like milo. Total food grains ------3, 478, 000 the Senator from Idaho. to express our deep appreciation of the mes­ procured or being Mr. DWORSH/~K. Th~ Senator from sages as well as offers of material help un­ arranged. officially received from many citizens of the Additional amounts to be ------387, 000 New Jersey has pointed cut that the pri· procured with addi- Upi ~ed States. mary purpose of the bill is to s~ve human tional funds. lives in India. I presume the Senator That is the omcial press release from Grand totaL ______------3, 865, 000 has been reading the statements pub­ the Indian services in Washington. It lished in the press during the past few was sent to me because of my inquiry as weeks indicating that possibly the Prime to the strange reports about what Rus­ Mr. MOODY. Mr. President, will the Minister of India is not greatly con­ sia is doing, and nothing being said Senator yield? cerned with legislation of this kind which about what the United States is doing. Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Does the might save the lives of his people. Press Mr. THYE. Mr. President, will the Senator from Michigan desire to ask a statements a few days ago indicated that Senator yield further? question? · an agreement h~d been negotiated with Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I hope I Mr. MOODY. I simply want to sub­ Russia wh-.!reb~r 50,000 tons of grain, a can proceed with my text, but I am al­ scribe to the sentiment expressed by the quantity equivalent to what we have been ways glad, to yield to the Senator from Senator from New Jersey and the Sen­ sending to India every 2 weeks, would be Minnesota. ator from Minnesota. It is about time made available by Russia for consump­ Mr. THYE. My only reason for asking to act on this measure, because if we de­ tion in India. A great hullabaloo is made the question about the amount of food lay action, it will give the Communists by the Prime Minister for psychological grains which have gone to India from an opportunity to paint an entirely false purposes, to impress upon the people of the United States was in order to draw picture in Asia of our intentions and Indi:l. the fact that the Communist Gov· out the fact that we have been a kind policies. I am very glad to see such wide ernment of Russia is making available and generous nation, and have sent bipartisan support for the measure. 50,000 tons of wheat. available food grains to India. We have Will the Senator yield for a question Can the Senator tell us why there has :riot received the type of publicity which with reference to a matter of detail? not been a greater degree of cooperation has been given to Russia for her 50,000 Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I am very on the part of the Prime Minister of tons of food grains. I wanted to bring glad to yield to the Senator from India in our effort to help to prevent the out the facts in order that those who · Michigan. unnecessary starvation of tho:isands of may read the RECORD, and those who may Mr. MOODY. In section 3 of the bill his own people? There seems to have want to criticize Congress by saying "it I notice a change has been made from been a complete disregard of cooperation . has harshly treated India, may realize the original wording, so it now reads 5264 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 that assistance shall be provided in PURPOSE OF THE BILL-NATIONAL INTEREST AND friendly guidance, understanding, and sup­ MORAL DUTY port, not imperious direction; the dignity either "food grains, or equivalents." of equality, not the shame of subjugation. I should like to know whether that I should like now to discuss the pur­ Their prewar standard of life, pitifully low, will include legumes such as beans and pose of this bill, and to present to the is infinitely lower now in the devastation left so on of which there are a surplus iri the Senate my own view of what it means in war's wake. World ideologies play little United States? to the United States. The Senator from part in Asian· thinking and are little under:. Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. That was Minnesota [Mr. 'I'HYE] just made a very stood. What the people strive for is the the purpose in widening the original eloquent reference to why we are propos­ opportunity for a little more food in their definition. I think the very question of ing .to take this action. I should like to stomachs, a little better clothing on their beans was involved in using the word backs, a little firmer roof over their heads, develop that point a little further and the realization of a normal nationalist "equivalents." The words "food grains" The purpose of the bill is described in urge for political freedom. were not quite broad enough, and there section 2 as follows: Mr. President, there can be no ques­ might be other categories of food which It is the purpose of this act to serve the could be supplied. cause of world peace and thus provide for tion that this situation which General Mr. MOODY. I thank the Senator. the common defense and general welfare of MacArthur outlined so cleariy, and which Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I thank the United States by furnishing emergency applies so completely to India, contains the Senator from Michigan. food assistance to the people of India in or­ serious dangers to world peace. The peo­ Mr. President, in the past few years der to alleviate starvation and mass sufier­ ple of India are seeking to develop their some 