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لسرة الصخرٌة ل نظرٌة دراسة Umbilicus Rupestris المنتمً للعائلة Crassulaceae

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لسرة الصخرٌة ل نظرٌة دراسة Umbilicus Rupestris المنتمً للعائلة Crassulaceae الجمهورٌة الجزائرٌة الدٌمقراطٌة الشعبٌة République Algérienne Démocratique et Populair وزارة التعلٌم العالً و البحث العلمً Ministère de L’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique جامعة اﻹخوة متنوري قسنطٌنة 1 Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 كلٌة علوم الطبٌعة و الحٌاة Faculté des Sciences de la nature et de la Vie قسم البٌولوجٌا و البٌئة النباتٌة Département de Biologie et Ecologie végétal مذكرة التخرج للحصول على شهادة الماستر مٌدان علوم الطبٌعة و الحٌاة فرع بٌولوجٌا النبات تخصص البٌولوجٌا و فٌزٌولوجٌا التكاثر عنوان المذكرة: دراسة نظرٌة للسرة الصخرٌة Umbilicus rupestris المنتمً للعائلة Crassulaceae من إعداد الطالبتٌن: ؼربً نور اﻹٌمان سحنون عبٌر لجنة المناقشة: بعزٌز نصٌرة رئٌسا أستاذ محاضر أ جامعة اﻹخوة منتوري - قسنطٌنة 1 زؼمار مرٌم مقررا أستاذ محاضر أ جامعة اﻹخوة منتوري - قسنطٌنة 1 بولعسل معاد عضوا أستاذ محاضر أ جامعة اﻹخوة منتوري - قسنطٌنة 1 السنة الجامعٌة: 2019-2020 بِ ْس ِم ِهللا ال َّر ْح َم ْن ال َّر ِحي ْم أوﻻ و قبل كل شًء نشكر هللا القدٌر الذي أنار لنا طرٌقنا و رزقنا اﻻرادة و الصبر طوال فترة دراستنا، ثم نتقدم بالشكر الجزٌل لوالدٌنا و لكل من مد لنا ٌد العون ﻻ نجاز هدا البحث. نعبر عن خالص الشكر لﻷستاذة زؼمار مرٌم ﻹشرافها على بحثنا و توجٌهاتها لنا، مع التمنً لها بالشفاء العاجل. نتوجه بخالص الشكر و العرفان لﻷستاذ باقة مبارك على المساعدات الكثٌرة، النصائح القٌمة و أرائه المفٌدة من أجل اعداد هدا البحث. و كدا اﻷستاذتٌن حمودة دنٌا و شوقً سعٌدة على التوجٌه. خالص التشكرات إلى أساندتنا الكرام أعضاء لجنة المناقشة اﻷستاذة بعزٌز نصٌرة و اﻷستاذ بولعسل معاد على قبولهم تقٌٌم عملنا المتواضع. نتقدم بالشكر لجمٌع العاملٌن فً الCRBT خاصة ابتسام، مراد، مهدي و هدى على المتابعة أثناء عملنا داخل مختبر اﻷبحاث. باﻹضافة الى ذلك، نود شكر طالبة الدكتوراه نسرٌن و طالب الدكتوراه ؼناي نبٌل على الدعم و المساعدة. الى صاحب السٌرة العطرة، و الفكر المستنٌر، فلقد كان له الفضل اﻷول فً بلوؼً التعلٌم العالً والدي الحبٌب عزالدٌن، اطال هللا فً عمره. الى من وضعتنً على طرٌق الحٌاة، و جعلتنً رابط الجأش، أمً الؽالٌة فاطمة الزهراء. الى اخوتً محمد امٌن و حسام الدٌن، من كان لهما بالػ اﻷثر فً كثٌر من العقبات و الصعاب. والى زهرة قلبً ابنة اخً افنان. الى صدٌقتً و زمٌلتً فً البحث سحنون عبٌر، والى صدٌقاتً خدٌجة، شروق. الى جمٌع اساتذتً الكرام؛ ممن لم ٌتوانوا فً مد ٌد العون لً اهدي الٌكم بحثً . نور اﻹيمان هذا العمل مهدى ﻷبً عبد الفتاح الذي فارق هاته الحٌاة مبكرا جدا و ترك فراغ كبٌر فً قلبً و حٌاتً «رحمة هللا علٌه»، والذي دفعنً دائما و حفزنً فً دراستً، آمل أن ٌكون هدا اﻻهداء كبادرة متواضعة للتعبٌر عن امتنان البنت التً لم تنسى الدعاء ﻷبٌها فً كل صﻻة. وأقول له ٌا أبً الحمد هلل انً تمكنت من تحقٌق حلمك فً انهاء دراستً. اهدي تخرجً و فرحتً لنور العٌن لكل حٌاتً أمً الحبٌبة الؽالٌة فضٌلة التً تحملت التعب و الشقاء و كانت لنا أم و أب، هً التً انشأت فً نفسً الصبر و اﻻحسان، هً التً بفضل دعواتها و رضاها بارك هللا لً خطواتً، مهما قلت لن أتمكن من أن أعطٌك حقك حفظك هللا لً و رعاك و أدامك تاج فوق رأسً. الى أؼلى و أكثر من أحبهم قلبً أخوتً، أخً اﻷكبر محمد اﻷمٌن ابً الثانً و سندي فً هذه الدنٌا و عونً بعد هللا، و الى من أرى السعادة من ضحكتهم ضٌاء الدٌن و عﻻء الدٌن. الى جدتً أطال هللا فً عمرها التً لم تبخل علً ابدا بدعواتها، و الى خالتً العزٌزة صلٌحة و زوجها عبد الؽانً اللذان دعمانً دائما و أفضا علً باهتما ِمهما الﻻمتناهً، و أوﻻدهم آدم، نوفل و جواد فهم عائلتً الصؽٌرة الثانٌة. و بدون ان انسى كل اﻷسرة و كل من تمنى لً النجاح و التوفٌق. الى زمٌلتً و رفٌقتً فً هذا البحت ؼربً نور اﻻٌمان و الى كل اﻷساتذة الكرام و الى كل من مد لً ٌد العون فً هاد العمل و على رأسهم اﻻستاذ باقة مبارك. عبير الفهرس التشكرات. اﻻهداء. الفهرس. قائمة اﻷشكال. قائمة اﻻختصارات. قائمة الجداول. المقدمة. Ⅰ.