53 BAB V KESIMPULAN Invasi AS Di Afganistan Dalam NSS Tahun 2002

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53 BAB V KESIMPULAN Invasi AS Di Afganistan Dalam NSS Tahun 2002 BAB V KESIMPULAN Invasi AS di Afganistan dalam NSS tahun 2002-2006 memiliki beberapa objektif yang ingin dicapai yaitu ingin menghancurkan jaringan terorisme yang ada di Negara Afganistan ,terutama kelompok teroris yang AS ingin hancurkan adalah Al Qaeda,118 selain itu AS juga ingin Afganistan bebas dari gerakan separatis Taliban yang sekaligus dianggap telah membantu Al Qaeda untuk bersembunyi, terutama membantu Osama bin Laden agar tidak tertangkap oleh AS.119 Demi Negara Afganistan yang lebih baik lagi, AS ingin Afganistan menjadi negara yang Demokrasi, serta membuat system Demokrasi itu menjadi efektif di Afganistan120 Menjatuhkan kedua kelompok yang dianggap sebagai ancaman untuk AS yaitu Al Qaeda dan Taliban, AS ingin membuat Afganistan agar tidak menjadi tempat yang aman untuk kedua kelompok tersebut. Upaya AS dalam peperangan ini salah satunya ingin menciptakan kestabilan dan keamanan di Afganistan tetap terjaga dan kondusif, agar kedua kelompok tersebut tidak berkembang dan memiliki anggota semakin banyak. 121 118 National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002(Wahington, D. C., 2002) 3-4 119 Air Power Against Terror. America’s Conduct of Operation Enduring Freedom, (Rand Corporation,1776 Main Street,PO Box 2138,Santa Monica,CA,90407-2138,2005) 203-204 120 Brian Michael Jenkins, Countering al Qaeda, An Appreciation of the Situation and Suggestions for Strategy, ( RAND, Santa Monica, 2002)6-7 121 George R. Lucas, Jr Professor of Philosophy Director of Navy and National Programs The Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership , This is Not Your Father’s War’ Confronting the Moral Challenges of ‘Irregular War’ US Naval Academy (US Monterey, CA: Thursday evening 26 February 2009) 8-10 53 54 Hal yang dilakukan untuk mencapai Objektif yang diinginkan maka AS melakukan operasi militer, yang memiliki tujuan sejalan untuk mencapai objektif di NSS. OEF pada tahun 2001-2009 di masa pemerintahan Presiden Bush memiliki tujuan ingin menghancurkan Al Qaeda serta menangkap Osama bin Laden,122 selain itu pada OEF ini AS ingin menjatuhkan kepemimpinan Taliban yang berada di Kabul, dalam operasi ini pun AS berusaha agar Afganistan menjadi negara yang demokrasi.123 Operation Anaconda yang dilakukan di tahun 2002 juga memiliki tujuan utama untuk menyerang tempat yang dianggap sebagai tempat tinggal Taliban dan Al Qaeda di bagian timur Afganistan, sehingga tidak ada lagi tempat yang aman bagi kedua kelompok tersebut.124 Pada Operation Red Wings yang dilakukan di tahun 2005 AS memiliki tujuan untuk menangkap Ahmad Shah yaitu salah satu petinggi Taliban pada saat itu sekaligus teman dekat Osama bin Laden, selain itu pada operasi ini pun AS ingin meningkatkan kestabilan pada saat pemilihan parlemen yang terjadi di Provinsi Kunar, karena adanya gejolak politik disana.125 122 Steve Bowman Specialist in National Security, Catherine Dale Specialist in International Security, War in Afghanistan: Strategy, (Military Operations, and Issues for Congress, December 3, 2009) , 7-8 123 Shahid Javed Burki, Hamid Karzai’s Second Term as Afghanistan’s President: Promises, Challenges and Prospects, (Institut of South Asian Studies, No. 141 , 24 November 2009)1-3 124Richard Kugler , Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan A Case Study of Adaptation in Battle,( Center for Technology and National Security Policy, February 2007 ) 1-2 125 David J. Lyle, Major, USAF , OPERATION ANACONDA: LESSONS LEARNED, OR LESSONS OBSERVED? A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE, (B.S., USAF Academy, Colorado 1995 M.B.A., Louisiana Tech, Louisiana, 2004) 1-2 55 AS di Afganistan juga melakukan operasi militer, yang bernama Operation Mountain Lion dilakukan pada tahun 2006 bertujuan untuk mencegah berkembangnya jaringan terorisme di Afganistan, selain itu hal tersebut dilakukan demi menjaga kestabilan keamanan di Afganistan semakin menigkat.126 Tujuan yang berhasil diraih oleh AS salah satunya adalah menjatuhkan Taliban di Kabul yang dilakukan di OEF, setelah itu Afganistan juga berhasil menjadi negara demokrasi seperti objektif AS di NSS.127 Namun pada sebagian besar tjuan lainnya yang dijalankan dalam 4 operasi yang di jelaskan pada tulisan ini AS belum mampu mencapai sepenuhnya semua objektif yang telah di tulis dalam NSS 2002 dan 2006, seperti menghancurkan sepenuhnya jaringan terorisme yang ada di Afganistan temasuk Al Qaeda, lalu Afganistan yang bebas dari gerakan separatis Taliban, kedua kelompok tersebut masih ada. 128 Membuat Afganistan tidak aman bagi kedua kelompok tersebut namun belum berhasil sempurna karena masih ada yang bertempat tinggal diseluruh penjuru Afganistan. Demokrasi disanapun belum efektif karena masih banyak gejolak politik yang terjadi, serta kestabilan keamanan di 126 Colonel Michael A.Coss, U.S, Army, Operation Mountain Lion CJTF-76 in Afghanistan( Spring 2006) 21-22 127 Shahid Javed Burki, Hamid Karzai’s Second Term as Afghanistan’s President: Promises, Challenges and Prospects, (Institut of South Asian Studies, No. 141 , 24 November 2009)1-3 128 Dr. Richard W Steward, The United State Army in Afghanistan Operation enduring Freedom October 2001 March 2002, ( Histories Division of the Center of Military History, USA) 9-10 56 Afganistan belum terjadi hingga masa pemerintahan Bush berakhir, karena perang disana terus berlanjut. 