Fiji's Tale of Contemporary Misadventure

Index

affirmative action, 3, 5, 70, 86–88, apartheid comparisons, 3, 25, 103, 125, 147, 168, 178–179, 194, 117–119 222, 224 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 8, 312 African, Caribbean and Pacific Group Apted, Jon, 252 of States (ACP), 140, 148, 280 Asian Development Bank (ADB), Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act 223, 237, 262, 303, 308 (ALTA), 51, 90, 247 Australia agriculture, see under economic 1987 coup reactions, 100–101, performance 103, 106 Ah Koy, Jim, 116, 142, 261 2000 coup reactions, 136, aid 142, 143 cyclone aid, 306 2006 coup reactions, 192, 201– impact of coups, 68, 205, 215, 206, 215, 225–226, 235–237, 235–236, 237, 249, 259–260 244, 255–264, 279–283 impact on development, 31, 44 development aid, 44 restoration of aid, 280 garment industry, 80–81, 83–85 Air Pacific, 88, 286 relations with FijiFirst, 293–294 Ali, Ahmed, 53 tourism, 95–96, 249 Ali, Shamima, 213–214, 223, trade, 42 243, 245 voting system, 125 Alliance Party and government Australia–Fiji Business Forum, 282, 1980s, 44–61, 291 293 formation, 38 Aziz, Brigadier General Mohammed, post-1987 political involvement, 266–267 64–65, 68, 74–75, 77, 79–81, 100, 134, 217 postcolonial development, 40, 43 Ba Kei Viti (BKV), 175–176 Rabuka on the Alliance, 127 Baba, Jale, 193, 212 alternative vote system, 125, 130–131, Baba, Tupeni, 135, 137, 175, 195 175 Bainimarama, Rear Admiral Voreqe Amnesty International, 252, 309 (Frank), 5, 10, 313–316 Anthony, Felix, 197, 244, 270 background, 150, 313 Anthony, James (Jim), 43, 234 comparisons with Kemal Atatürk, 228

345 The General’s Goose

constitutional change, 271–274, Bose ni Turaga, 160, 230 276 bourgeoisie, see under development coup 3, 138, 140, 148–150, Brown, Harry, 303 153–154, 156–167 Browne, Joe, 143, 156 coup 4, 225–238, 240–241, Buadromo, Virisila, 193, 212–213, 245–250, 254–264 238, 245 election 2014, 283–286, 288–291 Bulanauca, Mitieli, 186 FijiFirst, 293–300, 302–303, Bulitavu, Mosese, 299, 301 306–310, 318 Bune, Poseci, 144, 175, 197, military divisions, 150, 163–167, 218, 220 266–269 Burebasaga confederacy, 216, relations with Australia, 279–283 245, 284 relations with SDL, 169, 173– Burns Philp, see under development— 174, 182–197, 199–205 postcolonial development Bale, Qoriniasi, 183 Burns, Alan, 44 Baledrokadroka, Lt Col Jone 148, Butadroka, Sakeasi, 49–50, 59, 71, 161, 165–166, 182, 191–192, 79, 105, 109–110, 113–116, 127, 194, 200, 231 130, 312 Baleinamau, Lt Penaia, 143 Byrne, John, see under justice system Ball, Nicole, 66 see also Royal (Republic of) Fiji Military Forces Banuve, Joji, 25 Caine, Fred, 114 Baran, Paul, see under development Cakanauto, Ratu Tu’uakitau, 137 Barbour, Paul, 94 Cakaudrove, 14, 61–62, 102, 116, Barr, Kevin, 304 170, 175 Barrett, Tia, 171 Cakobau, Adi Litia, 160, 170, 188 Batley, James, 237, 259 Cakobau, Adi Samanunu, 160–161, Bau, 12, 13, 14, 17–18, 52–53, 63, 170 see also Talakuli, Adi 98–99, 105, 154, 208–209, 272, Samanunu 299, 311 Cakobau, Rau Seru, 13–14, 17, 99 Bavadra, Timoci, 114, 133, 207, 312, Callick, Rowan, 282, 286 315, 317 Cameron, John, 99, 234 formation of the FLP, 55–60, 61 Carr, Bob, 279–282 on tradition and politics, 127 Catholic Church, see under religion relations with post 1987 Caucau, Adi Asenaca, 25 administrations, 78, 99–112 Caucau, Re. Ratu Isireli, 105–106 Beddoes, Mick, 175, 238, 276, Cawthorne, Pamela, 84 see also 300–301 garment industry Bergin, Anthony, 281 census, 193, 224–225 Bishop, Julie, 280, 282, 293 Cession, 14, 17–18, 23–24, 39, 181 Bokini, Ratu Ovini, 214, 216 Chaudhry, Mahendra, 147, 271, 310 Bole, Filipe, 217 coup 3, 141, 143–144, 174, Bose Ko Viti, 245 179–180, 194, 196–199 Bose Levu Vakaturaga, see under coup 4, 215, 218, 231 Great Council of Chiefs

346 Index

election 2014, 288 class, 8, 211, 311–312 Fiji Water, 265–266 nature of colonial struggles, FLP leadership, 112–113 22–24, 43 formation of the FLP, 56 pluralism and dependency, 26, NFU strikes, 107–109 31–32 People’s Coalition, 131–133, postcolonialism, 34–37, 43 135–137 post-coup legacies, 70, 85–87, relationship with Rabuka, 115 114, 168–169 tax scandal, 233–234 the idea of class in 1987, 54–58 Chaudhry, Rajendra, 133, 271 Cleaver, Todd, 259 chicken industry, see under economic Clinton, Hillary, 262 performance—agriculture clothing industry see economic chiefs, 2–4, 52–53, 65, 78, 99, 108, performance—garment industry 132, 268, 282 Coalition for Democracy in Fiji, 269 19th-century strategies, 13–14, Coalition government, see under Fiji 17–18, 311 Labour Party coup 1 and 2, 74, 77, 99 Cokanasiga, Joketani, 233 coup 3, 151, 153–154, 160, 162, Collier, Paul, 65, 67–68 see also Royal 171–173, 175, 180 (Republic of) Fiji Military Forces coup 4, 216–217, 222, 228–230, Colo, 5, 12, 14, 18, 23, 40, 90, 311 312–314 Colonial Sugar Refinery Company early 20th-century strategies, 23– (CSR), see under economic 24, 33, 39, 41, 44, 47, 49–50 performance—agriculture—sugar land reforms, 248, 284 colonialism, 6–7, 23, 49, 177, 315 post-independence role and colonial economy, 15–20, 21, 23, status, 57, 78, 85, 87, 89, 92, 33–34 colonial indirect rule, 6, 17 155, 229 establishment, 13–21, 311 Rabuka on chiefs, 78, 315 impact, 26–28, 31–33, 38–40 SDL, 200–203, 206 commoners, 2, 4, 11, 63, 78, 92, SODELPA, 284, 298–299, 301 111, 114, 151 status, 11, 102–103, 111, 299 Commonwealth, 78, 126, 215, 227, SVT, 115, 118 257, 259 China, 16, 32, 39, 81, 123, 266, Commonwealth Ministerial Action 280, 294 Group, 256, 263 China Development Bank, 280 communal (communalism), 26, early trade, 11, 15 38, 44, 50, 56, 111, 125, 127, post-2006 relations, 235, 250, 130–131, 224, 228, 291–292, 256, 259–263, 281 311–314, 317 see also pluralism; Sinohydro, 280 tradition Christianity, see under religion Confederation of Blue Collar Workers Citizens’ Constitutional Forum Unions, see under unions (CCF), 174, 176, 208, 213, 229, Conservative Alliance Matanitu 254, 277–278 Vanua (CAMV), 175–177, 181, Clark, Helen, 204, 236 184, 195, 200