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 tons of grain ing threatened by famine ccnditions in own way of life and their own national have been purchased abroad annually that country. destiny. The great masses know nothing by India, but owing to the disasters of· I am sure we will all agree that to of politics or ideologies. Today they 1S50, and I want to emphasize this, India serve the cause of peace-the cause of stand between the western tradition, on found it necessary to import something a just and lasting peace among na­ which their present political institutions over 6,000,000 tons this year in order to tions-is to serve the common defense are founded, and the insistent appeal of avert famine. Of this amount India and general welfare of our own coun­ ruthless Soviet Communist pro~r. ganda. was able to buy on the world market with try. I believe that the present bill will They are faced with the choice whether her own resources nearly 4,000,000 tons, serve the cause of peace by strengthen­ to continue on the hard path to freedom and her purchase program up to date has ing freedom among the vast multitudes or perhaps to turn to the desperate rem­ now approached that figure. The fig­ of India, and by promoting relations of edy of communism. For the hungry ures I have just placed in the RECORD friendship and good will between our­ masses of India there is one supreme test from the table cover about the 4,000,000 selves and the Indian Nation. by which that choice will be guided: tons, from the sources of supply to which India is a new free nation which "Will we have enough to eat?" I am referring. But India foresaw last gained its independence less than 4 years That is the insistent question. I can December that she would be unable to ago after a long period of struggle. It add my own personal testimony because pay cash for the remaining deficit of is the second most populous nation in when I attended the conference of the 2,000,000 tons, and it is for this amount the world, with 350,000,000 people, with Interparliamentary Union in Dublin last that she requested aid from the United tremendous natural resources and an year the message brought to us from the States. · incalculable future potential for good or Far East, from Burma, from Thailand, We all realized that 2,000,000 tons was evil. from Indochina, from Indonesia, from a round figure, and that various factors The Senate will remember that Gen­ other far-eastern countries, was the mes­ could change it from month to month. eral MacArthur, in his recent historic sage of famine. Will the western na­ But since 2,000,000 tons was the amount address to Congress, presented an elo­ tions realize that what is needed there requested by India, we have treated that quent discussion of the recent revolu .. in order to stabilize that area of the figure as an over-all ceiling, with the tionary ferment in Asia and of the needs world, is some way to meet this desperate possibility that a lesser amount would and aspirations of the Asian peoples, need? At this moment that vital ques­ turn out to be sufficient. That is true numbering nearly half the population of tion of physical survival for millions of whether we pass the bill as it was re­ the globe, at this moment in world his­ human beings in India lies in our hands. ported from the committee by my col­ tory. I should like to quote General · I do not pr.etend that the enactment of league, the Senator from Iowa, or change MacArthur's words at this point, be­ this bill will by itself solve the pressing it to a loan basis by the amendment cause they apply with dramatic force to political and economic problems of India. which will be offered, and which I shall the present situation in India. General No aid we could possibly give would do discuss at a later point in my remarks. MacArthur said: that. But I do maintain that this aid, The figure of $190,000,000 remains in coming at a moment of widespread phys­ either case, that being the approximate Long exploited by the so-called colonial ical hunger and distress, will play a powers, with little opportunity to achiev·e cost of 2,000,000 tons of grain; and that any degree of social justice, individual dig­ critical and indispensable part. Added figure sets an over-all ceiling on the size nity, or a higher standard of life such as to India's own efforts to meet the food of the program. guided our own noble administration of the emergency, this proposed aid program is Let me point out also that under sec­ Philippines the peoples of Asia found their of vital economic importance. tion 3 the assistance "shall be for the opportunity in the war just past to throw Beyond that, Mr. President, it is also sole purpose of providing food grains, or off the shackles of colonialism and now see of vital psychological importance. This equivalents," as the Senator from Mich­ the dawn of a new opportunity and hereto­ is one of those moments in the battle for igan [Mr. MOODY] just called to my at­ fore unfelt dignity and the self-respect of political freedom. the minds of men wh~n words without tention, "to meet the emergency need Mustering half of the earth's population, deeds are powerless. All India has been arising f:r;om the extraordinary sequence and 60 percent of its natural resources, these watching and waiting for the American of flood, drought, and other conditions peoples are rapidly consolidating a new force, response to their request. To illustrate existing in India in 1950." both moral and material, with which to raise this point, I have in