Grammatical Errors in Will I Am‟S Songs

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM‟S SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM‟S SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM‟S SONGS

By ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

Approved by

Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. May 30th, 2016 Advisor

Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.Sc. June 24th, 2016 Co-Advisor

iii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM’S SONGS

By ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

Defended before the Board of Examiners on July 25th, 2016 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature Chairperson :Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. Secretary :Dra. A.B, Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. Member 1 :Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. Member 2 :Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. Member 3 :Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.Sc.

Yogyakarta, July 26th, 2016 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean

Dr. P. Ari Subagyo, M.Hum

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, July 25th, 2016

Alexandra Fenetta

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswaUniversitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Alexandra Fenetta

NomorMahasiswa : 124214027

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakan Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah yang berjudul

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM‟S SONGS

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 25 Juli 2016

Yang menyatakan,

Alexandra Fenetta vi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Keep your face to the sunshine and you can never see the shadow

(Hellen Keller)

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

For My Beloved Parents and Assa

viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to say my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ. Because of

His kindness, blessing, and mercy, I am given an opportunity to be able to finish my study of bachelor degree. He guides me whenever I get down. Without Him, I mean nothing.

Secondly, I would like to thank Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum as my thesis advisor. Because of her kindness and patience, I am able to finish my study well.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.Sc. who gives me lots of advices and suggestions that make my thesis better.

Thirdly, I would like to say thanks to papa, mama, Lia, Asmara and his family. They always give me supports and encouragements to finish my study. They always cheer me up whenever I feel hopeless. Thanks for giving me your supports and prayers.

Fourthly, I would like to thank Widya, Yola, Irma, Priska, Carol, Gusti,

Kristop, Christel, Della, Septi, Arum, Christine, Tiwi, Dikta, and Moren as my bestfriends. Thanks for giving me the enlightenment for finishing my study.

Lastly, I would like to thank my closest mates in college. They are Dian, Tjia,

Ndoi, and Rany. Thanks for your care and supports.

Alexandra Fenetta ix

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE...... ii APPROVAL PAGE...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN KARYA ILMIAH ...... v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi MOTTO PAGE...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF TABLES...... xiii ABSTRACT...... xiv ABSTRAK...... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ...... 10 a. Morphological Analysis ...... 11 i. Indefinite Article Incorrect ...... 11 ii. Possessive Case Incorrect ...... 11 iii. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ...... 12 iv. Simple Past Tense Incorrect ...... 12 v. Past Participle Incorrect ...... 13 vi. Comparative Adjective or Adverb Incorrect ...... 13 b. Syntactical Analysis ...... 13 i. Noun Phrase ...... 13 ii. Verb Phrase ...... 15 iii. Verb and Verb Construction ...... 17 iv. Word Order ...... 17 v. Transformation ...... 17 2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy ...... 21 a. Omission ...... 21 b. Addition ...... 21 i. Double Marking...... 22 x

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii. Regularization ...... 22 iii. Simple Addition ...... 23 c. Misformation ...... 23 i. Regularization ...... 23 ii. The Use of Archiform ...... 24 iii. The Alternating Form ...... 24 d. Misordering ...... 24 3. African American Vernacular English ...... 25 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 26

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 28 A. Object of the Study ...... 28 B. Approach of the Study ...... 29 C. Method of the Study ...... 30 1. Data Collection ...... 30 2. Data Analysis ...... 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 33 A. The Distributions of Error Categories and Their Types in Will I Am’s Songs ...... 33 1. Morphological Analysis ...... 34 a. Indefinite Article Incorrect ...... 34 b. Possessive Case Incorrect ...... 35 c. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ...... 36 2. Syntactical Analysis ...... 37 a. Noun Phrase ...... 38 i. Determiners ...... 38 ii. Nominalization ...... 40 iii. Number ...... 42 iv. Use of Pronoun ...... 44 v. Use of Preposition ...... 45 b.Verb Phrase ...... 47 i. Omission of Verb ...... 47 ii. Use of Progressive Tense ...... 50 iii. Agreement of Subject and Verb ...... 52 c. Transformation ...... 54 B. Factors that Contribute to the Errors ...... 56 1. The Factor from Society ...... 56 2. The Factor from Profession ...... 59

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 67

APPENDICES ...... 70 Appendix 1: The List of Morphological Errors in Feeling My Self ...... 70 Appendix 2: The List of Morphological Errors in I Like to Move It...... 70 Appendix 3: The List of Syntactical Errors in Feeling My Self ...... 71 Appendix 4: The List of Syntactical Errors in I Like to Move It...... 73 Appendix 5: The List of Syntactical Errors in The Travelling Song ...... 74 Appendix 6: The List of Syntactical Errors in We are the Ones ...... 75 Appendix 7: The List of Syntactical Errors in Yes We Can...... 75 Appendix 8: The Data Analysis of African American Vernacular English ...... 76 Appendix 9: The Lyric of I Like to Move It ...... 78 Appendix 10: The Lyric of Feeling My Self ...... 82 Appendix 11: The Lyric of The Travelling Song ...... 86 Appendix 12: The Lyric of We are the Ones ...... 89 Appendix 13: The Lyric of Yes We Can ...... 90

xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 The Distribution of Errors in Morphology ...... 20 Table 2 The Distribution of Errors in Syntax ...... 20 Table 3 Grammatical Error in Indefinite Article Incorrect ...... 34 Table 4 Grammatical Error in Possessive Case Incorrect ...... 35 Table 5 Grammatical Error in Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ...... 36 Table 6 Grammatical Error in Determiner ...... 38 Table 7 Grammatical Error in Nominalization ...... 40 Table 8 Grammatical Error in Number ...... 42 Table 9 Grammatical Error in Use of Pronoun ...... 44 Table 10 Grammatical Error in Use of Preposition ...... 46 Table 11 Grammatical Error in Omission of Verb...... 47 Table 12 Grammatical Error in Use of Progressive Tense ...... 50 Table 13 Grammatical Error in Agreement of Subject and Verb ...... 52 Table 14 Grammatical Error in Transformation ...... 54 Table 15 Grammatical Error in The Results of the Analysis ...... 57

xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am‟s Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

People need grammar to understand a language and its meaning. Grammar contains the rules of combining word, phrase, clause, and sentence structures properly. The error of understanding the grammar in the language can influence their speech and written aspects. In some cases, the use of grammar follows a certain principle of language, for instance in the process of song writing. Because Will I Am’s songs have two different characteristics of language, they trigger the researcher to see the numbers of grammatical errors in his songs. Will I Am is one of famous singers and song writers in America. There are two objectives that are formulated in this research. The first objective is to find out the types of grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs that are analyzed based on morphological and syntactical approaches. The second objective is to find out the possible factors that contribute to the errors in Will I Am’s songs. The possible factors are analyzed based on the sociolinguistic approach. There are five songs to be analysed in this research. This research uses the purposive sampling method to collect the data because it aims to take samples that have two different themes in Will I Am’s songs. Based on the analysis, there are eighteen errors found in morphological category and fifty three errors found in syntactical category. The songs in which a great number of grammatical errors are found in “Feeling My Self”, “I like to Move it”, and “The Travelling Song”. They are included in the informal theme, which means they do not follow America Standard English. On the other hand, the songs that have a less number of grammar errors are “We are the Ones” and “Yes We can”. They are included in the formal theme. Based on the analysis, the researcher found that Will I Am’s language that is used in his songs is influenced by external factors. In this case, the errors are caused by two factors which are society and profession. The condition of society forms the language characteristic in Will I Am’s songs, for instances are the informal theme songs tend to use African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and the formal theme songs tend to use America Standard English. Moreover, the condition of profession influences the language use of Will I Am in creating his songs, for instance the songs that use hiphop music have the characteristics of AAVE in their language.

xiv

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am‟s Songs. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Tata bahasa dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat agar dapat memahami bahasa dan makna yang terkandung di dalamnya. Tata bahasa berisi aturan untuk menyatukan struktur kata, frase, klausa, dan kalimat dengan baik. Kesalahan dalam pemahaman tata bahasa dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan berbicara dan menulis seseorang. Di dalam kondisi tertentu, penggunaan tata bahasa seseorang mengikuti kaidah bahasa tertentu, seperti yang terdapat di dalam penulisan lagu. Lagu Will I Am memiliki dua karakter bahasa yang berbeda,sehingga hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk melihat seberapa banyak jumlah kesalahan tata bahasa di dalam lagunya. Will I Am merupakan salah satu penyanyi dan pencipta lagu yang terkenal di Amerika. Di dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua tujuan yang dibahas. Tujuan pertama adalah menemukan jenis kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat di dalam lagu Will I Am yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan morfologi dan sintaksis. Tujuan kedua adalah menemukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan tata bahasa di dalam lagu Will I Am yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima lagu yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan sampel purposif. Hal ini bertujuan untuk melihat dua jenis lagu yang berbeda dalam lagu Will I Am. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa terdapat delapan belas kesalahan tata bahasa di kategori morfologi dan lima puluh tiga kesalahan tata bahasa di kategori sintaksis. Jumlah kesalahan tata bahasa yang banyak ditemukan terdapat di Feeling My Self”, “I like to Move it”, dan “The Travelling Song”. Ketiga lagu tersebut termasuk di dalam kategori tema lagu yang bersifat informal yang tidak mempertimbangkan Bahasa Inggris Amerika. Sedangkan, lagu-lagu yang memiliki sedikit kesalahan tata bahasa terdapat di “We are the Ones” dan “Yes We can”. Kedua lagu tersebut termasuk di dalam kategori tema lagu yang bersifat formal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan bahasa di dalam kelima lagu tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor dari luar. Di dalam kasus tersebut, kesalahan-kesalahan yang terjadi di dalam lagu Will I Am dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan faktor pekerjaan. Kondisi di dalam masyarakat berpengaruh dalam pembentukan karakter bahasa yang digunakan Will I Am, seperti lagu bertema informal mendapat pengaruh dialek Afrika Amerika dan lagu bertema formal menggunakan Bahasa Inggris Amerika. Selain itu, kondisi pekerjaan mempengaruhi penggunaan bahasa yang diguakan Will I Am dalam menciptakan lagu, seperti lagu yang berjenis musik hiphop mengandung karakter dialek Afrika Amerika didalamya.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a fundamental medium for people to communicate to each other.

It is a system which helps people to deliver the information. Language has a prominent function to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It triggers people to carry out messages and understand them.

Furthermore, language enables people to denote a personal’s identity. People can communicate with others by using their own style of language. It will trigger people to create language varieties while conveying the message. The influence of language towards the personal’s identity is quite powerful. Language can assess either their culture or their background through people’s utterances. The example is by choosing certain words that become a characteristic of a group.

Grammar is one of language components. Radford defines that grammar functions as a tool to help people understand a language. Its goal is to make them know the language like the native speaker does (1997: 2). Grammar contains the rules of combining words, phrases, and sentence structures. People are encouraged to construct sentence structures properly while they are conveying a message.

Moreover, grammar provides the knowledge for people in order to be able to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in a language.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

While conveying the message, people unconsciously make errors in their utterances. Error is the deviation process for learners to develop rules of language

(Corder,1967: 52). It means that the mistakes people make ask them to understand more rules of certain languages. However, there are many factors causing the errors, for instance is the lack of knowledge. It will affect their competence in the process of communication.