الدراسة النظرٌة...............................................................................................1 Ⅰ.1 الفصل اﻷول: دراسة بٌولوجٌا و توزع النبات..........................................................1 Ⅰ.1.1 تعرؾٌ العائلة Crassulaceae...................................................................1 Ⅰ.1.1 الجنس Umbilicus.................................................................................1 Ⅰ.1.1 سرة اﻻرض « Umbilicus rupestris»......................................................1 Ⅰ.4.1 الوصؾ النباتً..........................................................................................2 Ⅰ.5.1 التصنؾٌ النباتً.........................................................................................4 Ⅰ.6.1 دورة الحٌاة..............................................................................................5 Ⅰ.7.1 زراعة و ؼرس نبات السرة الصخرٌة................................................................5 Ⅰ.8.1 تأثٌر درجة الحرارة على نمو نبات ال ُسرة الصخرٌة.................................................6 Ⅰ.9.1 خصائص عﻻجٌة........................................................................................7 Ⅰ.11.1 توزعها.................................................................................................7 Ⅰ.1.11.1 توزع السرة الصخرٌة............................................................................7 Ⅰ.1.11.1 مكان تواجد ال ُسرة الصخرٌة فً وﻻٌة قسنطٌنة................................................8 Ⅰ.1 الفصل الثانً: دراسة حول المٌتابولٌزم الثانوي......................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1 تعرؾٌ المٌتابولٌزم الثانوي..........................................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1 أهم نواتج اﻷٌض الثانوي............................................................................11 Ⅰ.1 الفصل الثالث: الوسائل و التقنٌات المتبعة فً هذه الدراسة.........................................14 Ⅰ.1.1 المادة النباتٌة .........................................................................................14 Ⅰ.1.1.1 التجفؾٌ.............................................................................................14 Ⅰ.1.1.1 الطحن...............................................................................................14 Ⅰ.1.1.1 تحضٌر المستخلصات..............................................................................15 Ⅰ.1.1 النشاط المضاد للفطرٌات.............................................................................19 Ⅰ.1.1.1 تحضٌر وسط الزرع................................................................................19 Ⅰ.1.1.1 عملٌة زرع الفطر..................................................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1.1 الحضن.............................................................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1 تحلٌل مستخلص نبات السرة الصخرٌة..............................