25-Archaeological Investigations of 20OK476: a Late Eighteenth Century Native American Site on Apple Island, Oakland County, Michigan

Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU

Archaeological Reports Intercultural and Anthropological Studies

6-2015

25-Archaeological Investigations of 20OK476: A Late Eighteenth Century Native American Site on Apple Island, Oakland County, Michigan

David S. Brose Western Michigan University, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports

Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Report Number: 25

WMU ScholarWorks Citation Brose, David S., "25-Archaeological Investigations of 20OK476: A Late Eighteenth Century Native American Site on Apple Island, Oakland County, Michigan" (2015). Archaeological Reports. 16. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/16

This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Intercultural and Anthropological Studies at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Archaeological Reports by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Investigations of 20OK476: A Late Eighteenth Century Native American Site on Apple Island

Oakland County

Michigan

David S. Brose, Ph.D. Imprints from the Past, 24 (2) 1-28 + xvii

June 2015

Archaeological Report # 25 Department of Anthropology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan Abstract Archaeological investigations of Apple Island in Orchard Lake, Oakland County, Michigan, were casually begun in the early decades of the 20th century when the wners of the centrally located Campbell family, farm plowed up and then reinterred a Native American burial accompanied by a pewter bowl filled with white shell beads. 2000 and 2003 discontinuous shallow excavations conducted by local middle school students under the direction of Michael Stafford of the Cranbrook Institute of Science, yielded quantities of animal bone and a scattering of European trade goods. Stafford assigned these to a “Fur Trade” site but never fully reported on the site or its contents. In 2008 excavations supported by the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society and the University of Detroit - Mercy, were conducted by West Bloomfield School science teachers, directed by David S. Brosc. Careful stratigraphic and geomorphological analyses documented the extent of the 18th century occupation and revealed a sequence of prehistoric occupational events, overlain by up to 20 centimeters of colluvial soils overlaying the aboriginal occupation surfaces, below which intact sub-surface features such as fire-reddened hearth areas were preserved intact. With additional support from the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society, Imprints From The Past, LLC., and Western Michigan University, test excavations were conducted by Brose in 2013 along with detailed analyses of all recovered soils, faunal remains and artifacts. These studies demonstrate that the earliest scattered evidence for human occupation occurred during the Late Woodland Period, ca. AD 1000 - 1500. The major Native American occupation took place during the summer of 1763 by perhaps 3 sets of three or four related males. Statistical analyses of archaeological distributions along with historical documents strongly suggest that these were almost certainly a war party of Pottawatomi temporarily associated with Pontiac’s siege of Fort Detroit. Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Background History 1

Previous Archaeological Investigations 3

Natural and Cultural Stratigraphy 7

Archaeology Recovered 11

Material Culture and Chronology 13

Interpretations 22

Conclusions 26

Maps and Illustrations Following page 28

Appendices

Appendix A: Recovered Artifacts and Environmental Remains

Appendix B: Table of Recovered Fauna and Fire-Cracked Rock

Appendix C: References Cited

Appendix D: Notes to the Manuscript

Appendix E: 2008 Archaeological Test Unit Descriptions Introduction

The following report has been prepared for the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society (GWBHS), Orchard Lake, Michigan, as the conclusion to a multi-year effort to understand the significance of known and potential historical archaeological resources still preserved on Apple Island. While scattered recovery of fragmented late prehistoric ceramics have been identified at several locations on the island, the significant archaeological resources represent the traces of an ephemeral mid-to late 18th century Native American occupation of a small area on the northwestern shore of the island (Stafford 2003; Brose 2008), as well as a possibly contemporary burial on an individual on the higher ground at the center of the island. However, the vast bulk of the significant archaeological resources recovered (and yet to be recovered) from the island represent a time-transgressive palimsest of upper middle class Detroit merchant families who exploited the region and island first as a bucolic farm in which the role of a Scots Laird could be replicated, and subsequently as a caretaker-managed retreat heralding the aquatic summer vacation culture of the early 20th century in the upper midwest (Wurst 2014).

Historical Background Aboriginal Politics in the Late Colonial Era The end of the French and Indian War (1754-1761) and the subsequent occupation of the former French posts and forts led to a completely new inter-ethnic statuses for the American Indian occupants of the Great Lakes region and the British Colonial Ministry: a charged military and political relationship that continued through 1796 transfer of hegemony to the new American republic. The events of 1763-1764 surrounding what Parkman called The Conspiracy of Pontiac, defined

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 1! of 28! 16 June 2015 many of the political and military aspects of the expansion of the United States into the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio after the Revolution; a revolution which was in part occasioned by the Crown's imposition of taxes to pay for its military campaigns during those previous decades.

Since the mid-19th century American historians such as Theodore Roosevelt, Francis Parkman, and Howard Peckham, wrote in a romantic mode (White 1964; Fischer 1977) that stressed the significance of individual American Indian leaders of native revivals and the military resistances they usually inspired. Perhaps the most familiar, but least well delimited of those Native leaders is the Ottawa (Adawa) war chief, Pontiac. From the visions of the Delaware (Lenape) prophet, Nemacollin, Pontiac forged a broad coalition of Algonquian-speaking tribes. In his name, if not under his control, they rose against British occupation of the region from the western Great Lakes to the Upper Mississippi and eastern Ohio River Valleys.

Numerous journals, narratives and memoirs, some nearly contemporaneous with the events, have described Pontiac's siege of the Fort at Detroit as the logistical and psychological centerpiece of his military strategy. These accounts have been either presented in terms of simple military chronicle (e.g. Francis Jennings' footnotes in his history of the Iroquois Covenant Chain, or the journals of British Lieutenant Jenkins) or as personal dramatic "Tragedies" (one by the Queen's Ranger Major Robert Rodgers in 1769 and one by U. S. General Alexander Macomb in 1826) or as heroic visual art (e.g. the Fredrick Remington 1894 painting, "The Siege of Detroit"). Yet little is known about the composition, the equipment or the daily subsistence of the multi-ethnic war parties which actually conducted these military operations.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 2! of 28! 16 June 2015 Recent scholarship (e.g. Ferris 2012) suggests that among more thoroughly acculturated late 17th century American Indian groups in New York and Ontario, the nature of ethnic identity was markedly affected by warfare. But in the absence of scientific archaeological investigation for this era and area, the nature of the social interactions among Pontiac's followers or allies have either been ignored or are assumed to be similar to those identified at other more well-studied but more homogeneous coeval sites (Fitting 1970; Brose 1978; Halsey [Editor] 1999) or drawn from less than coeval historical reports (Kinietz 1940; Greenman 1957; Cleland 1992).

Previous Investigations of Apple Island Early Records and Digging Some time in the early 20th century, in the field across from their house in the center of Apple Island, the Campbell family had unintentionally excavated and then reburied a skeleton accompanied by a small pewter bowl filled with "white beads." The beads may have been either "wampum" (drilled quahog shell) or glass, but they were disbursed without recording their material or style at the time. The bowl was donated to the Cranbrook Institute of Science.

In addition, there is a birch bark canoe in the collections of the Cranbrook Institute of Science that was said to have been found buried in Orchard Lake. The Cranbrook Institute’s collections also include several dugout canoes, most of which are from Canada but one of which was said to have come from Apple Island. In the GWBHS collections there is a dugout canoe which is not from the Orchard Lake region but which was donated by the Cranbrook Institute of Science (note 5).

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 3! of 28! 16 June 2015 The Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society brochure (GWBHS 2011) reports that the original 1817 land surveyor. Samuel Carpenter, Jr., remarked that 5 excellent and high acres on Apple Island had been cultivated by the Indians and that 20 or 30 apple trees were present. That brochure added, ”In 1928 a daughter of Colin Campbell who purchased the island in 1856 recalled the following: “[On the island] are still to be seen ridges where corn was planted, and in several places on the higher land are circular hollows which were filled with shelled corn and all covered with bark to keep out the rain. This corn was still in the hollows when my father bought the island.”

Based on the donated pewter bowl at the Cranbrook Institute of Science, along with these and references in the Campbell family oral history compiled by Catherine Cangany suggesting that other Native American artifacts had been excavated at Apple Island in the early 20"' century, and following discussion with Mr. Charles Martinez of the Oakland County Historical Society in the 1960s, the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office assigned the USNM designation 20OK52 to the entire island.

By the mid-twentieth century, after the abandonment of the island by the Campbells, the West Bloomfield School District was designated the owner and manager of Apple Island as a nature preserve. Annually, with Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society volunteer docents, school groups and visitors tour the island for a day. In the past, casual visitors occasionally collected historic artifacts as souvenirs. Some of these materials were donated to the Historical Society, as were various aboriginal artifacts including chipped stone points and decorated, albeit fragmented, prehistoric pottery rimsherds, none of which were

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 4! of 28! 16 June 2015 accompanied by information indicating where they had been obtained (Brose 2005: personal correspondence with Richard Brown).

As part of this project, in 2013 and 2014 all aboriginal materials in the collections of the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society known or believed to have come from Apple Island were identified and analyzed. Among those formally excavated there were 38 half-filled five-pound paper bags with unsystematic materials from a 1990 survey along the northeastern shore of Orchard Lake, where the school supervisor noted, "We are digging due north along [the] lake until [we] hit Commerce Road across from St. Mary's Schools." Although in this area the 1817 survey had noted the presence of Indian housing (probably Hinsdale's 1933 Reservation Village"), the collection from the surface of the right-of-way of Indian Trail Road did not recover any evidence of their existence: The middle school students from the West Bloomfield School District, picked up and duly recorded numerous culturally unmodified pebbles, steel nuts, bolts, washers and machine screws of various sizes, shards of bottle glass, plastic container fragments and damaged automobile metalwork.

There was also a collection from areas to the south of Orchard Lake, along Old Pontiac Trail (also noted as an "Indian Trail" on the 1817 map). Among the artifacts collected from this area near where West Bloomfield School pontoon boats docked were several bent and folded pieces of cut sheet brass as well as two puddled lead fragments, perhaps from casting musket balls. There were also numerous common bricks and fragments of porcelain plumbing fixtures, clearly from the late 19th century if not more recent.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 5! of 28! 16 June 2015 2000 and 2003 Archaeological Excavations at site 20OK476 In 2000 and 2003 Dr. Michael Stafford with Matthew Miller as field supervisor directed two differing groups of middle school students excavating portions of an area located near the northwestern side of the island, facing the narrow shoreline ridge across which lies Cass Lake, heading the Clinton River. The general location of the site on a broad sloping ridge, approximately 3.5m above the present level of Orchard Lake, was well known. On the general soils map of the island that Dr. Stafford identified this general region of the island as a "Fur Trade Settlement" which was designated archaeological site 20OK476 by the Michigan Historic Preservation Office4.

In 2005, at the request of Richard Brown, then President of the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society, Dr. David Brose, Director of the Cranbrook Institute of Science, met with representatives of the Historical Society and the West Bloomfield School District, to discuss archaeological excavations which had taken place on Apple Island in 2000 and 2003 under the auspices of Dr. Michael Stafford, former Archaeologist and Director of Cranbrook Institute of Science. Because the Institute remained responsible for the excavated materials and for a final report on those excavations, in 2005 the excavated materials were obtained through Dr. Stafford, then Director of the Milwaukee Public Museum, however, I never did receive the documentation of the excavations (notes, maps, etc.) which was also requested of Dr. Stafford.

