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D Senv BENNAOUM Zineb .Pdf N° d’ordre… الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية RÉPUBLIQUE ALGÉRIENNE DÉMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DDEE DDOOCC TTOORRAATT UNIVERSITÉ DJILLALI LIABES DE SIDI BEL ABBES FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE Département des Sciences de l’Environnement TTHHEESSEE DDEE DDOOCCTTOORRAATT EENN SSCCII EENNCCEESS Présentée par Melle BENNAOUM Zineb Spécialité : Sciences de l’environnement Option : Biodiversité végétale méditerranéenne : inventaire, valorisation et restauration In titulé Enveloppe écologique, caractères microphytodermiques et effets allélopathiques des composés phytochimiques des espèces du genre Ruta dans la région nord occidentale oranaise. Soutenue le 27/11/2018 Devant l’honorable jury composé de : Président : Dr. MAHROUG Samira MC(A). Université Djillali Liabès S.B.A Examinateurs: Pr. IGHIL-HARIZ Zohra Professeur. Université ORAN 1, Ahmed Ben Bella Pr. BELKHODJA Moulay Professeur. Université ORAN 1, Ahmed Ben Bella Promoteur : Pr. BENHASSAINI Hachemi Professeur. Université Djillali Liabès S.B.A Année universitaire 2017 - 2018 Remerciements Au terme de ce travail, il m’est agréable d’exprimer mes remerciements à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à l’élaboration de cette thèse. Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier le professeur Hachemi Benhassaini qui a bien voulu assurer mon encadrement, pour m’avoir encouragé et conseillé, m’avoir fait confiance tout en me laissant une grande liberté. Mes remerciements vont également à Dr Samira Mahroug, maitre de conférence à l’université Université Djillali Liabès S.B.A pour avoir accepté de présider le jury de ma soutenance. Ainsi qu’au Pr Zohra Ighil-Hariz et Pr Moulay Belkhodja professeurs à Université ORAN 1, Ahmed Ben Bella, pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury, d’examiner mon travail et d’en être rapporteurs. --------------------------- Ce mémoire est le fruit d’une collaboration avec le laboratoire des sciences chimiques et géologiques de l’université de Cagliari et le laboratoire de l’institut technique et industriel M. Giua, Cagliari, Italie. Je tiens donc à remercier spécialement Dr Danilo Falconieri, Pr Silvia Porcedda et Dr Alessandra Piras qui ont eu la gentillesse de m’ouvrir les portes de leurs laboratoires et pour l’accueil conviviale et la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée. Un très grand merci au Directeur de CNCC et aux responsables de laboratoire de germination pour m’avoir permise l’accès à leur laboratoire et pour leur aide. Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance à Monsieur Guy Bouxin Docteur en Sciences botaniques, Université de Liège, qui nous a largement aidés dans le travail d’analyse statistique des données écologiques indispensable en grande partie dans ce travail. Enfin, pour leur soutien sans faille et permanent, je remercie de tout cœur les membres de ma famille, Dr. Asma El Zerey-Belaskri ainsi que mes amies Tirse Malika, Mellah Rabha, Ouici Houria, Chabane Kheira et Benhamiche Samia. Merci à tous ! Zineb B. Thèse de Doctorat Université Djillali Liabes de Sidi Bel Abbes Enveloppe écologique, caractères microphytodermiques et effets allélopathiques des composés phytochimiques des espèces du genre Ruta dans la région nord occidentale oranaise. Résumé La diversité des caractères écologiques, microphytodermiques (stomates, trichomes, cellules excrétrices) et phytochimiques ont une grande valeur dans les études systématiques et taxonomiques des plantes. Ce travail vise à recueillir le plus grand nombre de caractères qui peuvent distinguer taxonomiquement entre les espèces du genre Ruta. L’étude saisonnière a porté sur trois espèces à savoir Ruta chalepensis Ruta montana et Ruta angustifolia sous deux bioclimats de l'Algérie nord occidentale. Elle cherche d’une part à caractériser les habitats propres à chaque espèce, à identifier les caractères microphytodermiques adaptatifs face aux conditions écologiques du milieu, et d’autre part à déterminer le lieu de formation et la caractérisation phytochimique des huiles volatiles chez ces espèces ainsi que leur pouvoir dans les interactions allélopathiques. Les résultats montrent que les espèces du genre Ruta sont influencées par les facteurs écologiques du milieu et par l’ambiance de leurs cortèges floristiques correspondants, abritant ainsi des communautés végétales nettement différentes dans lesquelles se développent ces espèces. Les empreintes épidermiques foliaires chez les espèces en question ont révélé des feuilles amphystomatiques avec une dominance du type tétracytique et anomocytique. La structure, la forme, la taille et le nombre des stomates et des cellules sécrétrices variaient entre les différentes espèces et suivant les conditions écologiques