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Canadion Political Parties: Origin, Character, Impact (Scarborough: Prentice-Hail, 1975), 30 OUTSIDELOOKING IN: A STUDYOF CANADIANFRINGE PARTIES by Myrna J. Men Submitted in partial fulnllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia September, 1997 O Copyright by Myrna Men Nationai LiBrary Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services sewices bibliographiques 395 WelJiiStreet 395. nie Wellington OtEawaON KIAW -ON K1AûN4 canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Iicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Biblioihèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, ioan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distniuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or elecîronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts Eom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. As with any thesis, there are many people to pay tribute to who helped me with this effort. It is with this in mind that 1 mention Dr. Herman Bakvis, whose assistance, advice and patience was of great value. Thanks also to Dr. Peter Aucoin and Dr. David Cameron for their commentary and suggestions. FinaLiy, 1 wish to thank my family and fnends who supported and encouraged me in my academic endeavours. MJA Halifax, Nova Scotia September 15, 1997 Table of Contents ..............................................v List of Tables ................................................ vi Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................... 1 Chapter 2: Fringe Parties at the Polk ...............................-10 Chapter 3: Motives and Developrnent ................................50 Chapter 4: Policies and Platforms ...................................74 Chapter 5: Working on the Political Fringe: Leaders. Candidates and Supporters . 137 Chapter 6: Gainîng Political LRgitimacy ............................. 179 Chapter 7: Conclusion ........................................ -193 Appendix A: Platform of the Workers Party .......................... 198 Appendix B: Joseph Stalin's Directive to Ail Communist Parties ............ 199 Appendix C: The Communist Party and Defence Policy: Disarmament and a Just Peace .....................................................200 Appendix D: The Main Thing in the Program to Stop Paying the Rich ........ 203 Bibliography ............................................... -204 National Political Parties Prior to the Required 1972 Registration ....... 3 National Political Parties Registered Since 1972 ................... 6 Registered Political Paries and Leaders. 1997 Federal Election ......... 7 -GE PARTIESAT THE POLU Canada-wide 1921 Results .................................13 Canada-wide 1935 Results ................................-16 Percentage of Popular Vote obtained by Fringe Parties: 1867-1997 ..... 18 Canada-wide Popular Vote: 1979 ............................. 19 Canada-wide Popular Vote: 1980 .............................20 Canada-wide Popular Vote: 1984 .............................21 Canada-wide Popular Vote: 1988 .............................22 Who's Running - Number of Candidates by Party: 1993 ............. 23 1993 Voting Results ......................................24 1896 Election Results (Seats) ..............................-28 1945 Election Results (Seats) ............................... 33 Who's Running - Number of Official Candidates by Party: 1997 .......40 Fnlnge Party Candidates by Province: 1997 ...................... 42 Canada-wide Popular Vote: 1997 ............................. 44 Final Party Standings by Province: 1997 ........................45 Tumout in Federal Elections (Percentages) ..................... 180 Tumout in Canada and 32 other democracies. 1980s ............... 181 Votes by Parties: 1997 ................................... 185 Seats Allocated on the Basis of Proportional Representation: 1997 ..... 186 The Canadian colonies, settled by the British and French in the 1700~~feii under British control in 1763. By 1791, it could be said that representative government was fkmly established in these colonies that would ultimately be united as the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Effective self-government was achieved by the separate colonies in 1848 and Confederation was achieved in 1867 under the British North America Act. %le political parties were not mentioned in the Constimtion Act, 1867, they do have expücit legal status and contribute to how we are govemed. Pnor to Confederation, groups resembling political parties oegan to form. In Ex Uno Plures, Garth Stevenson suggests that from 1848 until 