As the West Bloomfield School District which owned Apple Island and the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society were interested in displaying and interpreting the island's history, a 2005 Memoranda of Agreement regarding appropriate archaeological responsibility in dealing with excavation, analysis, reporting and

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 6! of 28! 16 June 2015 curation was prepared to cover a summer archaeology program on Apple Island for West Bloomfield School science teachers. With funding provided by a grant from the St. Francis Foundation of Michigan through the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society, a Madonna University course linking inquiry-based middle school science teaching was offered as a summer 2008 class with archaeological testing on the previously explored site on Apple Island. On 8 September all archaeological, ecological, and geological materials recovered from Apple Island during the 4-8 August 2008 class were transmitted to the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society and a technical report (Brose 2008) regarding the excavations and their exact locations and contents, as well as the results of analyses and the interpretation of geological/ecological, prehistoric and/or historical activities that occurred was prepared.

Natural and Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site

2008 and 2013 Archaeological Excavations at 20OK476 Although no maps indicating the precise spatial distributions of Stafford's excavation units or recovered cultural materials were available, the unit designations on Stafford's unit screening bags appeared to match a zone shown on an existing photograph showing a 1 meter wide trench crossing the site for a distance approximating 5 or 6 meters. During the summer of 2008 the Madonna field crew discovered a single iron pipe with a small survey flag at the southern approach to this landform. Based on the recollections of Dr. Thadeus Gish, a University of Detroit -Madonna College professor who had accompanied Stafford's students during the earlier dig, this was identified as the E500N00 Datum from which Stafford had laid out his excavation (location 10 on SKMBT Survey map).

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 7! of 28! 16 June 2015 During the limited 2008 and 2013 seasons, directed by David Brose for Madonna University and Western Michigan University, respectively, excavation units were chosen both to avoid digging in areas which appeared to have been the location of Stafford's 2003 trench and to avoid places where tree roots would have made clear stratigraphic interpretation impossible. Along the western margin of the site one 2008 excavation unit was placed in an area where partially fallen branches and upper trunk sections had protected the ground from previous disturbance and one 2013 excavation unit was placed at what appeared to be the northwestern edge of the ridge lying just southwest of the late nineteenth century "Water Road" cut. Soils on the site area are predominantly washed lenses of organically stained reddish brown and dark grayish-brown dry Spinks loamy sands overlying medium yellowish- brown Fox sandy loam (Agriculture Extension Service 1972).

All excavation units were excavated by shovel skimming from the existing ground surface (called Level 0) down to an arbitrary depth of 20cm at which depth shaving with a trowel edge carried the excavation down to the point where die greyish brown (Munsell 10YR4/2-4/3) organic staining of the podzolic soil A horizon in the loamy sands could be seen to change to a yellowish brown (10YR5/4) to light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) colored Bl horizon, still in loamy sands. Soil color value, chroma and hues throughout were described by comparison to the Munsell Soil Color Charts. The unit floor at that depth was called Level 1, and it was drawn onto a Floor Plan Form prepared by Imprints from the Past LLC Drawings and photographs noted any natural or cultural features or concentrations which were additionally described and recorded. All depths were measured from the Site Datum which was the ground surface level at the N100E00 stake.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 8! of 28! 16 June 2015 After completing documentation of Floor 1 in each unit, the yellowish brown (10YR5/4) to light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) loamy sands were trowelled down until the floor encountered a dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 -4/6) sandy loam, representing the B2 soil horizon (seen as a new light colored somewhat coarser and more compact Fox Sandy Loam floor approximately 10 cm below the lower zone of humic staining). In Unit 08-01 a "'prospecting window" 25 cm wide was dug down along the southern and eastern walls for an additional 25 cm in these sandy loams without encountering any changes in soil color, composition or structure. As Cremeens and Hart (1995:15) have stated, "Evaluation of individual soil horizons and sequences of soil horizons in archaeological studies is critical to the meaningful interpretation of archaeological context."

During the 2008 season, a field crew consisting of Middle School science teachers from the West Bloomfield School District, directed by Dr. David Brose, assisted bv Drs Joseph Hoffman and Thaddeus Gish, excavated 4.5 square meters of the site] During the early summer of 2013, during the GWHBS Annual May Public Tour of the Island an additional 2.5 square meters of the site were excavated by Dr. Brose assisted by students from the Western Michigan University Anthropology Department as part of an historical archaeology reconnaissance and testing program conducted by Dr. LouAnn Wurst. In both of those years, the site was laid out so that its 2008 and 2013 data could be coordinated with the apparent site layout used by Dr. Stafford in 2000 and 2003. The 2008 site datum point was designated as N100 while all excavated units lay south of that point (see note 6).

In addition to the analyses of the European and aboriginal artifacts recovered in the 2000 excavation, preliminary inspection of Stafford's field screening bags from his 2003 work by Dr. Beverly Smith of the University of Michigan-Flint revealed

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 9! of 28! 16 June 2015 quantities of split and butchered animal bone, most appearing to represent deer, although Smith noted that canids, mustelids, rodents, large and small birds, some fish, amphibian or reptile bones, and quantities of turtle plastron and carapace were also present. Subsequent analyses of both the 2000 and 2003 years’ collections were undertaken by Dr. David Brose in 2012 and 2014. Amid the faunal remains Brose identified fragmentary core-trimming and bifacial retouch flakes of somewhat limey tan Dundee and grey Eastport chert, and several small smoothed cord-marked grit-tempered pottery sherds.

As well, these same levels had yielded more recent historic artifacts including late 19th or early 20th century overall buttons and portions of mid-20th century steel safety pins and fragments of blown, clear glass paper-topped milk bottles, cork- stoppered soda water bottles with twist-wire rim-strips, and dark brown 3-piece - molded panel medicine bottles. In addition, kaolin pipe stems and cast brass buttons were present. All of these materials were listed as having been recovered in the grayish-brown organically stained upper 20 cm of the site; there was apparently no documentation (nor was there any recollection during subsequent discussion with Matt Miller, Stafford's field supervisor) that excavation proceeded deeper.

At the Apple Island site 20 OK 476 excavation and back-filling strategies prior to 2008 appear to have dug through weakly formed colluvial surface soils and then terminated excavation at the surface of the strongly stained and relatively well- compacted paleosols formed on the Fox clay loams. Many of the American Indian and European-made trade artifacts recovered during the 2000 and 2003 excavations at Site 20OK476 had come from the upper, colluvial stratigraphic contexts in which historic 19th to 20th century artifacts were also incorporated.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 10! of 28! 16 June 2015 Unfortunately, the detailed unit by unit associations of artifacts from such excavation contexts can never be certain since some degree of their spatial concentrations could reflect downs slope deposition as much as human deposition or discard. However, recent, albeit limited excavations, with careful stratigraphic control, have shown that it is possible to identify undisturbed stratigraphy in which aboriginal cultural features can be discerned.

Additionally, detailed morphological and stylistic identification provided temporal limits for many specific artifacts recovered from the earlier excavations. These factors offer a firmer interpretation of what the site represented in terms of its having been called part of a native village, a military outpost, a fur trade settlement or a trailside mid-voyage meal stop. Equally important, it is possible to ascertain within a few years when those potential events may have occurred.

Archaeological Recovery Non-Artifactual Evidence Fire-cracked rock and broken bone from white-tail deer represent the most common archaeologically recovered materials from Site 20OK476 (by count, weight and extent of spatial distribution) in the 2008 excavations and in the earlier excavations undertaken by Stafford's student crews. Unfortunately, the nature of site stratigraphic records for the earlier digging left it uncertain that the fire- cracked rook or animal bone was deposited on the site at a single time. With that possibility in mind, the 2013 excavations were designed to determine whether sealed features, such as fire-pits or storage pits occurred below the levels at which the 2000 and 2003 excavations were stopped.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page !11 of !28 16 June 2015 However, reanalysis of previously recovered materials and bag counts identified significant unit to unit differences in the densities of fire-altered rock and faunal remains suggesting that the application of several nearest-neighbor statistical tests (c.f. Brose and Scarry 1972) reveals occupational spatial patterning from which socially significant clustering may be reconstructed. In addition, the careful attention to the morphological characteristics differentiating sequences of soil horizons in archaeological studies is critical to the meaningful interpretation of archaeological context.

It appears unlikely that radiocarbon dating of the animal bone could determine with any degree of acceptable statistical significance the difference between animals who lived in 1763 AD and animals who lived in AD 1856 when the Campbell farm was established. And while there was no time in the past 10,000 years during which cooking methods and/ or the use of stone-boiling for sweat bathing did not take place among most Great Lakes native groups, there is no currently feasible method for determining the date of the thermal alterations to the heat-shattered granitic cobbles.

The initial interpretation, based on partial analyses of artifacts and fauna recovered in 2000 and 2003, referred to the site as an early 19th Century fur trading station (Stafford 2002, 2003). Later, a preliminary site assessment based on limited re- testing in 2008, identified distinct stratigraphic provenances and recovered aboriginal ceramic fragments along with early European glass beads, suggesting the possibility that the site had been occupied as early as the end of the 17th century (Brose 2008). However, limited geo-archaeological excavation in 2013 and detailed laboratory analyses of all recovered materials clearly reveal the existence of three non-conforming stratigraphic deposits. These distinct geomorphologic

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 12! of 28! 16 June 2015 deposits represent a stiff loamy sand glacial outwash whose upper 20 cm contained a discontinuous scatter of Late Woodland ceramic and lithic fragments related to the terminal prehistoric occupation of southeastern Michigan prior to incursions of Upper Mississippian groups relocated from northern Ohio (Fitting 1964, 1970; Brose 1978, 1996; Stothers and Abel 1991).

Overlying that loam, and occasionally intruding into it, a thick stratum of colluvial silt loam yielded a relatively large and broad spectrum faunal assemblage, a small hearth, small concentrations of fire-shattered and burned rock, and a few male- related European materials all of whose periods of popularity occurred in the later 18th Century. Finally, the western portions of the site area contained several informal deposits of broken window and bottle glass, shards of highly vitrified and burned creamware and rim fragments of transfer-printed plates; all dated to the late 19th and early 20th century resort housing on the island (Brose 1967; Jordan and Brose 1967; Wurst 2013).

Material Culture and Chronology Aboriginal Artifacts The small fragments of relatively thin grit-tempered and shell-tempered smoothed surface aboriginal ceramics recovered from the various excavations, and the very few chipped stone artifact sections, are all too small and fragmented to display the stylistic attributes useful for determining reliable chronological or ethnic assignment. While grit-tempered clay vessels of a thickness similar to those recovered at Apple Island were common throughout southern Michigan after the 7th century AD (Fitting 1964, 1975; Brose 1978; Mason 1980) the addition of crushed and burned clamshell to the clay used to build up the pots occurs in southwestern Michigan and southern Ohio in the 13th century but does not become

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 13! of 28! 16 June 2015 common in southeastern Michigan until the accelerating relocation of native populations from northern Ohio in the mid-17th century (Brose 1996, 2001; Brashler et al. 2000; Stothers and Abel 1999).

Also, while the few pieces of local Dundee chert deliberately flaked by prehistoric American Indians could have been left on the site at any time during the past 10,000 years, the fragment of a bifacial tool chipped of flint from north-central Ohio or southwestern Ontario is most likely to have been carried to the site on Apple Island as part of a widespread exchange system that swept across this region in the four or five centuries between 300 BC and 200 AD. Alternatively, this fragment may have been part of a tool used by some member of a group that was part of the rapid 17th century ethnic population relocation that resulted from indirect European pressures on aboriginal tribes farther east in New York and Ontario.

It is worth noting that even these small potsherds and chipped flint fragments certainly represent manufacture by American Indians well before the 18th century. By that time the Great Lakes tribes, especially those in Michigan, had completely abandoned their use of chipped stone tools and their manufacture of clay vessels for the muskets, iron knives, axes, and fish hooks, and copper brass or iron containers first brought into the region by unlicensed French and British traders in the mid-17th century (Brose 1978,1983). But while these fragmentary aboriginal artifacts suggest a date of occupation as recent as the early 17th century, all of the silver, iron and copper/brass European artifacts from Apple Island are of styles most commonly made for trade to the American Indians in the mid-18th century (see note 7).

