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Three Dimensions of Peacebuilding in Bosnia

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Three Dimensions of Peacebuilding in Bosnia Th re e Dimensions of Peacebuilding in Bosnia Findings from USIP-Sponsored Re s e a rch and Field Projects Edited by St even M. Riskin United States Institute of Pea c e Peaceworks No. 32. First published December 1999. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect views of the United States Institute of Peace. UNI T E D STA T E S INS T I T U T EO F PEA C E 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036-3011 Phone: 202-457-1700 Fax: 202-429-6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Co n t e n t s In t ro d u c t i o n 1 Part I: For eign Ai d 1. Transitional Elections and the Dilemmas of International Assistance to Bosnia and Herzegovina by Susan L. Woodward 5 2. Pledges of Aid to Bosnia and Herzegovina by Zlatko Hurtic, Amela Sapcanin, and Susan L. Woodward 10 Part II: Human Rights and the Rule of Law 3. Issues Concerning the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia by John Heffernan 14 4. Building Computer Connectivity in the Legal Information Infrastructure of Bosnia by April Major and Christopher Reenock 18 5. Supporting Reconciliation and Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina through Legal Outreach by Mark K. Bromley and Sevima Sali-Terzic 22 Part III: Reconciliation and Civil Society Institutions 6. Voices for Women—Forces for Change: Building Peace in the Bosnian Community by Orna Tamches Blum 27 7. Lessons from Bosnia on Civil Society Initiatives by Landrum Bolling 32 8. Forgiveness in Conflict Resolution: Reality and Utility— The Bosnian Experience by Robert T. Hennemeyer 37 9. Mladi Mladima: Youth-to-Youth Project by Branka Peuraca 43 Appendix: Bosnian and Balkans-Related Proj e c t s Funded by the Institute’s Grant Prog ra m , 19 9 6 – 1 9 9 9 48 About the Contributors 53 About the Institute 54 In t ro d u c t i o n he former Yugo s l avia has come to repres en t one of the most vexing coll ecti ons of cha ll en ge s facing interna ti onal pol i c ym a k ers and practiti on e rs who are still com- Ting to terms with the pos t – Cold War world order. The cha ll en ges are indeed ma ny: How can ethnic and reli g ious strife be best understood and allevi a ted? How can the wrenc hing processes towa rd democ racy and market economies be enco u ra ged more effect ively and implemen ted equi t a bly? Should the notion of st a te sovereign ty be rede- fi n ed ,a nd to what end? Parti c u l a rly in light of the recent tragi c events in Kos ovo and the broader Balkan region , what are the evol ving rol e s ,re s pon s i bi l i ti e s , and structu r es of th e Uni ted Nati on s ,regi onal bodi e s ,and other mul ti n a ti onal alli a n c es and instituti on s — in cluding the North Atl a n tic Trea ty Organ i z a ti on (NATO)—and nongovern m ental orga- ni z a ti on s (NGOs) in the enforcem ent of in tern a ti o nal law, the promo ti on and cons o l i d a ti on of democ ra tic governa n ce , and peace? How can the sometimes conf l i cti n g goals of democ racy and peac e (and truth and reconc i l i a ti o n) best be pursued? These are but some of the many que s ti ons sprin ging from the turbu l en ce in the former Yugo s l avi a — qu e s ti o ns that have res on a n ce in other cou n tries and regions in the throes of,or emer gi ng from,vi o l ent conf l i ct . For several yea rs now, the Balkans has been a key focus of the Uni t ed States Ins ti tute of Peace . The Ins ti tute’s Balkans Ini ti a ti ve draws on the efforts of vario us Ins ti tu te program s to support the peac e implemen t a ti on process in Bos n i a ,Croa ti a , and Kos ov o. The Ins ti- tute has condu cted training programs for staff of in tern a ti onal and local NGOs worki n g in Bosnia to help them in their reli ef and reconc i l i a ti on work in the aftermath of this in- tense conf l i ct . The Ins ti t ute’s Reli gi on ,Et h i c s , and Human Righ ts Program has suppo rted the effor ts of top reli gious leaders in Bosnia to form an Inter- Rel i gious Council to work “togeth er to repl a ce hostil i ty with cooperati on and res pect” and to ackn owl ed ge their sh a r ed moral comm i tm ent to peace and reconc i l i a ti on .T his program is also working wit h ot h er members within the reli gi ous commu n i ties in Bosnia to support their effo rts at reconc i l i a ti on . The Ins ti tute recogni zes that if any measure of reconc i l i a ti on is to occur for Bos n i a ,w a r victi m s ,rega rd less of ethnic affiliation , must have access to fair hearin gs and due proces s . To s uppo rt citizen partic i p a ti on in the jus ti ce proces s ,the Ins ti tute’s Rule of Law Program has been working with Bosnian officials at various levels on a num ber of in i ti a tive s ,i n- cluding protect ion for trial witn e s s e s ,m ore effect ive pol i ce screening procedure s , and pro- grams to improve the eff i c i ency of the Intern a ti onal War Crimes Tribu nal at The Hag u e . It is also advising several groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the crea ti on of a Truth and Reconc i l i a ti on Comm i s s i on in res po nse to requests from the cou n try ’s judicial off i c i a l s and commu n i ty leaders. The Ins ti tute’s Balkans Working Grou p, compo s ed of sp ecialists from various govern- ment agenc i e s ,t hink tanks, and NGOs, acting in their personal capaci ti e s ,m eets fre- quen t ly to add ress issues of Bosnia peace implemen t a ti on and Balkan secu ri ty and 1 2 Introduction st a bi l i ty. The working group shares informa ti on , develo ps option s ,a nd takes the longer view on conf l i ct preventi on and reducti on of tens i o ns in the region .I n the past yea r, it has pu bl i s h ed reports on Bos n i a ,Croa ti a , Serbia ,M onten egro, and Kos ovo. This Peaceworks is the product of the Ins ti tu te’s Grant Program ,wh i ch funds a broad array of sch o l a rly inves ti ga ti ons of the Bosnian conf l i ct , as well as conf l i ct res o luti on and peacebuilding projects underta k en by local and interna ti o nal NGOs and other practiti on- ers in Bos n i a .( A list of recent Bosnian and Bal k a n s - rel a te d grants is appended to this re- port. ) The purpose of this Peac eworks is to highl i gh t some of the Ins ti tute - f u n ded program s focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina and to share some of the lessons gle a n ed from pol i c y - rel a t ed res e a rc h covering foreign aid, human rights and rule of law, and program s devoted to reconc i l i a ti on and civil soci ety instituti ons in Bos n i a . As this report’s title sug- ges t s , the ens em bl e of these three categories repres ents a more compreh en s i ve approach— th ree - d i m en s i on a l , as it were— for understanding some of the basic elem ents and comp l ex i ty of rebuilding war-rava ged soci e ties and recons tru cting a civic order. Virtu a ll y every initia tive repres en ted in this report, be it policy res e a rch ,tra i n i n g, or a gras s r oots initia ti ve ,n o tes the importa n ce of ea rly and sub s t a n tial involvem ent by Bos n i- ans in the concepti on ,de s i gn , and implemen t a ti on of reconc i l i a ti on and recons tru cti on activi ti e s ,f rom the provis i on of aid to the developm ent of conf l i ct res o luti on training cur- ric u l a .
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