DOCSLIB.ORG

Baby Farming

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Baby Farming Baby farming Baby farming refers to the practice of accepting custody 2 Decline of an infant or child in exchange for payment in late- Victorian Era Britain and, less commonly, in Australia Spurred by a series of articles that appeared in the British and the United States. If the infant was young, this usu- Medical Journal in 1867, Parliament of the United King- ally included wet-nursing (breast-feeding by a woman not dom began to regulate baby farming in 1872 with the pas- the mother). Some baby farmers “adopted” children for sage of the Infant Life Protection Act. A series of acts lump-sum payments, while others cared for infants for passed over the next seventy years, including the Children periodic payments. Act 1908 and the 1939 Adoption of Children (Regula- tion) Act, gradually placed adoption and foster care under the protection and regulation of the state. 3 Related usage 1 Description The term has been used to describe the sale of eggs for use in assisted conception, particularly in vitro fertilization. Though baby farmers were paid in the understanding that The Nazis’ Lebensborn (“Fountain of Life”) programme [2] care would be provided, the term “baby farmer” was used has been described as a form of baby farming. as an insult, and improper treatment was usually implied. Illegitimacy and its attendant social stigma were usually the impetus for a mother’s decision to put her children 4 In popular culture “out to nurse” with a baby farmer, but baby farming also encompassed foster care and adoption in the period be- • The title character in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist fore they were regulated by British law. spends his first years in a “baby farm.” Wealthier women would also put their infants out to be • cared for in the homes of villagers. Claire Tomalin gives The eponymous heroine puts her newborn “out to a detailed account of this in her biography of Jane Austen, nurse” with a baby farmer in George Moore's Esther who was fostered in this manner, as were all her siblings, Waters (1894). from a few months old until they were toddlers.[1] Toma- • The main character in Perfume, Jean-Baptiste lin emphasizes the emotional distance this created. Grenouille, was orphaned shortly after birth and Particularly in the case of lump-sum adoptions, it was brought up in a baby farmer style orphanage. more profitable for the baby farmer if the infant or child she adopted died, since the small payment could • The character of Mrs. Sucksby in Sarah Waters's not cover the care of the child for long. Some baby novel Fingersmith is a baby farmer. farmers adopted numerous children and then neglected • them or murdered them outright (see infanticide). Sev- The Gilbert and Sullivan opera H.M.S. Pinafore, the eral were tried for murder, manslaughter, or criminal character of Buttercup reveals that, when a baby neglect and were hanged. Margaret Waters (executed farmer, she had switched two babies of different so- 1870) and Amelia Dyer (executed 1896) were two in- cial classes. This is part of a satire of class hierarchy famous British baby farmers, as were Amelia Sach and in Victorian England. Annie Walters (executed 1903). The last baby farmer • The book Mama’s Babies by Gary Crew is the story to be executed in Britain was Rhoda Willis, who was of a child of a baby farmer in the 1890s. hanged in Wales in 1907. The only woman to be exe- cuted in New Zealand, Minnie Dean, was a baby farmer. • The silent film Sparrows (1926) with Mary Pickford In Scandinavia there was a euphemism for this activity: was set in a baby farm in the Southern swamps. "änglamakerska" (Swedish, including Hilda Nilsson) and "englemagerske" (Danish), both literally meaning a fe- • In The Fire Thief trilogy of novels, a baby farm fig- male “angel maker”. ures prominently. 1 2 6 EXTERNAL LINKS • Australian musical The Hatpin features a mother’s experience with baby farmers and was inspired by the true story of Amber Murray and the Makin fam- ily. • In a March 2013 episode of Syfy's Haunted Col- lector, John Zaffis and his team discovered that a Boston cigar bar used to house a baby farm in the 1870s. Ms. Elwood, who ran the farm, was found to have abused and even killed some of the infants there. They also found a syringe buried in the build- ing’s foundation dating to the same time frame of the farm.