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 14! of 28! 16 June 2015 European Artifacts European artifacts such as those found at 20OK476 on Apple Island were represented by both French and British gunflints, iron tools and copper or brass containers and reworked scrap (Appendix A). Similar artifacts have been found at numerous contact period Native American sites from Manitoba to Georgia, and from Quebec to Louisiana; sites all unquestionably dated between 1750 AD and 1800 AD, subsequent to the hundred year period during which native manufactures also survived (see Anderson, 1992; 1994).

Glass Trade Beads The most sensitive indicators of exactly when such sites were occupied at any period between 1575 AD and 1875 AD are the glass beads made in Venice or Amsterdam. When the pewter bowl-accompanied burial from the central portion of Apple Island was disturbed and reinterred in the early 20th century not one of the "hundreds" of beads reported to have been found therein was described in detail or saved for analysis. Fortunately during the 2013 excavations, one large light blue glass bead was recovered from a lens of wood ash and sand at the upper western edge of Feature 1 in the southeast half of Test Unit 13-01. The feature, a small pit lined with ash and charred cedar bark, originated at the interface of colluvial and undisturbed silt loam, also yielded a cut and polished beveled mammal bone "gaming piece”.

This blue hot-tumbled glass bead is what Stone (1974), following Kidd and Kidd (1970), identified a Class 1, Series A, Type 1 variety n: a light blue, doughnut- shaped, single-structure, hollow-cane made seed bead. Such beads were commonly used by Dutch, French and British traders in North America from as early as 1670 through the end of the American Revolution, after which their popularity declined:

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 15! of 28! 16 June 2015 They were among the most frequent at the Fletcher Site, a 1754-1765 Ottawa cemetery (Mainfort 1979:283, 381) along the lower Saginaw River, and at the pre-1781 occupation at Fort Michilimackinac (Stone 1974).

Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts Site 20OK476 also yielded a range and variety of unidentifiable iron artifact fragments and cut and native-reworked folded brass or copper sheets. These also resemble the numerous specimens from Fletcher especially those Mainfort called "plaque and bangle assemblies (1979:394, figure 64). The Fletcher Site also yielded several "bulbar armed crosses" of silver and a few of silver-plated brass (Mainfort 1979:392, figure 61 f,g), and 17 silver and pewter ball and cone "ear bobs" (Mainfort 1979:396, figure 61e). These appear identical to those from Site 20OK476 and Mainfort noted (1979:396-7) that the silver pieces from the Fletcher Site which carried identifiable touch-marks all had been made in the last third of the 18th century or earlier. The excavations at Fort Michilimackinac (Stone 1974) recovered examples of all of these artifact types, the great majority being attributed to the British occupation which began in 1759. However, as has been argued (Brose 1983), this may have been because there was far more industrial metal manufacture in Britain than in France during the 18th century. To the extent that the European artifacts provide a good estimate, Site 20OK476 was occupied some time between 1754 and 1781 with the most likely period during the 1760s.

Gunflints The differences among and between French and British gunflints and their lithic source areas has been thoroughly researched (Witthoft 1966; Quimby 1966; Cleland 1971; Hume 1976:220; White 1976; Hamilton 1976; Hamilton and Emory 1988). Good (1972:136-139) and Hamilton (1981) have documented large, single-

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 16! of 28! 16 June 2015 event deposits from French or British occupations. Their thorough statistical analyses, among the work of others (Hamilton 1968; Noel Hume 1976; Quimby 1966), support the assignment of the dark grey to black blade gunflints and gunspalls to British manufacture. And from well before the 1701 establishment of Fort Pontchartrain at Detroit, the French were supplying their Indian military clients with what must have seemed an unending supply of typically honey-colored blade and spall gunflints for the fusils and muskets they had provided (Anderson 1991: 223; Birk 1991: 251; Brose 1972: 23; Brown 1992: 40; Hamilton 1981).

As Russell (1962:343, fn 38) reports, at the beginning of the 19th century in both the American and British armies, the standard musket flint was between 1.2 and 1.5 inches long. 1.08 and 1.13 inches wide. .26 and .33 inches thick at the back edge, and between . 39 and .55 inches along the bevel (the French had not then invented the metric system). The standard flint for a rifled fusil was between .97 and 1.2 inches long, .79 and .88 inches wide,.20 and .29 inches thick at the back edge, and between .41 and .71 inches along the bevel. The average flint for a pistol was quite similar to that for a fusil except was even shorter along the bevel than a musket flint, ranging from .30 to .42 inches.

If these rather exacting dimensions were carried forward from the late 18th century, as were nearly all of the arms traded to the Indians (Russell 1962: 16-39, 240), then the assemblage of gunflints from site 20OK476 on Apple Island could represent as many as 4 muskets and 2 rifled fusils. There do not appear to have been any flints of a size that would have readily fit the lock of British or French or American pistols (Russell 1962: 82-88, 198-232), suggesting that neither European or American officer may have been present at the site. The crude reworking of one of the smaller fusil flints of likely British origin also points to the lack of proximate

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 17! of 28! 16 June 2015 replacements, a situation of scarcity and want indicative of something other than a fur trade encampment given the very low prices and the large gun flint inventories of European and most early American traders in the Old Northwest or the mid- South (Russell 1962:240; Foster and Boehm 2013).

Kaolin Pipes During their early archaeological work at Fort Michilimackinac Moreau Maxwell and Lewis Binford (1961) devised a statistical analysis of the bore diameters of the kaolin pipestems they excavated, measuring them with a series of drill-bits in graduated 1/64 inch diameters (Binford 1962)8. The method has been applied to many of the Colonial sites in the southeast (Noel-Hume 1976) and after years of critical refinement can now be used to estimate occupation span, in addition to modal chronological placement (Shott 2012). The calculated value of 4.686 for the kaolin pipes recovered from the Apple Island site lie between the 4.77 mean calculation for Brunswick Town, North Carolina, with a mid-point date of occupation at 1752, and the 4.61 calculated mean value for Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania with a mid-point date of occupation at 1762 (Harrington 1954; Binford 1962).

The large number of kaolin pipe-stems recovered from early British structural areas at Fort Michilimackinac (Stone (1979:145-154, Tabic 38) had an average value of 4.5 indicating a date just after 1759. Shott's refinements of officer earlier formulae for the values at Site 20OK476 would indicate it represented a two or three year span of kaolin pipe manufacture about that dale although the sample size is much too small for statistical significance.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 18! of 28! 16 June 2015 These data strongly point to the period of acquisition by the occupants of the Apple Island site around the end of the 1750s and, given the notorioas short lives of these fragile clay pipes (Shott 2012), more likely in the early years of the 1760s.

Faunal Remains Among the more plentiful items from archaeological excavations at site 20 OK 476 conducted under the direction of Dr. Michael Stafford, were faunal remans largely consisting of split and/or fragmented mammal bone. While there had been no formal analysis of these remains, discussions by participants in the 2000 and 2003 excavations and by education and exhibits staff of the Cranbrook Institute of Science, led to the erroneous supposition that these consisted entirely of white- tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiana).

After a series of discussions by Dr. Brose, representing the Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society and the West Bloomfield School District, Dr. Stafford, then working in Milwaukee agreed to have several dozens of plastic bags of faunal material transferred from his former field supervisor's private garage to the Institute. Dr. Brose made arrangements for their study by Dr. Beverly Smith, University of Michigan-Flint. However, before this analysis could be undertaken Dr. Stafford recalled them to the Institute to which he had returned in 2006. When the Historical Society and Madonna University initiated the 2008 education and archaeological program for the West Bloomfield School District, Dr. Brose negotiated the return of these archaeological specimens to the Historical Society (as curating organization for the schools) where they could be studied.

During the fall of 2014 the complete series of faunal materials recovered from excavations in 2000, 2003, 2008 and 2013 were formally analyzed.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 19! of 28! 16 June 2015 These analyses of faunal remains from site 20 OK 476 have not been carried to the level of minimal pairs of skeletal elements for each species identified. Nonetheless, even with the differing levels of provenance control and field supervision, an overall summation of materials collected from 2000 to 2013 is instructive (Appendix B).

Deer represent approximately 85% of the fauna by overall count and weight of bone fragments. However, much of this is due to the overall larger and more readily recoverable size of many of the bone pieces, especially the few larger and older specimens which were taken by the site's occupants. For White-tailed deer in the Great Lakes region the usual breeding season runs from late September to early December. Rutting begins with the shorter days of Fall and activity increases and then ends within a relatively short period of time. The gestation period of the typical white-tailed deer is about 7 months and in the lower Great Lakes fauns are typically born in May or June (Burt 1957). Inspection of dental eruption and wear is a long tested method for determining the age of deer. When jaw or tooth portions of the skeleton arc present, the age of death can generally be determined with some accuracy (Knight 2001; Schwartz 2011) bearing in mind that the younger the animal the more narrowly the age can be specified.

While matching highly fragmented long bone to age and specific individual is always provisional, it appears that by segmenting cranial fragments and using epiphysis closure, between 7 and 10 deer are represented in the recovered 20 OK 476 remains. This assemblage is in turn composed of 4 to 6 fauns or very young yearlings and only 3 or 4 adult deer. This composition, along with the cut-marked condition of one adult skull pedicle (for antler removal) suggests the deer hunting at the site occurred predominantly during the summer or early fall. Whenever they

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 20! of 28! 16 June 2015 were taken, the nutrition to be derived from the deer appears to have been extensively obtained: nearly every anatomical portion of the animals was represented and nearly every long bone had been shattered or split, presumably for marrow extraction. The lack of crazing or charring further suggests most venison was prepared by boiling, rather than direct fire-roasting.

Other elements represented in the recovered faunal assemblage included at least 11 other mammals; three of which were large rodents (probably muskrat or beaver) and five of which represented mid-sized canids (perhaps foxes the size of a standard beagle). The remaining mammal bone which was identifiable only to the level of family possibly represented mustelids. Several large tortoises or turtles (including one relatively large snapping turtle) and a surprising number of frog bones were also recovered. As many as three large birds, most likely geese but possibly cranes or herons, and perhaps a similar number of small passerine birds were represented by proximal limb and thoracic bones.

A number of rather small fish were represented by vertebrae and pharyngeal or gill plates: at least 2 sets of pike or muskellunge jaw fragments were also present. Unlike the widely distributed mammal bones, these bird reptile and fish remains were encountered in only a small number of neighboring excavation units. They may represent individually consumed foods rather than food shared among the entire group.

In all, the fauna recovered from the site 20 OK 476 excavations indicates a scanty and very inefficient system of hunting or selective trapping: the focus on very young deer, small fish and a few waterfowl is quite unlike patterns of village or economic extraction camp or ceremonial site provisioning by coeval Ojibwa,

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 21! of 28! 16 June 2015 Adawa or Pottawatomi bands (Nassaney 2012; Cleland 1992; Stothers and Able 1999; Brose 1996: Brose, Cowan and Mainfort [Editors] 2002; Halsey [Editor] 1999; Zurel 2010).

Interpretations

Location and Nature of “Fur Trade” Sites Through the comparative analysis of artifacts similar to those at other, well-dated sites, it is now possible to determine approximately how often and for how long the site was occupied by American Indians and approximately when this occurred. It is most likely that the aboriginal ceramics and occasional local chert flakes found in the general site area and encountered elsewhere on the higher portions of the island (Wurst, personal communication 2014) represent one of many local archaeological sites in the headwaters of the southeastern Michigan water systems used casually and ephemerally by various American Indian groups between the 14th and 15th century (Fitting 1970; Brose, 1978,1996; Stothers and Abel 1999). The site was then occupied again, possibly by very different peoples, some time in the last half of the 18th century, and then again by related but possibly different ethnic groups of Native Americans in the first half of the 19th century.

