Wulandari Et Al.Pub

JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE P-ISSN: 2086-2636 E-ISSN: 2356-4644 Journal Home Page: http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/JIA THE ECO LOG Y C HA RAC TER O F BA NDA A CEH C ITY IN THE 17TH C ENTURY |Received December 12th 2016 | Accepted January 16th 2017| Available online June 15th 2017| | DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v4i3.3872| Elysa Wulandari A BSTRAC T Architecture and Urbanism, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Bandar Aceh Darussalam as tamaddun city in the tip of Sumatera Island and [email protected] capital city of 17th century Islamic Aceh Sultanate, was a strategic coastal city. It had sloping beach and bays and was surrounded by mountains with Sugiono Soetomo rivers flowing through the city. Its wetlands-based urban development was Department of Urban and Regional Planning, reflected in the design of urban space structure and key elements of the Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia city. It becomes inspiration for developing modern ecological city since 17th [email protected] century Islamic cities in archipelago of the East is rarely studied. This research aimed to study the spatial concept of Bandar Aceh Darussalam. Joesron Alie Syahbana Data was collected by using the method of tracking physical information Department of Urban and Regional Planning, through ancient maps and field observation of the environment Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia characteristic. It was found that the ecological character of the city seemed [email protected] to be affected by the existence of integrated natural features, function and the role of the city that included Islamic concepts. The main elements of the Asnawi Manaf city reflected the character of civilization in three aspects: the drainage Department of Urban and Regional Planning, system i.e. cut and fill, the scattered and wide empty space, and natural Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia defense system. The concept of harmony between urban development and [email protected] city’s ecological character was shown in the design of urban landscape. KEYWO RDS: Coastal city; tamaddun city; urban ecology INTRO DUC TIO N city [4] [5]. Ecological coastal town relates how the city is The development of a city embodies the developed in the geographical environment of the complexity of values prevailing at the time, therefore coast which is affected by the dynamics in terrestrial to understand the existence of the city can be and marine as well as the cultural life of the community achieved through ecological approach [1][2]. The with two cultures i.e land and sea [6][7][8][9]. This approach of urban Ecology defines the city as an therefore makes the challenges of urban development organic cell in ecological space [1], the city that is complex. growing because there are internal forces that affect it, Coastal cities, especially in the pre‐colonial such powers can not be interfered by outside factors. Southeast Asia, especially in the coastal Sumatran city The internal force that is known as the ecological has grown as a port town that was developed by a character which will affect the pattern of urban network of Muslim traders. Islam as a great religion development. has experienced success and dominated the civilization The city as a living space, can be understood of the world [10]. Islam teaches harmony with nature, with ekistics approach [3], that defines five elements inspires ways to build the city as a cultural product. forming the town, namely: man, nature, society, cell, Therefore some of the principles of Islamic values will network. If it is associated with ecological city, it will appear in the character of Islam [11], especially coastal form the ecological character of the interaction of the cities in Indonesia Pre‐Colonial [12][13]. elements forming the inner city. Banda Aceh is located at the tip of Sumatra The relation of the five elements in the island which is very strategic for international shipping formation of the ecological character of the city is that which connects the western and eastern regions of the the existence of the universe can not be separated World through the Indian Ocean and the Strait of from the context in which the town is growing and Malacca [10]. The existence of the city of Banda Aceh is developing, it will affect how the city was built to estimated to have existed prior to the 9th century as embody the interests of human life (social , cultural, the transit city of sea lane to the archipelago which economic and political community of the city). was characterized with the Hindu kingdom that later However nature has the potential and constraints that became Islam in the XIII century [14]. can be profitable and thus destroy the existence of a In the sixteenth century it described that the Journal of Islamic Architecture, 4(3) June 2017 | 93 The Ecology Character Of Banda Aceh City In The 17th Century city of Banda Aceh has grown as an Islam port city. In identified, although not all of the physical form are the seventeenth century town called Bandar Aceh intact. Additionally the natural environment data Darussalam, evolved as the royal city of Islamic allegedly linked to the presence of the main elements ideology, as well as cosmopolitan transit city for of the city are also studied to explore the possibility international sea lanes in Southeast Asia implying and the development of concepts of design elements tamaddun character (tamaddun: a city appying Islamic of the city that comes from the potential of the natural character in all sectors of urban life). As one of the environment. richest coastal cities in Asia, the ruler of the kingdom Discussion of the data is done by the method of of Aceh lived luxuriously and stately with its logical argumentation [16] by explaining the concept environment utilizing all resources to strengthen its of the design elements that support the existence of presence through various elements of urban design the town city. Besides, it also carried out a comparative [10][15]. study of the elements of the city through the study of Bandar Aceh Darussalam looks to have a literature, to explain the truth of the design elements planned city form, in a vast flat area as its background‐ of the city and the possibility of a universal value mountains with hills overlooking the sea, the rivers system as a background design concept that cross the city. Various of main elements in layout and design are taken into account as the specific STUDY A REA ecological character, so that the shape of the city (the city structure and land use) is connected with nature. NA TURAL ENVIRO NMENT O F BA NDA A C EH O N THE TIP O F Besides, certain values are reflected in the geometric SUMA TRA ISLAND forms in the urban spatial structure. Banda Aceh is located in coastal wetland The design of the main elements of the city environment, potentially developed by utilizing the seemed to reflect the complexity of an idea to achieve diversity of existing environmental resources. Coastal certain goals that are meaningful to the life of the city. environment and biodiversity in wetlands created The design integrated space between human activities either in the form of land, flora and fauna [17] allows and natural dynamics. Islamic values have been implied the processing of urban elements into a variety of in structuring the concept of the city, considering the shapes and characters according to the needs of time it is the triumph of Islam in Aceh, so the human activity [18]. In contrast, coastal environment tamaddun city is as seen through its spatial design. has multi‐complex susceptibility of the dynamics of the This research aimed to know how to optimizing ocean waters and the archipelago that can change the the concept of region design using Islamic approach type of coastal plains [8]. This is apparent when the into wetland geographical condition, so that city’s 2004 tsunami in Banda Aceh sea waves ran into the ecological system is in balance and harmonious with mainland to 3‐4 Km which caused a third mainland human’s needs. Research about Islamic city, especially broken city, changing the coastline [19]. in Southeast Asia in pre‐modern age, is so rare, but its Human activities in urban wetland that is design principles seem to have universal value. reflected in the character of the utilization of urban Therefore, this research will be useful for city design spatial elements will affect the processes of system of development in wetlands. hydrology, geomorphology and local ecology [20], therefore the construction in wetlands requires METHO DS maintenance of the potential environmental resources [21]. The higher a civilization in the coastal city of The study begins with understanding the wetlands, the better the ability to build the city with spatial characteristics of the city of Banda Aceh XVII better aspects of conception and technological century (Bandar Aceh Darussalam) through maps, aspects. Otherwise your presence in the seaside town sketches of the city and old photographs that are will be easily destroyed and civilization will be lost. connected with stories of social history, culture, Banda Aceh is located on the world slab politics, economy during the era. Data is associated between two fault‐shaped on the moutainious hills with characteristics of two aspects: 1) the physical rowed in the Western and Eastern regions. elements of the main town: and 2) environmental Geographical character in the form of plots of land resources town. sloping beach wet is the result of geomorphological Study of spatial old town to determine the fracture process (faulting Ridges) and subsidence physical limits of the city will be examined.

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