The Many Faces of Strategic Voting
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Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems
The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems John M. Carey Dartmouth College Simon Hix London School of Economics and Political Science Can electoral rules be designed to achieve political ideals such as accurate representation of voter preferences and accountable governments? The academic literature commonly divides electoral systems into two types, majoritarian and proportional, and implies a straightforward trade-off by which having more of an ideal that a majoritarian system provides means giving up an equal measure of what proportional representation (PR) delivers. We posit that these trade-offs are better characterized as nonlinear and that one can gain most of the advantages attributed to PR, while sacrificing less of those attributed to majoritarian elections, by maintaining district magnitudes in the low to moderate range. We test this intuition against data from 609 elections in 81 countries between 1945 and 2006. Electoral systems that use low-magnitude multimember districts produce disproportionality indices almost on par with those of pure PR systems while limiting party system fragmentation and producing simpler government coalitions. An Ideal Electoral System? seek to soften the representation-accountability trade-off and achieve both objectives. For example, some electoral t is widely argued by social scientists of electoral sys- systems have small multimember districts, others have tems that there is no such thing as the ideal electoral high legal thresholds below which parties cannot win system. Although many scholars harbor strong pref- seats, while others have “parallel” mixed-member sys- I tems, where the PR seats do not compensate for dispro- erences for one type of system over another, in published work and in the teaching of electoral systems it is standard portional outcomes in the single-member seats. -
The Case for Electoral Reform: a Mixed Member Proportional System
1 The Case for Electoral Reform: A Mixed Member Proportional System for Canada Brief by Stephen Phillips, Ph.D. Instructor, Department of Political Science, Langara College Vancouver, BC 6 October 2016 2 Summary: In this brief, I urge Parliament to replace our current Single-Member Plurality (SMP) system chiefly because of its tendency to distort the voting intentions of citizens in federal elections and, in particular, to magnify regional differences in the country. I recommend that SMP be replaced by a system of proportional representation, preferably a Mixed Member Proportional system (MMP) similar to that used in New Zealand and the Federal Republic of Germany. I contend that Parliament has the constitutional authority to enact an MMP system under Section 44 of the Constitution Act 1982; as such, it does not require the formal approval of the provinces. Finally, I argue that a national referendum on replacing the current SMP voting system is neither necessary nor desirable. However, to lend it political legitimacy, the adoption of a new electoral system should only be undertaken with the support of MPs from two or more parties that together won over 50% of the votes cast in the last federal election. Introduction Canada’s single-member plurality (SMP) electoral system is fatally flawed. It distorts the true will of Canadian voters, it magnifies regional differences in the country, and it vests excessive political power in the hands of manufactured majority governments, typically elected on a plurality of 40% or less of the popular vote. The adoption of a voting system based on proportional representation would not only address these problems but also improve the quality of democratic government and politics in general. -
Lost in Re-Election: a Tale of Two Spanish Online Campaigns
Lost in Re-Election: A Tale of Two Spanish Online Campaigns B Helena Gallego1,2( ), David Laniado2, Andreas Kaltenbrunner1,2, B Vicen¸cG´omez1( ), and Pablo Arag´on1,2 1 Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain [email protected], [email protected] 2 Eurecat - Technology Center of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain Abstract. In the 2010 decade, Spanish politics have transitioned from bipartidism to multipartidism. This change led to an unstable situation which eventually led to the rare scenario of two general elections within six months. The two elections had a mayor difference: two important left-wing parties formed a coalition in the second election while they had run separately in the first one. In the second election and after merging, the coalition lost around 1M votes, contradicting opinion polls. In this study, we perform community analysis of the retweet networks of the online campaigns to assess whether activity in Twitter reflects the outcome of both elections. The results show that the left-wing parties lost more online supporters than the other parties. Furthermore, we find that Twitter activity of the supporters unveils a decrease in engagement especially marked for the smaller party in the coalition, in line with post-electoral traditional polls. Keywords: Twitter · Politics · Political parties · Spanish elections · Online campaigning · Political coalition · Engagement · Political participation 1 Introduction Social media are playing a key role in shaping public debate in political con- texts, forming a new public sphere [6]; it is therefore increasingly important to understand their usage during political campaigns. Social media’s function as a potential mirror of societal trends [5] and their strong impact on voters’ percep- tions and decision making make it important to understand their dynamics and influence [17], and their usage by politicians [1,22]. -