In the preliminary report of the 2008 excavations it appeared possible that 20OK476 was one of those extremely rare sites occupied between 1625 AD and 1725 AD when both aboriginal stone-working and ceramic manufacturing technologies and European trade co-existed. However, carefully planned and executed archaeological excavation in 2013, and professional analyses documenting undisturbed deposits, have demonstrated the temporal and stratigraphic disjunction separating the pre-European from the late eighteenth

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 22! of 28! 16 June 2015 century aboriginal occupations of Apple Island. The chipped stone work and the construction and use of aboriginally produced earthenware ceramics, predates the introduction of European artifacts by several centuries, and it is quite possible there is little but general linguistic affinity between those sequential aboriginal groups.

Based largely a preliminary assessment of artifacts recovered from his 2000 test excavations, Stafford (2002) referred to the 20OK476 site as an early 19th century "Fur Trade Period" site (Stafford 2002). He went on to note, “… the small settlement on Orchard Lake's Apple Island is one of only a handful of smaller Fur Trade Period sites known from the southern portion of our state. As such, it represents an especially valuable locale to help elucidate the cultural dynamics of one of our most dramatic periods of change in Michigan's human past.” Unfortunately, over the next several years, Stafford's assignment of the site to a "Fur Trade Period" has been taken as identifying it as a "fur trading" site. There is, of course, a considerable difference between a location at which such inter-cultural exchange took place, and some other type of location occupied at some time in the two and a half centuries from 1625 to 1875 during which Europeans and then Americans engaged in trade with the Native American Indians.

Stafford's more extensive 2003 excavations recovered very few more of the European- made artifacts that had led him to those initial conclusions but they did result in the recovery of a larger sample of faunal remains. While those remains were not at the time analyzed, the assumption that they represented only deer seemed to affirm the presumption of a single, time-limited occupation related to inter-cultural exchange. Recent, more thorough analyses of all of the faunal

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 23! of 28! 16 June 2015 remains from site 20OK476 (2000, 2003, 2008 and 2013) have revealed the time- transgressive and non-economic nature of that occupation.

At the end of the 18th century Hugh Heyward, an Indian Trader operating out of Montreal, composed a number of brief journal entries while crossing the river and lake systems of southeastern Michigan to trade with local groups (Guthe 1940). His journals describe a number of the "in country" campsites at which he stopped, usually for a single night. Those sites would be nearly invisible to today's archaeological methods however important they may have been in the strategy of mobile exchange in a frequently hostile landscape. And their ephemeral archaeological signature can be nothing like what we see in the diverse recovery of a plethora of Native and Euro/American artifacts recovered from excavation of numerous securely dated archaeological village sites in which European/Native American exchange is known to have taken place (Brose 1978, Mason 1981).

Nearly all of the very few European artifacts which the Apple Island site 20OK476 has yielded represent military equipment or male ornaments typical of the later decades of the 18th century. (see Stone1974 for a detailed review of exactly the coeval Native Americans at Fort Michilimackinac would have had in the way of military or ornamental trade goods). These are accompanied with summer and autumn-killed terrestrial fauna among which deer predominate but which also includes canids and mustelids of several sizes and species along with a number of large waterfowl but very few fish or reptiles. The deer bone showed a diversity of highly splintered body parts of both young and relatively old individuals. This unusual assemblage bears little resemblance to usual assemblages resulting from purposeful hunting indicated for even small village sites during the historic period (e.g. Jackson and Scott 1995). And it is certainly more diverse and spans much

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 24! of 28! 16 June 2015 broader seasonal indicators unlikely to have resulted from the types of ephemeral 18th or 19th century Native American site occupied for the purposes of trade with a European or American... or for the hit-and-run tactics typical of male-centered war-parties of those times.

The near absence of fish remains and the great differences in the sizes of those which are present strongly suggests that despite its location in the middle of one of southeastern Michigan’s most productive lakes, the criteria for site location had nothing to do with maximizing the subsistence economy, but that a variety of relatively unsystematic subsistence activities were performed at the site during the several months it was occupied (Colaninno 2011; Lyman, R. Lee 1987; Reitz et al. 2008). Thus, the Apple Island site 20OK476 is almost certainly not a village site and it is most unlikely to be a European fur-trade site.

There is added significance to the location of this eighteenth century site on an island in Orchard Lake, in distinction to the isthmus where the 1817 Land Survey identified a cluster of “Indian Hutts" between Orchard and Cass Lake (the latter heading the Clinton River system), or on the narrow short portage over the ridge separating Orchard and Pine Lakes (the latter heading a branch of the Rouge River). This choice of site locations on Apple Island represented a decision based less on economic or logistic considerations than on tactical and strategic ones. Review of current anthropological studies of warfare among tribal societies (Arkush and Allen 2007) and the many historical treatments of the centuries of American Indian military resistance to the westward movement of European missionaries, traders and colonists (Parkman 1878; Peckham 1947; Van Every 1966; Cleland 2092; Brose 1983, 2002; Ferris 2008) consistently reveal the importance of close and unobserved attack by relatively small Native

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 25! of 28! 16 June 2015 American war parties. The 1,000 meters of open water were what now would be called a clear field of fire. That would have been impossible to create along the densely wooded lakeshore typical of southeastern Michigan visited by British Major Rogers, sent to relieve Fort Detroit at the time (Rogers 1765): woodlands which Alexis DeToqueville described as visually impenetrable more than a generation later (Beaumont 1835) .

Conclusions Spatial Analyses Over a decade of archaeological excavation (2000 - 2013) at Site 20 OK 476, coupled with critical analyses of recovered artifacts and faunal remains, has yielded information assigning the most probable period of its occupation to a few summer months in the later half of the 18th century. Careful stratigraphic controls demonstrated the potential for intact cultural features representing cooking areas with differing densities of faunal remains, potentially reflecting short-term spacing of discrete social segments. Controlled excavation of the undisturbed portions of Site 20 OK 476, both interstitial and underlying earlier excavations, reveal additional differing distributions of fire-altered rock and chaired animal bones, representing several discrete areas of cooking (Karr 2015; Karr and Outram 2012). Application of a Poisson Distribution test to the differing counts of fauna and artifacts considered as point data within the excavated quadrants (Stafford from 2000 to 2003, and Brose in 2008 and 2013), documented the non-random spatial patterning of the two sets of archaeological specimens (Silk 1979: 95-130) and the evidence of cooking hearths. This non-random pattern paralleled the concentrated distribution of European trade goods of military function across this discrete campsite. Further nearest-neighbor statistical analysis(Hodder and Orton 1974: 30-51, 198-224) revealed the few significant correlations between areas of faunal

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 26! of 28! 16 June 2015 remains which Karr (2015) considered representative of quality meat consumption and male-related military artifacts. These weak archaeological concentrations offer interesting perspectives on the social nature of the site’s short occupation. The variability in initial recording limited the accuracy from which these quantitative data are derived limits the confidence intervals while elevating their potential statistical significance. These offer some insight into potential status differentiation among participants in this native resistance, information lacking from current historical expositions. Given these caveats, it is highly probable that the Native American Indians who occupied Apple Island Site 20 OK 476 were a war party of from ten to twelve male relatives in three or four family groups, one of which was headed by a possibly senior leader but not one significantly more well-equipped or decorated. The group appears to have spent most of one summer on Apple Island with little activity devoted to their own subsistence or to the collection of peltry for the fur trade.

Documenting Ethnic Identity While it is reasonably clear the site was occupied some time in the 1760s, and quite probably during the summer of 1763 during which the siege of Fort Detroit took place, the ethnic identity of its occupants is much less certain. The Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society brochure reported that in the 1830s the Ottawa Chief Okemos claimed to have been born 60 or so years earlier on an island in a lake near Pontiac. However, nothing yet recovered archaeologically (intentionally or accidently) indicates the island held a village site with women or children, although by 1817 such a site was recorded on the lakeshore to the northeast. Mainfort (1979:287) cited late 18th century journals noting the presence of Ottawa and Chippewa warriors from the Saginaw River and Bay in Pontiac's siege of Detroit (Dowd 2002; Gilbert 1955), while Parkman (1878) discussed the presence

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 27! of 28! 16 June 2015 of Pottawatomi warriors from villages at the mouths of the Rouge and Raisin rivers who camped upstream during that summer of 1763.

But although archaeology alone cannot give us the native or tribal name or names by which the site's occupants identified themselves, such designations appear to have been relatively fluid throughout the 18th century Great Lakes region (see note). This is nowhere more apparent than in the various ethnic labels cartographers from the 17th to 19th centuries splashed on lake and river margins and on the little visited upland regions that separated those shores (Brose 1994, 2001). It is most likely that the group came from one of the several Pottawatomi bands that since early in the century had occupied villages near the mouths of the Huron and St. Clair rivers along the western shores of Lakes St. Clair and Erie and the Detroit River.

D.S.Brose: 20OK476 Page 28! of 28! 16 June 2015 ! ! ! ! ! The location of the core datum for the 2000, 2003, 2008 and 2013 archaeological excavation and testing at site 20OK476 on Apple Island (N500-E500) is shown as point 10 on the 2012 survey conducted by SKMBT for the Greater West Bloomﬁeld Historical Society.

The location of the core datum for the 2000, 2003, 2008 and 2013 archaeological excavation and testing at site 20OK476 on Apple Island (N500-E500) is shown as point 10 on the 2012 survey conducted by SKMBT for the Greater West Bloomﬁeld Historical Society.

20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1. UNIVERSITY DETROIT - MERCY 2013 TEACHERS AND NEWSPAPER REPORTERS TESTING THE “PONTIAC’S MOUND” LOCATION ON APPLE ISLAND 2008 SEASON 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 2 WEST BLOOMFIELD TEACHERS AND THAD GISH SETTING 2008 TEST UNITS AT SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 3 2008 WEST BLOOMFIELD TEACHERS AND THADEUS GISH, UNIVERSITY DETROIT - MERCY, SCREENING LEVEL 1 AT SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 4 SUB-COLLUVIAL FLOOR TEST UNIT N85W02 IN SITE 20OK476 (FORMER SITE 20 OK 52) IN 2008 EXCAVATIONS 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 5 CROSS-SECTION OF SUB-FLOOR FIRE HEARTH, FEATURE 1, TEST UNIT N85W02 IN SITE 20OK476 (FORMER SITE 20 OK 52) 2008 EXCAVATIONS 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 6 2008 EXPOSURE OF UPPER COLLUVIAL SOILS OVER OCCUPATIONAL FLOOR (LEVEL 2) AT SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 7 ABORIGINAL CORD-MARKED GRIT-TEMPERED CERAMIC SHERDS FROM 20000 AND 2008 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 8 ABORIGINALLY WORKED BI-POINTED MAMMAL BONE PUNCH FROM 2013 EXCAVATIONS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 9 KAOLIN PIPE STEMS FROM 2003 AND 2008 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER SOIL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 10 ENGLISH AND FRENCE GUNFLINTS FROM FROM 2000 AND 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN AND BELOW UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 11 TOP: 1 ENGLISH AND FRENCE SMALL FUSIL OR PISTOL GUNFLINTS FROM FROM 2000 AND 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476

BELOW: ENGLISH GUNFLINT RE-WORKED INTO ABORIGINAL BURINATED DRILL 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 12 ABORIGINALLY REWORKED SCRAP BRASS (FROM EUROPEAN KETTLE SIDEWALL) FROM 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 13 19TH CENTURY NAIL, STAPLE, AND CROCKERY FROM 2000/2003 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 14 FRAGMENTS OF IRON KETTLES AND IRON BUTTON-HOOK FROM UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 15 TOP: ABORIGINALLY FLATTENED AND DRILLED 50 CAL MUSKET BALL.