347 The General’s Goose

constitutions constitutional issues, 4, 51, 57, 1970, 25, 37, 39, 50, 62, 76, 66, 69, 132, 154, 227, 246, 127, 312 289, 302, 311, 317 1990, 2, 74, 76–78, 99–104, Constitutional Review Committee 106–108, 111–114, 117, 2000–2001, 173–174 123–126, 147, 187, 207, corruption, 59, 119, 122, 189, 208, 279, 299, 313 215, 217, 221, 230, 241, 243, Constitutional Inquiry and 269, 282, 317 Advisory Committee Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CIAC), 101–102, 104 Unit (CRWU), see under Royal Constitutional Review (Republic of) Fiji Military Forces Committee, 76 coups, 1–5, 9, 51, 111, 116, 119, 1997, 5, 125–126, 129–130, 132, 133, 166–167, 179, 271, 273, 136–137,155, 157, 167–168, 276–277, 281, 297, 309–310, 171–174, 178, 187 196–198, 313–314 see also Royal (Republic 209, 214, 216–218, 225, 227, of) Fiji Military Forces 238–243, 248, 255, 258, 271, 1 (14 April 1987), 1, 19, 100, 284, 313–314 104, 119, 130, 140, 147, 191, Constitutional Review 207–208, 215, 217, 221, 252, Committee, 124 279, 312 impact of coup 3, 176, 179– execution, 64–65 180, 185 planning, 63–64 impact of coup 4, 207, 209– repercussions, 70–76, 106– 211, 214–215, 218, 223, 108, 121–122, 129–130 227, 239, 248 2 (25 September 1987), 208, 241 2012, FCC (Ghai) draft 273–275, Deuba Accord, 77, 98 277, 281, 318 execution, 77–80 2013, 207, 225, 246–247, 269– Internal Security Decree 279, 281, 284, 295, 296–297, (ISD), 99–102, 231 309, 314, 318 Sunday Observance Decree (or Bill of Rights, 277 Sunday ban), 77, 99, 104– Constituent Assembly, 270, 105, 108, 123, 127, 133 272, 275–276 3 (19 May 2000), 5, 9, 18, 45, 57, Constitution Commission, 168, 202, 222, 252, 271, 313 247, 270–272, 275, 277 execution, 144–162 Constitutional Offices planning, 136–144 Commission, 278 repercussions, 167–168, 170– Constitutional Services 173, 176–177, 180–188, Commission, 300 191, 205 Fiji Constitution Process 4 (5 December 2006), 10, 244, (Constitution Commission 268, 279, 299, 314 Amendment) Decree, 272 execution, 207–218 National People’s Assembly, Muanikau Accord, 160, 274, 276 162, 164

348 Index

origins, 188–195, 200–206 foreign flower, 154, 180 repercussions, 218–240 Khilnani, Sunil, 318 4.5 (9 April 2009), 241–251 pressure for restoration, 226–227, Leaders of Political Parties 235–237, 255–263, 279–282, (LOPP), 227 293–294 National Council for Building undemocratic reactions, 66–69, a Better Fiji (NCBBF), 72–73, 178–182, 193, 222–223, 225, 239 206–211 National Dialogue Forum, 246 dependency, see under development People’s Charter, see under Deuba Accord, see under coups—2 People’s Charter development, 3–4, 6–8, 10, 79, 177, President’s Political Dialogue 210–211, 224, 261, 291, 312 Forum (PPDF), 227, 240, Baran, Paul, 31 246, 256 bourgeoisie, 33–38, 71, 86–87, Strategic Framework for 115 Change, 246–247 colonial development, 15–21, 26 travel bans, 225, 236–237, Davis, Mike, 15 258–260, 262, 280–281 dependency, 31–32, 35–36, 73, coup costs, 167, 219, 249, 97, 307 287, 317 East Asian ‘little tigers’, 82–83 Coup-Coup land, 3, 209, 313 Frank, Andre Gunder, 31 courts, see justice system Godfrey, Martin, 35 Coventry, Roger, see under justice import substitution system industrialisation (ISI), 29–31, cyclones, 53–54, 56 40–41, 289 Cyclone Winston, 305–308 in the 1990s, 80–97 Help for Homes, 307–308 in the 2000s, 133–136, 168–169, 180, 219–220 in the 2010s, 249–250, 287–298, Dakai, Serupepeli, 163 295–296, 303–305 Dakuvula, Jone, 185, 213 industrialisation, 16, 28–30, Datt, Krishna, 112, 196–197, 271 83–85 Daveta, Berenado, 156 Kaplinsky, Ralphie, 35 Davis, Graham, 208, 256, 263 Leys, Colin, 35 Davis, Mike, see under development postcolonial development, 28–37, Delaibatiki, Nemani, 285 41–47, 53, 72–73 democracy, 1–3, 52, 82–83, 103, Burns Philp, 47, 86 113, 168, 170, 173, 206, 212, Prebisch, Raúl, 29–30 215, 273–274, 312, 314–315, Rist, Gilbert, 15 317–318 Rostow, Walt, 21 context, 8–9, 33 tax-free factories (TFFs), 80–85, creation of democratic politics, 107 38–39 underdevelopment, 15, 19, 31–32 Democracy, 18, 100 Williams, Gavin, 36

349 The General’s Goose

Digitaki, Laisa, 212–213 impact of coup 4, 215, Dimuri, Ratu Jo, 173 219, 235, 249, 262 Dinger, Larry, 192, 205 impact of coups 1 and Director of Public Prosecutions 2, 76, 79–80, 82, (DPP), see under justice system 107–109 Doornbos, Martin, 36 Lomé Convention, 41, 93 Dore, Christopher, 158–159 Sugar Cane Growers Douglas, Francis, 239–240 Council, 107, 249 Downer, Alexander, 215 debt, 14, 22, 32, 36, 40, 59, 72, Draunidalo, Adi Tupou, 176, 180, 116, 118, 120–122, 127, 250, 237, 288, 309 287, 289, 304 Draunidalo, Col Savenaca, 146–148 foreign investment, 46, 220, Driti, Lt Col Pita, 194, 213, 228, 255, 281 235, 243, 253, 266–269 forestry, 41, 47, 49, 52, 82, 134, Durutalo, Alumita, 14, 39 142, 286, 304–305, 308 Durutalo, Simione, 20, 110, 112 Fiji Pine, 286 Duvuloco, Iliesa, 137, 141–142, mahogany, 134, 142, 305 144–146, 152–153, 162, 183, Tropik Woods, 101, 286 206, 244 garment industry, 42–43, 47, 70, 76, 80–85, 95, 118, 124, 127, 168, 198, 220, 244, 304 economic performance, 3–4, 79 manufacturing, 35, 40, 43, 46– agriculture, see also Royal 48, 80–81, 84, 95, 304 (Republic of) Fiji Military National Bank of Fiji, 115, Forces—coup 2—Army 119–122 Auxiliary Unit remittances, 249, 304 agriculture scam, 94, 175, 233 retirement policy, 36, 218, chicken industry, 40, 41, 249, 289 46–47, 76, 88, 101, SPARTECA, 42, 81, 83–85 117–118 Stinson Pearce Holdings Ltd, 119 post-1987, 94–95, 220 taxation, 28, 233–234 post-2016, 305, 308 colonialism, 19–20 postcolonial development, 28, economic policy and impacts, 33–36, 40, 43–46, 49 34, 36, 41, 53, 68–69, 86, Rewa Milk, 42 94, 264–266 rice, 40–42, 46, 49, 94 tax-free factories (TFFs), sugar, 6, 311 see under development colonial strategies, 15, 19, VAT (value-added tax), 96, 21 113, 134, 197–198, 215, Colonial Sugar Refinery 250, 287, 303–304 Company (CSR), 19, tourism, 6, 12, 33, 35, 39, 40–41, 21–23, 33–34 46–47, 84, 95, 127, 168, 170, Fiji Sugar Corporation 198, 215, 218–219, 249, 265, (FSC), 76, 86 289, 303–304, 308