[3] 5 References [1] excerpt from Jane Austen: A Biography [2] Hall, Allan (3 November 2006). “Secret Nazi 'baby farm' children meet”. Daily Mail. [3] "'Haunted Collector': Cigar Bar Used To Be A 'Baby Farm' That Abused Children (VIDEO)". Huffpost TV. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2016. 6 External links • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baby-Farming". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. • “Baby farming” from the Adoption History Project • Homrighaus, Ruth Ellen. Baby Farming: The Care of Illegitimate Children in England, 1860–1943. Ph.D. diss., 2003. Rev. ed., 2010, at Historytools. • Baby farmers (NZHistory.net.nz) 3 7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 7.1 Text • Baby farming Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_farming?oldid=717324489 Contributors: The Epopt, Enchanter, SimonP, Ellmist, Bignose, KF, Hephaestos, Emperorbma, WhisperToMe, Tschild, Timrollpickering, Pabouk, Vanished user 1234567890, User2004, Xezbeth, Hooperbloob, Carbon Caryatid, Esrob, Happygeenp, Avenue, Dtobias, Nfras, Enragedferret, Texasmusician, Gra- ham87, Ian Pitchford, GuruBuckaroo, Jpfagerback, David Voelker, Asarelah, Elkman, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Reedy, Konczewski, PiMaster3, Parrot of Doom, Stereorock, KimChee, ChristineD, Ssilvers, Jmg38, Jamie Mackay, Anjijoy, Rob.hranac, Fences and win- dows, Cannibalist, Alan Rockefeller, Soundofmusicals, Oisin Allen, Malick78, Pacifism91, Hetaira~enwiki, Boneyard90, JasonAQuest, Legobot, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Clarinetguy097, Bob Burkhardt, Laelele, Reimmichl-212, Acsian88, Wikipelli, PBS-AWB, Avi- cAWB, ClueBot NG, Jorgenev, Thenoisybird, SteenthIWbot, Lestermandersson, Eric Corbett, Cyrej, Chris Brookes Author, NOJuju and Anonymous: 38 7.2 Images • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 7.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baby-Farming’ in England and Wales in the Wake of the Children Act 1908
    Crimes and Misdemeanours 3/2 (2009) ISSN 1754-0445 ‘MORE IGNORANT AND STUPID THAN WILFULLY CRUEL’: HOMICIDE TRIALS AND ‘BABY-FARMING’ IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN THE WAKE OF THE CHILDREN ACT 1908 Daniel Grey1 Abstract This article examines the impact of the Children Act 1908 on longstanding concerns that foster or informally 'adoptive' parents were uniquely likely to murder the children in their care. Making particular reference to the last two high-profile cases of 'baby-farmers' tried for homicide on the Welsh and English Assize circuits (in 1907 and 1919, respectively) it argues that the infant life protection provisions in the 1908 Act had a dramatic and immediate impact on such prosecutions, removing the automatic presumption of malice in cases where fostered or adopted children died in suspicious circumstances. Keywords: baby-farming, Infant Life Protection Acts, child homicide Introduction Harry William George Roberts, son of a labourer also named Harry Roberts, was born on 19 December 1909 at the Dorset harbour town of Weymouth. His mother had died within four days of giving birth – presumably from puerperal fever, which remained a major cause of maternal mortality until the development of sulphonamide drugs in the 1930s.2 When Roberts looked for a family to care for his son, Robert Flann, a 41 year old labourer, and his 43 year old wife Annie agreed to look after him. Initially they did so free of charge, and when Roberts found work and offered to pay towards his son‟s upkeep, he was assured by Flann that the offered sum of half-a- crown was unnecessary, and „two shillings would do.‟3 None of this suggests a pecuniary motivation for taking in the little boy, and indeed, the baby‟s aunt later testified that the Flanns had always seemed very loving adoptive parents as she regularly saw Robert Flann nursing and fussing over him.
