DOCSLIB.ORG

Origen, Historia Natural Y Usos De Las Plantas Introducidas En Costa Rica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Origen, Historia Natural Y Usos De Las Plantas Introducidas En Costa Rica ARTICULO ESPECIAL Origen, historia natural y usos de las plantas introducidas en Costa Rica Carlos O. Morales1 1. Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected], Recibido 14-I-2020 Corregido 27-V-2020 Aceptado 24-VI-2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v12i2.3098 ABSTRACT. “Origin, natural history, and uses of RESUMEN. Introducción: Algunas especies de plantas introduced plants in Costa Rica”. Introduction: Some introducidas cambiaron la historia de Costa Rica desde el introduced plant species changed Costa Rican history siglo XVI. Muchas se conviertieron en los cultivos since the sixteenth century. Of those, many have become socioeconómica y ambientalmente más impactantes de our most socio-economically and environmentally este país; otras se naturalizaron, algunas se volvieron influential crop species, others became naturalized and invasoras y en años recientes nuevas especies todavía some turned invasive, and in recent years new species are siguen llegando como inmigrantes, o son introducidas still being intentionally or unintentionally introduced. intencionalmente. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo Objective: The aim of this work was to register as many as fue registrar el mayor número posible de plantas possible of the known alien species of seed plants in Costa seminíferas alóctonas de Costa Rica, establecer su origen Rica, to establish their origin, adding natural history data, y aportar datos sobre historia natural y usos en este país. and uses in this country. Results: There are 144 families, Resultados: Se trata de 144 familias, 623 géneros y ca. 982 623 genera and ca. 982 species according to this study. especies. Las 29 familias con mayores números de The 29 most diverse families (each one with 10 or more especies alóctonas (cada una con 10 o más especies) species) comprehend 60% of genera and 62% of alien abarcan el 60% de los géneros y 62% de tales especies en plant species in this country, but these families represent este país, pero estas familias representan solamente el only 20% of the total number of families with alien genera 20% del total de familias con géneros y especies and species in Costa Rica, whereas 57% of all such families introducidos en Costa Rica, mientras que 57% de todas have fewer than 5 introduced species each. Fabaceae in a esas familias poseen cada una menos de 5 especies broad sense not only possesses the greatest numbers of introducidas. Fabaceae en sentido amplio no solamente genera (46) and species (70), but also it almost duplicates posee los mayores números de géneros (46) y especies the figures of the second family Poaceae (with 27 and 39, (70), sino que, además, casi duplica las cifras de la segunda respectively), meanwhile this last family has the same familia, Poaceae (con 27 y 39, respectivamente), mientras number of alien species as the third one Lamiaceae. que esta familia registra el mismo número de especies de Discussion: Six of the most diverse families of the Costa la tercera, Lamiaceae. Discusión: Seis de las familias más Rican native flora (Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, diversas de la flora nativa de Costa Rica (Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae) are at the same Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae y time groups with many alien, cultivated and naturalized Rubiaceae) también son grupos con abundantes especies species in this country, but the most diverse native family, alóctonas cultivadas y naturalizadas en este país, pero Orchidaceae is number 27 in part due to the troublesome Orchidaceae, la más diversa de las familias nativas, aquí es quantification of hybrids. la 27, en parte debido a la dificultad de cuantificar híbridos. Keywords: seed plants; introduced species; ornamental Palabras clave: plantas seminíferas; plantas plants; useful plants; invasive species; alien species. ornamentales; plantas útiles; especies invasoras; especies alóctonas. UNED Research Journal (e-ISSN 1659-441X), Vol. 12(2): e3098, December, 2020 En las últimas décadas del siglo XX aumentó la preocupación por el impacto de las especies animales y vegetales introducidas e invasoras en países y regiones más