This research aims to analyze errors of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences found in Will I Am’s songs. The research employs three distinctive studies as the principle of theoretical grounds. The studies include morphology, syntax and sociolinguistics. Morphology and syntax will give a profound understanding towards the categorization of grammar errors in Will I Am’s songs. The research overwhelms eleven types of grammar errors such as noun phrase errors, verb phrase errors and word order errors. Furthermore, the processes of grammar errors are categorized into four types of strategies namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.

Through a sociolinguistic study, the research aims to see how the language use in Will I Am’s songs contributes to the errors. Will I Am uses African American

Vernacular English (AAVE) that influences a language in his songs. There are five characteristics of AAVE that distinguish them from Standard English, such as uses of the form be and double negations. The categorizations show the vernacular system affect a sentence structure formation. By conducting two different studies, the data can be seen through two different perspectives.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Problem Formulation

There are two problems that will be discussed in the study. The problems are presented as follows:

1. What are the types of grammatical error in Will I Am’s songs?

2. What are possible factors that contribute to the errors in Will I Am’s songs?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives that will be analyzed in this research. The first goal is to observe profoundly grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs. There are many grammatical errors that are found in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The errors are taken from pieces of song stanza in Will I Am’s songs. Moreover, the songs are not taken from specified albums in this research. The research aims to see the grammatical errors that are found in each album, soundtrack, and single. The second goal is to see the possible causes of the grammar errors that appear in Will I

Am’s songs. The research employs the biography of William Adams or Will I Am’s life and his profession. His biography has a crucial role in finding out certain characteristics of language that are used in his songs. In this case, the writer emphasizes how certain conditions influence his language use in the song writing.

D. Definition of Terms

This part will clarify the definition of certain terms that are used in the research. The terms overwhelm grammar, error, National Standards of English, and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

African American Vernacular English. The first terminology is grammar. According to Radford, grammar is a study that contains rules to form words into phrases and sentences. People are encouraged to construct sentence structures properly.

Moreover, they are encouraged to understand the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences (1997: 2).

The second terminology is error. The error is defined as “the systematic deviations due to the fact that learner is still developing of the language rule system”

(Corder, 1967: 52). It means that there is a process of violating the rules of language in the communication process. People are encouraged to be accustomed to the system of language rules.

The third terminology is National Standards of English. The term is generally recognized as the acceptable English that is used as the communication process in

English speaking countries (Quirk et al, 1974: 17). It means that by using certain

Standard English, people whose various culture can understand others because they share similar set rules of English and similar meanings. In this research, it specifies

American English as the basic rules to analyze the data. This research uses American

English because the grammar rules that are applied in Will I Am’s songs tend to use principles of American English.

The last terminology is African American Vernacular English. African

Americans have their typical principle of English. The dialect of American English that is used by the African Americans is called as the African American Vernacular

English. Trudgill defines that the African American Vernacular English is a term that

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

is generally used to refer to nonstandard English which is spoken by working class

African American people and in the informal style (2000: 52). It is identified by the history in slave trade periods which influence the language.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, there are three studies from previous researchers that contribute to this research. The studies conduct two types of discussions which are grammatical errors and African American Vernacular English. The related studies find out criticisms as the basic fundamental of the analysis. The criticisms trigger the researcher to state opinions. They help this research to develop ideas of the topic.

The first research is entitled Indonesian EFL Advanced Learner‟s

Grammatical Errors by Josefa J. Mardijono in 2003. The purpose of her research is to analyze the grammar errors from seventeen proposals for linguistic researches of

Petra Christian University students. The object is taken from seventh semester students of Petra Christian University. In the analysis, Mardijono decides to classify the errors into two types which are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. She corrects the errors by following Standard English. Furthermore, she provides the frequency of occurrence of each type by giving percentages of each data.

In the linguistic category taxonomy, she uses the theory of Politzer and

Romirez as the guideline. She conducts two studies that are morphology and syntax.

In the morphological aspect, she analyzes the errors of word formation, such as the writer language (Mardijono, 2003: 73). There is an omission of suffix –s influencing the possessive case. In Standard English, it should be the writer‟s language. 6

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

On the other hand, she analyzes the errors of phrase, clause and sentence constructions in the syntactical aspect. The example of the error is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he watching the film (2003: 77).

According to the case, there is a mistake on finite clause. It is an omission on to be after personal pronoun he. She puts the correctness of the error which is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he is watching the film.

Furthermore, to describe the errors, Mardijono uses the theory of surface strategy taxonomy from Dulay, Burt, and Karshen’s theory. Based on the theory, she sees the process of sentence structures can change. The example of the analysis is in personal way (2003: 77). In this case, there is an omission of determiner to denote a singular object. Omission is one of processes in surface strategy taxonomy that produces the error of noun phrase.

The contribution of her study into this research lies on the use of theories. The theories that are used are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. This research takes Politzer and Ramirez’s theory by finding the errors from morphological and syntactical analyzes. Moreover, the process of changing sentence structures is seen by the theory of surface category taxonomy by Dulay,

Burt, and Krashen’s theory (2003: 81). As a result, the writer aims to conduct the similar research with the same theoretical grounds on a different object. Mardijono’s research uses the proposals from Petra Christian University students in the seventh semester, yet this research uses the songs from Will I Am as the research object.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The difference between Mardijono’s research and this research lies on the discussion of the study. This research explains how the grammar errors occur by seeing the background of Will I Am, yet Mardijono does not explain what aspects contribute to the errors. She does not provide the student’s backgrounds in analyzing the data. The student’s background is very essential in forming the grammatical errors. By understanding their backgrounds, Mardijono can understand the weakness towards students’ grammatical performance in their proposals. Therefore, this study is more extensive in terms of analyzing the background that contributes to the grammatical errors.

The second research is entitled A Phonological Analysis of Black English in

50 Cent‟s Song Lyrics in the Album „Curtis‟ by Estu Kuncoro Ismartono in 2009. The purpose of her research is to find out phonological processes and phonological characteristics in 50 Cent’s Song. Ismartono lists characteristics of Black English words in eighteen songs of 50 Cent. She provides the general rule of Black English linguistic features. The data analysis also compares with the linguistic system of

Standard English (Ismartono, 2009: 34).

Furthermore, Ismartono provides the history of African American Vernacular to emphasize the language system (2009: 8). However, there is a prominent difference found between Ismartono’s research and this research. The prominent difference focuses on the data analysis. Ismartono tends to focus on a phonological aspect, while this thesis tends to focus on morphological and syntactical aspects.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

This research aims to create a new study towards African American

Vernacular English (AAVE). Ismartono inspires this research to analyze the language system of Black English through songs. She explains the language system of AAVE by seeing the linguistic features of phonetics and phonology. She provides the background of 50 Cent to find out what factors contribute to the language system.

However, this research analyzes AAVE language system by seeing the linguistic features of morphology and syntax. In addition, this research provides Will I Am’s background to find out the factors that contribute to his language use in his songs.

The last research is entitled African American Vernacular English as Seen in

A Novel “The Help” by Kathyrn Stockett (2009) by Tifanny Hanna Pratiwi in 2015.

She aims to analyze linguistic features of African American Vernacular English and the speech acts of two distinctive cultures among characters in the novel. She discusses three linguistic features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) that are syntactical features, phonological features, and lexical features. Pratiwi contributes a theory of AAVE which presents classifications of African American

Vernacular English linguistic features, for instance analyzing verbal tense marking, noun and pronoun in the syntactical features. Furthermore, she analyzes the speech theory to discuss the ways of conversation toward two distinctive cultures among the speakers (Pratiwi, 2015: 14).

This research has a different perspective from Pratiwi’s research in terms of the discussion. Pratiwi does not clarify the author’s background on her research. The

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

author’s background is necessary to be provided to explain more details about the author’s contribution towards her work. The readers are able to understand the author’s language style through the background. Thus, it does not give a strong proof in explaining African American Vernacular English in Pratiwi’s research. However, this research encloses Will I Am’s background as the song writer of his works.

This research aims to commit the research on the different object. Pratiwi’s research uses a novel by Kathryn Stockett (2009). She finds out the characteristics of

African American Vernacular English from the conversations that are uttered by the

African Americans. However, this research uses a song from Will I Am. The writer finds out the characteristics of African American Vernacular English from a part of lyrics.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are three theories used to conduct the research. They are used as a scientific base to answer the problems. The theories are clarified as follows:

1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy

Linguistic category taxonomy is an analysis that categorizes errors based on linguistic classifications (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982:281). The errors are classified both in the forms of language components and language categories.

Language components are aspects that are analyzed in each linguistic feature, for instance is grammars in morphology and syntax. However, the linguistic categories

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

are elements in a language component (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982:281).

Indefinite articles, noun phrase, and verb phrase are some parts of linguistic categories in the grammars.

Linguistic category taxonomy contributes to the distributions of errors. This research takes the theory of Politzer and Ramirez (1973) reviewed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen. Politzer and Ramirez’s theory analyzes the grammatical errors on two linguistic features which are morphology and syntax.

a. Morphological Analysis

In the morphology, the errors are classified into six categories. It focuses on the analysis of word structure. The classifications are presented as follows: i. Indefinite Article Incorrect

The first category is indefinite article incorrect. The error focuses on the mistake of article use between article a and article an. The example is an ball. In this case, the error occurs when the article an is used before consonants (1982: 148).

ii. Possessive Case Incorrect

The second category is possessive case incorrect. The example of this category is this book is your. In this case, there is an omission of suffix -s after the word your. Yours means that the pronoun you has a possessive right towards the book

(1982: 148).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect

The third category is third person singular verb incorrect. The example is the sun rise on the east. There is an omission of suffix -s that influences the word formation of main verbs. Based on the example, the sun is categorized as third person singular. Thus, the main verb should be added suffix –s which is rises (1982: 148).

iv. Simple Past Tense Incorrect

The fourth category is simple past tense incorrect. This category has two types of errors. They are regular past tense and irregular past tense. They are explained as follows:

a. Regular Past Tense

In this type of errors, it focuses on the analysis of word formation for regular

verbs. The example is I save my sister from the accident yesterday. The error

occurs due to the omission of –ed. The omission of –ed influences the word

formation in the past tense structure. Thus, it should be saved (1982: 148).

b. Irregular Past Tense

In this type of errors, it focuses on the analysis of word formation for irregular

verbs. The example is I maked a cake. In this case, maked is incorrect because

the past form of make is made. It is categorized as irregular form. Thus, it

should not be added by suffix –ed. (1982: 148).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

v. Past Participle Incorrect

The fifth category is past participle incorrect. There is an incorrect of forming perfect and passive tenses. The example of this category is I was call. Based on the example, there is an omission of suffix –ed. The existence of suffix –ed is essential of word formation in the passive tense (1982: 148).

vi. Comparative Adjective or Adverb Incorrect

The last category is comparative adjective or adverb incorrect. The error occurs because an error of forming the comparative sentence structure based on

Standard English. The example of the category is his score is more smaller than me.