    [Show full text]
  • The SSAFA Reading Gurkha Project – Update 2018
    No 645 Caversham Bridge www.cavershambridge.org Price 40p November 2018 The SSAFA Reading Gurkha Project – update 2018 he SSAFA (The Armed Forces Charity) which has grown out of the Soldiers, confidence in the town - so different Seaman and Air Force Association has a local presence in its Berkshire from the rather withdrawn, sad, quiet branch. The SSAFA helps veterans and service personnel, and their families, ladies of the past. As their confidence in the local community and relies on public donations to continue its work. has grown, they no longer need a man SSAFA has a commitment to provide support with experienced, non- to accompany them and they love Tjudgemental and friendly advice, as well as a variety of practical services which cover a their new freedom. We hear that the range of social, family and financial issues. One of the main local activities supported community is having to get used to the is the SSAFA Reading Gurkha Ladies Project which supports women in the Nepali women’s new attitude! community and provides opportunities All of this is due in no small part for developing literacy and for facilitating to the enthusiastic volunteers who community integration. work with them each week increasing The last week in September is the first their ability in the English language, Sharing a group activity week of term for the SSAFA Reading understanding, cultural awareness and so much more. Many volunteers have been Gurkha Ladies Project. The volunteers with the project since it started seven years ago, most of whom read about it in have returned from their holidays fresh, the Caversham Bridge, so this publication can really feel some responsibility for its energetic and ready to go.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1960, Volume 55, Issue No. 4
    MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 55, No. 4 DECEMBER, i960 CONTENTS PAGE George Calvert: His Yorkshire Boyhood ]ames W. Foster 261 Constitutional Reform and Election Statistics in Maryland, 1790-1812 /. R. Vole 275 The Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689 Michael G. Kammen 293 Old Quaker Burying Ground, "West River /. Reaney Kelly 334 John Ferdinand Dalziel Smith: Loyalist Harold Hancock 346 Sidelights 359 Letter of Francis Scott Key ed. by Franklin R. Mullaly Excerpts from Two Pinkney Letter Books ed. by Dorothy Brown Reviews of Recent Books 371 Cappon, ed.. The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Corre- spondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, by Charles A. Barker Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, by Curtis Carroll Davis Hall, Benjamin Franklin and Polly Baker: The History of a Literary Deception, by Ellen Hart Smith Hamilton, Braddock's Defeat: The Journal of Captain Cholmelefs Batman, ... by Milton W. Hamilton Sears, George Washington and the French Revolution, by Ellen Hart Smith Parham, ed., ATy Odyssey: Experiences of a Young Refugee from Two Revolutions ... by Frank F. White, Jr. Powers, ed., The Maryland Postal History Catalog . ., by H. Findlay French Gray et al, The Historian's Handbook: A Key to the Study and Writing of History, by Frank F. White, Jr. Ferguson and Ferguson, The Piscataway Indians of Southern Maryland, by Frederic Matthew Stiner Notes and Queries 380 Contributors 383 Annual Subscription to the Magazine, $4.00. Each issue $1.00. The Magazine assumes no responsibility for statements or opinions expressed in its pages. Richard Walsh, Editor C. A. Porter Hopkins, Asst.
    [Show full text]
  • Amelia Dyer and Baby Killing Professor Joanna Bourke 14
    Amelia Dyer and Baby Killing Professor Joanna Bourke 14 January 2021 This is the third of six talks on Evil Women. Eve was the original one, allegedly responsible for introducing sin into the world, resulting in the banishment of humanity from the Garden of Eden. We then turned to the much-maligned Evil Witch in the popular fairy-tale, Snow White. But today, we turn our gaze towards a very different woman who has been branded evil. Unlike Eve and the Wicked Witch, this woman was a material, flesh-and-blood presence. She is Amelia Dyer, serial killer of babies and infants. She was the most prolific mass murderer (at least on British soil) in modern British history. With the mythical Eve, I pointed to the misogyny of the Christian Church. The story of the Evil Witch in Snow White was told as a tale about fears of aging, active women. But Dyer was no myth or phantasm within a folktale. She was a real woman who, over a thirty-year period in late nineteenth century Britain, murdered around 300 infants. She has been dubbed a ‘baby butcher’ and ‘angel maker’. She was a ‘ghoul’. Until 1979, her monstrous deeds earned her a prominent place in the Chamber of Horrors section of Madame Tussauds. Journalist and ‘true crime’ biographers have branded her as ‘one of Victorian Britain’s most evil murderers’, ‘fiendish’, ‘diabolical’, one of the ‘terrible monsters’ of Victorian Britain, and a ‘mother super devil’ who ‘slithered her way… to baby farming’. As late as 2019, one popular author even adopted a physiognomic approach, claiming that Dyer’s ‘malevolence’ could be seen in ‘her fearsome features’, which ‘reflected the horrific crime with which she was charged’.
