Handbook of Rigging About the Authors Joseph A. MacDonald—of San Diego, CA—has more than 45 years of editing experience in the engineering and construction sector, including 18 years with Engineering News-Record and Construction Methods & Equipment; as well as 10 years engineering field experience on various construction projects throughout New York and New England. During his years with McGraw-Hill, he was editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of U.S. Building & Construction Technology (a McGraw-Hill/Chilton joint venture publication for the former Soviet Union); managing editor of CM&E; senior editor of EN-R; editor of the Directory of Construc- tion Information Resources (EN-R); and coeditor of the Handbook of Rigging (fourth ed). Since 1980, he has served as chief editor for a number of international publications, including Private Power Executive, Information Display, and Computers for Design & Construction. In 1974, he received the industry’s top Technical Article Award for his chapter “Will Solid Wastes Bury Us?”—published originally in Engineering News-Record’s 100th anniversary publication Probing the Future, and then republished (in Japanese) by Kajima Institute Publishing Co. Ltd. (1975). He earned his degree in civil engineering from Man- hattan College, Riverdale, NY; graduated from the U.S. Naval Construction Battalion (Seabee) School, Port Huen- eme, CA; and served as a Mobile Construction Battalion project engineer for the construction of a 250-personnel naval facility. W. E. Rossnagel was a consulting and fire-protection engineer and was a safety engineer with the Consolidated Edison Company of New York. Lindley R. Higgins was a professional engineer, writer, and consultant in the construction industry for more than 25 years. He was editor of McGraw-Hill’s Handbook of Construction Equipment and Maintenance and its Mainte- nance Engineering Handbook. Handbook of Rigging Lifting, Hoisting, and Scaffolding for Construction and Industrial Operations Joseph A. MacDonald W. E. Rossnagel Lindley R. Higgins Fifth Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009, 1988, 1964, 1957, 1950 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-164092-3 MHID: 0-07-164092-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-149301-7, MHID: 0-07-149301-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other profes- sional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licen- sors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as per- mitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COM- PLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPER- LINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER- CHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licen- sors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your require- ments or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licen- sors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Contents Preface . xxv Introduction . xxvii Section 1 Codes, Standards, and Regulations 1 Codes and Standards . 3 1.1 Building Codes . 3 Codes Guide . 4 1.2 U.S. Consensus Standards and Specifi cations . 4 ANSI—American National Standards Institute . 4 ANSI/ASCE—American National Standards Institute/American Society of Civil Engineers . 5 ASTM—ASTM International . 5 CSI—Construction Specifi cations Institute . 5 NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology . 5 1.3 Industry Consensus Standards . 6 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) . 6 American Welding Society (AWS) . 7 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) . 7 1.4 Recommended Practices and Guidelines . 7 1.5 Regulations and Standards . 8 OSHA Regulations . 8 U.S. Consensus Standards and Guidelines . 8 2 Government Regulations . 9 2.1 Federal Regulations . 9 OSHA . 9 Department of Energy (DOE) . 10 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 11 Stormwater Runoff . 11 Solid and Hazardous Waste . 11 Spill Reporting . 12 v vi Contents 2.2 State Requirements and Local Ordinances . 12 2.3 Licenses, Permits, and Certifi cations . 14 Licenses . 14 Building Permits . 14 Zoning Requirements . 15 2.4 Compliance Resources . 15 Section 2 Engineering Principles 3 Basic Machines . 19 3.1 Mechanical Laws . 19 Inclined Plane . 20 Leverage . 22 Pulley System . 23 Wheel and Axle . 23 3.2 Determining Stresses . 25 Swinging Scaffold . 25 Derrick . 25 Sling . 27 3.3 Effect of Motion . 29 3.4 Determining Weight of Loads . 31 Structural Shape Weights . 32 3.5 Calculating Approximate Weights . 33 3.6 Determining Centers of Gravity . 36 Plane Figures . 36 Irregular Objects . 36 3.7 Applying Factors of Safety . 39 4 Wood Technology . 41 4.1 Physical Properties . 41 Shrinkage . 42 Density and Specifi c Gravity . 44 Weathering . 44 4.2 Common Wood Defects . 45 Growth-related . 45 Seasoning-related . 45 Wood Deterioration . 45 Knots . 46 Pitch Pockets . 46 Checks . 48 Shakes . 48 Warping . 48 Reaction Wood . 50 Contents vii 4.3 External Causes of Damage . 50 Temperature . 51 Decay or Rot . 51 Termites . 53 4.4 Mechanical Properties . 54 Wood Strength and Stiffness . 55 Shakes . 56 Pitch Pockets . 57 Grain Angle . 57 Brashness . 59 Creep . 60 Compression Failures . 60 Reaction Wood . 60 5 Wood Structural Members . 63 5.1 Structural Properties . 65 5.2 Structural Members . 67 Beams . 67 Joists . 72 Planks . 72 Columns . 74 5.3 Rules-of-Thumb . 76 References . 77 Industry Standards Resources and Guidelines . 77 6 Metal Structural Members . 79 6.1 Structural Metal Shape Properties . 80 6.2 Selecting Structural Metal Beams . 81 6.3 Design Calculations . 83 Shear . 85 Equivalent Distributed Loads . 85 Bearing Plate . 85 6.4 Steel Structural Sections . 87 6.5 Aluminum Structural Sections . 90 Web . 92 References . 92 Regulations and Standards . 92 OSHA Regulations . 92 U.S. Consensus Standards . 93 Industry Consensus Standards and Guidelines . ..