BOTTOM: BLUE GLASS BEAD FROM 2013 EXCAVATION OF LEVEL BENEATH COLLUVIAL SOILS AT SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 17 BULBAR ARM SILVER CROSS FROM 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 18 SILVER BALL-AND-CONE EAR-BOBS WITH WIRE LOOP FROM 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 19 IRON FRENCH MILITARY UNIFORM SLEEVE BUTTON FROM 2003 EXCAVATIONS IN UPPER COLLUVIAL LEVELS ACROSS SITE 20 OK 476 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE19 FRENCH MAP OF FORT DETROIT IN 1740S, COURTESY DETROIT PUBLIC LIBRARY BURTON HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 20 “THE SIEGE OF FORT DETROIT 1763” BY FREDRICK REMMINGTON. COURTESY GOOGLE IMAGES 20 OK 476 ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 20 PONTIAC SURRENDERING TO COLONEL BOUQUET IN 1764. IMAGE REPRODUCED WITH PERMISSION OF THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. APPENDIX A RECOVERED ARTIFACTS: SITE 20OK476 ON APPLE ISLAND

2000 EXCAVATION RECOVERED ARTIFACTS

Kaolin Pipe Bowl

TU 40 - 40 cm Bowl fragment side and edge. No stem area preserved.

Kaolin Pipe Stems (measurements in mm)

Location Length External diameter Internal diameter

T 30.2 66.2 7.85 1.75

T40.2 48.2 7.3 1.65

T16 16.3 5.64 1.70

T24.2 20.6 6.3 / 7.0 1.36

T24.2 20.0 6.25 / 6.9 1.35

Means 34.26 6.84 1.852

Cut and folded sheet brass

T19 Quadrilateral sheet 27.5 mm x 12.5 mm x .65mm thick

T20 Quadrilateral sheet 24.5 x 17.9 mm x .65 mm thick

T ? Flat angular “C”-shaped 19.5 long, 15.5 wide with 8 x 8 mm notch; 1.25 mm thick

T40 Flange tab with 1 hole for bale handle and 2 lower holes for pail sidewall attachment. 39.4 x 22.5 mm high x 1.2 mm thick

Iron artifacts

T31.2 Rusty tapered cup handle with rolled edges. 35mm long x 20.0 - 23.5 mm wide x 2,5 mm thick

D.S. Brose Revised 23 November 2014 Appendix A Page !1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 20OK476: A LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NATIVE AMERICAN SITE ON APPLE ISLAND

T31.2Fender washer 12.2 mm internal dia x 24 mm external diameter x 1 mm thick

T8.2 Iron boot-hook with circular loop handle.

TU27 -4 cm. Wire-drawn, machine-headed 10d nail.

TU45-36cm. Wire U-shaped staple. 35mm long x 20cm wide.

Lead specimens

T17.2 Partially ﬂattened musket ball; 38 mm 5 mm x 3 mm

Pewter Ornaments

T28.2 Ball and Cone Ear Ornament. Cone 17.5 mm high, solid base 3.7 mm diameter, top with soldered loop 1.25 mm diameter. Ball 5.0 mm diameter with small soldered loop at base 0.5 mm diameter. Ball 5.0 mm diameter. Wire loop 12 mm length

T29.2 Ball and Cone Ear Ornament. Cone 17.0 mm high, solid base 5.0 mm diameter, top with soldered loop 1.25 mm diameter. Ball 5.0 mm diameter with small soldered loop at base 0.5 mm diameter. No wire loop.

Silver [Alloy] Ornament

T27.2 Small “bulbar” equal-arm cruciﬁx. 18.7 mm high, 22.0 overall width, 0.35 mm thick. Each element of arm 8.5 mm maximum width near nexus. Upper portion of top arm perforated with 3.5 mm hole traversed by a small ﬂattened ring of the same material, No marks. Not sterling.

Gun Flints

T29.2 Pale honey-colored. 26mm x 20mm x 9mm. Heavily battered..

T29.2 Honey-colored. 24mm 19mm x 8mm. Split and heavily used and re- sharpened.

D.S. Brose Revised 23 November 2014 Appendix A Page!2 APPENDIX A RECOVERED ARTIFACTS: SITE 20OK476 ON APPLE ISLAND T39.2 Dark honey-colored. 32mm x 34mm x 7mm. Split, broken and reworked with helical striations from possible use as borer.

176.TP2 Light grey. 19mm x 25mm x 8mm. Minimal retouch or use.

176.TP2 Very dark grey. 20.5mm x 25.5mm x 6.2mm. No evidence of use.

T45.1 Light Honey-colored. 27mm x 24mm x 9.3mm. Unused.

T49.2 Black. 28mm x 31mm x 12mm. Unused.

Aboriginal artifacts

TU 31- 40cm. 1 burnt decortication ﬂake. Dundee Chert.

TU 40 - 40cm 1 small smoothed bodysherd. Ca. 11mm x 32mm x 6mm thick. Very sparse crushed granitic grit, compact dark core, dark interior, pale salmon exterior.

No Provenance. 2 smoothed over cord-marked bodysherds. Ca. 12mm x 10 mm x 6.8 mm thick. Sparse crushed limestone temper, friable dark core, buff - salmon exterior.

No provenance. 1 Secondary decortication ﬂake, mottled brownish-grey chert resembling Lockport formation.

Euro/American Ceramics

TU 6 - 41cm. Stoneware body sherd, crock. Ca. 15mm x 23.4mm x 11mm thick. Exterior grey salt-glaze, Interior Albany slip. (popularity 1650 - 1920)

TU 42. Creamware blue-on-white edge sherd Ca. 22mm x 26mm x7mm thick. (popularity 1750 - 1840).

2003 EXCAVATION RECOVERED ARTIFACTS

Several thin (.7mm) fragments of knife-cut sheet brass:

D.S. Brose Revised 23 November 2014 Appendix A Page !3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 20OK476: A LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NATIVE AMERICAN SITE ON APPLE ISLAND

2008 EXCAVATION RECOVERED ARTIFACTS (See Appendix E for Details)

Upon re-inspection in 2013 it is possible that the artifact recovered from Unit 08- 03 Level 2 which had been identified as a grey and black flint biface section may have been a mid-section from a shattered fusil gunflint.

Also, surface recovery from bioturbated and tree-disturbed surface sediments in the region of the 2003 datum stake [E500N500] included fragmented faunal remains, chert debitage and grit/crushed shell-tempered Woodland sherds. Fire- cracked rock was also present as was a fragment of what appeared to be the bone side-plate from a 4-inch clasp knife. From the upper sediments in the Northwest corner of unit 08-04, grid coordinate: N86.5W1.5; scraps of sheet copper, and a single No 8 iron ﬁshhook with corroded shank (and no eye) were recovered. The latter two artifacts may have been in use at any time from the early 18th century through the late twentieth century.

2013 EXCAVATION RECOVERED ARTIFACTS

TU 13-01 Feature 1. One cut and polished deer phalange “gaming piece”

TU 13-01 Feature 1. A large light blue hot-tumbled cane-manufactured glass bead.

TU 13-01 Level 2 - 25cm. Drilled and ﬂattened lead musket ball, originally about 55-60 caliber.

TU 31-01. Linear northeast trench edge along “sunken water road” across from early 1900s Deerdorf Cabin foundations. 46 fragments of milk and medicine 3- mold and pressed bottle glass typical of the late 19th century (Brose, 1967, Rupp and Brose 1967).

D.S. Brose Revised 23 November 2014 Appendix A Page!4 Table 1

Provenance comment deer other mammal birds herp ﬁsh FCR artifact unit # grid depth long bone head trunk other water other # cm 2003

1 43 1 2 4 large turtle 3 17 1 1 8 SW corner: young deer & large bird 5 40 5 2 28 SW quarter: shed antler- skull 6 41 3 17 salt glazed crock frag

7 495N499E 0-20 2 small phalanges 8 40 14 8 small bag charcoal 9 20 6 2 1 32 2 pre-molars 10 4 2 11 2 2 fragments/dark green pebble bottle 12 500N489E 20 2 x x glass and 20 cm iron staple 14 40 3 18 young & mature deer 15 35 48 unidentiﬁed mammal fragments 16 40 2 7 6 3 frog pelvis and limb 17 12 1 3 24 large adult & young 3“small articulated ﬁsh bone mass; mammal 17b 496N498E 5 1 x mammal” bones smashed 19 42 3 32 two turtle carapace 22 44 18 9 23 6 24 8 1 25 41 5 28 26 38 5 two mussel shells 27 30 2 14 one nail: W/D mach head 10d 29 35 1 dog jaw 30 35 8 1 46 jaw with pre-molar

30b 495N497E 20 5 3 turtle 31 40 3 3 one turtle plastron, burned Dundee LS ﬂake

34 30 48 16 17

36 40 8 2 deer very young, swan or goose 37 40 50 5 other charred mammal / gill 38 498N496E 3 4 x 2 6 x plates / burnt brass button with 39 6 1 20 loop shank 39 24 splintered, unburned 40 40 40 27 18 turtle carapace clay pipe bowl frag, 1 GT 6mm body sherd

40b 496N446E 20 2 2 9 7 124 rodent mandible and broken femora 41 39 1 42 6 6 fragment blue on white creamware (1750 ?)

43 25 4 1 1 44 43 2 1 44b 5 67 45 36 63 4 1 wire staple 3 turtle 28a 64 plastrons 2000

ffffff 1 502N499 20 3 14 grams very small olecranon 2 504N499 9 37 3 496N49x 20 2 3 3 1 kaolin pipe stem (ID .05 mm; XD 6.1 mm; L 42.3 mm)

4 500N496 2 2 31 big carapace fragments 5 500N497 4 155 very large deer 5b 500N497 20-40 5 3 45 split molars 6 497N500 7 16 3 222 6b 497N500 6 227 very narrow ribs 7 495N495 20 5 12 small deer phalanges, pike[?] gill plate 8 493N500 8 35 tiny fragments 9 500N493 6 1 46 jaw fragment 10 497N501 3 146 11 496N500 20 9 39 numerous split fragments of deer; 12 500N489E x x 27 2 dark green pebbled bottle glass frag; 20 cm iron staple very young deer; g-t smooth sherds; 13 500N491 7 11. 2 3 safety pin head 13 20 1 7. 5 3 edges 497N499. 14 20 1 1 turtle 129 5 plastron 15 498N501 9 32 3 canine jaw fragments; small mammal 16 17a17 496N498 11 11 340 deer shoulder; very small mammal BAG #1 17b 498N500.5 4 745 split lb 17c 496N498 14 539 allBAG long #2 bones split 18 500N494 4 splitBAG #3 19 495N100 2 1 21 half unit 20 500N495 20 1 1 mature phalange; brass button w welded shank 21 30 38 1 129 22 497N498 3 large 8 plastron 162 23 490N497 14 13 313 shattered long bone; large gill plates 23b 496N497 20 3 4 very small deer; large bird femur and ribs big deer split long bones, worn 23c 7 3 2 13 230 molars; 2 different turtle carapace; ﬁsh spines/vertebrae 24 497N497 3 8 302 25 500N490 20 1 small antler tip 26 500N495 1 crushed vertebrae 27 28 501N493 4 23

depth FCR unit # grid long bone head trunk other water other cm grams + 1 29 35 5 2 dog check these size 29b ? 5 2 dog 96 29 495N498 1 6 7 215 split long bone; turtle 30 6 3 deer: very young ephyseal ends; waterfowl long bones split lb, cerv vert, worn teeth; 30b 8 2 5 4 smashed carap 31 499N496 1 1 dog 1 35 32 499N495 20 5 3 2 80 neck, molars, premolars unworn 33 488N498 37 74 burned white calcined 34 489N498 2 24.5 35 494N 499 1 split 88 36 494N500 3 large bird split longbones 37 1 3 10 102 +2 burned cast brass button with loop 38 498N496 3 1 16 1 1 size shank 39 498N499.5 4 1 3 1 217 very immature deer - 4 molars unworn 40 496N446E 20 1 1 immature skull 40b 496N496 7 45 turtle plastron 2008 (see Appendix E for details) 2013

2013 -1 15-35 4 57 duck? 2013-2 26-45 3 1 shaved phalange 234 2 drilled ﬂattened lead ball 2013-2 Feature 1 45-60 6 - 1 blue glass bead 2013-2 west 1/3 30-70 4 34 19th century pressed and blown glass and metal. Many concrete and brick fragments 20 OK476 References

Maps in the University of Michigan William Clements Library

Nouvelle découverte de plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle France en l'année 1673 et 1674. by Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700 Published 1674. Map Manuscript Maps 4-A-17.

