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Roberto Serafim Simoes.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC - SP Roberto Serafim Simões O PAPEL DOS KLESAS NO CONTEXTO MODERNO DO IOGA NO BRASIL: UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE OS POSSÍVEIS DESLOCAMENTOS DA CAUSA DO MAL E DA PRODUÇÃO DE NOVOS BENS DE SALVAÇÃO POR MEIO DA FISIOLOGIA BIOMÉDICA OCIDENTAL. DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA RELIGIÃO SÃO PAULO 2015 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC - SP Roberto Serafim Simões O PAPEL DOS KLESAS NO CONTEXTO MODERNO DO IOGA NO BRASIL: UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE OS POSSÍVEIS DESLOCAMENTOS DA CAUSA DO MAL E DA PRODUÇÃO DE NOVOS BENS DE SALVAÇÃO POR MEIO DA FISIOLOGIA BIOMÉDICA OCIDENTAL. Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências da Religião pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob orientação do Professor Eduardo Rodrigues da Cruz DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA RELIGIÃO SÃO PAULO 2015 SIMÕES, Roberto Serafim, O papel dos klesas no contexto moderno do ioga no Brasil: Uma investigação sobre os possíveis deslocamentos da causa do mal e da produção de novos bens de salvação por meio da fisiologia biomédica ocidental. São Paulo, 2015. 175f. Doutorado – Pontifícia Católica De São Paulo, 2015 Área de Concentração: Ciências da Religião Banca Examinadora ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais, meu irmão e à minha família, Miila e Jolie. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Eduardo Cruz, pela sua dedicação e parcimônia. À CAPES, pelo apoio para a elaboração deste projeto. RESUMO. O período antigo do ioga emerge em meio a uma sociedade indiana estratificada e influenciado por religiões como o samkhya e o hinduísmo bramânico, sistematizando-se como um dársana ortodoxo hinduísta por meio da escritura antiga Ioga Sutras (IS) alguns séculos antes de era cristã. O IS explica tanto as causas do sofrimento humano quanto a promessa de uma boa vida iogue, baseando-se na teoria comportamental dos klesas (apego, aversão, medo da morte, orgulho e ignorância) como nefastos a evolução espiritual. Um caminho óctuplo ou asthanga ioga (AI) edifica-se a partir dele como a proposta ioguica de salvação da alma. O AI visa, por meio de condutas éticas, práticas rituais corporais e a experiência mística do samadhi atenuar os klesas em busca da união com deus/Isvara. Na idade média indiano, entre os séculos X-XV d.C., esse sistema de crenças ioguico encontra a religiosidade tântrica, jainista e budista elevando o valor do corpo em detrimento a outros aspectos doutrinais do IS. A fase moderna do ioga, no entanto, está sendo erigida por influência de um novo contexto social-religioso. Atualmente, muito mais do que brâmanes e swamis, o ioga busca a sua legitimidade como caminho espiritual sob a égide da racionalidade científica e de novos movimentos religiosos do ocidente. Nesse processo, o ioga ressignifica a sua linguagem mística que circulava entre os ashrams e florestas indianos dos tempos antigo e medieval, para um público que enfrenta os desafios estressantes de se viver nos grandes centros urbanos ocidentais, sobretudo, uma sociedade do consumo, secular e privatizada religiosamente. Sabe-se que nos tempos atuais o ioga ressignifica a sua fisiologia metafísica à luz da ciência biomédica, desconfio que a teoria dos klesas, pode estar passando por uma reforma religiosa também. Para buscar compreender essas possíveis transformações soteriológicas do ioga atual, saí a campo e conduzi de forma semiestruturada entrevistas com dez iogues e três cientistas brasileiros da área psicobiológica que investigam o sistema de atos ioguicos como terapia e cura. Os dados revelaram uma percepção de clivagem no ioga moderno, entre pertencer a uma terapêutica Nova Era ou mais uma técnica biomédica ocidental. A partir dessa conjuntura novas crenças despontaram para legitimar o discurso do ioga frente ao panorama social-religioso em que ele vive atualmente. Mais do que simples ressignificação simbólica, a soteriologia ioguica moderna está passado hoje por um processo de transformação soteriológica. As principais transformações que se destacaram, estão: 1) na elevação da concepção de estresse ao nível de klesa ou obstáculo espiritual; e 2) o relaxamento, antagônico ao estresse-klesa, conquista natureza mística do samadhi; e 3) por consequência, a salvação/libertação dos klesas- estresse adquiri substância “empírica” de um estado espiritual imutável de não-estresse ou de uma espécie de “homeostase divina”. Conclui-se que a racionalidade científica ao invés de promover o desencantamento religioso do ioga, legitima-o como um novo sistema de crenças e produz novos bens de salvação (estresse-klesa, relaxamento-samadhi e homeostase- kaivalya). A