    [Show full text]
  • Geer Genealogy
    THE GEER GENEALOGY A HISTORIC1\L RECORD OF GEORGE AND THOMAS GEER AND THEIR DESCENDANTS · IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1623 TO 1923 BY WALTER GEER ILLUS'I'RA'I'ED NEW YORK •• BRENCfA.NO'S COPYRIGHT 1923, BY WALTER GEER All rights resmetl THE PLIMPTON PRESS NOi!. WOOD•MASS•ll'•S•A Jn £!1!}emotiam EVEREI I SELDEN GEER 23 FEBRUARY 1850-24 OCTOBER :i:917 FOREWORD N PRESENTING a revised and enlarged edition of the Geer Genealogy, it may be of interest to place on I record some facts in relation to the two works already published, and also tell the story of one which never appeared. In 1856, James Geer, of Ledyard, Connecticut, pub­ lished a little book of eighty-four pages, entitled His­ torical Sketch and Genealogy of George and Thomas Geer from r62r to r856. James Geer was then seventy-two years of age. He was a descendant in the fifth generation of George Geer, through his fourth son, Robert. His family had always lived on the homestead of George Geer, which is also still the home of his own descendants. As much of the material contained in the First Part of this volume is taken ~rom the Genealogy published by James Geer, we quote here a part of his Introduction in which he states the origin of his work: " Living as the writer does upon the homestead of George Geer, and having in his possession many of th~ original papers belonging to him and his children, it very naturally prompted frequent inquiries respecting the pa:.'t history of the Geer Family on the part of those de­ scendants who visited the spot once trodden by our honored and revered sire.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospectus Supplement.Indd 2 13/11/2013 21:43 TH FORM6 TABLE 1 AVERAGE POINTS ACHIEVED by YEAR GROUP 13 AFTER 2 YEARS STUDY
    PROSPECTUS TH SUPPLEMENT FORM THE BISHOP’S STORTFORD HIGH SCHOOL 6th form prospectus6 supplement.indd 1 13/11/2013 21:43 TH FORM6 TBSHS A-LEVEL RESULTS 2013 Students at The Bishop’s Stortford High School have smashed However the highest scores of all were achieved by Adam all records with their results in this year’s A Level exams. Wiles who swept the board with 4 A* Grades at A Level and Yet again the pass rate was 100%, with nearly one-third of a similar result in his Extended Project to read Computing at all passes coming at Grades A* or A and 63% of them at Imperial College, London. Grade B or above. Both of these figures represent the highest ever reached at The School. Consequently no fewer than 47 In addition to the students mentioned, Tom Barker, Ed Grant, students, including nearly 40% of female applicants, have won Rachel Hogan, Tugrul Irmak, Tom Kitchen, Craig Murray, Rob places at prestigious Russell Group universities. Muscroft, Toby Newman, Will Readshaw, John Reynolds, Alex Robertson, Ben Ruffles, Keyan Shah, Jack Stevens, Callum Individual successes included Tse, James Twamley and Luke Williams each gained at least 3 A Level passes at Grades A or A*. Katherine Cowles, whose 4A*s and 1 A earned her a place at St Edmund Hall, Oxford to read English and French Acting Head Teacher Paul Noble said, “I am truly delighted with these outstanding results. Supported by their parents Annie Loveday achieved 3 A*s and 2 As and will be studying and their extremely dedicated, inspirational teachers, our History at St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth Mother and the Evolution of Adoption Policy and Practice in England Since 1926 by Dr Jatinder Sandhu
    The birth mother and the evolution of adoption policy and practice in England since 1926 by Dr Jatinder Sandhu A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the Degree of PhD This research programme was carried out in collaboration with Family Care Adoption Agency, Nottingham. October 2012 Queries regarding this work should be directed to: [email protected] Abstract This PhD is an empirical investigation of how the evolution of adoption agency policy and practice in the twentieth century has impacted upon birth mothers’ motives for relinquishment, and their experiences of adoption. It examines how birth mothers have reached decisions about the adoption of their children, their role in the adoption process and how these answers have varied historically. Further, it attempts to understand the relationship between birth mothers’ experiences and wider moral, social and policy environments and how adoption agencies have mediated that relationship. Attitudes towards initiating and maintaining contact are also examined. Understanding changes in birth mothers’ options, motives and experiences of adoption have important implications for the adoption support services offered by adoption agencies. This thesis used a mixed methods approach, combining documentary analysis, with interviews and focus groups. This PhD draws upon archival materials collated from adoption case files, adoption panel meeting minutes (APMM), annual reports and other official documentation. It also utilizes evidence collated interviews carried out with six former Family Care personnel and professionals from six other adoption agencies, along with two focus groups carried out with the seven members of Family Care’s current adoption team.