In this case, there are double marks of comparatives which are more and –er. Because small is only one syllable, it tends to maintain suffix –er instead of adding more

(1982: 148).

b. Syntactical Analysis

Syntactical analysis is an analysis of discussing sentence, clause, and phrase constructions. Based on the data, the errors in syntax are classified into five categories. The data are presented as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i. Noun Phrase

The first category is noun phrase. Based on Politzer and Ramirez, the errors are divided into five types (1982:148). They overwhelm determiners, nominalization, number, use of pronouns, and use of prepositions. The data are explained as follows:

a. Determiners

The errors are seen by the mistake of forming an element in determiners. The

example is I put a book in the my room. In American English, it is incorrect

because there are double marks of determiners. Possessive determiner which

is my is not followed by article determiner which is the (1982: 148).

b. Nominalization

Nominalization is the second type of error in noun phrase. It is a process how

adjective or verb is converted into noun. The error occurs because of a

mistake of constructing the nominalization form. The example is cook is

serving the delicious meal. Based on the example, there is an omission of

determiner before the subject cook. The determiner has a function to denote

that cook has changed its part of speech from verb to noun (1982:148).

c. Number

In number, there is a common error of using singular and plural nouns. The

example is I got some bicycle from my father. The sentence is error because

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the noun of bicycle is written as a singular noun. However, the determiner

shows that the following noun is classified as a plural noun. Thus, the noun

phrase should be some bicycles (1982:148).

d. Use of Pronouns

Use of pronouns is the fourth type in noun phrase. It focuses on the error that

lies on the subject and object personal pronouns. The example is I found. In

this case, there is an omission of object pronoun. The main verb found needs

the direct object to denote what the object that becomes the theme (1982:

149).

e. Use of Prepositions

Use of prepositions is the last type in noun phrase. The error comes when

there is a problem in prepositions. The example is I went the zoo. In this case,

there is an omission of preposition to. Preposition to is used to the motion

verbs, for instances are go, walk, and come (1982: 149).

ii. Verb Phrase

The second category is verb phrase. There are three types of errors in the verb phrase that are classified by Politzer and Ramirez’s theory (1982: 149). The errors are explained as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a. Omission of Verb

Omission of verb can create the error. The example is I at home yesterday. In

this case, there is an omission of auxiliary verb to be. It should be added was

after subject I in the context of past tense. To be has a function as a connector

between subject and predicate complement. Moreover, the use of to be should

follow the tense form and the subjects (1982: 149).

b. Progressive Tense

The error occurs because of an incorrect construction of the progressive

sentence structure. The example is I cooking rice now. Based on the example,

there is an omission of to be which is am. In American English, to be is

needed in the construction of progressive tense (1982: 149).

c. Agreement of Subject and Verb

The error emerges when there is an incorrect formation of a basic structure

which is subject and verb. The example is you be my sister. In American

English, there is a disagreement of subject and verb formation. The agreement

is the auxiliary verb follows the personal pronoun and the tense form. In this

context, the tense is in the present form and the subject is the second person

you. Thus, the auxiliary be should be changed into are (1982: 149).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii. Verb and Verb Construction

The third category is verb and verb construction. The discussion focuses on the way how two verbs are combined into one sentence. The example is Rina hopes go to USA. In this case, there is an omission of preposition to before the main verb hopes and the second verb go. Contextually, the meaning of preposition to is to express her willingness to be able to go to USA (1982: 149).

iv. Word Order

The fourth category is word order. The error occurs when the sentence is not constructed properly by considering principles in American English. The example is who they are? Based on the example, there error lies on the position of auxiliary. In the form of interrogative sentence, the auxiliary should be placed before the subject

(1982: 149).

v. Transformation

The last category is transformations. Transformation is a changing of certain element in a grammar. Politzer and Ramirez classify four sorts of errors in transformation (1982: 150). They are negative transformation, question transformation, there transformation, and subordinate clause transformation. The errors are presented as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a. Negative Transformation

Negative transformation is an altering process of an affirmative sentence into

a negative sentence. The example is I don‟t have nothing. In this case, the

error is caused by a use of double negations. The sentence tends to show the

positive meaning instead of the negative meaning. The meaning implies that

the agent has something. In American English, the grammar structure is

incorrect. The negative sentence usually does not enclose the negative object

because the negative statement has been denoted by do not. If the sentence

aims to show the negative meaning, the structure should omit nothing (1982:

150).

b. Question Transformation

Question transformation is an altering process of a sentence into an

interrogative sentence. The example is how you go yesterday? In this case, the

error is caused by a misconstruction of the structure. There is an omission of

the auxiliary. In American English, the structure of interrogative form must

have the auxiliary do. The auxiliary follows the sentence tense. Based on the

example, the sentence has marked the past time which is yesterday. Thus, the

auxiliary follows the form of the sentence tense which is did (1982:150).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

c. There Transformation

The form of there is intended as demonstrative pronoun. However, it can be

placed as subject pronoun or object pronoun. The example is there is birds. In

this case, there is placed as subject pronoun. It functions as a reference of the

existence of something. It means that birds are somewhere. There is an

incorrect form of structure. The auxiliary follows the type of noun. Birds are

categorized as plural nouns. Thus, the auxiliary is should be replaced into are

(1982: 150).

d. Subordinate Clause Transformation

Subordinate clause transformation is two combined clauses marked by a

subordinating conjunction. It functions to connect two ideas of a sentence.

The example is I will leave you, so you are poor. There is an error of naming a

conjunction. It can produce an ambiguity on the meaning of a sentence. The

conjunction so in the example should be replaced into for. The subordinate

clause refers to the cause of the condition of the main clause (1982: 150).

The categorizations are made as a guidance to represent the errors. The categorization of errors based on Politzer and Ramirez are shown on tables. The data are presented as follows (Dulay et al, 1982: 150):

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Table 1. The Distribution of Errors in Morphology Linguistic Categories Error Types Indefinite article incorrect - Possesive case incorrect - Third person singular verb incorrect - Regular past tense incorrect Simple past tense incorrect Irregular past tense incorrect Past Participle incorrect - Comparative adjective/adverb incorrect -

Table 2. The Distribution of Errors in Syntax Linguistic Categories Error Types Determiners Nominalization Noun Phrase Number Use of pronouns Use of prepositions Omission of verb

Verb Phrase Use of progressive tense Agreement of subject and verb Verb and verb construction - Word Order - Negative transformation Question transformation Transformation There transformation Subordinate clause transformation

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy

Surface strategy taxonomy analyzes how elements in a sentence are changed.

Researchers recognize that the elements of language are changed in specific and systematic ways (1982: 150). The changing process of elements is determined by

Dulay et al into four categories. They are omissions, additions, misformations, and misorderings. Furthermore, it is systematic because the process of analysis organizes the errors based on their own categories and finds out the grammatical error process.

a. Omission

The first process of grammatical errors is by seeing omissions. In American

English, there are some cases of sentences that can be omitted such as I knew (that) she was wrong. In this case, that can be omitted to show the sentence in informal use.

However, Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory states that there is a process of omitting linguistic elements which can create the errors (1982: 154). The errors occur because there is a missing of an item in the sentence that is not appropriate with the rule of

American English.

b. Addition

The second process of grammatical errors is additions. Addition is the presence of an item in a sentence. The grammatical error occurs because someone adds an unnecessary item in their utterances that violates American English rule.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Dulay, Burt, and Krashen divide the addition into three types. They are double markings, regularizations, and simple additions (1982: 156). The types of addition are explained as follows: i. Double Marking

Double marking is believed to be able to create the errors. The error in the

double marking is pointed by two items within a sentence that are marked for the

same features. The example of double markings are seen in a sentence of He doesn‟t

knows my name (1982: 156). In this case, the error of tense marker is shown by the

placements of doesn‟t and knows in the same feature. The auxiliary and the main

verb are similar of using –s to indicate the present tense. In American English, it is

not necessary for the main verb of adding suffix –s in the negative statement as like

as the sentence above.

ii. Regularization

Regularization can produce the errors. The regularization in addition is

marked by the error of distinguishing regular and irregular forms (1982: 157). The

example is the past form of eated. In American English, eated is categorized as the

irregular form. However, the example shows that the sentence violates the principle

of the Standard English by changing the past form of eat as the regular verb. In this

case, someone gave the wrong class of irregular form towards the past eated by

adding suffix –ed. The appropriate past verb of eat is ate instead of eated.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii. Simple Addition

Simple addition can cause the error in a grammar. This process commonly occurs when there is an addition of unnecessary item which is not in the same feature.

The example of simple additions can be seen towards a sentence I am going to buy much flowers. In this case, there is an addition of article much that creates the error.

In American English, the quantifier much can not be followed before the countable nouns. Much tends to be used for the uncountable nouns. To show the countable nouns, much can be omitted. Based on the fact, the sentence should be I am going to buy flowers (1982: 158).

c. Misformation

The third process of grammatical errors is misformation. The errors are assessed by the use of the wrong form of words in a sentence (1982: 158).

Misformation divides their types into three categories. They are explained as follows: i. Regularization

Regularization in misformation has a prominent difference towards the

analysis of the regularization in the addition. This process does not only focus on the

misconstruction of words, but also influences the meaning. The example of the error

is seen on the irregular predicate of Your book is lied there. There is a

misconstruction of lie in the past participle tense. Lie is described as the book which

is reclined on somewhere. The verb changes into lain instead of lied (1982: 159).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii. The Use of Archiform

The use of archiform is the second process of grammatical errors in this

category. The use of archiforms is the use of one form for several elements in a

paragraph. The use of an item that represents other items can create the errors. The

example of archiforms is seen in the sentence of Him is fine. I like him. In this case,

the use of object personal pronoun is also used for subject personal pronoun that is

marked by the word him (1982: 160).

iii. The Alternating Form

The alternating forms are the third process of grammatical errors in misformations. The errors occur because people misuse in alternating certain elements. The example of error is many sugar. In this case, sugar can not be mixed with many. Many refers to countable nouns, while sugar is uncountable nouns (1982:

161).

d. Misordering

The last process of grammatical errors is misordering. Misordering is the error because someone does not order the construction of word or sentence by following the principle of American English. The example of misordering is I do not know where are they. In this case, where are they is not in the form of question, yet it is stated in the form of inversion. Thus, are should be placed after they (1982: 162).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3. African American Vernacular English

Baugh and Cable state “vernacular refers to nonstandard features of English”

(2002: 361). It means that a certain group has their typical linguistic features that are not complying to the Standard features of English. Vernacular is the language that is used for people in the similar ethnic group. In English, vernacular distinguishes the language style of white people and black people. AAVE is one of Vernacular English that indicates the language for African Americans in America.

Trudgill provides five characteristics of AAVE which are seen through grammatical features. The characteristics have a function to see grammatical system of African American Vernacular English. The first characteristic is AAVE system does not use –s in the third person singular in the present tense form (2000: 54). It can be seen through the example as he eat breakfast. However, American English system uses –s to refer third person singular in the present tense form.

The second characteristic is the absence of copula in a sentence (Trudgill,

2000: 55). The absence of copula means the absence of verb to be. Trudgill argues

“the copula absence is commonly a linguistic feature which is spoken by African

American people” (2000: 55). The example of this characteristic is seen through the sentence she really nice. On the other hand, American English system does not omit the copula in the sentence.

The third characteristic is AAVE system uses the invariant form be as a finite verb (2000: 55). Invariant be aims to indicate the habitual activities. It can be seen

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

through a sentence she usually be having breakfast. In this case, the sentence refers the repeated activities which are marked by invariant be. In contrast to AAVE,

American English uses variant be to refer subject personal pronoun.

