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Characterization, Modeling, and Optimization of Light-Emitting Diode Systems

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Characterization, Modeling, and Optimization of Light-Emitting Diode Systems Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 09, 2021 Characterization, Modeling, and Optimization of Light-Emitting Diode Systems Thorseth, Anders Publication date: 2011 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Thorseth, A. (2011). Characterization, Modeling, and Optimization of Light-Emitting Diode Systems. Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Ph.D. thesis Anders Thorseth Characterization, Modeling, and Optimiza- tion of Light-Emitting Diode Systems Principal supervisor: Jan W. Thomsen Co-supervisor: Carsten Dam-Hansen Submitted: 31/03/2011 i \Here forms, here colours, here the character of every part of the universe are concentrated to a point." Leonardo da Vinci, on the eye [156, p. 20] ii Abstract This thesis explores, characterization, modeling, and optimization of light-emitting diodes (LED) for general illumination. An automated setup has been developed for spectral radiometric characterization of LED components with precise control of the settings of forward current and oper- ating temperature. The automated setup has been used to characterize commercial LED components with respect to multiple settings. It is shown that the droop in quan- tum efficiency can be approximated by a simple parabolic function. The investigated models of the spectral power distributions (SPD) from LEDs are the strictly empirical single and double Gaussian functions, and a semi empirical model using quasi Fermi levels and other basic solid state principles. The models are fitted to measured SPDs, using the free parameters. The result show a high correlation between the measured LED SPD and the fitted models. When comparing the chromaticity of the measured SPD with fitted models, the deviation is found to be larger than the lower limit of hu- man color perception. A method has been developed to optimize multicolored cluster LED systems with respect to light quality, using multi objective optimization. The results are simulated SPDs similar to traditional light sources, and with high light quality. As part of this work the techniques have been applied in practical illumina- tion applications. The presented examples are historical artifacts and illumination of plants to increase photosynthesis. iv Resum´e Denne afhandling udforsker karakterisering, modellering og optimering af lysemitte- rende dioder (LED) til generel belysning. En automatiseret forsøgsopstilling er blevet udviklet til spektro-radiometrisk ka- rakterisering af LED komponenter, for forskellige indstillinger af strøm og driftstempe- ratur. Den automatiserede forsøgsopstilling har været brugt til at karakterisere kom- mercielle LED komponenter. Det er vist, at kvante effektivitet kan tilnærmes ved en simpel parabolsk funktion. De undersøgte modeller af spektralfordelinger fra lysdio- der enkelt og dobbelt Gauss-funktioner som er strengt empiriske, og en semi empirisk model baseret p˚akvasi Fermi niveauer og andre basale faststof principper. De frie parametre in modellerne er fittet til de m˚altespektralfordelinger. Resultatet viser en høj korrelation mellem den m˚alteLED spektralfordelinger og modellerne. N˚arman sammenligner kromaticiteten af de m˚altespektralfordelinger med de modellerede spek- tralfordelinger viser afvigelsen sig at være større end den nedre grænse for menneskets opfattelse af farver. En metode er udviklet til at optimere flerfarvede klynge LED sy- stemer med hensyn til lyskvalitet, ved hjælp af flerm˚aletoptimering. Resultaterne er simulerede spektralfordelinger med egenskaber lig traditionelle lyskilder, og med høj lyskvalitet. Som en del af dette projekt er disse teknikker blevet anvendt i praktiske belysningsprojekter. De beskrevne eksempler er belysning af historiske genstande og belysning af planter for at øge fotosyntesen. vi Preface This PhD project was carried out in the period from April 2007 to June 2010 at Department of Optics & Plasma (OPL) at Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde and in the Diode Lasers & LED Systems group at DTU Fotonik at Technical University of Denmark. Academic supervision was provided by the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen. Principle advisor was Jan W. Thomsen from NBI and project advisor was Carsten Dam-Hansen from DTU Fotonik. A period of four months was spent working with Nadarajah Narendran at the Lighting Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. The project was funded by OPL and was subsequently transferred to DTU