Lac Teiocha-rontiong du communement Lac Erié. by Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700. Pub- lished 1675. Map Manuscript William L. Clements Atlas S-7-B.

Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis le 28 degré de latitude jusqu'au 72 / par M. Bellin ingénieur de la marine et du Depost des Plans, censeur royal, de l'Académie de Marine, et de la Societé Royale de Londres MDCCLV. Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, 1703-1772. Paris : s.n., 1755 William L. Clements Maps 1-H-11.

A sketch of Lake St. Clair with the depth of water mark'd in feet, as sounded / by Lieut: Robinson. by Robertson, Charles, Published 1763 Map Manuscript William L. Clements Small Clinton Maps Box.

La rivière du Détroit depuis le Lac Sainte Claire jusqu'au Lac Erié. by Chaussegros de Léry, Joseph Gaspard, 1721-1797. Published 1764 Map Range 22 Wheat Box A William L. Clements.

Plan of Detroit with its environs. by Montrésor, John, 1736-1799. Published 1764 Map Manuscript Maps 6-N-7 William L. Clements.

A map of the country on the Ohio & Muskingum Rivers shewing the situation of the In- dian towns with respect to the army under the command of Colonel Bouquet / by Thos. Hutchins...by Hutchins, Thomas. Published 1766 C 1766 Sm Map William L. Clements.

Publications and Articles

Agricultural Extension Service. 1972. Oakland County Soils. Lansing: Michigan State University.

Albert, Dennis A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working map and classiﬁcation: Sub-Section VI. I. Southern Lower Michi-

D.S.Brose Page !1 20 OK476 References gan Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-178. (Version 03JUN98) St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/1998/ rlandscp/rlandscp.htm. Accessed 24 January 2014.

Anderson, Dean L. 1991. Variability in Trade at Eighteenth Century French Out- posts. In: French Colonial Archaeology: The Illinois Country and the Western Great Lakes. (John A Walthall, editor), pp. 218-236. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago Anderson, Dean L. 1992. Documentary and Archaeological Perspectives on Eu- ropean Trade Goods in the Western Great Lakes Region. Unpublished Ph.D. Dis- sertation in Anthropology, Michigan State University. East Lansing.

Anderson, Dean L. 1994. “The Flow of European Trade Goods into the Western Great Lakes Region 1715-1760”. p107 in The Fur Trade Revisited: Selected Papers of the Sixth North American Fur Trade Conference: Mackinac Island. Edited by Brown, Eccles and Heldman. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press..

Arkush, Elizabeth N., and Mark W. Allen [Editors]. 2007. The Archaeology of War- fare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida.

Beaumont, Gustav 1835. Note and Journal from Detroit to Sakinac. Translated and cited as Chapter 4,'The Romance of the Forest" in Damrosch, Leo. 2010. Toc- quevilles Discovery of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Berkhofer, Robert. Jr. 1978. The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Columbia University Press.

Binford, Lewis. 1962. A New Method of Calculating Dates from Kaolin Pipe Stem Samples. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 9( 1): 19-21.

Birk, Douglas A. 1991. French Presence in Minnesota: The View from Site Mo20 near Little Falls. In: French Colonial Archaeology: The Illinois Country and the West- ern Great Lakes. (John A Walthall, editor), pp. 237-266.

D.S.Brose Page !2 20 OK476 References

Bird, S. Elizabeth. 1996. Introduction: Constructing the Indian, 1830s -1990s, pp 1- 12 in Dressing In Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in American Popular Cul- ture. Edited by S. E.. Bird. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.

Brashler, Janet G., Elizabeth B. Garland, Margaret B. Holman, William A. Lovis, and Susan R. Martin. 2000. Adaptive Strategies and Socioeconomic Systems in Northern Great Lakes Riverine Environments: The Late Woodland of Michigan. In Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent, edited by T. E. Emerson, D. L. McElrath and A. C. Fortier, pp. 543-579. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Brose, David S. 1965. A Rough Chronology of Local Historic Ceramics. Artifacts 4(2): 12-20.

Brose, David. 1967. The Custer Road Dump Site: An Exercise in Victorian Ar- chaeology: with an Appendix on the Glass Bottles. The Michigan Archaeologist. 13 (2): 37-112.

Brose, David S. 1970 Summer Island III: An Early Contact Period Historic Site in the Upper Great Lakes. Historical Archaeology 4: 3-33.

Brose, David S. 1972. The Development of Archaeology in Northeastern America, pp 116-139 in The Development of North American Archaeology. (Edited by J. Fitting). Natural History Press. New York.

Brose, David S. [Editor]. 1976. The Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Drainage Basin: A 1972 Symposium, Revised. Cleveland: Scientiﬁc Publications of the Museum of Natural History.

Brose, David S. 1978. The Late Prehistory of the Upper Great Lakes, pp 569-582 in Handbook of North American Indians. Vol.15. The Northeast. (Edited by B. Trigger). Washington: The Smithsonian Institution.

Brose, David S. 1983. Rethinking the French Presence in the Upper Great Lakes, in Lulu Linear Punctated: Papers in Honor of George I. Quimby. (Edited by R. Dun- nell and D. Grayson). University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Anthro- pological Papers 72:140-174

D.S.Brose Page !3 20 OK476 References

Brose, David S. 1995. The Great Lakes: Trade Goods, Warfare and Expansion, pp 70-71 in Invisible America: Unearthing Our Hidden History. (Edited by M. Leone and N. Silberman) New York: Henry Holt Co., Inc.

Brose, David. 1996. The South Park Site and the Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio. World Monographs in Archaeology 20 Madison: The Prehistory Press.

Brose, David S. 2000. Late Prehistoric Societies of Northeast Ohio and Adjacent Portions of the South Shore of Lake Erie: A Review. Pp 96-123 in Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions. (Edited by R. Gen- heimer), Cincinnati: The Ohio Archaeological Council Annual Conference.

Brose, David S. 2002. Introduction to Eastern North America at the Dawn of Eu- ropean Colonization. Pp 1-8 in Societies in Eclipse: The Archaeology of the Eastern Woodland Indians A.D. 1400 -1700. (Edited by, D. Brose, W. Cowan and R. Main- fort, Jr.). Washington: The Smithsonian Institution Press.

Brose, David S. 2008. Archaeological Excavations and Testing at Site 20OK476 and “Pontiac's Mound" on Apple Island 6-8 August 2008. Technical Report to the Greater West Bloomﬁeld Historical Society. West Bloomﬁeld: Imprints from the Past, LLC

Brose, David S. (n.d.) Identiﬁcation and Uses of Historical Archaeology in the Third Millennium A.D.

Brose, David S , C Wesley Cowan and R. Mainfort, Jr. (Editors). 2002. Societies in Eclipse: Archaeology of the Eastern Woodland Indians A.D. 1400 - 1700. Washington: The Smithsonian Institution Press.

Brose, David S. and Isaac Greber. 1982. An Archaic Dugout Canoe from Savan- nah Lake, Ohio: With Speculations on Trade and Transmission in the Prehistory of the Eastern U.S. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 7(2):1-34.

Brose, David S., and John F. Scarry. 1976. Boston Ledges: Spatial Analyses of a Late Woodland Rockshelter in Summit County Ohio. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 1(2):115-156.

D.S.Brose Page !4 20 OK476 References

Brown, Jennifer S. H., and Elizabeth Gilbert [Editors]. 1996. Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History. Broadview Press, Toronto

Brown, Ian W. 1992. Certain Aspects of French-Indian Interaction in Lower Louisiane. In: Calumet and Fleur-de-Lys (John A Walthall and Thomas E. Emerson, editors), pp. 17-34. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Buckley, Anthony 1966. Why Not Invent the Past We Display in Museums? pp 42-53 in Making Histories in Museums. Edited by Gaynor Kavanaugh. London: Leicester University Press.

Burt, William H. 1957. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. 2nd Revised Edition [2012]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Burton, Mary Agnes. 1958. "Robert Navarre's [?] 1769 Journal of Pontiac’s Con- spiracy", 1912 translation by Mary Agnes Burton from the Detroit Public Library Burton Collection. Pp 7-17 in The Siege of Detroit in 1763 Edited by Milo M. Quaife. Chicago: The Lakeside Press. Accessed July 2012 at americanjoumeys.- com Document AJ-135,22ff.

Bushnell, David. 1862. Tribal Migrations East of the Mississippi River. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 89 No. 12. Washington, D.C.

Callander, Charles. 1962. Social Organization of the Central Algonkian Indians. Mil- waukee Public Museum Publications in anthropology &. Milwaukee.

Edmunds, Russell David. 1978. Potawatomi: Keepers of the Fire. Civilization of the American Indian Series Vol. 145. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Cave Alfred A. 2006. Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press

Cleland, Charles E. (editor). 1971. The Lasanen Site: An Historic Burial Locality in Mackinac County, Michigan. Anthropological Series 1(1), Publications of the Mu- seum, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Cleland, Charles E. 1992. Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan s Native Americans. Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press.

D.S.Brose Page !5 20 OK476 References

Colaninno, Carol. 2011. Examining Ichthyofaunal Remains for Evidence of Fish- ing Technologies Employed in Georgia Estuaries During the Late Archaic Period. Southeastern Archaeology. 30 (2):337-350.

Cremeens, D. L. and John D. Hart. 1995. On Chronostratigraphy, Pedostratigra- phy and Archaeological Context. pp 15-33 in Pedological Perspectives in Archaeolog- ical Research. Edited by M.E. Collins, B.J. Carter, B.G. Gladfelter and R.J. Southard. Madison: The Soil Science Society.

De Cunzo, L. and J. Jameson, Jr., Editors. 2006. Unlocking the Past: Celebrating Historical Archaeology in North America. Albuquerque: Society for American Ar- chaeology.

DeRegnaucourt, Tony and John Georgiady. 1998. Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. Occasional Monograph No. 7, Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Re- search Museum, Arcanum, Ohio.

Dowd, Gregory Evans. 1990. The French King Wakes up in Detroit: "Pontiac's War" in Rumor and History: Ethnohistory, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Summer,): 254-278

Dowd, Gregory Evans. 1992. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ellis, Linda. 1982. Laboratory Techniques in Archaeology. New York: Garland Pub- lishing Company.

Feldman, Rodney M., A. H. Coogan, and Richard Heimlich. 1977. Field Guide- Southern Great Lakes. K/H Geological Field Guide Series. Kendall Hunt Publish- ing Co., Dubuque, IA.

Ferris, Neal. 2008. Archaeology of Native-Lived Colonialism: Challenging History in the Great Lakes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Fox, W. 1990. The Odawa. pp 457-473 in Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Edited by C.J Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS No. 5

D.S.Brose Page !6 20 OK476 References

Fitting, James E. 1964. Late Woodland Cultures of Southeastern Michigan. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 24. Ann Ar- bor

Fitting James E. 1975. The Archaeology of Michigan: A Guide to the Prehistory of the Great Lakes Region. [Second Revised Edition] Bulletin No. 56. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomﬁeld Hills, Michigan

Foster, H. Thomas II, and Matthew Boehm. 2013. Analysis of Early-Nineteenth- Century Muscogee Creek Fur Trade at a United States Factory Store. Southeast- ern Archaeology. 32 (2):271-283.