129 Oleh karena itu bila memacu pada teori dari Clausewitz dimana kemenangan dalam sebuah peperangan dapat dikatakan tercapai bila sebanyak dan sejauh mana objek politik, atau motif perang yang asil dapat dicapai oleh negara tersebut.130 Bila dilihat dari ke empat operasi yang AS jalannya dapat dikatakan AS belum berhasil mencapai kemenangan tersebut, karena objektif yang ingin dicapai AS banyak yang tidak dapat tercapai, sehingga dapat dikatakan perang di Afganistan dalam masa pemerintahan Bush dari 2001 hingga 2009 AS gagal. Dalam skripsi ini tentunya masih banyak kekurangan karena terbatas hanya membahas 4 operasi saja, selain itu dikarenakan perang di Afganistan yang sangat panjang namun skripsi ini hanya membahas hingga tahun 2009 saja hingga presiden selanjutnya setelah Bush, sehingga sebenarnya skripsi ini masih dapat dilanjutkan lagi, karena perang di Afganistan yang masih ada setelah kepemimpinan bush, selain itu masih banyak operasi yang dapat di bahas dalam peperangan di Afganistan ini. 129 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C., 2006)9-13 130 Bill Bentley, Clausewitz: War, Strategy and Victory – A Reflection on Brigadier-General Carignan’s Article, (Volume 17, Number 2) 73-74 57 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Buku Bryman, Alan. 2012. Social Research Method, 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burki, Shhid Javed. 2009. Hamid Karzai's Second Team as Afghanistan's President: Promises, Challenges, and Prospects. Institut od South Asian Studies. 1-3. Clausewitz, Carl Von. 1976. On War. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Darack, Ed. 2011. Operation Red Wings-The (Mis)Information Aftermath. St, Quantico: Marine Corps Gazette. Doyle, Richard. 2007. The U.S. National Security Strategy : Policy. Process, Problems. America: Research Gate Public Administration Review. Gray, Colin S. 2006. Strategy and History Essay on Theory and Practice. New York City: Routledge. Kerry, John F. 2009. Tora Bora Revisited : How We Failed to Get Bin Laden and Why it Matters Today, A Report to Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations United State Senate. Oklahoma: One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session, U.S Government Printing Office. Korb, Lawrence J. 2003. A New National Security Strategy in an Age of Terrorists, Tyrants, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Three Options Presented as Presidential Speechless. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. 58 Kummer, David W. 2011. History Division United States Marine Corps Quantico, U.S Marines in Afghanistan, 2001-2009 Anthology and Annotated Bibliography. Virginia: Quantico, Virginia : History Division, United States Marine Corps. Lucas, George R. 2009. This is Not Your Father's War Confronting the Moral Challenges of Irreguler War US Naval Academy, NATO 60th Anniversary conference " Building Integrity ". Monterey. March 2006. “The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.” Washington D.C. 9-13. O'Hanlon, Ian S.Livingstoon and Michael. 2017. Afganistan Index Also Including Selected Data on Pakistan. Brookings. Peter John, Paul Krause. 2008. The Last Good Chance : A Reassessment of U.S. Operation at Tora Bora . London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Richard L. Kugler, Michael Baranick, and Hans Binnendijk. 2009. Operation Anaconda Lesson for Joint Operations. Washington D.C: Center for Technology and National Security Policy National Defense University March. Williams, Brian Glyn. t.thn. Afghanistan's Heart of Darkness : Fighting the Taliban in Kunar Province. Vol 1 Issue 8. 2008: CTC Seentinel. 2-4. Dokumen Negara 2002. “National Security Strategy of the United States of America.” Washinton D.C. 2006. "National Security Strategy of the United States of Americ.". Washinton D.C. 59 Jurnal A.Coss, Colonel Michael. 2006. “Operation Mountain Lion CJTF-76 in Afghanistan.” 21-22. Bentley, Bill. 2017. “Clausewitz: War, Strategy and Victory - A Reflection on Brigadier-General Carignan's Article ( Volume 17 ).” 73-74. Bright, James M. 2007. “Operational seam : The Command and Control of Conventional and Special Operation Forces.” Naval War
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