my hand copies of We are talking now of the condition the living standard· and erect adaptations two leading newspapers of New Delhi for in India in 1950, and the effect on its of the design of modern progress to t::air own February 9, 2 days after former Presi­ people in this year, 1951. distinct cultural environments. Whether dent Hoover conferred with the Presi­ one adheres to the concept of colonialism We inserted that section in order to or not, this is the direction of Asian prog­ dent at the White House on the Indian make it entirely clear that the grain we ress and it may not be stopped. It is a food emergency. The headline on the send must be used for no other purpose corollary to the shift of the world economic front page of the Statesman reads: "Tru­ than to meet the present food emergen­ frontier, as the whole epicenter of world man favors food aid for India-Hoover's cy. It could not be used, for instance, affairs rotates back toward the area whence appeal for large United States grant for sale to other countries or for stock­ it started. endorsed." piling in anticipation of future short­ In this situation it becomes vital that our The same day the Hindustan Times own country orient its policies in consonance ages. In light of the obvious emergency with this basic evolutionary condition devoted its leading article to this subject need that safeguard may perhaps be un­ rather than pursue to course blind to reality with the headline: "Hoover endorses necessary, but we inserted it in order to that the colonial era is now past and the food aid to India-Americans asked to remove any possible doubts on this Asia peoples covet the right to shape their make sacrifice-Way now clear for Con­ point. own free destiny. What they seek now is gress to act." 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5265 These examples serve to illustrate the are in such distress: My mail, and the velopment. Our Government should keen attention with which India has been mail of other Senators, bears witness to press for legislative relief all along the fallowing the prospect cf American aid. that impulse. The size of this problem line, b(.cause these export controls by the Unfortunately, I do not have more re­ is such that the impulse can be trans­ Indian Gove!'nment are hard to justify cent newspapers from India, but Sena­ lated into action only through the action between friendly nations. But again I tors may well imagine how greatly this of Congress and the Federal Govern­ submit that it would be wrong to punish anxious attention in India has been ment. Therefore I submit that this the people for these policies of their Gov- heightened in recent waeks as actual moral issue lies clearly in our own hands. : ernment, and it would be a mistake to famine began to appear in parts of the We must face it and meet it in a way try to solve these issues in the persent country v:ith all the attendant distress, which will uphold the tradition of hu­ bill. This is not the place to deal with the riots, the calling out of troops, and man brotherhood which is our most those matters. The place to deal with the beginning of uncontrolled migration precious inheritance. · · them is in the normal diplomatic rela­ in search of food. In this desperate sit­ CRITICISMS OF . THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT tions between our two Governments. uation the decision is up to us, Mr. Presi­ Now, Mr. President, let me turn to a This bill has to do with human beings, dent, and I am certain that our action brief review of certain criticisms of the not governments-people, not political here will stand as a landmark in the Indian Government which have been issues. The question before us is that of history of the Asian peoples and their made in connection with this bill. I saving human lives. relations with the we~t. think we are not completely frank if we NO PRECEDENT FOR FUTURE AID Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, do not review all the points which have Mr. President, there has been hesita­ will the Sena tor yield? been brought up, because this is a con­ Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I yield. tion among some Senators to enter into troversia ~. subject. I believe that these this program on the ground that it might Mr. SALTONSTALL. The Senator criticisms are in large part justified, but spoke about the immediate needs and establish a precedent for future aid, I feel strongly that we would be wrong either in India or elsewhere, which would the current difficulties of the situation. to hold back help for starving men, Am I correct in believing that it is really be beyond our resources. This hesita­ a question of planning and preparing, women, and children because of mis­ tion is understandable, and I am sympa­ takes of their Go·1ernment for which thetic toward it, but I ask the Senate to so that the authorities in India may those masses are in no way responsible. know how much grain they can afford approach this bill in the same spirit in That f ollcws through on the point made which we approach all legislation-in to use at any given time? Is it not true by my distinguished colleague from Min­ that if this bill is enacted, our grain will other words, to consider it on its own nesota [Mr. THYEl, who stressed the merits. We have had ample testimony be used probably next January and same point. February, but that it should be planned that the United States can spare the re­ for now? First of all we know of India's policy quested grain without causing