Gilbert, B. Miles. 1990. Mammalian Osteology. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.

Gilbert, B. Miles, Larry Marsh and Howard Savage. 1996. Avian Osteology. (2nd Edition). Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.

Good, Mary Elizabeth. 1972. Guebert Site: An 18th Century Historic Kaskaskia Indian Village. Memoir 2, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Wood River, Illi- nois.

Grant, Charles S. 1953. Pontiac's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 40 (1): 75-88. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1897544; Accessed: 09/10/2010 12:37

Greenman, Emerson F. 1951. The Old Birch Island Cemetery and the Early Historic Trade Route, Georgian Bay, Ontario. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Greenman, Emerson F. 1961. The Indians of Michigan. Lansing: The Michigan His- torical Commission.

Grifﬁn, :Patrick. 2003. Empires, Subjects, and Pontiac. Review of Gregory Evans Dowd. “War Under Heaven:Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire”, pp 363-371 in Reviews in American History, 31 (3). : http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 30031345 . Accessed: 08/07/2010 12:41

D.S.Brose Page !7 20 OK476 References

Guthe, Margaret. 1942. Translation of the 1790 Journals of Hugh Heyward in the Bur- ton Collection, Detroit Public Library. Typescript on ﬁle in the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.

Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society. 2011. Native Americans in West Bloom- field’s Past. Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society Pocket Professor Series. Version 4.0 May 2011. Orchard Lake Village.

Hamilton, Edward P. 1967. Adventure in the Wilderness: The American Journals of Louis Antoine de Bougainville. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan press.

Hamilton, T. M. 1968. Early Indian Trade Guns: 1625-1775. Contributions of the Museum of the Great Plains No. 3, Lawton. Oklahoma.

Hamilton, T. M. 1975 On the Origin of Gunspalls. Historical Archaeology 9:65-73.

Hamilton, T. M. 1976. Firearms on the Frontier: Guns at Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781. Reports in Mackinac History and Archaeology No. 5, Mackinac Island State Park Commission, Mackinac Island, Michigan

Hamilton, T. M. 1981. Appendix 3: Gun Parts from the 1978-1979 Excavations Along the Rue de la Babillarde at Michilimackinac. In: Excavations at Fort Michilimackinac: 1978-1979 - The Rue de la Babillarde by Donald P. Heldman, and Roger T. Grange, Jr. Archaeological Completion Report Series No. 3, pp. 351-365. Mackinac Island State Park Commission, Mackinac Island, Michigan.

Hamilton, T. M. 1985 The Spall Gunﬂint. In: Proceedings of the 1984 Trade Gun Con- ference. Edited by Charles F. Hayes, III, Part 2:73-82. Research Records No. 18, Re- search Division, Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York.

Hamilton, T. M. and K. 0 . Emory. 1988. Eighteenth-Century Gunﬂints from Fort Michilimackinac and Other Colonial Sites. Archaeological Completion Report Series No. 13, Mackinac Island State Park Commission, Mackinac Island, Michigan (ii+ 279 pp.).

Harrington, J. C. 1954. Dating Stem Fragments of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Vir- ginia. 9( 1): 10-14.

D.S.Brose Page !8 20 OK476 References

Hodder, Ian and Clive Orton. 1976. Spatial Analysis in Archeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Holman, Margaret B. and Janet G. Brashler. 1999. Economics, Material Culture, and Trade in the Late Woodland Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In Retrieving Michigan’s Buried Past: The Archaeology of the Great Lakes State, edited by J. R. Halsey, pp. 212-220. Bulletin No. 64, Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomﬁeld Hills, MI. Jackson, H. Edwin, and Susan L. Scott. 1995. Faunal Record of the Southeastern Elite: The Implications of Economy, Social Relations and Ideology. Southeastern Archaeology. 134:103-119.

Jordan, David and David Brose. 1967. Appendix; The Glass Bottles from the Custer Road Dump Site. The Michigan Archaeologist.: 112-138.

Jortner, Adam. 2012. The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of 'Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Karr, Landon P., and Alan K. Outram. 2012. “Tracking Changes in Bone Fracture Morphology Over Time: Environment, Taphonomy, and the Archaeological Record.” Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 555–559.

Karr, Landon P. 2015. Brewster site zooarchaeology reinterpreted: understanding levels of animal exploitation and bone fat production at the Initial Middle Mis- souri type site. Science Technology in Archaeological Research Paper in www.- maneyonline.com. accessed 2 April 2015.

Kerr, Ian B., "An Analysis of Personal Adornment at Fort St. Joseph (20BE23), An Eighteenth-Century French Trading Post in Southwest Michigan" (2012). Master's Theses. Paper 28. http:// scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/28

Knight, James E. 2011. Determining the Age of a Deer. Montana State University Ex- tension Service Wildlife Animal MontGuide: reposting of "The Age of a Deer," by Charles W. Ramsey and Milo J. Shult. 2001. mww. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, accessed 20 November 2013.

D.S.Brose Page !9 20 OK476 References

Lindsey, B. 2011. "Bottle / Glass Colors." Historic Glass Bottle Identiﬁcation and Infor- mation Website. Electronic document available at http://www.sha.org/bottIe/ colors.htm. Last accessed October 31,2013.

Lyman, R. Lee. 1987. On the analysis of Vertebrate Mortality Patterns: Sample size, Mortality Type and Hunting Pressure. American Antiquity. 52:125-142.

Martinez, Charles H. 2004. Song of the Heron: Reflections on the History of West Bloomfield. Orchard Lake: Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society Press.

Mason, Ronald J. 1981. Great Lakes Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.

Mason, Ronald J. 1983. The Archaeological Investigation of Rock Island III, Door County, Wisconsin. Special Papers of The Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeolo- gy: 5:1-276. Kent.

Mathers, C., T. Darvil and B. Little, Editors. 2005. Heritage of Value, Archaeology of Renown: Reshaping Archaeological Assessment and Signiﬁcance. Albuquerque: Soci- ety for Historical Archaeology.

Munsell Color Company. 1974. Munsell Soil Color Charts. Baltimore: The Kolmor- gron Corporation: Baltimore.

Nassaney, Michael. 2012. Reclaiming French Heritage at Fort St. Joseph in Niles, Michigan. Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America, http:// www.ameriquefrancatse.org/en/ accessed November 2013

Noel-Hume, Ivor. 1976 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A Knopf, New York.

Olsen, Stanley J. 1964. Mammal Remains from Archaeological Sites, Part I: Southeast- ern and Southwestern United States. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeolo- gy and Ethnology 51(1), The Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA.

Olsen, Stanley J. 1968. Fish, Amphibian and Reptile Remains from Archaeological Sites, Part 1: Southeastern and Southwestern United States. Papers of the Peabody Muse- um of Archaeology and Ethnology 56(2), The Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA.

D.S.Brose Page !10 20 OK476 References

Otis, Charles. 1985. Michigan Trees (Revised 3rd Edition). Ann Arbor: The Uni- versity of Michigan Press.

Parkman, Francis. 1889. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. [2 Volumes]. Boston: Little Brown.

Peckham, Howard. 1947. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Prahl, Earl J., David S. Brose, and David M. Stothers. 1976. A Preliminary Synthe- sis of Late Prehistoric Phenomena in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. In The Late Prehistory ofhe Lake Erie Drainage Basin: A 1972 Symposium Revised, edited by David S. Brose, pp. 251- 282. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland.

Quimby, George I. 1966. Indian Culture and European Trade Goods: The Archaeology of the Historic Period in the Western Great Lakes Region. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Rcitz, Elizabeth, I. R. Quitmeyer, H. Stephen Hale, Sylvia Scudder and Elizabeth Wing. 1987. Application of Allometry to Zooarchaeology. American Antiquity. 52:307-317.

Rogers, Robert. 1765. Journals of Major Robert Rogers: Containing an Account of the Several Excursions He Made Under the Generals Who Commanded Upon the Continent of North America During the Late War. Reprinted with an Introduction by Howard Peckham. New York: Corinth Books.

Russell, Carl P. 1962. Guns on the Early Frontier: A History of Firearms from Colonial Times Through the Years of the Western Fur Trade. Berkeley: The University of Cali- fornia Press.

Schwartz, Charles W. 2011. Aging White-tailed deer. The Wild Mammals of Missouri, University of Missouri Press and www. Missouri Department of Conservation G9484, accessed 20 Nov 2013.

Short, Michael J. 2012. Toward Settlement Occupation Span from Dispersion of Tobacco-Pipe [sic] Stem-Bore Diameter Values. Historical Archaeology. 46 (2): 16-38.

D.S.Brose Page !11 20 OK476 References

Silk, John. 1979. Statistical Concepts in Geography. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Stafford, Michael. 2002. Of Apples and Traders: A Small Fur Trade Period En- campment on Apple Island, Oakland County, Michigan (Anthropology). The Michigan Academician. March 22,2002:178. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters.

Stafford, Michael. 2003. The Fur Trade Site on Apple Island. Interpretive text panels and object labels for exhibition of European artifacts from 20OK476 [With selected gun ﬂints and Montreal trade silver on loan from the Detroit Institute of Arts.] Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomﬁeld Hills, Michigan

Stone, Lyle M. 1974. Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: An Archaeological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. East Lansing: Michigan State University and the Mackinac Island State Park Commission.

Stothers, David M. and Timothy Abel. 1999. The Late Prehistoric and Protohis- toricArchaeology of Southeastern Michigan, pp xx-xx in Retrieving Michigan s Buried Past: The Archaeology of the Great Lakes State. Edited by J. R. Halsey. Bloom- ﬁeld Hills: Cranbrook Institute of Science.

U. S. Soil Conservation Service. 1962. Soil Survey Manual: U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18. Washington.

White, Stephen W. 1976. The French Gunﬂint Industries. Unpublished Masters the- sis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

Witthoft, John. 1966. A History of Gunﬂints. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 36 (1 -2): 12-49.

Wright, James V. 1999. A History of the Native People of Canada Volume II (1,000 B.C. -A.D. 500). Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada 152 (2). Cana- dian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.

Wurst, LouAnn. 2013. Western Michigan University Archaeological Investigations of the Historical Resources on Apple Island, Orchard Lake, Michigan. Preliminary report to the Greater West Bloomﬁeld Historical Society.

D.S.Brose Page !12 20 OK476 References

Zurel, Richard. 2010. Notes and maps illustrating the excavation of the Late Woodland Riﬂe River earthworks in Southeastern Michigan. Personal communication from Zurel to Brose.

D.S.Brose Page !13 Appendix D Notes to the Manuscript20 OK 476

1. Without question, the most thorough historical review of the siege of Detroit and the inter-tribal politics of Pontiac and his often fractious allies is found in Edmunds' (1978) history of the Michigan Pottawatomi tribe.

2. Vegetation across the site area in 2008 appeared to consist of secondary partially undisturbed growth, with a few large (50 meter high and 85 centimeters in diameter at breast height) Sugar Maple trees which are dying. Other large trees consist of a few widely dispersed White Oak trees and several dozen 30 to 40 meter tall Eastern White Cedar, most of which also appear to be dead or dying. These trees appear to be 150-200 years in age. Red Oak. White Pine, Tulip Poplar and Linden and at least two species of hickory and of birch are common sub- dominant trees although few appear older than 75 years. Oak. hazel and vibur- num saplings and poison ivy predominate as understory (Otis 1973).

