Riscritture Dell'eden. Poesia, Poetica E Politica Del Giardino

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Riscritture Dell'eden. Poesia, Poetica E Politica Del Giardino IL SEGNO E LE LETTERE Collana del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture moderne dell’Università degli Studi ‘G. d’Annunzio’ diretto da Nicola D’Antuono DIREZIONE Carlo Consani COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Giovanni Brancaccio Carlo Consani Paola Desideri Elisabetta Fazzini Andrea Mariani Il segno e le lettere Collana del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture moderne dell’Università degli Studi ‘G. d’Annunzio’ Saggi - 7 Riscritture dell’Eden Poesia, poetica e politica del giardino Volume settimo a cura di Andrea Mariani Mariani-605-8-fronte.indd 1 07/11/12 13.37 Edizione a stampa 2012 ISBN 978-88-7916-605-8 Copyright © 2012 Via Cervignano 4 - 20137 Milano www.lededizioni.com - www.ledonline.it - E-mail: [email protected] I diritti di riproduzione, memorizzazione e archiviazione elettronica, pubblicazione con qualsiasi mezzo analogico o digitale (comprese le copie fotostatiche, i supporti digitali e l’inserimento in banche dati) e i diritti di traduzione e di adattamento totale o parziale sono riservati per tutti i paesi. Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall’art. 68, commi 4 e 5, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633. Le riproduzioni effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da: AIDRO, Corso di Porta Romana n. 108 - 20122 Milano E-mail [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> sito web www.aidro.org <http://www.aidro.org/> Volume stampato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture moderne Università degli Studi ‘G. d’Annunzio’ di Chieti-Pescara In copertina: Mary Louise Heffernen, Giardino sotto il sole della Toscana. Acquerello. Per cortesia dell’Autrice. [email protected] Videoimpaginazione: Paola Mignanego Stampa: Digital Print Service sommario Premessa 7 Introduzione: Il giardino come palestra di produzione di senso 9 Il giardino: uno spazio per il tempo 23 Rosa M. Calcaterra Il giardino: natura, storia, arte 37 Giorgio Grimaldi The Garden of Eloquence di Henry Peacham, un trattato 57 per insegnare l’arte retorica nel Rinascimento elisabettiano Paola Desideri The Garden in the South Slavic Oral Tradition 79 Persida Lazarevic´ Di Giacomo L’arte poetica in «The Garden» di Andrew Marvell 111 Paola Partenza La paradossale costruzione dell’Eden: il libro IX di Paradise Lost 129 Marilena Saracino Il giardino dei frutti proibiti: Ruskin e lo spazio segreto della memoria 143 Michela Marroni Romola di George Eliot: giardini e rappresentazioni naturali 157 Miriam Sette 5 Sommario Il giardino nella brughiera: rappresentazioni della natura 171 in Tess of the d’Urbervilles Emanuela Ettorre Funzioni del giardino nella poesia e nella poetica di Joseph Brodsky 183 Michele Russo L’Eden perduto della fantascienza 201 Leo Marchetti Il paradigma del giardino negli American Studies: dal 1950 ad oggi 213 Carlo Martinez Eine reine Augenweide. Il giardino del linguaggio. 233 Aspetti di fraseologia tedesca e italiana a confronto Sylvia Handschuhmacher Memoria storica, simbologia e scienza nel Giardino dei Semplici 251 dell’Università ‘G. d’Annunzio’ Luigi Menghini Bibliografia essenziale 269 Indice dei nomi 283 6 PREMESSA Questo settimo volume di Riscritture dell’Eden inaugura una terza fase della serie, nata nel 2003, con l’intento di indagare, inizialmente, «la funzione del giardino nell’immaginazione letteraria angloamericana». E difatti i primi due volumi (pubblicati da Liguori, Napoli, nella collana del Dipartimento di Scienze linguistiche e letterarie della Facoltà di Lingue, Università ‘Ga- briele d’Annunzio’ di Chieti e Pescara) hanno trattato autori come Wash- ington Irving, Edgard Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, Edith Wharton, Henry B. Fuller, Gertrude Stein, Marianne Moore, Arthur Miller, Eudora Welty, Leslie M. Silko, e altri poeti, prosatori e drammaturghi statunitensi del secondo Novecento. Concentrarsi dapprima sulla letteratura e sulla cultura angloamericana non costituiva un arbitrio: è noto, infatti, che proprio in tale ambiente e in tale quadro di riferimento il giardino ha rivestito, attraverso i secoli, un ruolo primario, come simbolo, metafora e paradigma: a partire dall’idea dell’in- tero continente americano come virgin land, pronta ad essere trasformata in giardino, perché i pilgrim fathers potessero ri-fondare nel Nuovo Mondo l’Eden da cui erano stati cacciati, per giungere alla centralità del giardino nei discorsi della critica ecologica. In un secondo tempo la serie (pubblicata da Mazzanti, Venezia) si è aperta ad altre letterature e culture europee (Spagna, Italia, Francia, Inghil- terra, Germania, Russia, Serbia), americane (Messico, Brasile) e orientali (Giappone, Persia, Islam mediterraneo: voll. III e IV), nonché ad altri lin- guaggi e forme d’arte (pittura, architettura, urbanistica, cinema, teatro, mu- sica) e ad altre discipline e sistemi di pensiero (filosofia, estetica, psicologia, antropologia, storia politica e sociale: voll. V e VI). 