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LIGHT's LABOUR's LOST Policies for Energy-Efficient Lighting INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY LIGHT'S LABOUR'S LOST Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting In support of the G8 Plan of Action Warning: Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/w/ bookshop/pricing.html ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY PROFILES 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 16:55 Page 1 LIGHT'S LABOUR'S LOST Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting In support of the G8 Plan of Action ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY PROFILES INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: • to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions; • to promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations; • to operate a permanent information system on the international oil market; • to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use; • to assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies. The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the IEA. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. © OECD/IEA, 2006 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to: International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Publications Service, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France. 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 15:56 Page 3 FOREWORD When the incandescent lamp was first commercialised the main mode of transport was the horse,trains were powered by steam,balloons were the only means of flight and the telegraph was the state of the art for long-distance communication. Much has changed in the intervening 127 years, but much has also remained the same. In 1879 the incandescent lamp set a new standard in energy-efficient lighting technology, but today good-quality compact fluorescent lamps need only one- quarter of the power to provide the same amount of light. Yet most of us continue to rely on the “horse” of the incandescent lamp instead of the “internal combustion engine” of the compact fluorescent lamp. Nor is this the only way in which lighting energy is being wasted. We illuminate rooms when we’re not there, we over-light spaces, we squander available daylight and we underutilise the most efficient street lighting and non-residential building lighting technologies. This might not matter were it not for the severe challenges we face in securing a clean, sustainable and affordable energy system. Electricity generation is the main source of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and lighting uses one-fifth of its output. Despite having many higher-efficiency and lower-cost alternatives, we continue to use less efficient and more expensive lighting technologies. Is this because we are inherently attached to these older technologies, or is it simply because we stick to what we know when unaware or unsure of the merits of the alternatives? In each of the main lighting end-use sectors (commercial buildings, households, industrial lighting, outdoor lighting and vehicle lighting), this book shows that not only do more cost-effective and higher- efficiency alternative choices exist, but that they could be deployed very quickly were the current market barriers to be addressed. Doing this would allow our economies to be stronger and cleaner without sacrificing anything in our quality of life. Moreover, the policies that can bring about this change have been tested and found to work. What is needed is more comprehensive and vigorous implementation in each economy and lighting sector. This book shows us why and how we should do so. Claude Mandil Executive Director, International Energy Agency 3 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 17:10 Page 6 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 15:56 Page 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Light’s Labour’s Lost was written and researched by Paul Waide and Satoshi Tanishima with contributions from Phil Harrington, Guyane Knight,Thomas Gueret, Sierra Peterson and Jane Rubery, all of the Energy Efficiency and Environment Division. Additional input on the analysis and modelling were provided by Ming Yang, Thomas Gueret and the staff of the Energy Economic Analysis Division. Helpful reviews were provided by Alan Meier,Rick Bradley, Noé Van Hulst, Fatih Birol and Claude Mandil. Copy-editing was performed by Kerry Munro and production by the staff of the CIO Division. The authors would also like to thank the following people for their valuable contributions towards producing this book: the members of the IEA Energy Efficiency Working Party, Gerald Strickland, Tim Whittaker, Harry Verhaar, Michael Scholand, David Goldstein, Evan Mills, Takeshi Sekiyama, Paolo Bertoldi, Julian Aizenberg, Gilberto Januzzi, Caspar Kofod, Olivier Sidler, Nils Borg, Kate Conway,Roger Fouquet, Peter Pearson, Adam Hinge, Steve Nadel, Hilary Graves, Diana Vorsatz, Egil Ofverholm, Peter Boyce, Guy Newsham, Jennifer Veitch, Steve Weil, Marc Fontoynont, Peter Karbo,Vincent Berrutto, Chuaru Murakoshi, Hidetoshi Nakagami, Eric Richman, Conrad Brunner,Jean- Christophe Visier, Hans Nilsson, Stuart Jeffcott, Benoît Lebot, Matt Oravetz, Mark Ellis, Peter du Pont, Li Aixan,Li Tienan,Lloyd Harrington and Shane Holt. Grateful thanks are also due to the following organisations and bodies for their contributions: the European Lamp Companies Federation, LEDs Magazine, Philips Lighting, Faktor Licht magazine, Navigant Consulting, the Japanese Luminaire Association, the New Buildings Institute, the Australian Greenhouse Office, the US Department of Energy, the UK Market Transformation Programme, CADDET, Syndicat Francais de l’Eclairage, STEM, the Lighting Research Center, the European Commission, Science magazine, Natural Resources Canada, Danish Electricity Savings Trust,IESNA, ECCJ, Fagerhult Lighting, Energy Efficiency Conservation Authority of New Zealand, Dena, KEMCO, CNIS, CECP, CEC, EGAT, Energy Savings Trust, the European GreenLight Programme, the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling and Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Implementing Agreements, Statoil, Gas Natural, Beerse Metallwerken (Belgium), Colombo shopping centre (Portugal) and the City of Sassari (Italy). Thanks in large measure to their efforts, we trust the fruits of these labours are not a case of Much Ado About Nothing… 5 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 17:10 Page 6 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 15:59 Page 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 25 OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 31 1 THE MEANING OF LIGHT . 61 So what is the meaning of light? . 64 2 IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: HUMAN FACTORS IN LIGHTING. 67 To see or not to see . 68 Human response to light . 68 What is light and how do we see? 69 Lighting quality: a primary driver of lighting energy needs 74 Lighting guidelines and design criteria . 84 Recommended illuminance levels and implications for lighting energy demand 85 Uniformity, surface reflectance, colour rendering and glare thresholds 94 Discussion 97 3 THESE LOVELY LAMPS: LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES AND DESIGN . 99 These windows of the soul . 100 General performance characteristics of lighting technologies . 101 Efficacy, lumen maintenance and temperature 101 Rated lamp life and useful lamp life 104 Lamp colour characteristics 105 Lamp types . 107 Incandescent lamps 110 Tungsten halogen lamps 112 Linear fluorescent lamps 115 Compact fluorescent lamps 119 7 01 - 23 Pages début + 531-537 abbr.qxd 15/06/06 15:59 Page 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps 123 Low-pressure sodium lamps 124 High-intensity discharge lamps 125 Induction lamps 130 Vehicle lamps 132 Summary of lamp characteristics 134 Control gear . 137 Ballasts
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