any threat Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I think toward Communist China and toward to our own resources. To guard against that is a part of the program, but I the Korean War. No Senator has been the possibility of shortages as result of believe that some of our grain will get more consistently opposed to these pol­ poor crops, I would favor an amendment there more promptly than that. We are icies than I have. But it is clear to me to require certification by the Secretary thinking now of the question of tran$­ that the masses of Indian people who of Agriculture that the gain can safely portation, on which I shall touch in a today need our help did not make those be spared, and I understand from my dis­ moment, and the question of speeding it policies and may know little or nothing tinguished colleague from Massachusetts up as rapidly as possible. I do not know about them. [Mr: SALTONSTALL] that such an amend­ whether next January or February will Secondly, there have been justifiable ment will be offered. If I were not reas­ be the earliest time at which our grain criticisms of India's trade policy toward sured on this point, and if I did not will arrive there, but we know that there Pakistan. My distinguished colleague believe it to be our national interest and will be continued famine unless we can from !ih0de Island [Mr. GREEN] points our moral duty to relieve India's distress, follow through with the program now out in the report of the committee some I should not be supporting this bill. If being worked out in connection with the things which he hi!Ilself discovered when India or any other country should appeal 4,000,000 tons which I mentioned earlier he was in India last summer. We have to us in the future for emergency aid of as being on the way. had considerable evidence that in the this kind, we should deal with any such I have been trying, Mr. President, to course of carrying on a trade war with appeal on its merits, applying to it the indicate the vast implications of this bill Pakistan, India has aggravated her own same principles of justice and common for our future political relations with food difficu.lties both by refusing to buy sense and national interest which we available food in Pakistan and by plant­ apply here. India and the rest of Asia. I believe that ing rice lands to jute and cotton instead it is by decisions such as the one now of importing these commodities from FINANCING PROVISIONS facing us that the destiny of nations is I turn now to the method of financing determined. But I cannot leave the mat­ Pakistan. I think it is fair to point out that these actions have been only a con­ the aid program. After thorough dis­ ter at that. I cannot escape the conclu­ cussion the committee arrived at a for­ sion that there is bound up with these tributing factor, and that even with nor­ mal trade between India and Fakistan mula whereby the program would be issues of national interest a simple, di­ equally divided between a grant and a rect moral issue which lays an even there would still have been a serious food crisis in India this year from natu­ loan. In view of recent developments, higher claim upon our consciences as a however, I now favor an amendment free people. Even if there were no ques­ ral causes alone. It is also proper to point out tha'.; India has now largely nor­ which will be offered to put the whole tion of national. interest involved, this program on a loan basis. moral issue should strike us with ines­ malized her trade relations with Pakistan through the trade agreement of last I wish to make it clear, Mr. President, capable force. We as a people adhere to that I have not changed by view that the principle implicit in Christ's second February, under which India expects to import 325,000 tons of grain this year. the committee's original position, put­ commandment: "Thou shalt love thy ting half of the program on a grant neighbor as thyself." In the world of I am glad to note that. In any cam, it is obvious that the hungry millions of basis, was a wise one under the circum­ today all men are our neighbors. We stances which prevailed at the time. We cannot escape that fact. The very lives · India did not make these trade policies of the past, and that we cannot fill their had in mind the creation of a counter­ of countless people in India depend upon part fund, equivalent to the portion of our decision. In this ultimate moral stomachs by criticizing their ~ Govern­ ment in this connection. the aid furnished as a grant, which sense it is idle to ask what the world would be used for agricultural and other may think of us. We must rather ask Finally, there have been criticisms of what we can think of ourselves after we India's export policies with respect to development projects in India. This is have met this issue and made our de­ burlap and certain strategic minerals, in line with our policy in the Marshall· cision. includinL monazite sands, in which we plan countries, of using counterpart I think there can be no doubt that are interested. Since 1946 there has funds where we made grants for internal there is a humanitarian impulse on the been a statutory e·::1bargo on the export developments. part of the t merican people to go to the of monazite, which has various indus­ These projects would have helped aicl of thes3 human beings in India who trial uses, including atomic energy de- India to achieve economic stability and 5266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 14 to prevent the recurrence of the