allá de su ámbito geográfico y ecológico natural, que eventualmente ponen en peligro y hasta pueden causar la extinción de especies autóctonas, especialmente en islas oceánicas relativamente pequeñas, donde por razones biogeográficas conocidas el impacto es más fuerte que en áreas continentales (Hernández, Lahmann, & Pérez-Gil, 2002; Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, & De Poorter, 2004; UICN & INBio, 2005; Chacón & Saborío, 2006; Chacón, 2009; Barrientos & Monge-Nájera, 2010). Sin embargo, la invasión en áreas continentales también muestra un impacto sustancial; por ejemplo, se sabe que en el área continental de EE.UU. de América del Norte habitan más de 2000 especies de plantas introducidas. Además, la introducción e invasión de especies animales y vegetales es un componente significativo de los cambios ambientales globales causados por el ser humano (Vitousek, D'Antonio, Loope, Rejmánek, & Westbrooks, 1997). Numerosas especies de plantas y animales terrestres han ampliado su distribución a lo largo de miles de años, incluso en ausencia de seres humanos, llegando a colonizar nuevas islas y continentes. Por un lado, la colonización e invasión de especies es un proceso natural, que ha ocurrido siempre, como la extinción; por el otro, la continua destrucción y contaminación de hábitats, la facilidad para viajar y la economía global del mundo actual facilitan los procesos de introducción e invasión. Lo que es diferente hoy es la rapidez de la invasión, debida al rápido desplazamiento de personas y bienes (Vitousek et al., 1997; Weber, 2017). Además, el cambio climático, acelerado en los últimos cien años, ha permitido que ciertas especies alóctonas se expandan hacia regiones en que previamente no podían reproducirse ni sobrevivir. Sorprendentemente, un análisis de viveros comerciales de Europa mostró que muchas especies hortícolas ya se cultivan y sobreviven 1000 km más al norte de sus límites naturales conocidos. Dada esta realidad, las prácticas de manejo deben tomar en cuenta la existencia de esas especies “nuevas”, que deberán ser erradicadas o toleradas, o incluso consideradas como nuevos elementos que enriquecen la flora local y en casos podrían facilitar la restauración ecológica o contribuir para mantener las funciones de los ecosistemas en un nuevo régimen climático (Walther et al., 2009). Diversos estudios del siglo XX predicen que a mayor diversidad, menor posibilidad de invasión. Esta mayor diversidad reduciría la incidencia de enfermedades de plantas y aumentaría la complejidad de los niveles tróficos; así, mayor número de especies de plantas aumentaría el número de especies de insectos herbívoros, que se alimentan de una o pocas especies y atraerían más especies de insectos depredadores y parásitos. Existe una correlación positiva entre diversidad de plantas y de insectos (Knops et al., 1999). Aquí conviene aclarar algunos términos: Una especie introducida (= alóctona o exógena) ha sido traída de otra región o país, se ha cultivado con algún fin (alimento para humanos o animales domésticos, ornamental, medicinal, sombra en plantaciones, etc.), ha encontrado condiciones apropiadas para crecer y, por tanto, se ha adaptado a nuevos ambientes. Con cierta frecuencia se habla de plantas exóticas (en lugar de introducidas), pero en lengua española considero inapropiado este término referido a plantas, porque exótico(a) significa no solo extranjero o distinto, sino también extraño o extravagante (RAE, 2019). Ciertas especies alóctonas nunca fueron cultivadas, sino que llegaron a otras regiones de modo natural (ejs. frutos y semillas en patas de aves y pelos de mamíferos, troncos arrastrados por corrientes oceánicas) o accidental (ej. en tierra y otros materiales acompañando semillas u otros propágulos de plantas cultivadas); algunas de estas alóctonas espontáneas son hierbas comunes de campos de cultivo (arvenses), llamadas inapropiadamente “malas hierbas”. Cuando una especie introducida y cultivada llega a reproducirse y propagarse por sus propios medios, se convierte en una especie naturalizada (= escapada de cultivo, asilvestrada). Si una especie alóctona se reproduce y propaga exitosa y agresivamente, ocupando el lugar de especies nativas, se ha convertido en una especie invasora. Algunas especies UNED Research Journal (e-ISSN 1659-441X), Vol. 12(2): e3098, December, 2020 invasoras avanzan desde plantaciones y otras áreas