The fourth characteristic is AAVE system omits verb auxiliaries for perfect tense (2000: 56). The example of this characteristic is seen through a sentence I been talked with him. In this case, the auxiliary is omitted that makes the reader confused about the time marker of the pattern. In AAVE, been becomes the marker of past tense pattern. However, American English system omits verb auxiliary been to form the past tense.

The last characteristic is AAVE system uses multiple negations. It can be seen through a sentence of Can‟t somebody do nothing about it (2000: 57). In American

English, the sentence implies the positive meaning which is somebody can do everything about it. On the other hand, AAVE maintains the use of double negation into the negative one. It is added by the statement from Fromkin and Rodman who state that the use of double negation in AAVE in a negative sentence which has a negative word implies a negative meaning (1983: 256). Thus, it should be described as can‟t somebody do anything about it.

C. Theoretical Framework

There are three theories that contribute to the research. The first theory is linguistic category taxonomy. The second theory is surface strategy taxonomy. The

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

last theory is African American Vernacular English. The first and the second theories focus on the grammar analysis. On the other hand, the third theory tends to see the language construction of African American English.

Linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy function to provide the types of errors based on their own taxonomies. Linguistic category taxonomy aims to see the errors by analyzing language components and their constituents. However, surface category taxonomy sees the changing process of a sentence that causes the errors. The errors will be classified based on the available process of grammar errors. Both theories will be helpful to reveal the errors based on their own groups.

African American Vernacular English is helpful to reveal the language style that is used in Will I Am’s songs. His language style will be influenced by his social life. Thus, the theory of AAVE becomes the guideline to find out the factors of contributing the errors. In this analysis, the theory will provide the characterizations of language toward AAVE. The language rule of AAVE will be compared by

American English rule.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This part is arranged into three parts. They are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object of the study elaborates linguistic features that will be analyzed based on the data. The approach of the study explains what kinds of approaches that are used to analyze the linguistic features. The method of the study defines the ways of collecting and analyzing the data.

A. Object of the Study

The object in the research focuses on song lyrics by Will I Am. He has produced a lot of songs, such as “Feeling My Self”, “I Like to Move It”, and “The

Travelling Song”. His songs are famous in America. There are several aspects that influence the formation of lyrics. The constructions of word, phrase, clause, and sentence violate the American English rule.

In order to analyze the grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs, there are four language elements that are analyzed. The errors overwhelm the analysis of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In the analysis of words, the writer observes the errors of lexical formations in phrases and sentences. The example is the man feet.

According to the case, there is a grammatical error of word formation on a phrase the man. It should be added suffix „s on the word man to mark the possessive case.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In addition, the errors of phrases, clauses, and sentences can be caused by two factors.

The first factor is by evaluating the misconstruction of certain parts within their grammatical construction. It can be seen through a verb phrase he in the water. In this case, there is an omission of verb part towards the phrase. The second factor is by observing the mistakes in arranging the sentence construction. The example can be seen through the sentence I know what is it. In this case, the construction is incorrect because it aims to refer the statement form. Thus, it should be I know what it is.

B. Approach of the Study

This research applies morphological and syntactical approaches as the groundwork of analysis for the classification of errors. The morphology deals with the analysis of lexical formations. However, the syntax study deals with the analysis of phrase, clause, and sentence constructions. The main purpose of both studies is to find out the errors and their process on Will I Am’s songs. The morphological and syntactical studies provide the types of error categories.

In addition, a sociolinguistic approach aims to find out the causes of grammatical errors. The causes are seen through the background of Will I Am. This approach is supplied in the analysis to prove how the language construction of Will I

Am works. This approach provides several categories to identify the identical language style of Will I Am. Thus, the analysis can be related to the existence of grammatical errors in his songs.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

This part aims to explain study methods. There are two means in conducting the study. The first means is to collect the data. The second means is to analyze the data. The means are organized as follows:

1. Data collection

This research conducts a sample study. It covers five songs to be analyzed.

The sample study that is used is the purposive sample. Teddlie and Yu restate the argument of Tashakkori and Teddlie about purposive sampling which is “a technique which involves selecting certain units or cases based on a specific purpose rather than randomly” (2003: 80). It means that the research takes samples with a certain purpose. Its purpose is to analyze the grammar errors on two different themes in Will

I Am’s songs. Moreover, the research aims to find out the factors that contribute to the errors through his style of language from each album, soundtrack, and single.

There are three steps of collecting the data. Firstly, the writer opened the site of www.azlyrics.com to look for the song lyrics that would be analyzed. The writer identified the song lyrics one by one. The lyrics that were selected were categorized into two types. Its function is to compare both types of lyrics. It helps to find out the factors that contribute to the errors. The writer got three lyrics that have a high degree of grammatical errors and two lyrics that have a low degree of grammatical errors.

Then, the writer matched the lyrics with their songs to reassure the fact of lyrics.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Secondly, the writer marked each sentence, clause, and phrase that contained the grammar errors. The writer made tables to organize the data. The tables are aimed to help the writer to classify the errors. The tables are divided into two linguistic features that are morphology and syntax. The tables are classified into the language categories and their own types of errors.

Lastly, the writer attempted to find out the factors that contributed to grammatical errors. The data were organized through a table of the English construction of African American Vernacular English. The tables were aimed to find out parts of sentences that are influenced by the vernacular. The organized data would be connected to the background of Will I Am. The table aims to show that Will I Am uses African American Vernacular English on some of his lyrics.

2. Data analysis

This research conducts an error analysis in Will I Am’s songs. It aims to see how many grammatical errors, which are not appropriate with grammar rules of

American English, occur on the data. The grammar errors are grouped into their own elements, for instance is on the phrase of big room. According to Politzer and

Ramirez’s theory, it is categorized as the error of noun phrase. Then, the errors will be compared with grammar rules of American English which are helped by Quirk’s grammar book.

In addition, the errors do not only focus on their classifications, but also the grammatical process. The grammatical process emphasizes how a structure changes

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

due to the error. It is seen by the example in the phrase of big room. According to

Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory, the error is caused by the omission towards the phrase. The omission can lie on the article to denote a singular noun or suffix –s to denote plural nouns.

AAVE aims to reveal the connection between the grammatical errors and the causes of their errors. To connect the causes of the errors is done by finding the errors in phrases, clauses, and sentences which characterize AAVE. The example of AAVE characteristic is seen by the sentence she give me money. AAVE system does not use

–s verb in the third person singular. AAVE is put in this research as proofs to find out the possible causes of grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter will be divided into two main parts of discussions. The first part analyzes the categories of grammatical error in Will I Am’s songs. It answers the first problem. The second part discusses the factors that contribute to the errors. It answers the second problem of the study.

A. The Distribution of Error Categories and Their Types in Will I Am‟s Songs

The researcher has collected and categorized data of five songs. The analysis uses two types of theories to present the distribution of error categories. The first theory that is used is linguistic category taxonomy. It aims to find out the grammatical errors and their types of errors. The second theory that is employed for the study is surface category taxonomy. It aims to find out the processes of the grammatical errors occur.

The discussion focuses on morphological and syntactical analysis. Based on the data, the total numbers of grammatical errors that are found are eighteen errors in morphology and fifty three errors in syntax. The results of the analysis are presented as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

1. Morphological Analysis

The first analysis is morphology. This analysis focuses on the discussion of the word construction in Will I Am‟s lyrics. According to the whole data, there are three language categories that are found in morphological analysis. The categories include indefinite article incorrect, possessive case incorrect, and third person singular verb incorrect. The results of analysis are presented as follows: a. Indefinite Article Incorrect

The first language category covers indefinite article incorrect. There are two songs that are included in this category. The data are described on the table as follows:

Table 3. Grammatical Error in Indefinite Article Incorrect Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes Feeling My a expert Alternating an expert Self Form

I like to Move a earthquake Alternating an earthquake It Form

Indefinite article incorrect is the error that lies on the use of article a and an.

In this context, indefinite article incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of a word which is a or an that influences the choice of the article to the following noun. In American English, the indefinite article follows the form of nouns. However, both examples show that the article a is placed after vowels.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, they are influenced by the process of alternating forms. It means there is a misuse of placing article a and an. In American

English, vowels are followed by the article an, while consonants are followed by the article a. However, the example is against the American English rule because the article a is not followed by the consonants. Thus, the phrases should be an expert instead of a expert and an earthquake instead of a earthquake.

b. Possessive Case Incorrect

The second language category is possessive case incorrect. It is the error that influences the word formation that marks the possessive case. There is a song included in this category. The error is described on the table as follows:

Table 4. Grammatical Error in Possessive Case Incorrect Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My Will power Omission Will‟s power Self

The error that is seen based on surface strategy taxonomy occurs because of the omission of an element. In this case, the error gets omission of the apostrophe „s.

To show the proper structure of possessive pronouns, the apostrophe 's is placed after the agent Will. In American English, the apostrophe „s is used to refer to possessive pronouns. As a result, the example should be Will‟s power instead of Will power.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The example shows that possessive case incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the word Will. The omission of inflection „s on the word Will influences the formation of possessive case. The apostrophe „s aims to show that Will is the ownership of the power.

c. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect

The third language category is third person singular verb incorrect. There are two songs included in this category. The data are presented through the table as follows:

Table 5. Grammatical Error in Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My She give me IQ Omission She gives me IQ that Self that mean she get means she gets a head a head

I Like to Move Somebody say Omission Somebody says ho It ho

Third person singular verb incorrect is the error that influences the word formation of main verbs for third person singular. The examples of the third person singular include he, she, it, everyone, something, and someone. The verb of this category refers to an action that shows habitual or fact experience. Thus, the main verbs, followed by the third person singular, need to be added by suffix –s.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The data shows that the errors get the omission of suffix –s on verbs give, get, and say. The missing suffix –s influences the formation of verb in the present tense.

Based on the data, she and somebody are included as third person singular subject.

She is categorized as the definite pronoun because it points to the specific one.

However, somebody is categorized as the indefinite pronoun. It represents the subject he or she that does not mention to a specific person. Thus, the verbs give, get, and say should be changed into gives, gets, and says

Moreover, the verb mean should be changed into means. It occurs because she give me IQ as the main clause represents the form of third person singular subject which is it. Based on the analysis, the examples above show that third person singular verb incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the words give, mean, get, and say. The omission of suffix –s on the words influences the form of verb in the present tense.

2. Syntactical Analysis

The second analysis is syntax. This analysis focuses on the discussion of phrase, clause, and sentence that occurs in Will I Am’s songs. Based on the data, they show that the grammatical errors are found in three language categories. They are noun phrase, verb phrase, and transformation. The results of syntactical analysis are presented as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a. Noun Phrase

The first language category that is analyzed is noun phrase. Based on the data, the errors in noun phrase are found into five types of errors. They are determiner, nominalization, number, use of pronoun, and use of preposition. The errors that emerge in each type will influence the form of noun phrase. The errors are described as follows: i. Determiner

Quirk et al state that determiners are a way to determine a noun whether it has definite or indefinite status (1974:137). It means that determiner can explain that the noun can be addressed into a common or specific thing. The examples of determiner are a which is to indicate a common thing and this which is to indicate a specific thing. Based on the data, the errors found in four songs are described on the table as follows:

Table 6. Grammatical Error in Determiner Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My Bottles on deck Omission Bottles on a deck Self

I Like to Move Speaker Omission a speaker It

The Travelling lion out of the Omission a lion out of the jungle Song jungle

Yes We Can equality Omission the equality

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Determiners are classified into a lot of categories, such as article determiners, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by omission. The data shows that there is an omission of article determiners. In American English, articles are usually used by preceding the noun. Articles are one of elements to form noun phrase. Articles function to denote a member of the noun.