saisonnières. L’étude phytochimique manifeste une diversité remarquable de la composition des huiles essentielles tant sur le plan quantitatif que qualitatif, à la fois entre les espèces et les saisons. Par conséquent, différents chemotypes ont été retenus. Les principaux composants trouvés chez R. montana sont 2-undecanone suivi de (E) caryophyllène et caryophyllène oxyde. R. angustifolia et R. chalepensis se caractérisent par une majorité de 2-undecanone, 2-nonanone et 2-methyloctyl acetate. L'analyse multivariée des onze échantillons a suggéré que les principaux facteurs susceptibles d'influencer la composition chimique des huiles essentielles des feuilles étaient non seulement la période de collecte mais aussi l'origine géographique des espèces. Des effets inhibiteurs d’intensité variable ont été observés sur la germination et la croissance des graines de Triticum aestivum L. Ces composés volatiles possèdent un rôle écologique important, via leur potentiel allélopathique. Mots clés : Ruta ; Habitat ; Stomate ; Cellules sécrétrices ; Chémotype, Allélopathie. Abstract The diversity of ecological, micro-phytodermics (stomata, trichomes, secretory cavities) and phytochemical characters have great value in plants systematic and taxonomic studies. This work aims to collect as many characters as can be distinguished taxonomically between species of the genus Ruta. The seasonal study to be carried out on three species (R. chalepensis R. montana and R. angustifolia) under different bioclimates of northwestern Algeria. On the one hand, it seeks to characterize the habitats specific to each species, to identify the adaptive microphytodermic characteristics in the ecological conditions of the environment, and on the other hand to determine the place of formation and the phytochemical characterization of the volatile oils in these species as well as their power in allelopathic interactions. The results show that the species of the genus Ruta are influenced by the ecological factors of the environment and by the atmosphere of their corresponding floristic processions, thus sheltering distinctly different plant communities in which these species develop. Foliar epidermal imprints in this species revealed an amphystomatic leaves with a dominance of tetracytic and anomocytic type. The structure, shape, size and number of stomata and secretory cells varied among different species and seasonal ecological conditions. The phytochemical study shows a significant diversity in the composition of essential oils both quantitatively and qualitatively, between species and seasons. As a result, different chemotypes have been selected. The main components found in R. montana are 2-undecanone followed by (E) caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. The majority of 2-undecanone, 2- nonanone and 2-methyloctyl acetate characterizes R. angustifolia and R. chalepensis. The multivariate analysis of the eleven samples suggested that the main factors that could influence the chemical composition of the leaf essential oils were not only the collection period but also the geographical origin of species. Inhibitory effects with variable intensity were observed on germination and seed growth of Triticum aestivum L. These volatile compounds have an important ecological role, via their allelopathic potential. Keywords: Ruta; Habitat; Stomata; secretory cavities; Chemotype, Allelelopathy. ملخص التنوع في المعايير البيئية والدراسات الميكرومرفولوجية )الوبرات المسامات والخﻻيا اﻻفرازية( والكمياء النباتية لديها أهمية كبيرة في الدراسات المنهجية والتصنيفية للنباتات. هذه الدراسة تهدف الى جمع أكبر عدد من البيانات التي تستطيع التمييز تصنيفيا بين انواع الفيجل. الدراسة الفصلية اهتمت بثﻻث أنواع من النباتات وهي كاﻻتي Ruta. chalepensis, Ruta. montana, Ruta. angustifolia ودلك في مختلف مناخات الشمال الغربي للجزائر. هي تهدف من ناحية الي تمييز مناطق تواجد كل صنف ومن ناحية ثانية الي إبراز انواع المسمات طبيعة الجيوب اﻻفرازية إبراز المعيار الكيميائي لكل نبتة وقدراتها اﻻليلوباثكية لزيوتها الطبيعية. النتائج تظهر ان أصناف نبتة الفيجل تتأثر بالعامل اﻻكولوجي للوسط الذي تعيش فيه وبجو مواكبها اﻷزهرية التي تنتمي اليها. كما ان نتائج الدراسات الميكرومرفولوجية تبين ان وريقات نباتات الفيجل ينتمون الى صنف amphystomatique مع تشخيص 8 انواع من المسامات التي تتميز بالنوعين tétracytique و anomocytique اللذان يتواجدان بكثرة مقارنة مع اﻷنواع اﻻخر. حجم المسمات وكثرة الخﻻيا اﻻفرازية تكون بكثرة في فصل الربيع والصيف عند R. montana التي ﻻ تتأثر بالعامل الفصلي. شكل وحجم المسامات والخﻻيا اﻻفرازية يتغير بتغير اﻷصناف والفصول. التغيرات الكمية والنوعية لمكونات الزيوت الطبيعية بين مختلف اﻷصناف والفصول عالية جدا ونتيجة لذلك لوحظ ضهور مختلف اﻷصناف الكيمياوية ( C hemotypes) اهم اﻷصناف المتحصل عليها عند R. montana هي .2-undecanone (E) caryophyllène et caryophyllène oxyde النبتتين اﻵخرتين تميزن بكثرة undecanone, 2 - nonanone 2 - methyl octyl acetate - 2 النتائج
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