antropógenas y logran adaptarse incluso en ambientes naturales; en casos extremos llegan a tolerar el sotobosque de bosques primarios (Pauchard & Alaback, 2002; Foxcroft, Pyšek, Richardson, & Genovesi, 2013). Diversas hipótesis han sido planteadas para explicar por qué las plantas alóctonas pueden alcanzar mayores densidades en ambientes favorables nuevos, en comparación con sus hábitats naturales (Hierro, Maron, & Callaway, 2005). La mayoría de investigadores aceptan que una especie introducida se vuelve invasora porque se libera de enemigos naturales de su hábitat anterior (hipótesis del escape ecológico), de modo que en el nuevo ambiente una especie vegetal tendrá menos herbívoros y menos patógenos. En la realidad, esta hipótesis no se cumple igual para todas las especies (Keane & Crawley, 2002). Algunos investigadores han demostrado que el potencial invasor de ciertas plantas puede predecirse con base en el estudio comparativo de caracteres biológicos simples (ejs., período inmaduro
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guía Informativa
    Guía informativa de identificación taxonómica de las principales especies vegetales del campus central de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 1 Guía informativa de identificación taxonómica de las principales especies 2 vegetales del campus central de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Guía informativa de identificación taxonómica de las principales especies vegetales del campus central de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ABCDEGBX Guía informativa de identificación taxonómica de las principales especies vegetales del campus central de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 3 Directorio Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo Rector Dr. Carlos Enrique Camey Rodas Secretario General Dirección General de Investigación M. Sc. Gerardo Arroyo Catalán Director General de Investigación Ing. Agr. MARN Julio Rufino Salazar Coordinador General de Programas Dirección General de Administración Arq. Alenka Irina Barreda Taracena Directora General de Administración Arq. Dámaso Zerovyck Rosales Zelada Coordinador General de Servicios e Infraestructura Física Unidad de Publicaciones y Divulgación M.A. Marlene Pawlova Pérez Muñoz Jefa Unidad de Publicaciones y Divulgación Lic. Mynor Alexander Alegría Monterroso Diseño y diagramación Licda. Dara Sucel Higueros Pellecer Centro de Información y Documentación -CINDIGI- Fotografías Ing. Agr. Abel Antonio Melgar Ruano Ing. Forestal Luis Velásquez Ronald Adrían Barrios Méndez Jorge Ovidio Tello ©Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Dirección General
    [Show full text]
  • Buy Silver Squill, Ledebouria Socialis - Plant Online at Nurserylive | Best Plants at Lowest Price
    Buy silver squill, ledebouria socialis - plant online at nurserylive | Best plants at lowest price Silver Squill, Ledebouria socialis - Plant Scilla socialis Baker Scilla violacea Hutch. Ledebouria socialis, the silver squill or wood hyacinth, is a geophytic species of bulbous perennial plant native to the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Rating: Not Rated Yet Price Variant price modifier: Base price with tax Price with discount ?399 Salesprice with discount Sales price ?399 Sales price without tax ?399 Discount Tax amount Ask a question about this product Description With this purchase you will get: 01 Silver Squill, Ledebouria socialis Plant 01 3 inch Grower Round Plastic Pot (Black) Description for Silver Squill, Ledebouria socialis 1 / 3 Buy silver squill, ledebouria socialis - plant online at nurserylive | Best plants at lowest price Plant height: 2 - 5 inches (5 - 13 cm) Plant spread: 4 - 8 inches (10 - 21 cm) Ledebouria socialis, the silver squill or wood hyacinth, is a geophytic species of bulbous perennial plant native to the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It was first described by John Gilbert Baker as Scilla socialis in 1870. Common name(s): Silver Squill, Violet Squill, Violet Squill, Leopard Lily, South African Scilla, Bluebell. Flower colours: White-green Bloom time: Spring and summer. Max reachable height: 6 to 10 inches Difficulty to grow: Easy to grow Planting and care Use a soil based potting mixture and plant Ledebouria socialis bulbs in pans or half-pots. Pot up the bulbs in the spring, but no more than three bulbs in a single 10 to 15cm (4 to 6 inch) pot.