The nouns that get the omission of articles are deck, speaker, lion and equality. Deck, speaker, and lion are categorized as the concrete nouns, while equality is categorized as an abstract noun. All of the objects are included as countable nouns. Moreover, the analysis sees the process by considering the context of the songs.

According to the context on each song, deck, speaker, and lion do not refer to the specific object. Thus, the objects should be followed by the article a or the article an. The use of articles follows initial sound of the noun. Deck, speaker, and lion start with an alphabet which has a consonant sound. Thus, they should be preceded by the article a instead of the article an.

However, equality is followed by the definite article the. It happens because equality refers to the specific condition mentioned on the next lyric. The existence of definite article the aims to emphasize that American people are treated equal on many aspects. It is shown from the lyric emphasizing the equality condition which is The hopes of the little girl who goes to a crumbling school in Dillon are same as the dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of LA.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The examples have shown that the errors in determiner are included in the syntactical analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the formation of noun phrase. It is shown by the omission of articles of the noun phrase. In American English, singular countable nouns are usually preceded by the indefinite articles. In this case, the omission of articles influences the construction of noun phrase.

The previous analysis also shows the discussion of article use towards the noun phrase. It analyzes the misuse of the article a and the article an to the following nouns. However, this analysis discusses the omission of article determiners that create the errors in the noun phrase. In American English, the article determiners are usually used before the common nouns to refer to the form of the noun.

ii. Nominalization

Nominalization is the process of changing another part of speech into the noun. It is a part of conversion. Quirk et al state that conversion is a process that an item is converted to a new word class without providing the addition of suffix (1974:

1009). It can be concluded that the process of nominalization is done without changing the form of item. In this case, the error is found in one song. The error is described on the table as follows:

Table 7. Grammatical Error in Nominalization Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

We are The I think it’s time for Omission I think it’s time for the Ones change change

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

According to surface strategy taxonomy, the error in noun phrase is influenced by the process of nominalization. The example shows that the error occurs because of the omission of determiner. In the nominalization process, a converted item is preceded by the determiner. In this case, the noun change needs the article the to show the specific object. The addition of the article the emphasizes the meaning of change. It aims to tell the condition of a new world such as the world peace and the prosperity.

The example above shows that the error is included in the syntactical analysis.

It influences the construction of noun phrase in the nominalization process. There is an omission of definite article. The article the is essential to be placed before change.

It aims to refer to the implied meanings that have been expressed through some lyrics, which are I would like our environment to be safe and I want a better future for my children.

The previous analysis also shows the discussion of the omission of the determiner in the noun phrase. It emphasizes that the determiners are used in the noun phrase to explain the form of the noun. However, this analysis discusses the omission of determiner that creates the error in the nominalization process. The existence of determiners is essential in the nominalization case. In this case, it aims to show that a part of speech in a word has been converted into a part of speech of noun from a part of speech of verb.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii. Number

Number is the process of denoting the number of count and mass nouns. The form of number includes singular or plural noun. In American English, the number in noun phrase follows the form of noun itself. Based on the data, there are two songs that are included in this category. The errors are explained through the table as follows:

Table 8. Grammatical Error in Number Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

The Travelling Peoples Regularization People Song

Feeling My don’t give a Simple Addition I don’t give bread Self bread

Based on the analysis of surface strategy taxonomy, all of the errors on the data are caused by additions. There are two types of additions that produce the errors.

The first example is peoples. In American English, people is categorized as a plural form of irregular noun. It is incorrect because of an unnecessary addition of suffix –s.

The error on peoples is influenced by regularization. There is a misuse of forming irregular into regular form. The form of people is not changed to be a regular noun by being added suffix –s.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The second example is a bread. In American English, bread is categorized as a singular uncountable form. The error is influenced by simple addition. There is an addition of item which does not lie on the same feature. The addition of indefinite article is actually addressed for countable nouns. However, in this case the addition of the article is placed before an uncountable noun. According to the principle of

American English, bread is not followed by article a to show that it is a singular form.

The examples show the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. The addition in the certain items influences the formation of noun phrase. The addition of suffix –s creates the error for the irregular countable form. Moreover, the addition of indefinite article creates the error for the uncountable form.

The characteristic of this type lies on the error of determining a number case for certain nouns. The errors are caused by the addition of an item. Accordingly, there are two cases of errors on the data. In the first example, the existence of article a of the object bread is incorrect. The indefinite article can not be used for the uncountable nouns to denote that the object number is singular. In the second example, the existence of suffix –s or –es can not be applied for the irregular form of nouns such as people. The suffix –s or –es can be used for the regular form of nouns to denote that the object number is plural.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iv. Use of Pronoun

Pronoun is stated as the way to replace nouns (Quirk et al, 1974: 203). In the

Standard English, pronouns usually occur without the determiners. According to the data, the errors are found in three songs. They are described on the table as follows:

Table 9. Grammatical Error in Use of Pronoun Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My All these car keys Double marks All these car keys drive Self drive them chickens chickens to my crib to my crib

I Like to Move keep on jumping Omission You keep on jumping off It off the floor the floor

The Travelling been around the Omission I have been around the Song planet in the planet in the foreign land foreign land

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors of the data are caused by two reasons. The first reason is by getting double marks. The example is all these car keys drive them chickens to my crib. In this case, there are two items that are marked in the same feature. There is a repetition of the object personal use. They are them and chicken. Them has referred to chicken, thus the use of them should be omitted.

The second reason is by getting omission. The errors can be seen through the examples in “I Like to Move It” and “The Travelling Song”. Both examples do not mention the subject that shows the person performing the action. In “I Like to Move

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It”, the subject that misses is you. It is shown by the referent on the next lyric which is Dancing 'til your feet is sore. Moreover, the subject that misses in “The Travelling

Song” is I. It is referred through the previous lyric which is See I‟ve been traveling.

The examples above show that the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. The errors influence the construction of noun phrase, such as the addition of similar item in object pronoun. Moreover the errors influence the construction in the sentence structure. There is missing of subject although subject plays an important role in the grammatical structure. In the context, subject pronoun is able to denote the person who is speaking or performing certain action.

There are two characteristics that create the error in the pronoun case. The first characteristic lies on the error of determining the personal pronoun. In the first example, there are two nouns, them and chicken, that refer to the similar object personal pronoun. The second characteristic lies on the omission of pronouns that loses the existence of the main element in the noun phrase. Pronouns can replace the form of noun for the position of subject and object.

v. Use of Preposition

Use of preposition is the last type in this category. Preposition is a way to express a relation between two items (Quirk et al, 1974: 308). Based on the data, the errors are found in one song. The error is explained on the table as follows:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Table 10. Grammatical Error in Use of Preposition Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My Self Look up in the Alternating Form Look at the mirror mirror

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, The error is caused by the alternating forms. There is a misuse of forming the right preposition. The example is look up in the mirror. The error lies on the preposition up in. In American English, the meaning of look up is the action of gazing someone else (McKean, 2005: 1000). However, the context does not show that the agent does the action of gazing someone else.

Moreover, the meaning of in is to express something which is surrounded by something else (2005: 851). Based on the context, the agent does not aim to see something in the mirror. The context aims to show that somebody does the action of seeing themselves through the mirror. Thus, the correct preposition of the example should be at instead of up or in. The meaning of look at is the action of gazing something or someone directly with a specified direction (2005: 1000).

The characteristic in this category lies on the use of preposition in the noun phrase. The preposition in the examples shows that it has a role as a complement of verb. The misuse of preposition can produce a different meaning to the following noun, for instance is look up in the mirror. Based on the example, the preposition at is more acceptable than up or in because it considers the lexical meaning of look and at to the noun the mirror. The example has shown that the error is included in the

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

syntactical analysis. The error of choosing preposition can influence a purpose of the action to the object. The choice of preposition should consider the contextual meaning on the verb to the noun.

b. Verb Phrase

The second language category is verb phrase. The data shows that the errors are classified into three types. The types overwhelm omission of verb, progressive tense, and agreement of subject and verb. They are explained as follows: i. Omission of Verb

Verb is a part of speech to express an action or a state (Quirk et al, 1974: 36).

It means that the verb can express a certain condition. In this case, the errors are

found in four songs. The data are described on the table as follows:

Table 11. Grammatical Error in Omission of Verb Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My hundred bottles Omission hundred bottles are on me Self on me

I Like to And not because Omission Move It we bored And not because we are bored

The been around the Omission Travelling planet in the I have been around the Song foreign land planet in the foreign land

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Yes We Can Yes we can to Omission opportunity and Yes we can (main verb) to prosperity opportunity and prosperity

According to surface strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by omission.

There are two aspects which are influenced by the omission. The first aspect lies on the error of auxiliaries. Auxiliaries are a helping verb to make up lexical verbs

(Quirk et al, 1974: 65). The errors of auxiliaries are seen in Feeling My Self and I

Like to Move It. The data above shows their lyrics get the omission of auxiliaries to be. To be in hundred bottles on me has a function as a linking verb between subject and the prepositional complement on me. The meaning of to be indicates the location that is addressed between the subject and the prepositional phrase on me. In this context, the sentence becomes hundred bottles are on me instead of hundred bottles were on me because the lyric tells about the habitual condition of the agent that he or she often enjoys to drink.

To be in we bored has a function as a linking verb between subject and predicate complement. It occurs in the passive form. The function of to be is to refer the adjective bored to the subject we. In this context, the sentence becomes and not because we are bored. To be in the context is included in the present tense because it aims to show the fact condition that the agent enjoys the party.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In The Travelling Song, the error lies on the auxiliary have. The function of auxiliary have is a helping verb of the main verb in the form of perfect tense. The tense is in the form of present perfect because based on the context the agent aims to show his or her experiences of travelling to many places in the world. The form of auxiliary have is determined by the subject pronoun. Because it is determined by the first personal pronoun I, the auxiliary have maintains its form as have.

Moreover, the error lies on the example Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity in Yes We Can. In this context, the sentence does not have a pause between Yes we can and to opportunity and prosperity for indicating an expression statement between two forms of sentences. It aims to show one form of sentence that gets an omission of lexical verb. The sentence construction on the last example is incorrect. The modal auxiliary can is not allowed to be directly followed by the preposition. Modal is followed by bare infinitive verbs which mean that the verbs maintain the origin form. The sentence does not express the particular state or action due to the omission of the main verb.

There are several possibilities of verbs that can be related to the meaning of the context. The verbs can be inserted by the verb look forward and get up. In the case Yes we can look forward to opportunity and prosperity, it aims to tell that people can have expectations to get opportunity towards the rights and to make the country more prosperous. Moreover, in the case Yes we can get up to opportunity and prosperity aims to tell that people can reach the condition of the country that can give more opportunity and prosperity for them.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The examples above show that the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. They influence the construction of the verb phrase. The errors can be seen in the omission of lexical verb and the auxiliaries. The omission of lexical verb wipes out the main element in the verb phrase construction. Moreover, the omission of auxiliaries wipes out the supporting element in the verb phrase.

The previous analysis also discusses the errors on verbs in simple present tense. They analyze the word formation of the verbs that indicates a particular tense.

