Codifying Copyright Comprehensibly
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CODIFYING COPYRIGHT COMPREHENSIBLY David Nimmer The UCLA Law Review has been proud to present Articles based on the annual tribute to Professor Melville B. Nimmer that takes place at the UCLA School of Law. The Review continues that tradition by publishing an Article by this year's presenter, Professor David Nimmer. In the form of a tribute to the author's father, the Article evaluates each provision of the Copyright Act of 1976 and each amendment to that legislation through the present. The author concludes that the crafting of that enactment started out strong and continued in a positive vein through 1992. Since that time, however, a marked decline in quality has afflicted the draftingof copyright amendments. To correct that downward slide, Professor David Nimmer proposes principles, culled from the wisdom of Professor Melville Nimmer, that will once again imbue copyright legislation with the proper balance to confront the advances of technology. IN TRO DU CTIO N ........................................................................................................... 1235 A . MBN , The Series ......................................................................................... 1235 B. H ow to V iew this Installm ent ...................................................................... 1236 II. MEL NIMMER THE COPYRIGHT LEGISLATOR ........................................................ 1239 A . C opyright C odifier ....................................................................................... 1240 B. 1965 T estim ony ........................................................................................... 1246 1. Prepared Rem arks ................................................................................. 1247 2. C olloquy ............................................................................................... 1252 3. Special C om m ission ............................................................................. 1254 4. Personal Postscript ................................................................................ 1256 C . C O N T U ....................................................................................................... 1256 1. Statutory Background ........................................................................... 1256 2. Chartering a Presidential Commission ................................................. 1257 3. Substantive Recommendations ............................................................ 1259 a. Photocopying ................................................................................ 1260 b. C om puter Program s....................................................................... 1260 c. A dditional Voices ......................................................................... 1261 4. R esulting A mendm ent ......................................................................... 1265 * © 2004 by David Nimmer, Visiting Professor, UCLA School of Law; Of Counsel, Irell & Manella LLP. I thank the deans of the UCLA School of Law, Jonathan Varat and Norman Abrams, for their kindness and support. With my gratitude also for helpful comments from James Boyle, Bert Hugenholtz, Peter Jaszi, Robert Kasunic, Mark Lemley, Paul Marcus, Peter Menell, Neil Netanel, Louis Petrich, Pamela Samuelson, Lon Sobel, Bernie Sorkin, and Neil Wilkof. Additional thanks to John Wilson and the UCLA library staff for their wonderful assistance. 1233 1234 51 UCLA LAW REVIEW 1233 (2004) 5. Personal Postscript ................................................................................ 1266 D . Father Knows Best ........................................................................................ 1266 III. EVALUATING LEGISLATION ................................................................................. 1268 A . A M yriad of C hoices .................................................................................... 1268 B. Form al Indicia of Success ............................................................................. 1269 1. C riteria ................................................................................................. 1270 a. Coherence ..................................................................................... 1270 b. Transparency ................................................................................. 1271 c. Reality ........................................................................................... 1275 d. Breadth .......................................................................................... 1276 e. O ther D esiderata ........................................................................... 1277 2. Sam ple A pplication .............................................................................. 1278 C . A pplying these C riteria to the C opyright A ct ............................................. 1282 1. A t Enactm ent ....................................................................................... 1282 a. C atalog of Provisions .................................................................... 1285 b. Tw in C haracteristics ..................................................................... 1290 (1) Endless "D .C . Regulations" ........................................................ 1290 (2) Terse "National Copyright Legislation" .......................1292 c. Evaluation ..................................................................................... 1293 2. Continuity in Character Through Two Dozen A m endm ents ............................................................................. 1299 a. C atalog of A m endm ents ............................................................... 1299 b. Evaluation ..................................................................................... 1304 3. Subsequent D eform ing A m endments ................................................... 1307 a. C atalog of A m endm ents ............................................................... 1307 b. Evaluation ..................................................................................... 1313 D . Tally of N eutral C riteria .............................................................................. 1315 1. C oherence, Transparency, Reality, Breadth ......................................... 1315 2. Public A ccountability ........................................................................... 1316 3. Stability ................................................................................................ 1320 4. Retroactivity ......................................................................................... 1322 5. Random ness .......................................................................................... 1324 IV . THE ROAD DOWN - A N A KANTHOLOGY ............................................................ 1326 A . H istorical Perspective .................................................................................. 1326 B. Sui G eneris Addenda ................................................................................... 1327 1. Sem iconductor C hip Protection A ct of 1984 ...................................... 1327 2. V essel H ull D esign Protection A ct ....................................................... 1329 3. A n A ct C left in Twain ......................................................................... 1330 C . A udio H om e Recording A ct of 1992 ........................................................... 1331 D . U ruguay Round A greem ents A ct ................................................................. 1334 E. Perform ance R ights in Sound Recordings .................................................... 1335 1. Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings A ct of 1995 ........................................................................................... 1336 2. T itle IV to D igital M illennium C opyright A ct .................................... 1339 3. Sm all Webcaster Settlem ent A ct of 2002 ............................................ 1339 F. D igital M illennium C opyright A ct .............................................................. 1342 Codifying Copyright Comprehensibly 1235 G. Coming Up For Oxygen-Interpretive Corrections .................................... 1344 1. Success of the Enterprise ...................................................................... 1344 2. Im perfect Im plem entation .................................................................... 1347 V . LISTEN ING TO M EL ............................................................................................... 1350 A . M el N im m er's N apster ................................................................................. 1350 1. N apster '83 ............................................................................................ 135 1 2. N apster '99 ............................................................................................ 1355 3. A & M Records v. N apster ..................................................................... 1362 4. N apster '04 ............................................................................................ 1367 B. Technological Protection Measures Gone Berserk ...................................... 1370 C . N othing Beats Something ............................................................................ 1374 D . CO N TU 's Better Example ........................................................................... 1378 VI. STRATEGIES FOR MOVING FORWARD ..................................................................