350 Index

trade agreements, 32, 41, 93, 188 Electoral Commission, 278, 283, under Alliance, 39–49, 53, 59 316 under coup 1 administration, 76 electorates, 110–111, 129–130, under coup 2 administration, 273–274, 276, 278, 283, 79–88 289–292, 314–316 under coup 4 administration, proportional representation, 24, 219–220, 249–251, 286–289 125, 131, 224, 270, 276, 290, under FijiFirst, 287–288, 296, 292, 316 298, 300, 303–308 Supervisor of Elections, 103, 283 under People’s Coalition, 133–135 emigration, 71–72, 211, 222, 224 under SDL, 168, 180, 198 Emperor Gold Mine, 58, 107, under SVT, 70–73, 83–97, 109, 215 118–122, 124, 126–127 Equity Investment and Management Economist, 276, 291 Company (EMICOL), 87–88, Ecumenical Centre for Research, 122 Education and Advocacy ethnicity, 23, 69, 72, 129, 132, 275, (ECREA), 208, 215, 250 278, 284, 290, 303, 315 education, 6, 27, 49, 73, 82, 94, 97, European Union (EU), 93, 198, 175, 298, 300, 306, 311 214–215, 225, 235, 237, 249, colonial impact, 20, 25 258–259, 279–280 policy, 51, 53, 56–58, 83, 133, Evans, Gareth, 101 137, 222, 246, 250, 283, 296, 314 schools, 11, 55, 118, 124, 149, Fa, Tevita, 252 161, 169, 178, 271 Fatiaki, Daniel, 217, 237–238 Tertiary Education Loan Scheme, Federation of Cane Growers 296 Association, see under unions tertiary institutions, 40, 287 Federation Party, 38–39 elections, 2–3, 56, 90, 110, 114, Fiji Airways, 286, 304 123, 159, 193, 197, 217, 225– Fiji Development Bank (FDB), 47, 228, 239–241, 247, 273–274, 51–52, 86–88, 101, 115, 117– 276, 294 119, 122, 159 1977, 50–52 Fiji Hardwood Corporation, 142 1982, 52–53 Fiji Human Rights Commission 1987, 56–60, 81, 85, 202 (FHRC), see under human rights 1992, 111–115, 279 Fiji Independent Commission Against 1994, 117 Corruption (FICAC), see under 1999, 122, 126–127, 129–133, justice system 175, 202 Fiji Intelligence Service, 134, 146 2001, 159, 170, 174–177, 183, Fiji International Telecommunications 194, 233 Ltd (FINTEL), 252 2006, 182, 193–196, 221, 286 Fiji Islanders, see under identity 2014, 10, 270, 279, 283–292, Fiji Labour Party (FLP), 18, 141, 299–301, 310 207, 224, 286, 311–312 2018, 296, 302, 308 1987 election, 53–56, 81

351 The General’s Goose

1992 election, 107–113 Fijian Association Party (FAP), 117, 1994 election, 117 126, 130, 132–133, 136–138, 1999 election, 130–131 141–142, 175, 176 2001 election and aftermath, Fijian Holdings Ltd (FHL), 86–87, 174–176, 180 115–116, 118, 147, 175, 180, 2006 election and multi-party 212, 230 cabinet, 193–199 Fijian Nationalist Party (FNP), 39, 2014 election, 275, 279, 286, 49, 58, 113–115, 117 288–289 FijiFirst (FFP) Coalition government, 56, 59–61, 2014 election, 285–287, 289–292 64–66, 68, 74, 76–77, 99, formation, 284 106, 109–111 government, 293–296, 299, 302– collusion with 2006 coup, 191, 309, 315–317 218, 222, 228, 235 Flitton, Daniel, 226 FLP National Council, 197 forestry, see under economic formation and campaigning 1987, performance 100 Fosen, Dagny, 189 People’s Coalition, 132–137, 139, Foster, Peter, 221 141–142, 147, 155, 176, 185, Fraenkel, Jon, 189, 226, 281, 318 191, 202, 313 France, 63, 66 Fiji Law Society (FLS), 237, 242, 283 Frank, Andre Gunder, see under Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF), development 40, 120–122, 208, 250, 304, 306 Fiji National University (FNU), 287 Fiji Pine, see under economic galala, 44–46 performance—forestry Ganilau, Brigadier General Ratu Fiji Police, 200–202, 205, 208, 215, Epeli, 150, 159, 194, 215, 218, 232, 238, 245, 274, 302–303 265–266 Fiji Public Service Association Ganilau, Ratu Penaia, 63–65, 74–75, (FPSA), see under unions 77–78, 98–99, 102, 105–106, Fiji Public Service Credit Union, 122 108–109, 117, 156 Fiji School of Nursing, 246 Gardner, Rex, 239 Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC), see garment industry, see under economic under economic performance— performance agriculture—sugar Gates, Anthony, see under justice Fiji Trades Union Congress, see under system unions Gaunavou Investments, 87 Fiji Water, 84, 234, 244, 265–266 Gavidi, Ratu Isoa, 233 Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre (FWCC), Gavidi, Ratu Osea, 52, 113, 115, 117 186, 213, 245 General Electors, 37, 57, 102, 130, Fiji Women’s Rights Movement 312 (FWRM), 193, 212–213, 238, General Voters Party (GVP), 113– 245, 277 114, 117 Ghai, Yash, 270–275, 281 Gillard, Julia, 261, 264, 279