famine probable that the credit to India will · express to the Senate my strong feeling conditions which have made it necessary follow the pattern established in those of its importance, both as a matter of for India to ask for outside aid. I be­ earlier credits to Europe. . national interest and in light of our lieve that this provision would be in the · Almost all of these have been extended moral duty to suffering human beings. interest of the United States both from for periods of 33 to 35 years at an interest Before I close I should like to stress the the point of view of sound long-range rate of 2¥2 percent on unpaid principal. necessity of acting with speed on this economy and fr Jm the point of view of Semiannual interest payments might be­ measure. The original target date for creating conditions under which India gin immediately, and payments on prin­ the beginning of shipments was Aprill­ can continue in the path of freedom. cipal would probably be deferred to the over a month ago. That target date was The new element in the picture, as end of a grace period of 6 or 8 years. calculated as the latest that we could most Senators know, is the statement of · STRATEGIC MATERIALS begin and still have 2,000,000 tons of Prime Minister Nehru last Thursday I turn now to the language in the pro­ grain· on hand· in India in time to meet that, although his Government woulci posed amendment which provides for the emergency · during the summer agr.ee to the terms of either the Senate repayment not only in money but also months. In the meantime conditions in bill or the House bill; they prefer the some parts of India have grown very simpler terms of the bill now before the in materials required by the United serious. In some places the government House, the essence of which is that the States as a result of deficiencies, actual . rationing system has temporarily col- whole program is put on a loan basis. or potential, in its own resources. This lapsed for lack of grain. There have That is the statement of Mr. Nehru, to language first appeared in the original been some food riots in which people which I referred a few moments ago in · Economic Cooperation. Act and is con­ tained in the India aid bill, H. R. 3791, were killed. Troops have been called reply to the Senator from Idaho [Mr. out in critical areas to prevent increased now before the House. There is a con­ DwoRSHAK]. So far as I am concerned disorder. There is a threat of large­ this statement by Mr. Nehru entirely siderable history of American imports of strategic materials from India, and I scule spontaneous migration out of the removes any question of1 a grant from worst food deficit areas, which all the this aid program, because the Indian think there can be no disagreement that disorder and suffering that such migra­ it is in our national interest to maintain tion involves. Government has now shown that it is and if possible increase this flow. not anxious at this time to assume the Mr. President,. this emergency aid to various obligations which the grant In this connection I wish to read a India is a clear case in which our na­ program would involve. Ther.e is now portion of Prime Minister Nehru's state­ tional interests and our Christian in­ no necessity for debate in Congress as ment in the Indian Parliament last stincts join together in a call for neigh­ to the value of this grant program from Thursday: borly help to human beings in their hour the point of view of our own interests. There is a reference to our :mpplying var­ of deep distress. The mistakes and fail­ We can now agree, I am sure, on the ious kinds of materials to the United States of America in part payment for the grain ings of the Indian Government are well loan basis so far as financing is con­ supplied. We shall gladly supply such mate­ known and have been fully discussed, but cerned, and in this way we can proceed rials as are available in India and can be .we all know that these thfrlgs do not to meet the main issue---the issue of pro­ spared by us. But I should like to make it change or remove the stark fact of hun­ viding as sp.eedily as possible the neces­ clear that it is a fundamental part of our ger. Vve know and the world knows that sary amount of grain to alleviate the foreign policy that such material as is par­ America has the means to relieve that human disaster of starvation in India t icularly related to the production of atomic hunger which afflicts millions of men, this year. or like weapons should not be supplied by us women, and children in India today and I should like to make two further to foreign countries. which will grow more · serious. in the points with respect to financing. The That was the contention we had to months immediately before us. The fu­ first is that, under the amendment deal with on the subject of strategic ma­ ture of our relations with all the people which is beilig offered by my distin­ terials. It seemed to be the principle of of Asia will surely be affected by our guished colleague from Michigan and the Indians not to export anything which decision. We are faced with an ines­ other ~enators, the funds needed to ad­ had to do with atomic weapons. capable moral challenge. I submit that vance the $190,000,000 credit to India This statement by Mr. Nehru indicates we must meet it now. will come· so far as possible from funds clearly that India will supply raw mate- Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, will already appropriated to the ECA. I . rials in part payment for our aid, with