associação dos benefícios para a saúde das práticas do ioga defendidos e propalados pela fisiologia biomédica associado ao desassossego dos centros urbanos ocidentais, pode ter enfraquecido a teoria comportamental dos klesas como causa essencial do sofrimento humano. Palavras-chave: ioga, fisiologia, klesas, salvação espiritual, relaxamento, estresse. ABSTRACT. The ancient yoga period emerges amid a stratified Indian society and influenced by religions like samkhya and the Brahmanical Hinduism if systematizing it as an orthodox Hindu darśana through ancient scripture Yoga Sutras (IS) some centuries before the Christian era. The IS explains both the causes of human suffering and the promise of a good yogi life, based on the behavioral theory of klesas (attachment, aversion, fear of death, pride and ignorance) as adverse spiritual evolution. An eightfold path or asthanga yoga (AI) is built-from it as the yogic proposal for salvation of the soul. The AI aims, through ethical conduct, practices corporal rituals and mystical experience of samadhi mitigate klesas seeking union with God/Isvara. On average Indian age, between X-XV centuries AD, this system of yogic beliefs is the Tantric religiosity, Jain and Buddhist raising the body's value over the other doctrinal aspects of IS. The modern phase of yoga, however, is being erected under the influence of a new social - religious context . Currently, more than Brahmins and swamis , yoga seeks its legitimacy as spiritual path under the aegis of scientific rationality and new religious movements in the West . In this process , the yoga reframes its mystical language circulating among ashrams and Indian forests of ancient and medieval times to an audience facing the stressful challenges of living in large Western cities, above all, a society of consumption, secular and privatized religiously. It is known that nowadays the yoga reframes its metaphysical physiology in the light of biomedical science , I suspect that the theory of klesas , may be going through a religious reform as well. In order to understand these possible soteriological transformation of the current yoga, I led 13 semi-structured interviews with ten way yogis and three Brazilian scientists psychobiological area investigating the yogic system acts as therapy and healing. The data revealed a cleavage perception in the modern yoga, between belonging to a therapeutic New Age or more a Western biomedical technique. From this juncture new beliefs emerged to legitimize the discourse yoga against the social- religious situation in which it now lives. More than just symbolic reframing, modern yogic soteriology is passed today by a salvific transformation process. The main changes that stood out are: 1) the elevation of design stress level of klesa or spiritual obstacle; and 2) the relaxation antagonistic to stress-klesa, achievement mystical nature of samadhi; and 3) consequently, salvation/liberation of klesas-stress acquire substance "empirical" an unchanging spiritual state of no stress or a kind of "divine homeostasis." It is concluded that scientific rationality rather than promote religious yoga disenchantment, it legitimizes it as a new system of beliefs and produces new goods of salvation (stress-klesa, relaxation-samadhi and homeostasis-kaivalya) . The association of the health benefits of yoga practices defended and propagated by biomedical physiology associated with the restlessness of the western urban centers , may have weakened the behavioral theory of klesas as essential cause of human suffering. Key words: yoga, physiology, klesas, spiritual salvation, relaxation, stress. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................................. 11 Capitulo 1. O IOGA ATRAVÉS DOS TEMPOS: DO IOGA ANTIGO DESCRITO NO IOGA SUTRAS AO SURGIMENTO DO IOGA MODERNO .............................................................. 25 1.1. Período pré-clássico do ioga................................................................................ 25 1.2. Período clássico do ioga...................................................................................... 27 1.2.1. Apresentação da proposta de salvação do ioga clássico.................................... 29 1.3. Período pós-clássico, pré-moderno ou medieval do ioga.................................... 31 1.3.1. O inicio da corporificação do ioga e a sua medicalização a partir do ayurveda.32 1.4. O surgimento do ioga moderno........................................................................... 38 1.4.1. A Renascença Indiana.......................................................................................... 38 1.4.2. Ioga moderno......................................................................................................
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