352 Index globalisation, 1, 6, 8, 29, 311–312 Green Growth Framework, 295 Godfrey, Martin, see under Green, Michael, 205, 236 development Groenewald, Ben, see under police Gordon, Sir Arthur, 17–19 Grynberg, Roman, 85, 119–121, government 123, 257 Fiji Post and Telecommunication, 115 Fiji Revenue and Customs Hannah, Evan, 234, 239 Authority (FIRCA), 221 Hawke, Bob, 103 Fijian Affairs Board (FAB), 86 health, 6, 40, 56, 82, 124, 134, 162, Housing Authority, 122, 134 184, 191, 219, 221, 228, 230, Ministry of Agriculture, 183 268, 287, 296, 304, 306 Ministry of Education, 57 Heffernan, Angie, 193, 223 Ministry of Fijian Affairs, 86 Help for Homes, see under cyclones Ministry of Finance, 100, 206 Herr, Richard, 281 Ministry of Foreign Affairs & High Court, see under justice system Trade (MFAT), 204 Homelink, 266 Ministry of Home Affairs, 166, housing, 33, 56, 122, 124, 134, 219, 188, 199 249–250, 287, 306 Ministry of Information, 77, 251 Huffington Post, 264 Ministry of Reconciliation, 169 Hughes, Andrew, see under police Native Land Trust Board (NLTB), human rights, 288–289, 299, 24, 51–52, 57, 82, 89–90, 303, 309 92, 110, 116, 122, 135–136, coup 1 and 2, 71, 75–76, 99–100 159, 167–168, 180, 200, 208, coup 4, 208–209, 212–214, 231, 230, 248 234, 239, 243–246, 252–253, Public Service Commission, 190, 258, 268, 315 278 Fiji Human Rights Commission Public Trustee, 122 (FHRC), 209, 234, 237 Great Council of Chiefs (GCC, Bose Hunter, Russell, 234 Levu Vakaturaga), 86, 99, 110, Huntington, Samuel, see under 117, 124, 132, 167, 173, 301, pluralism 311–312 as political actor and beneficiary, 52, 74, 78, 102, 116, 126, identity, 5–8, 300, 311–312, 315 147, 173, 180, 188, 201–202 colonial remaking, 13, 25–27 calls for reinstatement, 285, 296– coup 3 and aftermath, 169–170, 297, 299 173, 196 colonial origins, 17–18, 24 Fiji Islanders, 129–130 coup 4, 208, 214, 216–217, national identity, 2, 6, 51, 54, 57, 228–230, 241, 246, 271, 273, 69, 129, 150, 169–170, 177, 276, 282 196, 224, 246–247, 273, 283, role in coup 3, 154–155, 157, 306, 309, 318 159–161, 174–175 postcolonial, 49, 51, 54–55

353 The General’s Goose

post-coup 2, 116, 129 Indonesia, 12, 256, 263 redefining identity, 246, 271, 273, industrialisation, see under 309, 314 development Iloilo, Ratu Josefa, 158, 161–162, Internal Security Decree (ISD), 174, 189, 191, 209, 214, 216– see under coups—2 217, 225, 228, 240, 246 International Bar Association immunity, see Royal (Republic of) Fiji (IBA), 239 Military Forces—military amnesty International Commission of Jurists import substitution industrialisation (ICJ), 102–103 (ISI), see under development International Labour Organization independence, 39, 40, 79, 106, 179, (ILO), 245 261, 311–312 International Monetary Fund (IMF), India, 15–16, 28, 32, 39, 64, 91, 236, 259, 262, 304, 304 103, 110, 294, 311 International Sugar Council, 280, 294 Indian Alliance, 38 iTaukei, see Taukei indigeneity, 116, 167, 201, 207, 299–301 and multiracialism, 37, 62, 70, Jalal, Imrana, 243 99, 141, 144, 176–180, 185, Jale, Anare, 190 196, 246, 271 Japan, 16, 82, 88, 95, 280 Indigenous Foundation, 136 Jokoto, Filimoni, 234, 239 Indigenous Lands Claim justice system, 21, 176, 253, 269, Tribunal, 199 291, 314 indigenous paramountcy, 4, 9, Appeal Court, 237, 241, 277 17, 19, 47, 52, 62, 74, 116, Byrne, John, 237–239 130, 147, 155, 168, 171–174, Coventry, Roger, 237–238 177–178, 182, 312 Crimes Decree, 262 indigenous rights, 1, 210, 297, Director of Public Prosecutions 299–300 (DPP), 171, 185, 193, 203, IndoFijians 216, 221, 242 disparities with iTaukei, 57, 72– Fiji Independent Commission 73, 119, 224 Against Corruption (FICAC), electoral and political 208, 221–222, 237, 243 representation, 38–39, 50, 52, Gates, Anthony, 237–238, 60, 102, 112, 117, 126, 130– 258, 309 131, 193, 195, 289–290 High Court, 77, 105, 162, emigration, 71, 193, 224 173–174, 221, 234, 238–240, identity, 51, 54, 129, 311–313 243, 291 indenture, 1, 21–23, 311 impact of coups, 77, 79, 173, origins and divisions, 21–23, 48, 179–181, 185–186, 211, 217, 60, 311 237–243, 258–259, 276–278 prejudice against, 49–50, 79, 90, Judicial Services Commission, 100, 119, 135, 153, 158, 179, 278 232, 285 Madigan, Paul, 269 Magistrates Court, 170, 267

354 Index

Office of Accountability and Kubuabola, Ratu Inoke, 61–63, 104, Transparency, 242 109, 118, 132, 137, 172, 183, Penal Code, 262 258, 260, 281, 294 Pryde, Christopher, 240 Kubuna confederacy ,14, 53, Public Emergency Regulations, 161, 216 242, 245, 251, 265, 269 Kuli, Ilai, 115 Public Order Act, 245 Social Justice Act, 222 Supreme Court, 116, 227, 284 Labour, see Fiji Labour Party Tuivaga, Sir Timoci, 65, 237 Lal, Brij, 18, 21, 75, 127, 183, 195, Ward, Gordon, 237 199, 223, 259, 286, 300, 303 Wati, Anjala, 258 Lal, Padma, 91 Winter, Gerard, 237 Lal, Victor, 208 Lalabalavu, Ratu Naiqama, 171, 184, 229, 298, 301 Kadavu, 267, 298 land Kahan, Mohammed, 99, 101 colonial impact, 14, 18, 21–24, Kaitani, Simione, 154, 184 land leases, 51, 72, 90, 113, 123, Kalabu, 90, 161–162, 164 135, 159, 168, 198, 219, Kamikamica, Josevata, 82, 89, 247–248, 284, 341 110–111, 113–118 land rents, 49, 90–91 Kanailagi, Rev Tomasi, 184, 245 land use bank, 247–248 Kanaimawi, Ratu Epeli, 159, 161 Land Use Commission, 135 Kaplinsky, Ralphie, see under Land Use Decree, 248 development postcolonial impact, 35, 42, Kaunitoni, see under Taukei—origins 44–46, 49, 51–52, 59 Keane, Commander Francis, post-coup 2 impact, 71–72, 231–232 89–94, 126, 134–137 Kenya, 35, 67, 270 post-coup 3 impact, 167–168, Kepa, Ro Teimumu, 245, 275, 279, post-coup 4 impact, 223, 241, 284–285, 297–301 247–248, 250, 262, 277, 287, Kermode, Sir Ronald, 116 296, 298, 303, 305 Kerr, Duncan, 259–260, 262 Vola ni Kawa Bula (VKB), 116 Key, John, 260–261 Lasaro, Rev. Manasa, 105–106, 108, Khan, Ballu, 200, 231 127, 245 Khilnani, Sunil, see under democracy Lau, 13–14, 49, 58, 102, 116–117, Kiribati, 300 156, 159, 169, 171, 175, 216, Kisan Sangh, 22, 38 267, 299, 311 Konrote, Jioji, 102, 300 LAWASIA, 237 Koroi, Jokapeci (Jackie), 191, 212 Lawson, Stephanie, 26, 314–316 Koroi, Rev. Josateki, 104–106 Leahy, Lt Col Peter, 235 Korovuvala, Dr Lesi, 188, 190 Leckie, Jacqui, 57 Kotobalavu, Jioji, 187 Leung, Graham, 185, 237–238, 318 Kotoisuva, Edwina, 186 Leweni, Lt Col Neumi, 251, 260 Koya, Siddiq, 50–52, 58 Leweniqila, Isireli, 184