the Senator yield? doubt if we shall need any further au­ the exception he mentioned, which ap­ Mr. SMITH c;>f New Jersey. I yield. thorization or further appropriation. plies particularly to monazite sands on Mr. SPARKMAN. First I wish to com­ Mr. Foster, the ECA Administrator, which India maintains a statutory em­ mend the able Senator from New Jersey has already assured us that ECA has at bargo. The language of the new amend­ for the very fine presentation which he least $95,000,000 which can be . applied ment does not require that monazite or has given us, and at the same time I to the India program. We have dis­ any other specified material be included wish to say the same thing with refer­ cussed with the ECA their fiscal posi­ in the repayment, and I commend that ence to the able Senator from Iowa [Mr. tion, and the possibility has developed approach because I believe it would be GILLETTE], who served as the chairman that ECA will have substantially more poor statesmanship for the United States of the subcommittee which handled the than $95,000,000 left over at the end of to seek to coerce India on this point by matter. I believe we have had just about the current fiscal year. The proposed means of .this legislation, the essence of as complete a presentation as we could amendment therefore provides that which is the saving of human lives by have of the problem and program. whatever does remain in uncommitted emergency food assistance. There are two points concerning which ECA funds as of June 30 shall be applied I believe our Government should pro­ to this program, up to the limit of $190,- I wish to address some remarks to the ceed vigorously to prevail on India to lift able Senator from New Jersey. First, 000,000 and in no case less than the $95,- its embargo on the export of monazite with reference to strategic· materials, of 000,000 on which we have already had and other materials that are now pro­ a firm assurance. course we would like very much to get hibited. them from India. India does not wish My second point on financing has to I hope we shall be able to include do with the probable terms of the loan. us to tie any strings to the bill. We monazite, but I believe it to be a matter see in the press from time to time in­ Under section 111 (c) (2) of the Eco­ for negotiation between our represent­ nomic Cooperation Act, which is the sistent demands that we tie in such con­ governing language under the pending atives and representatives of India. ditions. I am rather of the impression bill-that is to say, our bill provides that However, I think it would be a tragedy if that perhaps a great many of our people this program shall be handled by the this humanitarian program were to col­ do not understand the full facts relating ECA-the exact terms will be worked fapse over the question of strategic ma­ to the subject. Is not the situation very out by the Administrator after consult­ terials, which poses an entirely separate largely that India is not opposed to sell­ ing w;ith the National Advisory Council issue. ing us the necessary materials, but that on Interna.tional Monetary and Finan­ CONCLUSION-THE IMPORTANCE OF SPEED she is eager to develop within her own cial Problems. This is the procedure In conclusion, Mr. President, in these country the industry for processing hitherto followed in extending credits remarks I have sought to cover the most them, in order to give employment to ~o the European countries, and it is important provisions of the bill and to her own people in the development of 1951 , CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5267 raw materials into the finished or semi­ possible to obtain some raw materials surgence of independent action such as finished product? as a result of this situation, following we hav3 never seen before. If we are to Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. It is un­ our giving of the aid, that probably will make friends in the family of nations, we dou;Jtedly one of the problems involved be worked out. must recognize that spirit. Does not in the whole discussion. Mr. SPARKMAN. I know the Senator the Senator from New Jersey agree that :Mr. SPARKMAN. We ran into the from New Jersey has gone thoroughly is true? same situation in connection with jute, into this situation. Regardless of the Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I agree burlap, and some of the other strategic problem of finding a solution for the entirely. I wish to say to the Senator materials which the Senator has men­ friction-much of which I think is seem­ from Alabama, who last fall was a very tioned. ing, rather than real-- able representative of this Governr,.1ent Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. The Sen­ Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I agree in the United Nations, that undoubtzdly ator is correct. with the Senator. he developed the feeling he has just ex­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Mr. SPARKMAN. Regardless of that, pressed because of the contacts he had at will the Senator yield at this point? does not the able Senator from New Jer­ the United Nations' meetings with repre­ Mr. SPARKMAN. I do not have the sey feel that on the basis of the future sentatives of the other nations who were floor, Mr. President. The Senator from arrangements which we shall work out, there. New Jersey has the floor. I was asking we certainly shall be able to build a bet­ Mr. SPARKMAN. I may say to the the Senator to yield. However, I shall ter and a more