Fotonik, following Risø National Laboratory's merger with DTU in 2007. Acknowledgments This work is dedicated to my wonderful wife Katja, and delightful children Balder and Iben. I would like to express my gratitude towards my advisor at DTU Fotonik; Carsten Dam-Hansen, for invaluable suggestions, support, and encouragement during the work. I would also like to thank Jan W. Thomsen and Birgitte Thestrup for their help and assistance. I am thankful for having being able to work with the members of the Diode Lasers & LED Systems group, and would like to thank group leader Paul Michael Petersen for this opportunity. From the group I would especially like to thank Peter Behrensdorff Poulsen, Søren Stentoft Hansen, Dennis Dan Corell, Peter Jensen, and Bjarne Sass, for their effort, work, and many inspirational conversations in the laboratory. I would also like to thank Dr. Narendran of the LRC for providing me with the privilege of working at the center, and Patric Lockhart and Lalith Jayasinghe for the good ideas and collaboration I received during my stay. I would also like to thank Tracy Meyer, Rosa Irizarry, Danny Miller, and Aaron Smith at the LRC for the their generosity towards my family and I during our stay in Troy. I would also like to express my appreciation for the help and patience from my friends, family the residents of Borchs Kollegium. Furthermore, I would like thank Louise Munk for helpful proofreading and Toke Lund Hansen for discussions and constructive criticism. Anders Thorseth, Copenhagen, March 2011 viii Outline First an introduction to the LED lighting opportunities and challenges is given in Chapter 1, with an overview of the historical development of the light-emitting diode and an overview of the developments within the field of multichannel LED lighting. Chapter 2 is a presentation of the theory related to the properties of LED with em- phasis on the spectral characteristics and modeling of LED spectra. Chapter 3 covers the used methods of characterization of light sources with respect to light quality as perceived by human beings. Chapter 4 presents the methods used for spectral radio- metric measurements of the light output from LEDs. Chapter 5 presents the results of the current and temperature characterization of LED light sources. In Chapter 6, a method for optimization of clustered LED light sources is presented. Chapter 7 covers two cases where different aspects of the previously covered work are used. Finally, a conclusion and outlook is given. Contents Abstract iii Resum´e v Preface vii Acknowledgments . vii Outline . viii List of Figures 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Development History of the LED . .7 1.2 Solid State Lighting . .8 1.3 Clustered LED Systems . 10 1.4 Summary . 11 2 Light-Emitting Diodes 13 2.1 Theory of Light-Emitting Diodes . 13 2.1.1 Semiconductors . 13 2.1.2 Radiative Recombination . 15 2.1.3 Non-Radiative Recombination . 17 2.1.4 The p-n Junction . 17 2.1.5 Non-Equilibrium Conditions . 19 2.1.6 Temperature Variations . 20 2.2 Empirical Models . 22 2.2.1 Gaussian Models . 22 2.2.2 Light Output . 23 2.3 Summary . 23 3 Light Quality 25 3.1 Basic Photometric Concepts . 26 3.2 Chromaticity . 29 3.2.1 Uniform Color Spaces . 29 x CONTENTS 3.3 Color Mixing . 31 3.4 Correlated Color Temperature . 31 3.5 Chromaticity Difference . 34 3.6 Color Rendering Index . 35 3.6.1 Reference Illuminants . 36 3.6.2 Chromatic Adaptation . 37 3.6.3 CRI Calculation Procedure . 38 3.7 Visual Thresholds . 40 3.8 Summary . 40 4 Measurement Setup 43 4.1 Integrating Spheres . 44 4.2 Calibration . 47 4.2.1 Spectral Calibration . 48 4.2.2 Calorimetric Calibration . 49 4.2.3 Absorption Correction . 51 4.3 Temperature Control . 53 4.4 Automated Setup . 55 4.4.1 Automated Spectrometeric Measurements . 57 4.4.2 Measurement Procedure . 57 4.5 Summary . 58 5 Current and Temperature Characterization 61 5.1 Current-Temperature Plane Characterization . 62 5.2 Spectral Models . 67 5.2.1 Temperature Dependence . 70 5.2.2 Chromaticity Replication . 73 5.3 Thermal Characterization . 73 5.3.1 Forward Voltage vs. Junction Temperature . 74 5.3.2 Experimental Procedure . 75 5.4 Summary . 77 6 Optimization of Light Quality 79 6.1 Optimization Characteristics . 81 6.2 Multi-Objective Optimization . 82 6.2.1 Hill Climber Search . 83 6.2.2 Pareto Optimal Parameters . 84 6.2.3 Implementation . 85 6.2.4 Possible Calculation Improvements . 87 6.3 Results . 88 6.3.1 Gamut Boundary Problem . 91 CONTENTS xi 6.4 Summary . 92 7 Applications 95 7.1 Museum Lighting . 95 7.1.1 Traditional Lighting Solution . 96 7.1.2 LED Solution . 97 7.1.3 Characterization . 99 7.1.4 Summary . 101 7.2 Plant Illumination .
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