355 The General’s Goose

Leys, Colin, see under development Mar, Tara, 12 Ligairi, Ilisoni, 139–141, 143–146, Mara family, 18, 265–266 148, 151–154, 159, 161–162, Mara, Ratu Finau, 62, 65 166, 170, 172, 178, 183 Mara, Ratu Sir Kamisese, 4, 40, 119, Lloyd, Ian, 239–240 173, 177–179, 182, 223, 287, Lomaiviti, Naomi, 217 312, 314 Lomaloma, Penijamini, 188 Alliance, 49–53, 57, 60 Lomanikoro, 245 coups 1 and 2, 62, 64–65, 76, Lomé Convention, see under 78–79, 92, 96, 98–103, 105– economic performance— 108, 110–111 agriculture—sugar President, 117, 135, 142–143, Lowry Institute, 264 145, 147, 150–152, 154–156, 158 on division, 169, 171, 299 Ma’afu, 14, 17–18, 200 Mara, Ratu Tevita Uluilakeba Mara, Macuatu, 14, 160, 175 216, 266–270 MacWilliam, Scott, 314–315 Mara, Ro Lady Lala Mara, 53, 110 Madigan, Paul, see under justice Mataca, Petero, 179 system Madraiwiwi, Ratu Joni, 191–192, Mataitoga, Isikeli, 256 214, 216, 272, 319 mataqali, 13, 47, 52–53, 89, 91–92, on communalism, 26 94, 173, 230, 248, 311 on coup 4, 214, 222–223, 238 Matatolu, Koresi, 92 on democracy, 208 Mauritius, 39, 83, 97 on multi-party cabinet, 196–197, Mausio, Asinate, 44–46 209 McCully, Murray, 255, 260, 263 on the rule of law, 318 McDonald, Caroline, 236 on transforming ethnic McGhie, Gerald, 262 perceptions, 285 McGregor, Andrew, 94 Magistrates Court, see under justice measles epidemic, 14 system media Maha Sangh, 22, 38 coups 1 and 2, 65, 77, 100, mahogany, see under economic 103–104 performance—forestry coup 3, 153 Makrava, Visanti, 119–122 coup 4, 204, 220, 233–234, 239, Malani, Adi Laufitu, 301 241, 248, 251–255, 258, 265, Malaysia, 39, 96, 120–121, 124, 128, 271, 281–282, 285–286, 316 160, 168, 221, 237 coupfourpointfive, 254, 269 Malielegaoi, Tuilaepa Sailele, 226, Daily Post, 86, 206, 212, 251, 254 232–233, 257 Fiji Broadcasting Commission Mamak, Alexander, see under (FBC), 122, 253 pluralism Fiji Post, 195 Manueli, Colonel Paul, 102, 115 Fiji Sun, 232, 234 manufacturing, see under economic Fiji Sun-Razor poll, 285 performance

356 Index

Fiji Times, 103, 121, 133, 194, Motibhai, 47, 86, 254 213, 220, 232, 235, 239, 251, Mua, Lt Col Metuisela, 146, 151, 253–254, 259 158, 231 Fiji TV, 152, 191, 198, 251, 253 multi-party government (cabinet), fijilive, 252 125–127, 132, 180, 196–199 fijivillage, 199, 206 multiculturalism, 1, 8, 59, 71, Media Industry Development 111–112, 127, 169, 172, 177, Authority, 254, 316 289, 309 Media Industry Development multiracialism, 9, 34, 37–38, 44, 50, Decree, 254–255 58, 62, 70, 112, 124, 130, 133, Media Tribunal, 254 166, 169, 215, 312–313, 315 National Spectrum Decree, 253 Munro, Doug, 119–120 NZTV, 259 Murray, Christina, 270 Pacific Island News Association (PINA), 254 PACNEWS, 251 Naboro, 77, 160–161 Radio Australia, 251, 274 Nadala, Isikeli, 38 Radio Fiji, 13, 77, 98, 164 Nadroga, 52, 113, 165, 297 Radio Legend FM, 232 Naidu, Dorsami, 242 Radio Navtarang, 131 Naidu, Nik, 269 Radio Tarana, 260 Naidu, Richard, 99, 216, 252, social media, 290 300, 317 under People’s Coalition, 133, Naidu, Vijay, 290 136 Naigulevu, Josaia, 242 under SODELPA, 298 Nailatikau, Adi Koila, 155, 171 under SVT, 121 Nailatikau, Brigadier General Ratu websites, 252–254 Epeli, 63, 171, 218, 225, 228, Wikileaks, 255 246, 266, 295 Yellow Bucket, 199, 206 Nair, Robin, 233 YouTube, 264 Naisoro, Navitalai, 80, 82 Melanesia, 12, 175, 225, 280, 311 Naitasiri, 18, 45, 115, 117, 134, 158, Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), 160–161, 163, 175, 180 217, 257–258, 260–261, 263, 294 Naivalurua, Brigadier General Merchant Bank of Fiji, 86, 159 Ioane, 245 Methodist Church, see under religion Namosi, 123, 134 military, see Royal (Republic of) Fiji Nand, Sharda, 59 Military Forces Nandan, Satendra, 208, 270–271, Moderate Fijian Coalition, 175–176 279 modernisation, 16, 27, 30–32, 66, 69 Narayan, Irene Jai, 60 modernity, 6–7, 9, 19, 30–31, 44, Narsey, Wadan 66, 169 on a public culture of silence, Modi, Narendra, 294, 301 88, 120 Monasavu, 40, 45, 89–90, 160, 162, on constitutional and electoral 164, 171 change, 125, 316 Moore, Penelope, 270

357 The General’s Goose

on CSR, 21 Nawaikula, Niku, 297, 299 on demography and politics, 224 Nayacakalou, Rusiate, 44 on FijiFirst, 289, 291 New Colombo Plan, 282, 293 on multi-party governance, 218 New National Party, 175 on the impact of child New Zealand, 18–19, 71, 76, dependency ratios, 72–73 125, 179, 195, 199, 201, 210, on the impact of coups, 317 251, 285 on the RTU Bill, 185 economic relations, 42, 80–84, Nasomo, 57 95, 249 Nata, Jo, 57, 91, 160, 183 foreign relations, 96, 171, 203– Natadola, 260–261 205, 215, 225–226, 231, 236, Natapei, Edward, 260 255–263, 279, 281, 283, 294 National Alliance Party, 194, military relations, 139, 269–270 218, 267 Niue, 236 National Bank of Fiji, see under Non-Alignment Movement, 256, 294 economic performance Nukulau Island, 162, 164, 170, 215 National Congress of Fiji, 38 Nunn, Paddy, 13 National Democratic Party, 39 NZ Herald, 263 National Farmers Union (NFU), see under unions National Federation Party (NFP) Overton, John, 49 Coalition with Labour, 59–61, 111 Pacific, 5–6, 11–13, 15–16, 42, 84, foundation, 39, 96, 226, 257, 261–262, 269, post-coup 4, 228, 275, 279, 286, 285, 307 288–290 Pacific Agreement on Closer under Alliance, 50–52, 56, 58 Economic Relations (PACER), under FijiFirst, 296–297, 309 261, 263, 293 under SVT, 112–113, 115, 117, Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting 126, 130–131 (PALM), 280 national identity, see under identity Pacific Centre for Public Integrity, Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party 193, 223 (NVTLP), 130, 137, 141, 149, Pacific Connex, 200, 212, 230–231 175, 195 Pacific Fisheries Company (PAFCO), Native (Fijian) Administration 244 (Matanitu iTaukei), 17, 38, Pacific Islands Development Forum 53, 180 (PIDF), 283, 294 Native Land Trust Act, 247 Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), 225– Native Land Trust Board (NLTB), 227, 233, 236, 255–258, 259, see under government 261, 263, 280–283, 293 Naupoto, Rear Admiral Viliame, 303 Pacific Way, 44 Navakasuasua, Maciu, 141–143, 183 Padarath, Ben, 267 Navosa, 52, 113, 232 Papua New Guinea (PNG), 11, 227, Navosavakadua (Dugumoi), 18, 39 233, 236, 257, 261, 294–296

