Handbook of Rigging About the Authors Joseph A
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Handbook of Rigging About the Authors Joseph A. MacDonald—of San Diego, CA—has more than 45 years of editing experience in the engineering and construction sector, including 18 years with Engineering News-Record and Construction Methods & Equipment; as well as 10 years engineering field experience on various construction projects throughout New York and New England. During his years with McGraw-Hill, he was editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of U.S. Building & Construction Technology (a McGraw-Hill/Chilton joint venture publication for the former Soviet Union); managing editor of CM&E; senior editor of EN-R; editor of the Directory of Construc- tion Information Resources (EN-R); and coeditor of the Handbook of Rigging (fourth ed). Since 1980, he has served as chief editor for a number of international publications, including Private Power Executive, Information Display, and Computers for Design & Construction. In 1974, he received the industry’s top Technical Article Award for his chapter “Will Solid Wastes Bury Us?”—published originally in Engineering News-Record’s 100th anniversary publication Probing the Future, and then republished (in Japanese) by Kajima Institute Publishing Co. Ltd. (1975). He earned his degree in civil engineering from Man- hattan College, Riverdale, NY; graduated from the U.S. Naval Construction Battalion (Seabee) School, Port Huen- eme, CA; and served as a Mobile Construction Battalion project engineer for the construction of a 250-personnel naval facility. W. E. Rossnagel was a consulting and fire-protection engineer and was a safety engineer with the Consolidated Edison Company of New York. Lindley R. Higgins was a professional engineer, writer, and consultant in the construction industry for more than 25 years. He was editor of McGraw-Hill’s Handbook of Construction Equipment and Maintenance and its Mainte- nance Engineering Handbook. Handbook of Rigging Lifting, Hoisting, and Scaffolding for Construction and Industrial Operations Joseph A. MacDonald W. E. Rossnagel Lindley R. Higgins Fifth Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009, 1988, 1964, 1957, 1950 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-164092-3 MHID: 0-07-164092-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-149301-7, MHID: 0-07-149301-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Contents Preface . xxv Introduction . xxvii Section 1 Codes, Standards, and Regulations 1 Codes and Standards . 3 1.1 Building Codes . 3 Codes Guide . 4 1.2 U.S. Consensus Standards and Specifi cations . 4 ANSI—American National Standards Institute . 4 ANSI/ASCE—American National Standards Institute/American Society of Civil Engineers . 5 ASTM—ASTM International . 5 CSI—Construction Specifi cations Institute . 5 NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology . 5 1.3 Industry Consensus Standards . 6 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) . 6 American Welding Society (AWS) . 7 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) . 7 1.4 Recommended Practices and Guidelines . 7 1.5 Regulations and Standards . 8 OSHA Regulations . 8 U.S. Consensus Standards and Guidelines . 8 2 Government Regulations . 9 2.1 Federal Regulations . 9 OSHA . 9 Department of Energy (DOE) . 10 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 11 Stormwater Runoff . 11 Solid and Hazardous Waste . 11 Spill Reporting . 12 v vi Contents 2.2 State Requirements and Local Ordinances . 12 2.3 Licenses, Permits, and Certifi cations . 14 Licenses . 14 Building Permits . 14 Zoning Requirements . 15 2.4 Compliance Resources . 15 Section 2 Engineering Principles 3 Basic Machines . 19 3.1 Mechanical Laws . 19 Inclined Plane . 20 Leverage . 22 Pulley System . 23 Wheel and Axle . 23 3.2 Determining Stresses . 25 Swinging Scaffold . 25 Derrick . 25 Sling . 27 3.3 Effect of Motion . 29 3.4 Determining Weight of Loads . 31 Structural Shape Weights . 32 3.5 Calculating Approximate Weights . 33 3.6 Determining Centers of Gravity . 36 Plane Figures . 36 Irregular Objects . 36 3.7 Applying Factors of Safety . 39 4 Wood Technology . 41 4.1 Physical Properties . 41 Shrinkage . 42 Density and Specifi c Gravity . 44 Weathering . 44 4.2 Common Wood Defects . 45 Growth-related . 45 Seasoning-related . 45 Wood Deterioration . 45 Knots . 46 Pitch Pockets . 46 Checks . 48 Shakes . 48 Warping . 48 Reaction Wood . 50 Contents vii 4.3 External Causes of Damage . 50 Temperature . 51 Decay or Rot . 51 Termites . 53 4.4 Mechanical Properties . 54 Wood Strength and Stiffness . 55 Shakes . 56 Pitch Pockets . 57 Grain Angle . 57 Brashness . 59 Creep . 60 Compression Failures . 60 Reaction Wood . 60 5 Wood Structural Members . 63 5.1 Structural Properties . 65 5.2 Structural Members . 67 Beams . 67 Joists . 72 Planks . 72 Columns . 74 5.3 Rules-of-Thumb . 76 References . 77 Industry Standards Resources and Guidelines . 77 6 Metal Structural Members . 79 6.1 Structural Metal Shape Properties . 80 6.2 Selecting Structural Metal Beams . 81 6.3 Design Calculations . 83 Shear . 85 Equivalent Distributed Loads . 85 Bearing Plate . 85 6.4 Steel Structural Sections . 87 6.5 Aluminum Structural Sections . 90 Web . 92 References . 92 Regulations and Standards . 92 OSHA Regulations . 92 U.S. Consensus Standards . 93 Industry Consensus Standards and Guidelines . ..