    [Show full text]
  • Illegitimacy in English Law and Society, 1860–1930
    Illegitimacy in English law and society, 1860–1930 Illegitimacy in English law and society, 1860–1930 Ginger S. Frost Manchester University Press Copyright © Ginger S. Frost 2016 The right of Ginger S. Frost to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 1 7849 9260 6 hardback First published 2016 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guara ntee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Typeset by Out of House Publishing Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1 ‘Strangers in the blood’: custody, inheritance, and taxation 14 2 ‘The workhouse or death’: maternal crimes and illegitimacy 49 3 Part of the family? Non-maternal carers in the criminal courts 79 4 Courts of last resort: affiliation and the poor law 109 5 Simple acts of justice: illegitimacy and law reform 146 6 Love and loss: family and illegitimacy 179 7 ‘Passed from hand to hand’: child circulation 204 8 ‘Bad blood’? Social discrimination 238 Conclusion 266 Bibliography 276 Index 292 Acknowledgements All books are collaborative efforts to one extent or another. I have accrued many debts in writing this book, financially and intel- lectually.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobody's Child the Theme of Illegitimacy in the Novels of Charles Dickens. George Eliot and Wilkie Collins Nicola Justine Louise
    NOBODY'S CHILD THE THEME OF ILLEGITIMACY IN THE NOVELS OF CHARLES DICKENS. GEORGE ELIOT AND WILKIE COLLINS NICOLA JUSTINE LOUISE SHUTT D. PHIL. THE UNIVERSITY OF YORK DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND RELATED LITERATURE DECEMBER 1990 IABLE_OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements iv Lbstract Abbreviations vi A Note On Terms vi INTRODUCTION 1 (..HAPTER 1 Illegitimacy in England - A Brief Survey 5 What is Illegitimacy? 5 ii The Legal Background to Illegitimacy 6 iii Changing Social Attitudes to Illegitimacy 7 iv Illegitimacy in Culture and Literature 23 CHAPTER 2 Charles Dickens: The Drama of the Abused Child 46 Oliver Twist: The Workhouse Brat 46 ii Barnaby Rudge: The Natural Child 51 iii Dombey and Son: The Fallen Woman 56 iv Bleak House.: The Child Which Should Never Have Been Born 60 Little Dorrit: The Imprisoned Revolutionary 75 vi Great Expectations: The Orphan Prince and the Bastard Princess 91 vii Conclusion: The Drama of the Abused Child 101 CHAPTER 3 George Eliot: The Problems of Parenting 113 Adam Bede.: Infanticide, Kinship and Community 113 ii Romoia: Adoption, Rejection and Parricide 121 iii Felix Holt: Heirship, The Law and Economics 132 iv Ifiddlemarch: The Insecurity of Inheritance and the Impotence of the Law 143 Daniel Deronda: The Bastard in English Society and an the World Stage 149 vi Conclusion: The Problems of Parenting 166 CHAPTER 4 Wilkie Collins: Sensation and Psychosis 176 Elde and Seek and The Dead Secret: Lies, 176 Secrets and Silences ii The Woman in White: The Illegitimate Identity in Peril 182 iii No Name: The Destruction
    [Show full text]
  • True Crime New Zealand 2
    1. TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND 2. TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND THE CASES: VOLUME ONE SIRIUS RUST SIRIUS PUBLISHING TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND 3. First published in 2019 Copyright © True Crime New Zealand Email: [email protected] Web: www.TrueCrimeNZ.com TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND 4. CONTENTS Introduction by Jessica Rust 6. History of True Crime New Zealand 9. Case 1: Parker-Hulme Murder, 1957, Christchurch 17. - Part I: Events Leading up to Murder 18. - Part II: Events Subsequent to Murder 49. Case 2: The Missing Swedes, 1989, Thames 67. - Prologue: A Trip of a Lifetime 68. - Investigation: Following Leads 82. - Epilogue: The Next Twenty Years 103. Case 3: Schlaepfer Family Murders, 1992, Paerata 122. Case 4: Delcelia Witika, 1991, Mangere 136. Case 5: Maketū Wharetōtara, 1842, Russell 154. Case 6: Minnie Dean, 1895, Winton 171. Case 7: Walter James Bolton, 1957, Wanganui 191. Case 8: Graeme Burton, 1992, Lower Hutt 210. - Part I: Paul Anderson 211. - Part II: Karl Kuchenbecker 223. Case 9: Joe Kum Yung, 1905, Wellington 249. Case 10: Brent Garner, 1996, Ashhurst 268. TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND 5. - Part I: Venus 270. - Part II: Mars 283. Case 11: The Crewe Murders, 1970, Pukekawa 294. - Prologue: Pukekawa 295. - Investigation: Looking for Evidence 310. - Epilogue: Nine Long Years 333. Case 12: The Rainbow Warrior, 1985, Auckland 356. - Prologue: Nuclear Proliferation 358. - Part I: Warriors of the Rainbow 365. - Part II: Operation Satanic 379. - Epilogue: Nuclear Free New Zealand 392. Aknowledgements 401. TRUE CRIME NEW ZEALAND 6. Introduction I met my husband in 2012. I was a lonely, insecure young woman.