Are Condorcet and Minimax Voting Systems the Best?1
1 Are Condorcet and Minimax Voting Systems the Best?1 Richard B. Darlington Cornell University Abstract For decades, the minimax voting system was well known to experts on voting systems, but was not widely considered to be one of the best systems. But in recent years, two important experts, Nicolaus Tideman and Andrew Myers, have both recognized minimax as one of the best systems. I agree with that. This paper presents my own reasons for preferring minimax. The paper explicitly discusses about 20 systems. Comments invited. [email protected] Copyright Richard B. Darlington May be distributed free for non-commercial purposes Keywords Voting system Condorcet Minimax 1. Many thanks to Nicolaus Tideman, Andrew Myers, Sharon Weinberg, Eduardo Marchena, my wife Betsy Darlington, and my daughter Lois Darlington, all of whom contributed many valuable suggestions. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and summary 3 2. The variety of voting systems 4 3. Some electoral criteria violated by minimax’s competitors 6 Monotonicity 7 Strategic voting 7 Completeness 7 Simplicity 8 Ease of voting 8 Resistance to vote-splitting and spoiling 8 Straddling 8 Condorcet consistency (CC) 8 4. Dismissing eight criteria violated by minimax 9 4.1 The absolute loser, Condorcet loser, and preference inversion criteria 9 4.2 Three anti-manipulation criteria 10 4.3 SCC/IIA 11 4.4 Multiple districts 12 5. Simulation studies on voting systems 13 5.1. Why our computer simulations use spatial models of voter behavior 13 5.2 Four computer simulations 15 5.2.1 Features and purposes of the studies 15 5.2.2 Further description of the studies 16 5.2.3 Results and discussion 18 6. -
Informe De Balance Sobre Los Objetivos De 2019
INFORME DE BALANCE SOBRE LOS OBJETIVOS DE 2019 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. EVALUACIÓN POR RESPONSABILIDADES 3 DE LA DIRECCIÓN DE IU ANDALUCÍA 2.1 Coordinación de la Comisión Colegiada 3 2.2 Área de Organización 9 2.3 Área de Institucional 12 2.4 Área de Comunicación 14 2.5 Área de Acción Política 20 2.6 Área de Finanzas 25 2.7 Área de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación T. 29 2.8 Área Agroalimentaria 31 2.9 Área de Educación 32 2.10 Área de Servicios Sociales 34 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN Consolidamos la práctica de rendición de cuentas con esta Asamblea de Balance Anual. De nuestros acuerdos estratégicos, el proceso de rendi- ción de cuentas de las diferentes estructuras es uno de los pilares sobre los que se edifica un movimiento político y social. Esto es así por varias razones. En primer lugar, porque se pone en ejercicio la soberanía de las bases sobre la gestión de la organización. Este documento de balan- ce es debatido y enmendado en todas y cada una de las asambleas de base, las cuales, a su vez, eligen personas para participar directamente en la última fase del proceso. “Empoderar” a las bases pasa por dotarlas de capacidad fiscalizadora. En segundo término, la rendición de cuentas evita arbitrariedades de las direcciones o de personas con responsabi- lidades. Lo hecho debe estar justificado y ser coherente con los acuer- dos estratégicos que a todas y todos nos comprometen. En tercer lugar, se aporta transparencia mediante la socialización de la información re- lativa al trabajo diario de la dirección en todas sus esferas (institucional, social, organizativa, financiera, etc.). -
BACKBENCHERS So in Election Here’S to You, Mr
Twitter matters American political satirist Stephen Colbert, host of his and even more SPEAKER smash show The Colbert Report, BACKBENCHERS so in Election Here’s to you, Mr. Milliken. poked fun at Canadian House Speaker Peter politics last week. p. 2 Former NDP MP Wendy Lill Campaign 2011. p. 2 Milliken left the House of is the writer behind CBC Commons with a little Radio’s Backbenchers. more dignity. p. 8 COLBERT Heard on the Hill p. 2 TWITTER TWENTY-SECOND YEAR, NO. 1082 CANADA’S POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT NEWSWEEKLY MONDAY, APRIL 4, 2011 $4.00 Tories running ELECTION CAMPAIGN 2011 Lobbyists ‘pissed’ leaner war room, Prime Minister Stephen Harper on the hustings they can’t work on focused on election campaign, winning majority This campaign’s say it’s against their