358 Index parliament, 37, 60, 64–65, 99, impact of Bainimarama and coup 102, 187 4, 184, 190–193, 200–206, 2013 Constitution, 273–274, 208, 213–214, 221, 234, 238, 276–278 242–245, 251–252, 274, 280 coup 3, 141–143, 145, 147, Police National Crusade, 232 151–155, 157, 160–161, 163, Police Tactical Response Unit, 167, 172–174, 176 190–191, 204–206 FijiFirst, 298, 300–302, 316 Qiliho, Brigadier General Sitiveni, Legislative Council, 24 302–303 Parliamentary Public Accounts Savua, Isikia, 134, 136, 156, 170, Committee, 278, 300 172, 183, 186, 223 Senate, 102, 132, 147,170, 188, Teleni, Captain Esala, 201, 203, 197, 273 232, 238 Party of National Unity (PANU), political parties, 38–39, 49–53, 58– 127, 130–132, 175, 176 60, 110–113, 275–276 Patel, AD, 22, 33 population, 7, 14, 34, 43, 51, 71, 92, Patel, Mahendra, 254 179, 219–220, 250, 288, 292, Pathik, Daniel, 238 306–307, 311 see also emigration; peacekeeping, see under Royal urbanisation (Republic of) Fiji Military Forces child dependency ratios, 72–73 People’s Charter, 223–227, 230, 235, ethnic distribution and impacts, 240, 246–247, 254, 263, 267 24, 48, 72, 97, 126, 193, National People’s Charter 197–198, 224, 273 Advisory Council, 247, 271 Ports Authority of Fiji (PAF), 115 People’s Coalition, see under Fiji postcolonialism, 28–33, 34–48, 310 Labour Party PostFiji, 255 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), poultry, see economic performance— 288 agriculture—chicken industry Philippines, 12, 67 poverty, 4, 18, 29, 262, 313 Pickering, David, 137 addressing realities in 2010s, 250, pluralism, 21–28, 38, 69, 73, 288–289, 296, 304, 307 178, 318 demography and poverty, 224 Huntington, Samuel, 27, 30 neglect in 2000s, 137, 168–169, Mamak, Alexander, 26 179, 198, 219 Premdas, Ralph, 25 postcolonial realities, 43–44, Wolpe, Harold, 26 50–51, 54, 56, 58, 68 Pohiva, Akilisi, 285 reconciling poverty in 1990s, 90, police 97, 122, 124, 133–134 Groenewald, Ben, 302–303 Powell, Randall, 239–240 Hughes, Andrew, 186, 190, 192, Prakash, Som, 100 201–206, 221, 228 Prasad, Ayodhya, 22 impact of coups 1 and 2, 65, 72, Prasad, Biman, 251, 288, 297, 300, 75, 100, 103, 105–106, 124 307, 317 impact of People’s Coalition and Prasad, Satendra, 129 coup 3, 149, 152–153, 162 Prebisch, Raúl, see under development

359 The General’s Goose

Premdas, Ralph, see under pluralism Ra, 12, 113, 297 President’s Political Dialogue Forum Rabaka, Sakiusa, 213 (PPDF), see under coups—4.5 Rabuka, Major General Sitiveni proportional representation, see under Ligamamada, 1–4, 9–10, 60, 261, elections 312–315, 317, 319 provinces, 17–18, 45, 76, 85, 88, 102, background, 11, 39, 63 110–111, 114–115, 117, 127, coup 1, 62–65, 74–77 134, 161, 169–171, 175, 180, coup 2, 77–80, 88–90, 98–111 223, 248, 267, 285, 291, 298, 313 coup 3, 139–140, 147–150, 156, provincial councils, 45, 76, 88, 102, 158–159, 166–167 115, 117, 119, 126, 163, 169– coup 4 and comparisons, 207, 171, 173, 223, 248, 298 209, 212, 221, 223, 229, 231, Pryde, Christopher, see under justice 244, 249, 279, 291 system government and comparisons, Public Emergency Regulations, 168–169, 172–173, 175, see under justice system 177–178, 180, 182 Public Service Commission, see under on bureaucratic development, 4, government 88–89, 101 Public Trustee, 122 on chiefs, 78, 315 on commoners, 114 on coups, 107, 154–155, 166 Qalo, Ropate, 123 on foreign investment and Qarase, Laisenia companies, 85, 101 coup 3 interim government, 159, on IndoFijians, 117, 119 161, 167 on iTaukei, 121, 195, 299 coup 4, 208–210, 214–218, 224, on the Alliance, 127 226, 229–230, 237–240, on the military and politicians, 270, 285 99, 108, 191, 189, 211 early career, 86, 168 SODELPA, 301–302, 309–310 election 2014 and after, 300, 314 SVT leadership, 110–111, 113– Prime Minister, 25, 168–171, 127, 130–132, 135 173–178, 180–189, 233, 291 race, 6, 9, 312–315 see also relations with Bainimarama, 184, multiculturalism; multiracialism; 189–192, 194–202, 204–206, pluralism 222 colonial constructions, 26–27 Qarikau, Marika, 92 Group Against Racial Qatar, 286 Discrimination (GARD), 103 Qiliho, Brigadier General Sitiveni, see impact of coup 1 and 2, 61, 103, under police 116–119, 127 Qoliqoli Bill, 181, 191, 199, 205, impact of coup 3, 166, 168, 211 222 impact of coup 4, 222–225, 246, Qorvis Communications, 264 248, 256–257, 271, 285, Queen Elizabeth Barracks (QEB), 295, 309 see under Royal (Republic of) Fiji postcolonial heritage, 37, 50, 52, Military Forces 54–55, 57