    [Show full text]
  • American Images of Childhood in an Age of Educational and Social
    AMERICAN IMAGES OF CHILDHOOD IN AN AGE OF EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL REFORM, 1870-1915 By AMBER C. STITT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art History and Art CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2013 2 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of Amber C. Stitt, candidate for the PhD degree*. _________________Henry Adams________________ (chair of the committee) _________________Jenifer Neils_________________ _________________Gary Sampson_________________ _________________Renée Sentilles_________________ Date: March 8, 2013 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. 3 Table of Contents: List of Figures 11. Acknowledgments 38. Abstract 41. Introduction 43. Chapter I 90. Nineteenth-Century Children’s Social Reform 86. The Cruel Precedent. 88. The Cultural Trope of the “Bad Boy” 92. Revelations in Nineteenth-Century Childhood Pedagogy 97. Kindergarten 90. Friedrich Froebel 91. Froebel’s American Champions 93. Reflections of New Pedagogy in Children’s Literature 104. Thomas Bailey Aldrich 104. Mark Twain 107. The Role of Gender in Children’s Literature 110. Conclusions 114. Chapter II 117. Nineteenth-Century American Genre Painters 118. Predecessors 118. Early Themes of American Childhood 120. The Theme of Family Affection 121. 4 The Theme of the Stages of Life 128. Genre Painting 131. George Caleb Bingham 131. William Sidney Mount 137. The Predecessors: A Summary 144. The Innovators: Painters of the “Bad Boy” 145. Eastman Johnson 146. Background 147. Johnson’s Early Images of Children 151. The Iconic Work: Boy Rebellion 160. Johnson: Conclusions 165. Winslow Homer 166. Background 166.
    [Show full text]
  • True Crime and Baby Farming: Representing Amelia Dyer
    This is a peer-reviewed, post-print (final draft post-refereeing) version of the following published document and is licensed under All Rights Reserved license: Beyer, Charlotte ORCID: 0000-0002-2701-5443 (2015) True Crime and Baby Farming: Representing Amelia Dyer. Human, 5. pp. 101-117. Official URL: http://humanjournal.org/issue-5-crime-writing-special-issue/ EPrint URI: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/id/eprint/2508 Disclaimer The University of Gloucestershire has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material. The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation or warranties of commercial utility, title, or fitness for a particular purpose or any other warranty, express or implied in respect of any material deposited. The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation that the use of the materials will not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark or other property or proprietary rights. The University of Gloucestershire accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR TEXT. This is a peer-reviewed, post-print (final draft post-refereeing) version of the following published document: Beyer, Charlotte (2015). True Crime and Baby Farming: Representing Amelia Dyer. The Human, 5, 101 - 117 Published in The Human, and available online at: http://humanjournal.org/issue-5-crime-writing-special-issue/ We recommend you cite the published (post-print) version. The URL for the published version is http://humanjournal.org/issue-5-crime-writing- special-issue/ Disclaimer The University of Gloucestershire has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material.
    [Show full text]