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Katia Masias Brocker

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Caracterización de las propiedades tintóreas del extracto de nogal (Juglans neotropica Diels) proveniente de la cuenca alta del río Zaña Tesis para optar el Título de INGENIERO FORESTAL Katia Masias Brocker Lima- Perú 2007 RESUMEN En los últimos años se observa un incremento en la demanda de los colorantes naturales, destacándose el uso del nogal (Juglans neotropica Diels ), del cual es posible obtener una amplia variedad de matices para teñir telas a partir del colorante de hojas, fruto y corteza. A pesar de la importancia del colorante obtenido de nogal, la información técnica existente es únicamente a nivel artesanal, no habiendo información sobre las propiedades fisicas químicas y rendimientos para su caracterización y aceptación. El presente estudio evaluó las propiedades tintóreas (porcentaje sólidos, índice refracción, pH y absorción luz ultravioleta) de extractos obtenidos de hoja, fruto y corteza de tres clases diamétricas, así mismo evaluó la calidad de tinción y los colores obtenidos en función al tipo de tela teñida. El área de estudio se ubico en la parte alta de la cuenca del Zaña en la provincia de San Miguel, región de Cajamarca. Para el estudio se recolectaron muestras de hojas, frutos y corteza de 15 árboles de diferentes clases diamétricas. Los resultados del análisis estadístico demostraron que el porcentaje de sólidos y el pH varían en función a la parte del árbol utilizada sin embargo no varían en función a la clase diamétrica; y el índice de refracción es utilizado como control del proceso. La absorción de luz varía en función a la clase diamétrica y la parte del árbol. Asimismo, la solidez del colorante a la luz varía en función a la parte del árbol y al tipo de tela usado. A partir de los resultados se concluyo que es preferible utilizar las hojas de nogal para la obtención de colorante y la lana de oveja para la tinción. V ÍNDICE Página l. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................................. l 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA........................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Los PRODUCTOS FORESTALES NO MADEREROS ....................................................................................... 3 2.2 COLOR Y SU EVALUACIÓN ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Teoría de color....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Grupos cromóforos y auxocromos ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2.3 Absorción de luz..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 COLORANTES NATURALES .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Definición y generalidades .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Clasificación de los colorantes naturales ............................................................................................. 8 2.3.3 Factores que afectan en la obtención de los colorantes naturales ..................................................... 9 2.3.4 Uso de colorantes naturales en textileria ........................................................................................... 1 O 2.3.5 Métodos de obtención de colorantes naturales para la tinción de telas ............................................ 11 2.3.6 Importancia de los colorantes naturales ............................................................................................. 12 2.4 DESCRIPCIÓNBOTANICADELNOGAL ................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Descripción de la familia Juglandaceae ............................................................................................. 14 2.4.2 Descripción del genero Juglans .......................................................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Importancia y usos del genero juglans ............................................................................................... 14 2.5 JUGLA.NS NEOTROPICA DIELS ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.1 Descripción taxonómica ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.2 Descripción botánica del nogal .......................................................................................................... 16 2.5.3 Distribución natural del nogal ............................................................................................................ 17 2.5.4 Fenología ............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.5.5 Silvicultura ........................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.6 Crecimiento .......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5. 7 Importancia y usos de juglans neotropica diels .................................................................................. 20 2.5.8 Colorantes naturales de Juglans neotropica Diels ............................................................................. 20 2.5.9 Compuesto químico de los colorantes de Juglans neotropica Diels .................................................. 22 2.6 DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DEL LUGAR DE ESTUDIO ...................................................................................... 23 2.6.1 Clima .................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.6.2 Ecología ............................................................................................................................................. 24 2.6.3 Uso actual y potencial de la tierra ...................................................................................................... 25 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ....................................................................................................................... 26 3.1 LUGAR ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 AREA DE ESTUDIO DE LA FASE DE CAMPO ......................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Ubicación geográfica .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 MATERIA PRIMA ESTUDIADA ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 MATERIALES YEQUIPOS ............................................................................................................................ 28 3.4.1 Materiales y equipos de campo ........................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Materiales y equipos de laboratorio ................................................................................................... 28 3.5 METODOLOGÍA .......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Inventario exploratorio ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.5.2 Tamaño mínimo de muestra ................................................................................................................ 32 3.5.3 Selección y marcación de los árboles a evaluar ............................................................................... 32 3.5.4 Recolección de las muestras ................................................................................................................ 33 3.5.5 Transporte y almacenamiento de muestras ........................................................................................ 34 3.5.6 Preparación de las muestras ............................................................................................................... 34 3.5. 7 Obtención del colorante ...................................................................................................................... 34 3.5.8 Teñido de telas de algodón y lana de oveja ........................................................................................ 35 3.6 ANALISIS DE LAS PROPIEDADES EN LABORATORIO .................................................................................. .38 VI 3.6.1 Rendimiento: porcentaje de sólidos .................................................................................................... 38 3.6.2 Índice de refracción ............................................................................................................................. 38
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