friendly reltaionship be­ able Senator that. it was my privilege be glad to interrupt m·y que~tioning at tween the United States and India? to serve there-and it was my principal this point if the Senator from New Jer­ Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. Pres­ work there-as a member of the com­ sey wishes to yield to the Senator from ident, I know that I am expressing a mittee which handled economic matters. Massachusetts. view which is held by the distinguished I have said many times before that in Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I shall be Senator from Alabama when I say that that way I became impressed far more glad to yield to the Senator from Mas­ is one of the most important motivations than I ever would have been otherwise sachusetts. in the entire enterprise. Entirely aside with the existence throughout the world Mr. SALTONSTALL. Following the from givin6 help to starving women and of a great desire on the part of people to question asked by the Senator from Ala­ children, which we always wish to do better their condition. They are look­ bama, in addition to helping India build whenevc::r we see S' '!h a -situation exist­ ing to us, as the Senator from New Jersey herself up, is not the question of blocked ing an~, -:- -Jiere in tl... e world today, we are has pointed out, fqr leadership and guid­ sterling involved? Can India get raw most desirous of having a better under­ ance in helping them to help themselves. material to the United States except on standing with the peopie in the far east­ Mr. SMITH of New Jerrny. That is a barter basis, if then? ern aree and having them understand the real point--to help them help them­ Mr. Sl\.flTH of New Jersey. Of course that regardless of whether they wish to selves. I thank the Senator from Ala­ that is involved. India has large bal­ have this matter handled on a business bama for making that great contribu­ ances of blocked sterling in London, but basis or on a grant basis, we are pre­ tion to this debate. she cannot get the necessary dollars. pared to meet the needs which are pre- Mr. SPARKMAN. l did not intend to We went all over the question of whether . sented by the existence of a starvation go into this matter; but inasmuch as the we should ask for sterling credits in Lon­ condition anywhere in the world. Senatnr from New Jersey has suggested don. The dollar situation was such that Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, I it, perhaps I may impose on his time India could not pay in dollars for what should ai..:o like to ask the Senator long enough to say-and I have said this she was getting. whether it is true that we must recognize many, many times-that most of the peo­ So we went back to the question of the truth that General MacArthur laid ple of the United States and, I dare say, barter. Some of our colleagues thought down so well in his speech before the most people throughout the world in con­ we should n~. rne this, that, or the other ... two Houses of Congress, namely, that sidering the United Nations and its work strategic u;.aterial. Personally I think the people of Asia today have a feeling think of the part of its program which that would be unwise; I do not think we of the need for self-determination more they see on the television or which they should limit the matter in that way. than at any time in the history of the read. in the newspaper headlines, namely, There are certain kinds and types of world. the things the Security Council does or strategic raw materials which we would Mr. SMITH of New 'Jersey. I agree the things the Political Committee does. like to obtain, of course. If obtaining with the Senator from Alabama. Be­ People so often fail to realize that when those commodities is left to negotiation fore he entered the Chamber, I read at the Charter of the United Nations was between representatives of the United some length the paragraphs in General written, just as much emphasis was laid States and representatives of India, I MacArthur's speech in which that sub­ on the economic side as on the political think that transaction can largely be ap­ ject was covered. I agree entirely with side. As a matter of fact, if a poll were plied to the discharge of this obligation; that principle, and I hase my concur­ taken among the 60 nations which con­ but I should hate to see placed in the rence in it on my own experience at Dub­ stitute the membership of the United bill limitations which would specify so lin last year, where we learned very def­ Nations, to ascertain their opinion of the many tons of this, that, or the other initely the feeling of thnse people in re­ best way to build a peaceful w9rld, .they commodity, because we cannot foresee gard to that matter and their keen de­ would say that instead of something the what the situation will be, and such an sire to attain those objectives. They Security Council might do or something arrangement would not give us sufficient are very anxious to help themselves to the Political Committee might do, the flexibility in the negotiations. attain those objectives, and are most best way to attain that goal would be Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, I anxious to have us give them whatever by means of the program of helping the should like to ask the Senator from New service we can render in that connection .. underdeveloped nations develop them­ Jersey another question, if he will yield. I know that General MacArthur will selves and helping create for their people The PRESIDING OFFICER