However, this discussion analyzes the omission of verbs that violates the principle of

American English. There are two types of verbs that are omitted. The first type is the omission of the auxiliaries that have a function as a supporting verb of the main verb.

The second type is the omission of the main verb that loses the main element in the verb phrase.

i. Use of Progressive Tense

Quirk et al state that progressive tense is a tense to indicate an action which is in progress (1974:92). The tense aims to stress the activity that is going on. In this case, the errors are found in two songs. They are explained on the table as follows:

Table 12. Grammatical Error in Use of Progressive Tense Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes

Feeling My Self Now everybody Omission Now everybody is tripping likes they tripping likes they are popping molly popping molly

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Grammatical Grammatical Songs Errors Processes American English

I Like to Move Speaker blasting Omission It Speaker (is) blasting

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by omission. Both examples show that they get the omission of auxiliary to be. To be has an influence in the formation of progressive tense. It functions as a linking verb between the subject and the main verb in the progressive tense. To be should follow the tense to know whether it is in the present or past form. Moreover, to be accustoms its form based on the following subject, for instance, if it is followed by third person singular, the sentence should employ is or was as a form of to be in the sentence.

Based on the context in Feeling My Self, the tense is included in the present progressive. It aims to show that the agent is dancing and having a party at the time.

Moreover, the sentence provides the time indication of progressive tense. It is expressed by the adverbial of time now. In the main clause, to be is added into is because it is followed by the subject of third person singular. However, in the subordinate clause, to be is added into are because it is followed by a subject of third person plural which is they.

The tense in I Like to Move It is also included in the present progressive.

Based on the context, the sentence aims to show that the instrument which is speaker is playing the music loudly at the moment. To be is added into is because speaker refers to the singular object.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The data above shows that the errors are included in the syntactical analysis.

The errors influence the construction of progressive tense. They can be seen through the omission of auxiliary to be. The omission of auxiliary to be wipes out the supporting verb in the progressive tense.

The characteristic in this category is the discussion of the errors in the progressive case. The errors are caused by the omission of auxiliary to be. To be is one of the important elements in the progressive case. The existence of auxiliary to be in the progressive tense is to denote the time indication of the action.

ii. Agreement of Subject and Verb

The agreement of subject and verb is the conformation of construction of subject and predicate based on the Standard English principle. Based on the analysis, the errors are found in one song. The errors are described on the table as follows:

Table 13. Grammatical Error in Agreement of Subject and Verb Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes Feeling My I be everywhere Regularization I am everywhere Self

Feeling My cause I’m a get it Simple addition cause I get it all Self all

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by two factors. The first factor is regularization. It can be seen through a sentence as I be everywhere.

There is an error of using regular and irregular verbs. It is incorrect because the auxiliary maintains its form as be. The auxiliary be is not included in the regular verbs. Meanwhile, be is categorized in the irregular verbs. It means that the form be provides the various form in their base vowel (Quirk et al, 1974: 110). Based on the context, the tense is categorized in the present because the lyric shows the fact that the person is popular. Be changes into am because it is followed by the first person singular.

The second factor that contributes to the error is simple addition. It can be seen on the example cause I‟m a get it all. The addition of auxiliary to be and the article a create the error. There is a disagreement of subject and verb structure. In

American English, verbs can not be preceded by articles. There is a presence of article a before the verb get. The sentence construction that presents a lexical verb does not need the auxiliary to be. Thus, based on American English, the sentence must be cause I get it all.

The examples above show that the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. The errors influence the sentence construction in the verb phrase. They can be seen through the process of regularization and the addition. In American English, maintaining the form be changes the grammatical pattern of the verb phrase.

Furthermore, the addition of auxiliary to be and article a change the grammatical structure in the verb phrase that creates the error.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The characteristic in this analysis lies on the discussion of the elements that change the basic construction of subject and verb. There are two cases of errors on the data. In the first example, the sentence maintains the form of auxiliary be that violates the principle of American English. In the second example, the error occurs on the auxiliary to be and the article that are placed before the lexical verb. The agreement in the American English is the article and the auxiliary to be are not placed before the main verb. However, in the American English, there is an exception for some cases of sentences to place the auxiliary to be before the main verb.

c. Transformation

The last language category is transformation. The error that is found in the data is a negative transformation. The error in the negative transformation can influence the meaning. According to the data, the error is found in one song. The error is described on the table as follows:

Table 14. Grammatical Error in Transformation Grammatical Grammatical Songs American English Errors Processes The Travelling Cause I ain‟t met Double marking Cause I did not meet Song nobody that looks anybody that looks the the same same or Cause I met nobody that looks the same.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the error is caused by double negations.

The double negations lie on the words ain‟t and nobody. In American English, the double negations actually implies to the positive meaning instead of the negative meaning. In American English, the meaning can be described as Cause I met somebody that looks the same.

If the clause aims to show the negative meaning, the object nobody can be replaced into anybody because the pronoun does not change the meaning. Thus, it should be Cause I did not meet anybody that looks the same. Moreover, the sentence can omit the negative auxiliary ain‟t. A single negation such as nobody in American

English has shown the negative meaning. Thus, it should be Cause I met nobody that looks the same.

The example above shows that the error is included in the syntactical analysis.

The error can be seen through double negations. The double negations on the data influence the construction and the meaning of the clause. To show the negative meaning, the clause needs one negation. However, the example presents the double negations that change its meaning into the positive one.

The characteristic in this category focuses on the structure of forming the negative statement. In American English, the structure in the negative statement implies the negative meaning. However, the lack of considering the structure of the negative sentence can create a different meaning. The example above shows that the double negations that are placed in the structure of the negative statement produce the positive meaning.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Factors that Contribute to the Errors

There are two factors that contribute to the errors. Both factors influence language use in Will I Am’s songs. They are society and profession factors. The society factor aims to analyze how his language is affected by certain social condition. The role of society brings the influence for Will I Am in acquiring the language that is used in his works. The analysis gives an attention towards the relation of the language and Will I Am’s social networking in supporting the discussion of the data.

Moreover, the profession factor influences his language use that is applied through his works. The role of profession brings the influence for Will I Am in creating a song. It aims to show that some of his songs were created to be intended for a certain purpose. This analysis considers the relation of society factor and his job demand that influences his language in creating songs. The factors are explained as follows:

1. The Factor from Society

The first factor is society. The use of language in his songs is mostly affected by African American Vernacular English (AAVE). AAVE is the language that is commonly used by African Americans in the United States. Will I Am gets AAVE from his family and his childhood’s friends. His family uses the English dialect of

African American Vernacular English to have a daily conversation (Danny White,

2012: 6).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

There are some lyrics affected by AAVE in “Feeling My Self”, “I Like to

Move It”, and “The Travelling Song”. This research uses Trudgill’s theory that provides five prominent characteristics of AAVE (2000: 54). The theory shows the society influences Will I Am’s language use in creating the songs. The data that are presented on the table helps to find out the contribution of the errors in Will I Am’s songs. They are described as follows:

Table 15. The Results of The Analysis Characteristics of African American Songs Lyrics Vernacular English Everybody know me Omission of suffix –s in “Feeling My Self” the third person singular She like to move it verb “I Like to Move It”

“Feeling My Self” we getting money while you playing with it. Omission of auxiliary to “I Like to Move It” we bored be

Maintaining the auxiliary “Feeling My Self” We be in the club be

I done spent a quarter milli on “Feeling My Self” clothes. Omission the auxiliary to be for perfect tense “The Travelling been around the planet in the Song” foreign land

Use of double negations “The Travelling Cause I ain‟t met nobody that or more Song” looks the same

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Firstly, AAVE does not mention the suffix –s of verb formation in the present tense form. Based on the table, there are two songs that the suffix of lexical verbs in the lyrics is omitted. In this case, AAVE does not use suffix –s on the verbs know and like. AAVE omits the suffix –s on the verbs that are intended for third person singular. Everybody and she are included in third person singular. In American

English, it mentions the suffix –s on lexical verbs in the present tense.

Secondly, AAVE omits the auxiliary to be. Based on the table, there are two types of function toward the omission of to be. To be is usually omitted to show a fact condition. The example is we bored. Moreover, the omission of to be has a function to explain an action which is in progress. The example is we getting money while you playing with it.

Thirdly, AAVE maintains the form be. The form be does not change its form by following subjects, such as I am, he is, and she was. In AAVE, the sentence that maintains the form be shows the habitual experience. The example is found in the song “Feeling My Self”. In this case, the example aims to show the repeated event which is the person we often come and enjoy in the club.

Fourthly, AAVE omits the verb auxiliaries for perfect tense. Based on the data, there are two forms of omission of auxiliaries that have a different meaning. The first example is I done spent a quarter milli on clothes. The form aims to show that the event has been accomplished to do. The second example is been around the planet in the foreign land. In this case, the meaning aims to show the past action.

However, the atmosphere of doing the action of travelling can still be perceived.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Lastly, AAVE tends to use double negations. Based on the table, there is one song that uses double negations. The double negations emerge on the auxiliary ain‟t and the object personal nobody. Ain‟t can be in the form of can’t, don’t, and didn’t based on the context. It tends to imply the negative meaning even though there is a use of double negation on the clause. It has a meaning which is cause I did not meet anybody that looks the same.

2. The Factor from Profession

The second factor is profession. The condition of his profession as the song writer influences the language use in his works. Based on the analysis, there are two types of song themes that are created by him. The first theme is the songs that tend to be informal which means the lyrics do not follow the grammar rules of American

English. The songs usually have the hiphop genre. The examples are “Feeling My

Self”, “I like to Move it”, and “The Travelling Song”. Most of his songs that are included in the hip hop genre are influenced by AAVE. According to Ball, Makoni, and Geneva, they state that hip hop is to represent the streets of a space of culture, creativity, cognition, and consciousness” (2003: 54). It means that hiphop is a representation of work to tell the condition of surroundings by following certain culture of a region.

In hip hop music, the culture of region influences the language use that is performed through a song. Ball, Makoni, and Geneva add that “the majority of hiphop artists in the United States are African Americans” (2003: 54). It means that a

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

work that is created by the African Americans uses the culture of African American.

Thus, it proves that the lyrics of Will I Am get the characteristic of African American

Vernacular English (AAVE). Moreover, the lyrics that are written in the genre of hip hop usually tells about his social life. White adds that Will I Am’s songs that are addressed to the business matter usually are in the genre of hip hop (2012: 15).

His experience in the music career is supported by his life background. He has known hiphop since he was fourteen years old. When he was fourteen years old, he made a group band with his other friends. The group band tended to take a rap music of the hiphop genre. His strength in the rap world brought him to the success. His first band named Atban Klann that later on changed into Black Eyed Peas released their first song entitled “Merry Muthafuckin „X-Mas‟ ” in the album 5150 Home 4 Tha

Sick in December 10th, 1992 (Danny White, 2012: 10).

The second theme is the songs that tend to be formal. The song is usually addressed for campaign activity. The examples are “We are the Ones” and “Yes We

Can”. The prominent characteristic in the songs is the lyrics follow the grammar principles of American English. It is proven by the table 15 that the lyrics in “We are the Ones” and “Yes We can” are not affected by the dialect of AAVE.