360 Index

Radrodro, Aseri, 301 Pacific Conference of Raduva, Lt Col Samueli, 145, 149, Churches, 218 162, 165 Spiritual Congregation of the Raikivi, Rev. Tomasi, 104 Poor, 90 Ranawai, Apolosi, 18, 23, 39, 114 Sunday Observance Decree Raravula, Lt Col Solomone, 165 (or Sunday ban), see under Ratuva, Steven, 85, 87, 261, 296, coups—2 299, 314–316 remittances, see under economic Ravuvu, Asesela, 173–174 performance reconciliation, 77, 146, 169–172, Reserve Bank of Fiji (RBF), 120, 122, 174–175, 184, 186, 261 220, 304, 308 National Council for retirement policy, see under economic Reconciliation and Unity, performance 169, 185 Review, 121, 123–124 Reconciliation, Tolerance and Rewa, 12, 14, 49, 52, 110, 164, 245 Unity Bill (RTU), 181, 185– Royal (Republic of) Fiji Military 186, 191, 201, 205 Forces (RFMF, FMF), 39, 176, Reddy, Jai Ram, 52, 126–127 179–180, 312–317 Reddy, Mahendra, 91 constitutional responsibilities, Reeves, Sir Paul, 125, 259 176, 192–193, 223, 273, 276, religion 278 as division, 22, 25–26, 57, 61, Counter Revolutionary Warfare 103, 208, 311 Unit (CRWU) Assemblies of God, 90 background, 139–140 Bula Tale (Dra ni Lami), 90 conflict with RFMF, 153, Catholic Church, 174, 208, 222 159–160, 169, 183, 185, Christian Mission Fellowship, 90 202, 206, 212, 231 Christian state, 127, 133, 271– coup innovations, 151–153, 272, 298 159–160 Christianity, 5, 14, 180 coup planning, 141–144 Fiji In Every Home, 90 divisions with RFMF, 145–149 Methodist Church Muanikau Accord, 160, 162, (Methodists), 122 164 church coup, 104–106 mutiny, 5, 163–167, 179, coup 3 alignments, 151, 158, 193, 200, 313 176, 184 sentences, 183–184 coup 4 alignments, 223, 229, coup 1, 62–65, 70, 74–75 241, 245–246, 282 coup 2, 77, 79, 95, 98–103, 106, New Methodist Church, 232 108–109, 119 support for Rabuka, 75, 77, Army Auxiliary Unit, 88–89 116, 127 coup 3, 138–140, 143, 145–160, Muslims, 51, 60, 228, 265 162–166 New Life Centre, 90 removal of president, 156–158

361 The General’s Goose

Board of Inquiry, 140, 148, Rokomokoti, Major Ana, 242, 266 163, 170 Rostow, Walt, see under development Force Reserve Force (FRU), Roth, David, 265–266 161–162, 165 Rounds, Bernadette, 218 Military Advisory Group, 155 Rudd, Kevin, 260, 263, 269–270 coup 4, 209, 211–215, 231–232, Rugby Sevens, 307 236–238, 241–242, 257, 262, Rugby World Cup, 263 259–260, 286 Russia, 16, 52, 64, 66, 256, 294 divisions, 266–269 Fiji Naval Squadron, 150 finances and spending, 68, 70, 72, Samisoni, Mere, 212, 244 189–190, 202, 206, 215, 220 Samoa, 226, 232–233, 257, 261 military amnesty, 74, 155–156, Samy, John, 223, 235 163, 174, 181, 185–187, 201, Sanday, Colonel Jim, 63–65 217, 227, 264, 270, 273, 309 Saneem, Mohammed, 283 Military Council, 158, 233–234, Saubulinayau, Col Meli, 201 264 Savu, Viliame, 141–142, 183, 195 origins, 63 Savua, Isikia, see under police peacekeeping, 6, 63, 107, 138, Savua, Major Joseva, 155 162, 189, 192, 215, 235, 259, Sayed-Khaiyum, Aiyaz, 218, 228, 231, 263, 286 239, 255, 265, 268, 283, 285 Queen Elizabeth Barracks (QEB), on Bainimarama’s leadership, 296, 64–65, 144, 148, 150, 161, 309, 316 163–164, 191, 199, 203, 212, on elections, 226, 247, 271 215, 259, 303 on human rights, 214 relations with SDL, 182–183, on Mara’s removal, 157 185–195, 199–208 on reconciliation, 185 Sukanaivalu Barracks, 159, 162 Sayed-Khaiyum, Riyaz, 253 Third Battalion (3FIR, Third Fiji Scarr, Deryck, 25 Infantry Regiment), 138, 161, Sen, Amartya 83 165–166, 171, 216, 266 Senilagakali, Jona, 210, 217 transition to FijiFirst, 284, 286, Seniloli, Ratu Jope, 154, 161–162, 296, 302–303, 309 171, 181, 184, 191, 232 Truth and Justice Campaign, Seru, Apaitia, 115 194, 200 Seruvakula, Lt Col Viliame, 138, 145, why militaries intervene, 65–70 153, 156, 166, 171 rice, see under economic Shameem, Nazhat, 237 performance—agriculture Shameem, Shaista, 209 Ridgway, Peter, 216, 317 Sharma, Harish, 59 Rika, Netani, 232, 259 Shephard Commission of Inquiry, 33 Rio Olympic Games, 307 Sheridan, Greg, 282 Rist, Gilbert, see under development Sikivou, Inoke, 138, 143 Roberts, Sarah, 261 Silatolu, Ratu Timoci, 136–137, 143, 153, 183

362 Index

Singapore, 253, 308 Speight, George, 139, 166, 170, 172, Singh, Dr Anirudh, 103 174, 176, 178–179, 184, 244, 313 Singh, Thakur Ranjit, 254 arrest and sentencing, 162, 183, Singh, Vijay, 197 215 Smith, Stephen, 255, 260 background, 142 Social Democratic Liberal Party coup 3 planning and roles, 142– (SODELPA) 149, 151–161 2014 election, 279, 284–286, on IndoFijians, 25 289–291 Speight, Jim, 143, 183 formation, 275–276 squatters, 56–57, 60, 107, 122, 133, opposition leadership, 296–302, 178–179, 198, 219–220, 250, 307, 309–310 287, 296, 304 Solomon Islands, 11–12, 166, 257– Sri Lanka, 258 258, 261, 269, 311 Stephens, Tony, 114, 116 Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua Stevens, Captain Shane, 145, 163– (SDL), 180, 245, 284, 291 164, 183 2001 election, 175–176 Stinson, Sir Charles, 119 2006 election, 193–195 sugar, see under economic coup 4, 212, 215, 218–219, 221– performance—agriculture 224, 227–228, 230, 238–239 Sukuna, Ratu Sir Lala, 4, 19, 23–24, demise, 275–276 50 government, 180–182, 184 Suliano, Major Amani, 266 multi-party governance, 196–198 Sunday Observance Decree Soqosoqo ni Taukei ni Vanua (STV), (or Sunday ban), see under 113 coups—2 Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei Supreme Court, see under justice (SVT), 112, 122–123, 142, 150, system 291, 302 Sutherland, William, 19, 21, 23, 168, 1992 election, 113 176–178 1999 election, 130–133, 175, 310 Swainson, Nicola, 35 see also Constitutional change, 125–127 development coup 3, 136–137 Sweeney, Charles, 233 demise, 175–176 Sydney Morning Herald, 259 disunity, 114–115, 118 early leadership struggles, 110– 111 Tabaiwalu, Pio, 301 South Africa, 26, 91, 103, 256, 270, Tagicakibau, Ema, 172 302 Tagitupou, Lt Ilaisa, 171 South Korea, 32, 82, 95, 124, 258 Tailevu, 11–12, 14, 102, 110, 117, SPARTECA, see under economic 123, 133–134, 158, 160, 164, performance 175–176, 183, 188, 213 Spate, Oskar, 44 Taiwan, 11, 82 Special Operations Security Unit, 103 Takiveikata, Ratu Inoke, 160–161, 163–165, 175, 180, 183, 231