    [Show full text]
  • Sinningia Speciosa Sinningia Speciosa (Buell "Gloxinia") Hybrid (1952 Cover Image from the GLOXINIAN)
    GESNERIADS The Journal for Gesneriad Growers Vol. 61, No. 3 Third Quarter 2011 Sinningia speciosa Sinningia speciosa (Buell "Gloxinia") hybrid (1952 cover image from THE GLOXINIAN) ADVERTISERS DIRECTORY Arcadia Glasshouse ................................49 Lyndon Lyon Greenhouses, Inc.............34 Belisle's Violet House ............................45 Mrs Strep Streps.....................................45 Dave's Violets.........................................45 Out of Africa..........................................45 Green Thumb Press ................................39 Pat's Pets ................................................45 Kartuz Greenhouses ...............................52 Violet Barn.............................................33 Lauray of Salisbury ................................34 6GESNERIADS 61(3) Once Upon a Gloxinia … Suzie Larouche, Historian <[email protected]> Sixty years ago, a boy fell in love with a Gloxinia. He loved it so much that he started a group, complete with a small journal, that he called the American Gloxinia Society. The Society lived on, thrived, acquired more members, studied the Gloxinia and its relatives, gesneriads. After a while, the name of the society changed to the American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society. The journal, THE GLOXINIAN, grew thicker and glossier. More study and research were conducted on the family, more members and chapters came in, and the name was changed again – this time to The Gesneriad Society. Nowadays, a boy who falls in love with the same plant would have to call it Sinningia speciosa. To be honest, the American Sinningia Speciosa Society does not have the same ring. So in order to talk "Gloxinia," the boy would have to talk about Gloxinia perennis, still a gesneriad, but a totally different plant. Unless, of course, he went for the common name of the spec- tacular Sinningia and decided to found The American Florist Gloxinia Society.
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal and Spatial Origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences
    bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 171, 61–79. With 3 figures Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences MATHIEU PERRET1*, ALAIN CHAUTEMS1, ANDRÉA ONOFRE DE ARAUJO2 and NICOLAS SALAMIN3,4 1Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Ch. de l’Impératrice 1, CH-1292 Chambésy, Switzerland 2Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu, Santo André, Brazil 3Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 4Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Received 15 December 2011; revised 3 July 2012; accepted for publication 18 August 2012 Gesneriaceae are represented in the New World (NW) by a major clade (c. 1000 species) currently recognized as subfamily Gesnerioideae. Radiation of this group occurred in all biomes of tropical America and was accompanied by extensive phenotypic and ecological diversification. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from three plastid loci to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Gesnerioideae and to investigate its relationship with other lineages of Gesneriaceae and Lamiales. Our molecular data confirm the inclusion of the South Pacific Coronanthereae and the Old World (OW) monotypic genus Titanotrichum in Gesnerioideae and the sister-group relationship of this subfamily to the rest of the OW Gesneriaceae. Calceolariaceae and the NW genera Peltanthera and Sanango appeared successively sister to Gesneriaceae, whereas Cubitanthus, which has been previously assigned to Gesneriaceae, is shown to be related to Linderniaceae. Based on molecular dating and biogeographical reconstruction analyses, we suggest that ancestors of Gesneriaceae originated in South America during the Late Cretaceous.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of 11 Juglandaceae Gen O Types Based on Morphology
    BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES HORTSCIENCE 38(6):1178–1183. 2003. genetic similarity of the component elements, can be of practical advantage. Our long term goal is to develop superior rootstocks for Jug- Characterization of 11 Juglandaceae lans trees for timber production. The fi rst step towards that goal was to infer phy lo ge net ic Gen o types Based on Morphology, relatedness between our accessions based on morphology, cpDNA, and RAPD analysis cpDNA, and RAPD presented in this study. 1 G. Orel Materials and Methods Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, NSW 1797, Accessions used (Table 1).Juglans nigra L. and J. olanchana Standl. et L.O. Williams are Australia from temperate and subtropical North Amer i ca, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs respectively, and J. neotropica Diels. and J. australis Griseb. from tropical and temperate Macquarie·s Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Aus tra lia South America. Juglans nigra is a well-identi- A.D. Marchant fi ed cultivated species, while the other three are new germplasm accessions. Juglans regia National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs is of Eurasian origin; J. sigillata Dode and an Macquarie·s Road, Sydney NSW 2000, Aus tra lia undescribed species (“J. sp.”) from China, and J. ailantifolia Carr. from Japan. Engelhardia J.A. McLeod and G.D. Richards spicata Leschenault ex Blume is from Royal Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Botanic Gardens, Sydney, of Viet nam ese prov- Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, NSW 1797, enance.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Germination and Genetic Structure of Two Salvia Species In