It is supported by Will I Am‟s experiences when he became a participant in a political affair. He had a big role to succeed the election campaign in 2008 for Barack

Obama. The form of supporting the campaigns was delivered through songs. The lyrics were inspired from Obama’s speech and opinions of some celebrities that

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

support Barack Obama. The songs in this theme are not sold to the public because they are just addressed for the campaign affair.

He created “We are the Ones” and “Yes We can” by considering the

Standard English principle. The Standard English is essential to be used in the political issue. In this case, Will I Am applies American English into the songs to persuade people in the United States to vote Barrack Obama. It occurs because

American English has a function as national language in the United States.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This part is aimed to answer two problems of the study. The first problem is to find out the grammatical errors presented in Will I Am’s songs. The errors that are analyzed are taken from his lyrics. The second problem is to find out the possible factors that contribute to the errors in Will I Am’s songs.

In the first problem, there are two linguistic features that are analyzed. There are morphological and syntactical features. The total numbers of grammatical errors that are found are seventy one errors. The research shows eighteen errors in morphology and fifty three errors in syntax. All those grammatical errors that are found are compared to Standard English of American.

There are three language categories found in the morphological analysis.

Based on the data, they are indefinite article incorrect, possesive case incorrect, and third person singular verb incorrect. The research finds out that the grammatical errors are caused by two processes. The processes function to find out how the grammatical errors occurs. They are omission and alternating form.

The process of omission influences the word formation of a phrase, such as

Will power. In this case, the missing of „s influences a word formation in the possessive case. On the other hand, the alternating form creates the misuse of forming an element. The example is a expert. According this case, there is a misuse of the elements of indefinite article which is the article a and the article an. 62

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In the syntactical analysis, the data shows that the grammatical errors are found in three language categories. The categories include noun phrase, verb phrase, and transformation. Based on the analysis, there are eight error types that are presented in noun phrase and verb phrase categories. In the noun phrase category, it presents five error types which overwhelm determiners, nominalization, number, use of pronoun, and use of preposition. On the contrary, verb phrase category presents three error types which are omission of verb, use of progressive tense, and agreement of subject and verb.

There are four processes of the grammatical errors that occur in the syntactical analysis. They are omission, addition, alternating form, and regularization. The omission process influences the structure construction on phrase, clause and sentence.

The example is lion out of the jungle. In this case, there is an omission of article towards the noun phrase lion. In American English, singular noun usually should be preceded by an article.

Moreover, based on the analysis, the addition presents three processes. They are double marking, addition of regularization, and simple addition. In the double marking, there are two items marked in the same feature, such as all these car keys drive them cickens to my crib. In this case, there is a redundancy in object personal between them and chicken. On the other hand, the simple addition shows that the addition of an item does not lie on the same feature, such as a bread. In the addition

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

of regularization, the addition of an item influences regular and irregular form, for instance peoples.

The alternating form process creates a misuse of forming an item. The example is look up in the mirror. The error of preposition will influence the misconception towards a meaning that is addressed by the verb to the noun. Lastly, the regularization process creates the error of using regular and irregular form. The example is I be everywhere. Be is categorized as irregular verbs, meanwhile the sentence makes the form be as a regular form by maintaining its original form.

In the second problem, there are two factors that contribute to the errors. The first factor is by the society. The social factor influences the language use for Will I

Am in creating the songs. The grammatical errors that are found in his songs are affected by the dialect of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). There are five prominent characteristics of AAVE that are used to analyze the data. The characteristics that are presented on the table help to find out the contribution of the errors in Will I Am’s songs. They are omission of –s for third person singular, omission of verb to be, maintain the form be, omission of verb auxilliaries for past participle, and use of double or multiple negations.

The second factor is by the profession. The profession factor influences the language use in his business. The most number of grammatical errors is determined for which the songs are adressed. Based on the analysis, there are two themes of his songs. The first theme tends to be informal. The examples are “Feeling My Self”, “I

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

like to Move it”, and “The Travelling Song” . The second theme which covers “We are the Ones” and “Yes We Can” tends to be formal.

The songs that are included in the informal theme are addressed for a commercial affair. Most of his songs that are sold to the public is included in the music genre of hip hop. Hip hop influences the language use of Will I Am. Hip hop is a medium to create a work by following the certain culture. The culture of African

Americans influences the language use of someone. Thus, the lyrics of Will I Am are influenced by African American Vernacular English (AAVE).

On the other hand, the songs that are included in the formal theme is addressed for a political affair. The songs are not intended to be sold to the public.

They are aimed for the campaign activity for Barack Obama in 2008. By contributing himself in the campaign, he can persuade people to vote Barrack Obama through his songs. He uses the Standard of American English in “We are the Ones” and “Yes

We Can because in this case American English functions as the national language in the United States of America.

As the final point, the language use of someone is influenced by the external factors. It can be shown from the discussion of analyzing the language use in Will I

Am's songs. The influence of language is presented through his songs. There are two themes of songs of Will I Am that can be used for a certain purpose. The informal song theme is addressed for the commercial affair. However, the formal song theme is addressed for a political affair which is the campaign event.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The function of finding out the grammatical errors is to see the numbers of errors that occur in both themes of songs. The analysis finds that the numbers of grammatical errors in formal theme is less than the informal theme. The contribution of the errors is supported by the external factors. They are the society and the profession. The society forms the characteristics of language use of Will I Am from environments. On the other hand, the profession forms Will I Am‟s language use because of the job demand.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ball, Arnetha, Sinfree Makoni, and Geneva. Black Linguistics Language, Society, and Politics in the Africa and the Americas. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Baugh, Albert, and Thomas Cable. A History Of The English Language. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Corder, S,P. “The significance of learners’ errors International”. Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition. Ed. J.C Richards. London: Longman, 1974. JSTOR.org. (www.jstor.org/stable/325758.). March 6, 2016.

Dill, Answer S. Language Diversity and Langauge Contact. California: Stanford University Press, 1981.

Downing, Angela and Philip Locke. A Unicersity Course in English Grammar. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Dulay, Heidi, Marina Burt, and Stephen Krashen, Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

“Feeling My Self”. Will I Am Feeling Myself Lyrics. I Am Composing LLC. December 08,2013.(www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/william/feelingmyself.html). September 15, 2015

Fries, Charles Crpenter. American English Grammar. New York: Appleton Century Crafts, Inc, 1940.

Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Wineston, 1983.

Greenberg, Joseph A. Language in the Americas. California: Stanford University Press, 1987.

Hawkins, John A. Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press, Inc, 1983. 67

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“I Like to Move It”. Will I Am I Like to Move It Lyrics. I Am Composing LLC. January 08, 2009. (www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/william/iliketomoveit.html). September 15, 2015.

Ismartono, Estu Kuncoro. A Phonological Analysis of Black English in 50 Cent‟s Song Lyrics in the Album‟Curtis‟. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

Johan. The Grammatical Errors of the English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Lestari, Sesilia Indah. An Analysis of Grammatical Errors Made By ELESP Students in Writing the Research Proposal. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Lock, Graham. Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Mardijono, Josefa J. “Indonesian EFL Advanced Learner’s Grammatical Errors”.Petra Journal Letters.Vol.5.No.1 (2003): p.67. Puslit2.petra.ac.id. (http://puslit.petra.ac.id/journals/letters). October 20, 2015.

McKean, Erin. The New Oxford American Dictionary: Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc, 2005.

Pratiwi, Tiffany Hanna. African American Vernacular English As Seen In A Novel “The Help” By Kathryn Stockett. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Grembaum and Geoffrey Leech. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1972.

Radford,Andrew. Syntactic Theory And The Structure of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Teddlie, Charles and Fen Yu. “Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology With Examples. Journal of Mixed Method Research. Vol 1 no 77 (2007): p.4. Sage Journals. (www.sagepub.com/cgl/content/abstract/1/1/7). April 3, 2016.

“The Travelling Song”. Will I Am The Travelling Song Lyrics. I Am Composing LLC. June 5, 2012. (www.azlyrics.com/lyrics.william/thetravellingsong. html). October 25, 2015.

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin Books Inc, 2000.

Wadsworth, Thomson.ed. Psychology:Themes And Variations, 9th. Belmont: Cencage Learning, 2007.

“We are the Ones”. Will I Am We are the Ones Lyrics. I Am Composing LLC. August 29, 2008. (www.azlyrics.com/lyrics.william/wearetheones.html). October 25, 2015.

White, Danny. Will I Am: The Unauthorized Book. London: Michael O’Mara Books Limited, 2012.

“Yes We Can”. Will I Am Yes We Can Lyrics. I Am Composing LLC. January 3, 2009. (www.azlyrics.com/lyrics.william/yeswecan.html). October 25, 2015.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. The List of Morphological Errors in Feeling My Self Linguistic Examples Standard English Categories Indefinite Article a expert an expert Incorrect Will table Will‟s table Possessive Case Incorrect Will power Will‟s power She give me IQ She gives me IQ

Third Person She get a head She gets a head Singular Verb Everybody know me Everybody knows me Incorrect The mirror look at me The mirror looks at me My fuel get low My fuel gets low She give me IQ that She gives me IQ that means she gets mean she get a head a head

Appendix 2. The List of Morphological Errors in I Like to Move It Linguistic Examples Standard English Categories Indefinite Article a earthquake an earthquake Incorrect She like to move it She likes to move it

He like to move it He likes to move it

She like to shake it She likes to shake it

Third person He like to shake it He likes to shake it singular verb He like to party He likes to party incorrect Somebody say ho Somebody says ho Somebody say yeah Somebody says yeah Party hard just like a Party hard just likes a smart girl smart girl 70

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 3. The List of Syntactical Errors in Feeling My Self Linguistic Error Types Examples Standard English Categories Bottles on deck Bottles on a deck Keep the chickens in Keep the chickens in a Determiner check check pool a pool I don’t give a bread I don’t give bread

Number We got papers We got paper

catch me in the club They catch me in the

hundred bottles on me club hundred bottles on

been rocking coats since I been rocking coats

my first demo since my first demo

got a bottle of that I got a bottle of that Use of Noun Phrase thousand dollar thousand dollar Pronoun champagne in my fist champagne in my fist All these car keys drive All these car keys drive them chickens to my crib chickens to my crib Pool of the crib you you could land a water could land a water plane plane in a pool of the in it crib. Use of Look up in the mirror Look at the mirror Preposition hundred bottles on me hundred bottles are on me

been rocking coats since I have been rocking my first demo coats since my first Omission of demo

Verb Hunny on my wrist Hunny is on my wrist Couple karats on my neck Couple karats are on my Verb Phrase neck we getting money while we are getting money you playing with it while you are playing Use of with it Progressive Slick Rick looking at the Slick Rick is looking at Tense mirror the mirror Now everybody tripping Now everybody is like they popping molly tripping like they are popping molly

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Linguistic Error Types Examples Standard English Categories I be everywhere I am everywhere Agreement of We be in the club We are in the club Subject and And I’m a throw it up And I throw it up Verb Cause I’m a get it all Cause I get it all

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 4. The List of Syntactical Errors in I Like to Move It Linguistic Error Types Examples Standard English Categories speaker a speaker Big action a big action

keep on jumping off the you keep on jumping Noun Phrase Determiner floor off the floor got ants in my pants I got ants in my pants

Ants in my pants Ants are in my pants

Moto Moto in the Moto Moto is in the Verb Phrase Omission of house house Verb we bored we are bored we born to party we were born to party First name Moto First name is Moto Last name Moto Last name is Moto Use of Speaker blasting Speaker is blasting Progressive Tense