2. Ferris's recent historical revisions (2008) are a signiﬁcant historical contribution to the early Colonial period in this region. He recognized that European-induced economic warfare among a number of aboriginal groups exacerbated older systems of raiding and adoption that had maintained the ﬂuidity of "tribal" existence. By documenting how those quasi-ethnic systems adapted to meet Euro- peans' changing nationalistic military and clerical demands, Ferris questions the legitimacy of imposed tribal labels in what he calls "master narrative" histories composed by Europeans.

3. Analyses and description of the 2013/14 excavations of the historic 19th and 20th century occupations of Apple Island were conducted by the Western Michi- gan University Anthropology Department ﬁeld crews under the direction of Dr. LouAnn Wurst.

4. In Albert's (1995) report he characterized the regional geography as follows: "... the region represents an inter-lobate area between three glacial lobes, which formed approximately 13,000 to 16,000 years B.P.... Topography con- sists of broad expanses of outwash sands that surround sandy and gravelly

D.S. Brose Page 1 of 5 9 April 2015 Appendix D Notes to the Manuscript20 OK 476

end moraines and ground moraines.... End and ground moraines remain as hills surrounded by ﬂat outwash Large segments of end moraine and outwash include kames and eskers with many contiguous kettle lakes and ponds.

Extensive wetlands surround many of those kettle lakes where marl and peat deposits were mined in the past. ... The complex of lakes drain north to the Shiawassee, east to the Clinton and south to the Rouge Rivers while headwaters of the Huron, Grand, Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers origi- nate in wetlands to the west"Slopes are generally in the 0 to 6 percent but on end moraine ridges slopes can be 25 to 40 percent. ... Soils range from sand to clay; the most common soil texture is sandy loam on moraines and sand on outwash plains.

"[Pre-Contact] Vegetation reﬂects underlying differences in landform and topography. On the sandy moraines, open savannas of black oak, white oak, and hickory were common. GLO surveyors described the open oak forests as "barrens," “oak openings," "barren and scrubby timber," or "scattered timber."... GLO notes quote... numerous historic references to Native- American ﬁres in the oak savannas or barrens.

"Bur oak savannas were located on the smaller "islands" of gently sloping ground moraine and end moraine at the western edge of the sub-subsec- tion. Other dominants of the oak savannas were white oak, black oak, and chinquapin oak.... On droughty ice- contact topography[kettles and kames], black oak (probably including some northern pin oak) was commonly the dominant forest species. White oak and hickory were also common on slightly moister ice-contact sites, and red oak occupied moist foot slopes. In areas of ice-contact topography, wetlands were commonly re- stricted to narrow belts surrounding kettle lakes. These consisted of shrub, hardwood, or conifer [tamarack] swamps.”

D.S. Brose Page 2 of 5 9 April 2015 Appendix D Notes to the Manuscript20 OK 476

5. The Cranbrook Institute of Science currently has on display a bark canoe (Cat- alog # 894) which was donated to them by Mr. Lloyd Strong in 1939. In May, 1940, Strong wrote to the CIS to correct an earlier misidentiﬁcation of the person who had donated the bark canoe. His letter to Director Robert Hatt, from Strong’s Pavillion in Keego Harbor stated that he wanted the donor to be recorded as “Strong’s Pavillion". Strong added, “I have no further information concern- ing the history of the boat except that it is supposed to have been made on Apple Island by some of Pontiac’s tribe.”

Although the earlier 1940 letter does not mention it, in 1997 Diane Treacy-Cole, a grand-daughter of Strong’s, wrote to the Curator of the Cranbrook Institute of Science that her grandfather had discovered the canoe buried in Orchard Lake and “recovered it” prior to donating it to CIS. Correspondence on ﬁle at the GWBHS indicates Strong ran a dance pavilion in the 1920s on Cass Lake Road, which he turned into a canoe livery in the 1930’s. One source indicates Mr. Strong found the canoe, another that he was given the canoe when he ran the livery.

While birchbark canoes were usually of more northern origin, the journals of Hugh Heyward indicate they were used by both Awada and French Canadian traders in the region well into the 19th century. It is true that bark canoes and dugouts were often submerged or buried to keep them from drying out too much or for winter storage (Brose and Greber 1982). However, the shallower waters of Orchard Lake seem neither cold enough in the summer nor oxygen-deprived enough, to preserve a bark canoe for 150 years.

Mr. Richard Zurel, a student of Oakland County archaeology, has mentioned that some time in the 1950s a degraded 4 meter long dugout canoe, found near the island and given to the Historical Society, was donated to the Cranbrook Institute of Science in return for the loan of a 3.5 meter long dugout with no known place of origin but which had been purchased for the CIS in the 1930s. That more well- preserved dugout on loan from Cranbrook is on display in the GWBHS museum.

D.S. Brose Page 3 of 5 9 April 2015 Appendix D Notes to the Manuscript20 OK 476

6. Stafford received his graduate training at the University of Wisconsin where his major professor, T. Douglas Price had been trained in field work at the Uni- versity of Michigan. That is where Brose also received his graduate training. Under the direction of James Bennet Griffin the University of Michigan used this North and East system of field excavation designations in the era prior to GPS tagging.

7. Nassaney (2012) has documented the wide array of French and British artifacts and the very diverse nature of mammals, birds and ﬁsh used for food which have been recovered from excavations at the contemporary French and Indian occupations at Fort Saint Joseph from 1721 until its 1763 capture. The most com- prehensive documentary (not archaeological) overview of the general sequences of European artifacts destined for Native Americans during what has been called the Fur Trade period will be found in the unpublished Michigan State University Ph.D. Dissertation in Anthropology by Dean Anderson, current Michigan State Archaeologist..

8. 1 mm = 3.0 sixtieth-fourth of an inch =.0396875 inches. 1.562mm = 4.686 sixtieth- fourths inch.

9. Many, but not all of the unit bags of recovered faunal material from the 2000 and 2003 excavations contained cut and modiﬁed bone, and a few contained artifacts. While most of those were late 19th or early 20th century glass or industrial porcelain fragments, a few of the unit bags contained small prehistoric or mid-18th century artifacts or pieces thereof (see Appendix A).

Most of the unit bags from 2000 and 2003 carried some notation such as: 43 FCR; or 103 FCR; or even 1193 FCR, clearly enumerating either the count or the weight of the ﬁre-cracked rock encountered in the excavation of the levels indicated for that unit. As the average number associated with the FCR designation on 56 of more than 110 unit bags analyzed in 2014 was 115 FCR it appeared unlikely that all of these designations represented a being the mean weight of ﬁre cracked rock

D.S. Brose Page 4 of 5 9 April 2015 Appendix D Notes to the Manuscript20 OK 476 from those units in which it was recovered. The mean weight of ﬁrecracker rock recovered from all units excavated at site 20OK476 in the 2000 2003, 2008 and 2013 excavation seasons was 28 grams. The low number is due to the large number of excavated units (nearly 43%) in which no ﬁre-cracked rock was recorded.

10. In 2012 a formal geographic survey of Apple Island was performed by SKMBT Engineering for the Greater West Bloomﬁeld Historical Society. The maps prepared by that survey are incorporated into this report. The survey also identiﬁed the core Datum point for all 2000-2013 archaeological test excavations at Site 20OK476 as located at ”26.42428’ North Longitude and 83º22”2222.20048’ West Latitude. [UTM Northing 47180.90.508 Easting 305310.622].

D.S. Brose Page 5 of 5 9 April 2015 APPENDIX E 20 OK 476 TEST UNIT RECOVERY 2008

Unit designation: Test Pit #1 Grid location at center of south wall: N95E00 Size: 50cm x 50 cm Level: 1 Material Recovered: No cultural materials

Unit designation: Test Pit #2 Grid location at center of south wall: N90E00 Size: 50cm x 50 cm Level: 1 Material Recovered: 1 fragment burned clay, possibly non-cultural 3 ﬂakes Dundee chert, possibly probed

Unit designation: Test Pit #3 Grid location at center of south wall: N85E00 Size: 50cm x 50 cm Level: 1 Material Recovered: 1 small probed core of Dundee chert 3 fragments charcoal 3 split sections ruminant (deer?) long bone 2 fragments deer scapulae 5 granitic FCR cobbles -595 grams 3 small fragments granitic FCR – 83 grams

Unit designation: 08-01 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N82E04 Size: 1 meter x 1 meter Level: 1 Material Recovered: 3 small mammal bone fragments 2 bird/reptile bone fragments 1 rodent incisor 2 unmodiﬁed fragments Dundee chert 2 fragments FCR limestone – 85 grams 13 granitic FCR cobbles unmodiﬁed –797 grams 1 granite cobble showing battering – 110 grams

Unit designation: 08-01 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N82E04 Size: 1 meter x 1 meter Level: 2 Material Recovered: No cultural materials APPENDIX E 20 OK 476 TEST UNIT RECOVERY 2008 Unit designation: 08-02 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N90W10 Size: 1 meter x 1 meter Level: 1 Material Recovered: 3 cobbles burned limestone – 120 grams 1 probed Dundee chert pebble 1 fragment clam shell 3 fragments split ruminant long bone 1 small deer mandible with three adult teeth, slightly worn 16 fragments granite and schist FCR – 680 grams

Unit designation: 08-02 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N90W10 Size: 1 meter x 1 meter Level: 2 Material Recovered: 1 ﬂake cut sheet copper 1 granite FCR cobble – 275 grams 6 probed chunks Dundee chert 1 grit-tempered, smoothed over cordmarking pottery sherd

Unit designation: 08-03 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N86W0.25 Size: 1meter x 1 meter Level: 1 Material Recovered: 3 fragmented young deer long bone 1 unfused centroquartal [juvenile] deer bone 2 fragments burned clay 2 grit-tempered smoothed over cord-marking pottery sherds 4 calcined crushed mammal bone fragments 2 fragments amphibian/reptile bone 2 turtle carapace scutes 3 small charcoal fragments

Unit designation: 08-03 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N86W0.25 Size: 1meter x 1 meter Level: 2 Material Recovered: 2 fragments [deer?] ruminant vertebrae 1 burned and abraded limestone or gypsum pebble 2 grit and shell-tempered surface-spalled potsherds 1 grey and black [Upper Mercer or Port Franks] ﬂint biface section 5 mid-sized ruminant [deer?] skull fragments APPENDIX E 20 OK 476 TEST UNIT RECOVERY 2008

Unit designation: 08-03 Level: 2 (Continued) Additional Material Recovered: 1 section adult deer temporal bone – no antler core 1 sturgeon skull fragment with teeth 1 ﬁsh or amphibian palate/skull fragment 1 piece calcined mammal bone 2 granitic FCR cobbles – 1077 grams 1 piece leached limestone/mudstone 2 unmodiﬁed granite cobbles – 397 grams 1 battered-end granite cobble – 367 grams

Unit designation: 08-03 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N86W0.25 Size: 1meter x 1 meter Level: 3 Material Recovered: 1 iron concretion or end of clasp knife handle 4 fragments of crushed calcined mammal bone 4 rough Dundee chert block ﬂakes

Unit designation: 08-03 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N86W0.25 Feature 1: Shallow ﬁrepit base Dimensions: Oval area of reddened and partially fused [burned] coarse sands; 65cm E-W by 54 cm N-S; 24 cm deep in center Material Recovered: fragments of calcined mammal bone Small fragments of charcoal

Unit designation: 08-04 Northwest corner grid coordinate: N86.5W1.5 Size: 1meter x 1 meter Level: 1 Material Recovered: 1 surface-leached Petoskey stone – 567 grams 1 ruminant [deer] calcaneus 1 ruminant [deer] phalange 2 fragments cut sheet copper 1 rusted iron fish hook 1 bird long bone 3 fish jaw/skull bones 1 fish vertebrae 1 fish/amphibian dermal plate