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The Implementation of Welfare Biology in Rewilding

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The Implementation of Welfare Biology in Rewilding From Theory to Practice: the Implementation of Welfare Biology in Rewilding A Cognitive Framing Perspective L.J. Bernard Master’s Thesis for the Environment and Society Studies programme Nijmegen School of Management Radboud University April 2020 COLOPHON TITLE From Theory to Practices: the Implementation of Welfare Biology in Rewilding SUBTITLE A Cognitive Framing Perspective DATE April 17th 2020 WORD COUNT 26 025 AUTHOR Laura Justine Bernard STUDENT NUMBER s1005580 EDUCATION Master Environment & Society Studies SPECIALIZATION Global Environment and Sustainability EMAIL [email protected] INSTITUTION Radboud University Nijmegen SUPERVISION Mark Wiering EMAIL [email protected] SECOND READER Ingrid Visseren EMAIL [email protected] Cover image: Egyptian vulture © 2019 Bogdan Boev ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to understand what effects cognitive frames have on the conception and implementation of welfare biology in rewilding projects. With this aim in mind, an explorative case study was used whereof three rewilding projects were studied and compared. The qualitative data collection consisted of fifteen interviews enriched by a document analysis. Findings show that views and practices of rewilding are directly influenced by cognitive framing through the manifestation of different visions of nature (e.g. character of bond and positionality) at different levels and different mediums. The interactions between these mediums can result in cognitive tensions and have been identified as determinants to managerial practices. It led to the conclusion that there is a causal relation between visions of nature and the action repertoire of decisionmakers and managers. Moreover, the analysis of the rewilding areas revealed a fertile ground for the development of welfare biology and the adjustment of practices towards increased accountability of wild animal suffering. On a grand scale, the reassessment of rewilding practices can contribute towards a change in the conservation paradigm. Whilst more academic research is needed for welfare biology to become an established discipline, a key element lies in the collaboration between local people, conservationists, authorities and policymakers. KEYWORDS welfare biology • rewilding • cognitive framing • animal rights • conservation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This master thesis marks the end of five years of college and the beginning of a new journey which I hope will turn auspicious. I would like to start by thanking Mark Wiering and Maria Kaufmann for their guidance and, of course, the participants for their collaboration and precious time and without which this research could not have been possible. A special thank you to Piet Strydom for his kindness and great help, my friend Judit Batlló Kooijmans, Hannah Ospina for proofreading, my “thesis twinsy” Thomas Kamphuis for the support, Jean-François Noblet as well as Bogdan Boev for the generous permission of using their beautiful photographs and last but not least, my parents for their support and encouragements. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research background ................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Problem statement ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research aim & research questions ...................................................................... 3 1.4. Relevance ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.4.1. Societal relevance .................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2. Scientific relevance ................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................ 7 2.1. Concepts .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Rewilding .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Welfare biology ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Theories ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Capitalocene ............................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2. Animal Rights Theory........................................................................................... 15 2.2.3. Framing ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Operationalization ..................................................................................................... 20 2.4. Conceptual model ...................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 24 3.1. Research method ....................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1. Research approach ................................................................................................ 24 3.1.2. Analytical approach .............................................................................................. 26 3.1.3. Research paradigm ............................................................................................... 26 3.1.4. Case selection .......................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Data collection ............................................................................................................. 32 3.2.1. Semi-structured interviews ............................................................................... 32 3.2.2. Desk study & document analysis ..................................................................... 32 3.3. Research ethics ........................................................................................................... 34 3.4. Generalization ............................................................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 36 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 36 4.2. Themes ........................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.1. Welfare biology ....................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2. Visions of nature .................................................................................................... 42 4.2.3. Animal rights theory ............................................................................................. 49 4.2.4. Capitalocene ............................................................................................................. 52 4.2.5. Conservation/ecology .......................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 61 5.1. Analysis of the results .............................................................................................. 61 5.1.1. Cognitive tensions & levels ................................................................................ 61 5.1.2. How to rewild? Synthesis of management approaches .......................... 64 5.2. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 66 5.3. Limitations and reflections .................................................................................... 68 5.3.1. Reflections on methodology .............................................................................. 68 5.3.2. Reflections on theory ........................................................................................... 68 5.4. Recommendations for future research.............................................................. 69 ANNEX 1: Overview of interviews ........................................................................................... 70 ANNEX 2: Coding schema ............................................................................................................ 71 ANNEX 3: Systematic data overview....................................................................................... 72 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 74 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research background It is now clear that we have entered an epoch where going back is not an option. According to the IPBES1, about 1 million species are threatened with extinction (2019), leading scientists to call it “sixth mass extinction” in Earth's history. The
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