1867, the United Province of Canada had a consociational regime: a regime in which elite accommodation maintained democratic stability in spite of deep ideological, cultural or religious divisions.' The Progressive Conservatives, the Conservative Party until 1942, began as a ternporary Liberal-Conservative coalition of Tories, rnoderate Liberals £rom Canada West and French-speaking blues in the Province of canada? John A. Macdonald, a member of the legislative assembly, worked hard to establish this alliance which he declared would "enlarge the bounds of Our party so as to embrace every person desirous of being ' Garth Stevenson, Er Uno Phes (Montreal: McGiii-Queen's University Press, 19931, 8. Hugh Thorbum, Party Politics in Canada, 6th ed. (Scarborough: Prentice-Hail, 1991), 3. 1 counted a progressive Conservative."' Although the party had its origins in 1854, Colin Campbell and William Christian argue that the Confederation controversy of 1864 to 1867 was the catalyst dnving the groups in the legislature toward transforming its organization bom an eiectorai faction to a party? Between 1867 and 1873, the govenunent of Macdonald and Cartier still consisted of several "loose fish" who had been elected for the sole purpose of supporthg any coalition in order to gain favours for their constituencies? Nevertheless, in cornparison to the Liberai coalition, Macdonald's group had been well organized fkom the start. The rural Clear Gnts of Upper Canada, anti-derical rouges, and the anti- Confederation Nova Scotia MPs organized as the Liberal party under Alexander MacKenzïe in the 1870s.~In 1873, without benefit of an election, the Cooservatives were forced to resign their position to MacKenziels coalition. The ensuing election, held in January 1874, was signincant in that for the £irst time there were contestants standing for sornething resembling national politicai organizations.' Although this coalition formed Colin Camp beii and Wiiiiam Christian, Parties, Leaders and Ideologies in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hiil Ryereson Ltd., 1996), 27. ' Robert Craig Brown, "Fishwives, Plutocrais, Sirens and Other Curious Creatures: Some Questions About Political Leadership in Canada" in Prime Minbers and Premiers, L. Pal and D. Taras, eds. (Scarborough: Prentice-Haii, 1988). Thorburn, 3. ' J. L. Finlay and D. N. Sprague, nie Sîructure of Canadiun HLÎrory, 3rd ed. (Scarborough: Prentice-Haii Inc., 1989), 201. the govemment, it was fourteen years later, under the leadership of Wilfiid Laurier, that the Liberal Party became a genuine national party? Importantiy, however, Canada has seen the development of numerous parties in addition to the two dominant parties (see Table 1.1). The Progressives constituted the fist effective third party challenge to the Liberal-Conservative duopoly. Emerging as a protest movement formed by Western agrarian interests, the Progressive Party sent 64 members to the House of Commons in 1921. But by 1930, the Progressive party had lost its political effectiveness. The Social Credit Party, beginning in 1933 as a result of the political protests of the depression era, was the second third party of historicd federal significance. Winning seventeen seats in 1935, the Social Credit achieved their greatest success when they won thirty seats in the House of Commons in 1962. TABLE1.1 TION ON AL POLITICAL PAR'IlES PRIOR TO THE REQWD 1972 REGISTRATION All Canada Party Anti-Communist Party Anti-Conscnption Party Bloc Populaire Canadian Democrats Canadian Liberal des Electeurs Canadian Nazi Party Capital Familial Co+p Builders of Canada Droit Vital Personne Elector's Candidate Espril Social Fanners' Party Independantiste Worker hdustrial Worker * Michael Whittington and Richard Van bon, Canadian Goverment and Politics (Toronto: McGraw-Hiil Ryerson Ltd., 1996), 368. Labourit es Labour Progressive Party League for Socialist Action Le Parti de Liberation du Quebec Liberal des Electeurs McCarthy ites Nationaiist Party of Canada National Social Christian Party National Unity Party New Canada Party New Capitalist Party Non-Partisan League Ouvrier Independant Parti de la Confederation Patrons of Industry Progressive Party Progressive Workers' Movement Prohibition Party Protectionist Party Protestant Protective Association Radical Christian Reconstruction Party Republican Party of Canada Revolutionary Workers' League Social Democratic Party Social Education League Social Justice Socialist Labour Party Soldiers' Party Union des Electeurs Unionist Party United Fanners of Alberta United Progressive Party United Reform Party Unity Party
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