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 5. The List of Syntactical Errors in The Travelling Song Linguistic Error Types Examples Standard English Categories lion out of the jungle a lion out of the jungle

They got jungle They got a jungle

fever fever Determiner Feeling out of place Feeling out of a

place

I’m in heaven I’m in a heaven

a fish fish Noun Phrase peoples people Number been around the I been around the planet in the foreign planet in the foreign land land been around the I have been around Omission of Verb Phrase planet in the foreign the planet in the Verb land foreign land Take me to a place Take me to a place Verb and Verb where they live like where they live to Construction me like me Cause I ain‟t met Cause I met nobody nobody that looks that looks the same Negative Transformation the same or Cause I ain’t met Transformation anybody that looks the same.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 6. The List of Syntactical Errors in We are The Ones Linguistic Error Type Example Standard English Category Noun Phrase Nominalization I think it’s time for I think it’s time for change the change

Appendix 7. The List of Syntactical Errors in Yes We Can Linguistic Error Types Examples Standard English Categories freedom a freedom

prosperity the prosperity Noun Phrase Determiner change the change false hope a false hope opportunity the opportunity equality the equality justice the justice We can to justice and We can (main verb) to equality justice and equality Omission of Verb Phrase We can to opportunity We can (main verb) to Verb and prosperity opportunity and prosperity

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 8. The Data Analysis of African American Vernacular English Characteristics of African American Songs Lyrics Vernacular English She give me IQ She get a head Everybody know me “Feeling My Self” The mirror look at me My fuel get low She give me IQ that mean she get a head Omission of suffix –s in She like to move it the third person singular He like to move it verb She like to shake it

“I Like to Move He like to shake it It” He like to party Somebody say ho Somebody say yeah Party hard just like a smart girl hundred bottles on me Hunny on my wrist Couple karats on my neck “Feeling My Self” we getting money while you playing with it Slick Rick looking at the mirror Omission of auxiliary to Ants in my pants be Moto Moto in the house We bored “I Like to Move We born to party It” First name Moto Last name Moto Speaker blasting Maintaining the auxiliary I be everywhere “Feeling My Self” be We be in the club been rocking coats since my first demo “Feeling My Self” Omission the auxiliary to I done spent a quarter milli on be for perfect tense clothes “The Travelling been around the planet in the Song” foreign land

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Characteristics of African American Songs Lyrics Vernacular English Cause I ain’t met nobody that “The Travelling Use of double negations looks the same Song”

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 9. The lyric of I Like to Move It I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it We like to move it!

I like to move it, move it She like to move it, move it He like to move it, move it We like to move it!

Keep on jumping off the floor Dancing 'til your feet is sore Party hard just like a smart girl Cause that's what life is for (Yeah!)

And we don't party hardly (No!) We just party hard (Yeah!) And not because we bored (No!) We party cause we born to party

We gonna move our bodies With our hands in the air And wave 'em all around Like we just don't care

(Yeah!) Moto Moto in the house (Yeah!) I'm about to turn it out (Yeah!) And you know it's going down I'm physically, physically, physically round

I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

We like to move it!

I like to move it, move it She like to move it, move it We like to move it, move it We like to move it!

Party ain't done, party ain't done Party this belly got started, Act I It just began, big action Pump up the volume, speaker blasting

Shake up the ground, shake up the ground Shake like a earthquake quake up the ground Play to make a sound, play to make a sound Play to make a, play to make a, play to make a sound

So I can do my little dance, do my little dance Do my little, do my little, do my little dance Ants in my pants, got ants in my pants Ants in my, ants in my, ants in my pants

That's why I keep on moving Yes, that's why I keep on grooving Yes, that's why I keep on doing Doing what I'm doing, y'all

First name Moto, last name Moto Here's how you spell it, M-O-T-O M-O-T-O When I step in all the girls want a photo Ya know, hey, yo

Moto Moto in the house I'm about to turn it out And you know it's going down I'm physically, physically, physically round

I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it We like to move it!

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I like to move it, move it She like to move it, move it We like to move it, move it We like to move it!

I like to party, party He like to party, party They like to party, party We like to party!

She like to shake it, shake it She like to shake it, shake it He like to shake it? Yo!

Somebody say ho! (Ho!) Say ho ho! (Ho ho!) Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up Back it up

Yo! Somebody say yeah! (Yeah!) Say yeah yeah! (Yeah yeah!) Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up

Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up

Back it up, back it up Back it up, back it up Gimme room, gimme room Gimme room 'cuz, huh!

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it I like to move it, move it We like to move it!

She like to shake it, shake it She like to shake it, shake it She like to shake it, shake it Yeah, shake it girl, huh!

We like to party, party We like to party, party We like to party, party We like to party!

We like to move it, move it He like to move it, move it They like to move it, move it Move it, move it, move it, move it Move it

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 10. The Lyric of Feeling My Self Whoo, W-w-w-will power

I be everywhere, everybody know me Super, super fresh, what a dope styling Hunny on my wrist, couple karats on my neck Givenchy, keep the chickens in check All these car keys drive them chickens to my crib Dru Hill got somebody slipping in my bed She give me IQ, that mean she get a head I just give the beats, I don't give a bread

'Cause we be in the club Bottles on deck And God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself 'Cause I'm a get it all And I'm a throw it up Like God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself

Look up in the mirror The mirror look at me The mirror be like baby you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit, you the shit God dammit you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit, you the shit

[French Montana:] I be everywhere, everybody know me Catch me in the club hundred bottles on me I get busy like a one line In the drop getting head baby never mind We getting money why you playing with it Pool of the crib you could land a water plane in it Slick Rick looking at the mirror Big Daddy Kane bitch like Shakira 1.5 custom made car Me and will table looking like the bar

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I love bad bitches that's my fucking problem And I don't give a fuck that's my fucking problem

[Will.I.am:] And I don't give a fuck that's my whole M.O. I rock the whole globe with no problemo Been rocking coats since my first demo And now I'm banging hoes in the continental And I done seen me sliding out of my dope ride I open up the doors, suicide I came from the bottom, the sewer side I made it to the top cause I did it fly Feeling fucker lucky like the fucker Irish I see the whole game from my third Iris I tour the whole world like a dirty pirate To give the whole club some Miley Cyrus

[Miley Cyrus:] Now everybody tripping like they popping molly Up in the club, is where you find me I do it real big I never do it tiny If you about that bullshit please don't remind me I step in this motherfucker just to make it work I get on the floor just to make that booty twerk Shake, shake that shit like a, like a expert Shake, shake that shit like a, like a expert

[Will.I.am and Miley Cyrus:] I'll be everywhere, everybody know me Super, super fresh, what a dope styling Hunny on my wrist, couple karats on my neck Givenchy, keep the chickens in check All these car keys drive them chickens to my crib Dru Hill, got somebody slipping in my bed She give me IQ, that mean she give me head I just give the beats, I don't give a bread

'Cause we be in the club Bottles on deck And God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

'Cause I'm a get it all And I'm a throw it up Like God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself

Look up in the mirror And the mirror look at me The mirror be like baby you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit, you the shit God dammit you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit, you the shit

[Wiz Khalifa:] Doobie in my hand, Rollie on my wrist Got a bottle of that thousand dollar champagne in my fist Women of your dreams sleep in my bed So I don't need your brains I need my ass kissed But all my homies like give me some head Smoke joints till our eyes turn Indian red Take shots till our chests burn We got papers, bottles, mollies, all this let's get it started The bigger the bill, the bigger you ball The bigger the watch, the bigger the car, the bigger the star The bigger the chain, the farther you go, you already know The bigger the bank that's more hoes, nigga And I done spent a quarter milli on clothes Coppin' them oldschools and puttin' foreigns on the road Real talk and if my fuel get low I roll up another joint, take a shot and reload, pow

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

'Cause we be in the club Bottles on deck And God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself 'Cause I'm a get it all And I'm a throw it up Like God dammit, God dammit I'm feeling myself

Look up in the mirror And the mirror look at me The mirror be like baby you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit, you the shit God dammit you the shit God dammit you the shit You the shit

Yes sir

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 11. The Lyric of The Travelling Song I’ve been around the world, in the pouring rain Feeling out of place, really feeling strange Take me to a place, where they know my name Cause I ain’t met nobody that looks the same

I’m a fish out of water, lion out of the jungle (He a fish out of water, lion out of the jungle) I need my peoples, my peoples, take me to my peoples THEY GOT JUNGLE FEVER, SHOW HIM LOVE, SHOW HIM LOVE.

Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home, Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’m home, Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home, Feels like I’m in heaven

Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven, heaven

Traveling the world, like a touring man Been around the planet in the foreign land I’ve seen things that I’ve thought I’ve never seen Take me to a place where they live like me

I’m a lion out of the jungle, fish out of the ocean (He’s a lion out of the jungle, fish out of the ocean)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I need my peoples, my peoples, take me to my peoples THEY GOT JUNGLE FEVER, SHOW HIM LOVE, SHOW HIM LOVE

Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home, Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’m home, Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home, Feels like I’m in heaven

Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven,

Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven I’m in heaven,

Oh and I’m feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling right at home (I’ve been around the world)

Feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling like I’m in heaven,

It’s like I’m in heaven

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It’s like I’m in heaven I’m in heaven

It’s like I’m in heaven I’m in heaven It’s like I’m in heaven I’m in heaven

Oh yeah

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 12. The Lyric of We are the Ones (Obama, Obama)

We can change the world, na, na, na We can change the world I would like to see a cleaner earth for my child that I am bringing into the world very soon

(Obama, Obama) I think that it's time for change I want a better future for my children

(Obama, Obama) I would like our environment to be safe

Es es nuestro America Mi America Tu America

This is our America Mi America My America Tu America Your America America Nosotros

(Obama, Obama) Someone can actually make a difference in my generation

(Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama) I would like to see us in a world without fear Basically, I would just like the war to end I would like the rest of the world to think highly of our wonderful country

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix 13. The Lyric of Yes We Can It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the destiny of a nation. Yes we can. It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail toward freedom. Yes we can. Yes we can. It was sung by immigrants as they struck out from distant shores And pioneers who pushed westward against an unforgiving wilderness. Yes we can. Yes we can. It was the call of workers who organized; Women who reached for the ballots; A President who chose the moon as our new frontier; And a King who took us to the mountain-top and pointed the way to the Promised Land. Yes we can to justice and equality. (yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...)

Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity. Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity. Yes we can heal this nation. Yes we can repair this world. Yes we can. Si Se Puede (yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...)

We know the battle ahead will be long, But you always remember that no matter what obstacles stand in our way, Nothing can stand in the way of the power of millions of voices calling for change. We want change! (We want change! We want change! We want change...)

We have been told we cannot do this by a chorus of cynics who will only grow louder and more dissonant. We've been asked to pause for a reality check. We've been warned against offering the people of this nation false hope. But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about hope. We want change! (We want change! I want change! We want change! I want change...)

The hopes of the little girl who goes to a crumbling school in Dillon are same as the dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of LA; We will remember that there is something happening in America;

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

That we are not as divided as our politics suggests; That we are one people; We are one nation; And together, we will begin the next great chapter in America's story with three words that will ring from coast to coast; From sea to shining sea - Yes. We. Can. (yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...)