7 Premessa Il lungo percorso intorno alla realtà del giardino, come concreto pro- dotto dell’ingegno umano, e alle prospettive sul giardino, archetipo, siste- ma di segni, punto nodale dell’immaginazione in tutte le tradizioni cultura- li, offerto dalle varie discipline coinvolte (percorso che ha portato, nell’arco di otto anni, alla pubblicazione di oltre sessanta saggi di più di cinquanta autori, più e meno giovani, italiani e internazionali) poteva apparire con- cluso, almeno nel suo porsi come piattaforma, deposito plurimo di ipotesi, variazioni sul tema e proposte per le successive generazioni di studiosi. E invece la gran messe bibliografica che continua a prodursi, le numerose, spesso affascinanti teorie interpretative, le nuove modalità di appropria- zione, di transcodificazione, di bricolage coi suoi materiali, che il giardino suscita fra di noi e all’estero, hanno indotto un folto gruppo di colleghi a chiedere al curatore di estendere e integrare le ricerche fin qui compiute, inaugurando, appunto, una terza fase, finanziata dal nuovo Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture moderne della ‘d’Annunzio’, pubblicata dalle Edizioni LED di Milano, nella collana del Dipartimento, diretta da Carlo Consani. Colgo l’occasione per ringraziare il Direttore della Collana e il Direttore del Dipartimento, Nicola D’Antuono, per lo stimolo esercita- to, in un momento storico così difficile, e per l’impulso trasmesso a me e a tutti coloro che hanno collaborato all’impresa. Ritengo opportuno, licenziando questo settimo volume e progettando- ne un ottavo, ribadire l’identità e la struttura del progetto, che ne costitui- scono la funzione, il messaggio e la giustificazione primaria, in un panora- ma, come s’è detto, così fitto di sempre nuovi contributi critici: esso, fin dall’inizio, con una precisa intenzione politica, ha accolto saggi di studiosi affermati e di studiosi più giovani, ma assai validi e motivati; e si è con- frontato non tanto col giardino, con la sua storia e fenomenologia, quanto col significato, il valore, direi anzi il plusvalore, la direzione di senso che il suo uso e la sua presenza producono all’interno del testo letterario e di altre espressioni artistiche. È naturale, quindi, che le diverse metodologie impiegate nelle analisi che pubblichiamo siano accomunate dal taglio com- paratistico, intertestuale e intersemiotico: taglio, peraltro, assolutamente pertinente e assai spesso usato nelle ricerche che si compiono all’interno del citato Dipartimento, cui afferisce la gran parte degli autori dei saggi qui raccolti. 8 INTRODUZIONE Il giardino come palestra di produzione di senso La presente serie ha sempre inteso distinguersi, nel contesto dell’ampia bibliografia critica, in quanto ha scelto di indagare, più che il giardino in sé, nella sua idea originaria, nella sua storia e nella fenomenologia delle sue forme, l’interpretazione, soprattutto letteraria, del giardino come spa- zio della differenza, del privilegio, della ricerca di una felicità precaria per statuto, della dialettica fra «accasamento» e «spaesamento/spiazzamento»; palestra per esercizi ed esperimenti di produzione multipla e prismatica di senso, per operazioni paradossali, ambigue, sorprendenti, che ci allertano sulle contraddizioni presenti nel concetto stesso di giardino; che mettono in dubbio le più consolidate, e banalmente accettate, affermazioni, che fanno vacillare le certezze anche degli studiosi più competenti, finendo col negare la possibilità stessa di adeguate, coerenti, condivise interpretazioni del giardino, o col proporre l’idea che il giardino possa significare tutto, o quasi, e il contrario, quasi, di tutto. Anche in questo volume, quindi, si studiano non tanto il vero, origina- rio, archetipico valore del giardino, il suo senso primario, etimologico, il mito fondante dell’Eden, bensì la loro rilettura e riscrittura, che hanno por- tato all’esplosione di sensi sempre nuovi, a una serie di big bang propagatisi all’infinito, con incredibile capacità di risonanze e riverberi prismatici, che non hanno ancora esaurito la loro forza propulsiva. Si è ben presto scoper- to, in effetti, che, quando le onde più ampie dei nuovi significati del giardi- no hanno rallentato la loro velocità, finendo col subire l’urto delle ondate successive, s’è coagulato un palinsesto in cui la stratificazione di strutture
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