    Seed germination and genetic structure of two Salvia species in response to environmental variables among phytogeographic regions in Jordan (Part I) and Phylogeny of the pan-tropical family Marantaceae (Part II). Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat) Vorgelegt der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Von Herrn Mohammad Mufleh Al-Gharaibeh Geb. am: 18.08.1979 in: Irbid-Jordan Gutachter/in 1. Prof. Dr. Isabell Hensen 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Roeser 3. Prof. Dr. Regina Classen-Bockhof Halle (Saale), den 10.01.2017 Copyright notice Chapters 2 to 4 have been either published in or submitted to international journals or are in preparation for publication. Copyrights are with the authors. Just the publishers and authors have the right for publishing and using the presented material. Therefore, reprint of the presented material requires the publishers’ and authors’ permissions. “Four years ago I started this project as a PhD project, but it turned out to be a long battle to achieve victory and dreams. This dissertation is the culmination of this long process, where the definition of “Weekend” has been deleted from my dictionary. It cannot express the long days spent in analyzing sequences and data, battling shoulder to shoulder with my ex- computer (RIP), R-studio, BioEdite and Microsoft Words, the joy for the synthesis, the hope for good results and the sadness and tiredness with each attempt to add more taxa and analyses.” “At the end, no phrase can describe my happiness when I saw the whole dissertation is printed out.” CONTENTS | 4 Table of Contents Summary ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Monocots
    Commelinids 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – non-monophyletic . spiderworts, bananas, pineapples . – petaloid • Commelinids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Commelinids Commelinales + Zingiberales • theme: reduction of flower, loss of nectar, loss of zoophily, evolution of • 2 closely related tropical orders bracts • primarily nectar bearing but with losses • bracted inflorescences grass pickeral weed pickeral weed spiderwort heliconia nectar pollen only bracts rapatead bromeliad Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Family of small herbs with succulent stems, stems jointed; leaves sheathing. Family does not produce Inflorescence often bracted nectar, but showy flowers for insect pollen gathering. Rhoeo - Moses in a cradle Commelina erecta - Erect dayflower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Commelinaceae - spiderwort Flowers actinomorphic or • species rich in pantropics, CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G (3) zygomorphic especially Africa • floral diversity is enormous Commelina communis - day flower Tradescantia ohiensis - spiderwort Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Pontederiaceae - pickerel weed Aquatic family of emergents or floaters. Pickerel weed has glossy heart-shaped leaves, Water hyacinth (Eichhornia) from superficially like Sagittaria but without net venation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Pt. 2
    Surinam (Pulle, 1906). 8. Gliricidia Kunth & Endlicher Unarmed, deciduous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, odd-pinnate, 1- pinnate. Inflorescence an axillary, many-flowered raceme. Flowers papilionaceous; sepals united in a cupuliform, weakly 5-toothed tube; standard petal reflexed; keel incurved, the petals united. Stamens 10; 9 united by the filaments in a tube, 1 free. Fruit dehiscent, flat, narrow; seeds numerous. 1. Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Grisebach, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Gottingen 7: 52 (1857). MADRE DE CACAO (Surinam); ACACIA DES ANTILLES (French Guiana). Tree to 9 m; branches hairy when young; poisonous. Leaves with 4-8 pairs of leaflets; leaflets elliptical, acuminate, often dark-spotted or -blotched beneath, to 7 x 3 (-4) cm. Inflorescence to 15 cm. Petals pale purplish-pink, c.1.2 cm; standard petal marked with yellow from middle to base. Fruit narrowly oblong, somewhat woody, to 15 x 1.2 cm; seeds up to 11 per fruit. Range: Mexico to South America. Grown as an ornamental in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown, Guyana (Index Seminum, 1982) and in French Guiana (de Granville, 1985). Grown as a shade tree in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). In tropical America this species is often interplanted with coffee and cacao trees to shade them; it is recommended for intensified utilization as a fuelwood for the humid tropics (National Academy of Sciences, 1980; Little, 1983). 9. Pterocarpus Jacquin Unarmed, nearly evergreen trees, sometimes lianas. Leaves alternate, petiolate, odd- pinnate, 1-pinnate; leaflets alternate. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal panicle or raceme. Flowers papilionaceous; sepals united in an unequally 5-toothed tube; standard and wing petals crisped (wavy); keel petals free or nearly so.