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1.1 تحلٌل نوعً للمستخلص..........................................................................11 Ⅰ.1.1.1 تحلٌل كمً للمستخلص............................................................................11 Ⅰ.4.1 فصل المواد الكٌمٌائٌة للسرة الصخرٌة............................................................11 Ⅰ.1.4.1 الفصل على جل Sephadex...................................................................11 Ⅰ.1.4.1 كروماتوؼرافٌا الطبقة الرقٌقة )CCM(.........................................................14 Ⅰ.1.4.1 تنقٌة المنتجات باستخدام HPLC التحضٌري..................................................14 Ⅰ.5.1 نشاط مضاد للبكتٌرٌا..................................................................................14 Ⅰ.1.5.1 طرٌقة اﻻنتشار فً وسط اﻷؼار..................................................................14 Ⅰ.1.5.1 طرٌقة التخفؾٌ الدقٌق فً الوسط السائل........................................................15 Ⅰ.6.1 نشاط الجذور الحرة.DPPH........................................................................16 Ⅰ.4 الفصل الرابع: ما توصلت الٌه البحوث حول هذا النبات..............................................17 الخﻻصة Ⅱالخﻻصة......................................................................................................18 الملخص Ⅲالملخص......................................................................................................19 المراجع. قائمة اﻷشكال رقم الشكل العنوان رقم الصفحة الشكل 1 نبات السرة الصخرٌة. 4 نبات السرة الصخرٌة Umbilicus rupestris. الشكل 2 9 بطاقة التوزٌع السرة الصخرٌة فً برٌطانٌا و فرنسا. الشكل3 10 خرٌطة توضح موقع مدٌنة قسنطٌنة. الشكل 4 11 الشكل5 منطقة ؼابة دراع الناقة. 11 الشكل 6 ٌوضح التركٌب اﻷساسً للفﻻفونوٌد حسب. 13 الشكل 7 شكل ٌوضح isopréne. 14 الشكل 8 أوراق نبات ال ُسرة الصخرٌة بعد التجفؾٌ. 16 الشكل 9 أوراق السرة الصخرٌة بعد الطحن و الوزن 16 الشكل 10 صورة للمذٌبات المستعملة. 17 الشكل 11 صور لبعض مراحل اﻻستخﻻص. 20-19 الشكل 12 بعض الصور توضح كٌفٌة تحضٌر وسط الزرع. 21 الشكل13 بعض الصور التً توضح كٌفٌة زرع الفطر. 23-22 الشكل 14 صورة ﻷطباق بتري فً الحاضنة. 23 صفٌحة المعاٌرة الدقٌقة المستخدمة فً حالة الشكل 15 25 التخفؾٌ الدقٌق. قائمة الجداول رقم الجدول العنوان رقم الصفحة 5-4 جدول 1 وصؾ نباتً للسرة الصخرٌة. جدول 1 ٌلخص بعض نواتج اﻷٌض الثانوي. 15-14-11-11 قائمة المختصرات ONM : Organisation Météorologique Mondiale. DMSO : le Diméthylsulfoxyde. DPPH : Diphénylpicrylhydrazyle, (2,2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl). CRBT : Centre de recherches biotechnologies Tropicales. المقدمة مقدمة: إن مناخ البحر اﻷبٌض المتوسط الذي تتمٌز به الجزابر و كذا موقعها الجؽرافً، ٌتحكمان بشكل مباشر فً تنوع الؽطاء النباتً على أساس اختﻻؾ المناخ الساحلً، القاري و الصحراوي، و لما تتمتع به من حرارة و رطوبة وتربة متنوعة ادى الى اختﻻؾ و تنوع و انتشار النباتات. ومما ﻻ شك فٌه ان لهذه المناخات المتباٌنة و الترب المختلفة أثر بالػ على شدة التنوع النباتً و المكونات الكٌمٌابٌة للنباتات و اعطابها الممٌزات الخاصة )حلٌمً، 1997(. د ل ت التجارب أن نباتات المناطق المعتدلة هً اﻷكثر فعالٌة واﻷؼنى فً العناصر المعدنٌة المفٌدة و المركبات اﻻٌضٌة المختلفة من نباتات المناطق الباردة. فً الجزابر ما ﻻ ٌقل عن 3500 نوع نباتً منها ما تنتمً إلى المناخ الحار و منها ما تنتمً إلى المناخ المعتدل. منها حوالً 1900 نوع تتواجد فً اسبانٌا وما ٌقارب 1500 نوع فً اٌطالٌا وكثٌر منها ﻻ ٌعثر علٌها إﻻ فً المناطق الصحراوٌة. و هناك
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