363 The General’s Goose

Talakuli, Adi Samanunu, 123 see also Tovata confederacy, 14, 18, 50, 58, 75, Cakobau, Adi Samanunu 79, 98–99, 139, 161, 200, 216 Tarakinikini, Lt Col Filipo, 145, 148– tradition, 1–3, 62, 70, 82, 155, 171 150, 154–155, 158, 160–162 ambiguous constructions, 12–14, Tarte, Sandra, 290 18–23, 111, 127, 152, 181, Taukei (iTaukei), 2, 18, 157, 164, 292, 299–300, 310 248, 273, 285–287, 289–290, dichotomies, 7, 9, 30–31, 35, 49, 296, 311–314 55, 114, 178 democracy, 180–181 political imperatives, 38, 43–46, origins 11–13 54, 85, 119, 169, 300, 314 Kaunitoni, 13 travel bans, see under coups—4.5 SODELPA on Taukei, 297–300, Tripartite Forum, 53 309 Tropik Woods, see under economic Taukei Civilian Forum, 175–176 performance—forestry Taukei identity, 54, 116, 150, Tuatoko, Col Alfred, 145–146, 149, 160, 173, 177, 247, 271, 273, 161 300, 306, 309, 314 Tui Cakau, 75 Taukei language, 14 Tui Viti, 17, 99 Taukei Movement, including Tui Vuda, 158 Taukeists, Taukeism, 61–62, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, 226, 64–65, 74–79, 93, 98–100, 232–233, 257 104, 106, 110, 114–117, Tuisolia, Ratu Sakiusa, 243 123–124, 132, 136, 167, Tuivaga, Sir Timoci, see under justice 187, 245 system Tavola, Kaliopate, 181 Tuka movement, 18 taxation, see under economic Tupou V, King George, 268 performance Turtle Island, 160 telecommunications, 41, 65, 82, 115, 121, 160, 189, 233, 244, 252, 286 Teleni, Captain Esala, see under police Uganda, 35 Thailand, 39, 66, 251 Uluinakauvadra, Joji, 137 Third World, 6–7, 15, 27, 29–33 unions Thomson, Peter, 98, 263, 294 Australian Council of Trade Tikoinasau, Samisoni, 244 Unions (ACTU), 244–245 Tikoitoga, Col Mosese, 266–267, Confederation of Blue Collar 271, 275, 284, 303 Workers Unions, 54 Tikotani, Vilimoni, 140–143, 183 Essential National Industries Toganivalu, Ratu David, 57 Decree, 244 Toganivalu, Ratu William, 110 Federation of Cane Growers Tonga, 12, 14, 17, 200, 267, 270, Association, 38 285, 311 Fiji Nursing Association, 106 Tora, Apisai, 39, 43, 62, 85, 127, Fiji Public Service Association 132, 175, 184 (FPSA), 53, 55–56 tourism, see under economic Fiji Trades Union Congress, 54, performance 109, 244

364 Index

National Farmers Union (NFU), Vakalalabure, Ratu Rakuita, 183–184 56, 107, 113 Vakatale, Taufa, 270 Wholesale & Retail Workers Vakatora, Tomasi, 125–126, 172–173 Union, 43 Valelawa, 233 United Nations (UN), 30, 63–64, vanua, 14, 46, 88, 152–153, 155, 138, 171, 184, 255, 259, 262– 157–158, 161–162, 164, 144, 263, 282, 297, 300–301 172, 176, 178–179, 219, 301 G77 plus China, 280 Vanua Levu, 11, 14, 40, 46, 127, UN Conference on Oceans, 295 139–140, 159–160, 162, 164, UN Conference on Trade & 172, 176, 219, 301, 315 Development (UNCTAD), 30 Vanuatu, 12, 226, 257, 260–261, 311 UN Disengagement Observer VAT see under economic Force, 286 performance—taxation UN Economic Commission for Vatu, Col Ulaiasi, 148, 154 Latin America, 29 Vatukoula, 19, 58, 95, 107, 109, UN Framework Convention on 198, 215 Climate Change, 295 Vayeshnoi, Lekh Ram, 218 UN General Assembly, 282, 294 Veisamasama, Jone, 61, 100 UN Security Council, 263 Veitata, Taniela, 64, 109, 115 underdevelopment, see under Veitokani ni Leweni Vanua Vakaristo development Party (VLV), 127, 130–133, 144, United Front for a Democratic 150, 175–176 Fiji, 279 Verata, 12, 13, 78, 299 United General Party, 175 Verebasaga, Nimilote, 213 United People’s Party, 276 Vesikula, Ratu Meli, 78, 100 United States of America (USA, US, Viti Kabani movement, 18, 23 America), 8, 52, 142, 264–265, Viti Levu Council of Chiefs, 116 301 Viti Marketing (Fiji) Ltd, 114 Vodafone, 233 development, 27, 30–31, 66, Vola ni Kawa Bula (VKB), see under 84–85 land during colonialism, 14–15, Vosanibola, Josefa, 190 economic relations, 95, 118, 244 Vosayaco, Lt Rupeni, 159 foreign relations, 136, 192, 198, Vuikaba, Adi Kuini, 113, 133, 137, 203, 205, 235–236, 258–259, 139, 175 262–263, 280 Vunibobo, Berenado, 253 University of Fiji, 208 vunivalu, 13, 17 University of the South Pacific (USP), Vuniwai, Peceli, 141, 183 13, 40, 46, 80, 148, 251, 272 Urai, Daniel, 244 urbanisation, 8, 29, 43, 54–55, 72– Walsh, Crosbie, 253, 257, 265 73, 85, 118, 124, 179, 292, 311 Wangome, Major Jimmi, 67, 69 Waqairatu, Rev Tuikilakila, 245 Waqanisau, Col Jeremaia, 155, 170, 188–189

365 The General’s Goose

Waqavonovono, Pita, 212, 301 Ward, Gerard, 49, Ward, Gordon, see under justice system Warren, Bill, 32 Washington, 205, 264 Wati, Anjala, see under justice system Weleilakeba, Sitiveni, 212 welfare, 28, 33, 34, 55, 91, 110, 134–135, 176, 210, 250, 273, 276, 304, 306–307, 314 Wen Jiabao, 256 Western Democratic Party, 39 Western United Front (WUF), 52, 56 White, Michael, 119–120 Whiteside, Barry, 304 Wholesale & Retail Workers Union, see under unions Williams, Alan, 204 Williams, Gavin, see under development Winter, Gerard, see under justice system Wolfgramm, Robert, 212 Wolpe, Harold, see under pluralism World Bank, 56, 120, 237, 262, 280, 303, 307 World Trade Organization (WTO), 93 Wu Bangguo, 281

Xi Jinping, 256, 294

Yabaki, Rev. Akuila, 104, 174, 208, 229 Yaqara, 94, 265 Young, Chen Bunn, 283 Young People’s Concerned Network, 212 Young, Ted, 212

Zink, Kenneth, 212

366 This text is taken from The General’s Goose: Fiji’s Tale of Contemporary Misadventure, by Robbie Robertson, published 2017 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.