    [Show full text]
  • Title UTILIZATION of MARANTACEAE PLANTS
    UTILIZATION OF MARANTACEAE PLANTS BY THE Title BAKA HUNTER-GATHERERS IN SOUTHEASTERN CAMEROON Author(s) HATTORI, Shiho African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2006), 33: Citation 29-48 Issue Date 2006-05 URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14989/68476 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University African Study Monographs, Suppl. 33: 29-48, May 2006 29 UTILIZATION OF MARANTACEAE PLANTS BY THE BAKA HUNTER-GATHERERS IN SOUTHEASTERN CAMEROON Shiho HATTORI Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies (ASAFAS), Kyoto University ABSTRACT The Baka hunter-gatherers of the Cameroonian rainforest use plants of the family Marantaceae for a variety of purposes, as food, in material culture, as “medicine” and as trading item. They account for as much as 40% of the total number of uses of plants in Baka material culture. The ecological background of such intensive uses in material culture reflects the abundance of Marantaceae plants in the African rainforest. This article describes the frequent and diversified uses of Marantaceae plants, which comprise a unique characteristic in the ethnobotany of the Baka hunter-gatherers and other forest dwellers in central Africa. Key Words: Ethnobotany; Baka hunter-gatherers; Marantaceae; Multi-purpose plants; Rainforest. INTRODUCTION The family Marantaceae comprises 31 genera and 550 species, and most of them are widely distributed in the tropics (Cabezas et al., 2005). The African flora of the Marantaceae are not especially rich in species (30-35 species) compared with those of South East Asia and South America, but the people living in the central African rainforest frequently use Matantaceae plants in a variety of ways (Tanno, 1981; Burkill, 1997; Terashima & Ichikawa, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Commercialized in the Markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 337–350 An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia Manuel J. Mac´ıaa,∗, Emilia Garc´ıab, Prem Jai Vidaurreb a Real Jard´ın Bot´anico de Madrid (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, E-28014Madrid, Spain b Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andr´es (UMSA), Casilla 10077, Correo Central, Calle 27, Cota Cota, Campus Universitario, La Paz, Bolivia Received 22 September 2004; received in revised form 18 November 2004; accepted 18 November 2004 Abstract An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants marketed in La Paz and El Alto cities in the Bolivian Andes, reported medicinal information for about 129 species, belonging to 55 vascular plant families and one uncertain lichen family. The most important family was Asteraceae with 22 species, followed by Fabaceae s.l. with 11, and Solanaceae with eight. More than 90 general medicinal indications were recorded to treat a wide range of illnesses and ailments. The highest number of species and applications were reported for digestive system disorders (stomach ailments and liver problems), musculoskeletal body system (rheumatism and the complex of contusions, luxations, sprains, and swellings), kidney and other urological problems, and gynecological disorders. Some medicinal species had magic connotations, e.g. for cleaning and protection against ailments, to bring good luck, or for Andean offerings to Pachamama, ‘Mother Nature’. In some indications, the separation between medicinal and magic plants was very narrow. Most remedies were prepared from a single species, however some applications were always prepared with a mixture of plants, e.g.
    [Show full text]