This election campaign’s war room Charter rights has 75 to 90 staffers, with the vast majority handling logistics of about one man Lobbying Commissioner Karen the Prime Minister’s tour. Shepherd tells lobbyists that working on a political By KRISTEN SHANE and how he’s run campaign advances private The Conservatives are running interests of public office holder. a leaner war room and a national campaign made up mostly of cam- the government By BEA VONGDOUANGCHANH paign veterans, some in new roles, whose goal is to persuade Canadi- Lobbyists are “frustrated” they ans to re-elect a “solid, stable Con- can’t work on the federal elec- servative government” to continue It’s a Harperendum, a tion campaign but vow to speak Canada’s economic recovery or risk out against a regulation that they a coalition government headed by national verdict on this think could be an unconstitutional Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff. -
Alternative North Americas: What Canada and The
ALTERNATIVE NORTH AMERICAS What Canada and the United States Can Learn from Each Other David T. Jones ALTERNATIVE NORTH AMERICAS Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, D.C. 20004 Copyright © 2014 by David T. Jones All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of author’s rights. Published online. ISBN: 978-1-938027-36-9 DEDICATION Once more for Teresa The be and end of it all A Journey of Ten Thousand Years Begins with a Single Day (Forever Tandem) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Borders—Open Borders and Closing Threats .......................................... 12 Chapter 2 Unsettled Boundaries—That Not Yet Settled Border ................................ 24 Chapter 3 Arctic Sovereignty—Arctic Antics ............................................................. 45 Chapter 4 Immigrants and Refugees .........................................................................54 Chapter 5 Crime and (Lack of) Punishment .............................................................. 78 Chapter 6 Human Rights and Wrongs .................................................................... 102 Chapter 7 Language and Discord .......................................................................... -
Who Gains from Apparentments Under D'hondt?
CIS Working Paper No 48, 2009 Published by the Center for Comparative and International Studies (ETH Zurich and University of Zurich) Who gains from apparentments under D’Hondt? Dr. Daniel Bochsler University of Zurich Universität Zürich Who gains from apparentments under D’Hondt? Daniel Bochsler post-doctoral research fellow Center for Comparative and International Studies Universität Zürich Seilergraben 53 CH-8001 Zürich Switzerland Centre for the Study of Imperfections in Democracies Central European University Nador utca 9 H-1051 Budapest Hungary [email protected] phone: +41 44 634 50 28 http://www.bochsler.eu Acknowledgements I am in dept to Sebastian Maier, Friedrich Pukelsheim, Peter Leutgäb, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Alex Fischer, who provided very insightful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Manuscript Who gains from apparentments under D’Hondt? Apparentments – or coalitions of several electoral lists – are a widely neglected aspect of the study of proportional electoral systems. This paper proposes a formal model that explains the benefits political parties derive from apparentments, based on their alliance strategies and relative size. In doing so, it reveals that apparentments are most beneficial for highly fractionalised political blocs. However, it also emerges that large parties stand to gain much more from apparentments than small parties do. Because of this, small parties are likely to join in apparentments with other small parties, excluding large parties where possible. These arguments are tested empirically, using a new dataset from the Swiss national parliamentary elections covering a period from 1995 to 2007. Keywords: Electoral systems; apparentments; mechanical effect; PR; D’Hondt. Apparentments, a neglected feature of electoral systems Seat allocation rules in proportional representation (PR) systems have been subject to widespread political debate, and one particularly under-analysed subject in this area is list apparentments. -
GREEN YOUTH for a GLOBAL GREEN CHANGE Documentation
GREEN YOUTH FOR A GLOBAL GREEN CHANGE Documentation of the 2nd Global Young Greens Congress Berlin, 8th to 14th of August 2010 Dear readers! 3 A short history of the Global Young Greens 4 HISTORY 2nd Congress 8 programmE 9 Regional Meetings 10 Workshops 12 the perspectives of small content scale farming and the agricultural issues 16 Green New Deal – A Concept for a Global Economic Change? 17 Impressions 18 General Assembly of GYG Congress Berlin 2010 20 Summary of our Structure Reform 21 GYG in Action 22 Passed Proposals 23 Statements 25 Participants 26 Introduction of the new Steering Committee 28 Plans 32 THANK-YOU‘S 30 IMPRINT 31 2 global young greens—Congress 2010 Dear readers! We proudly present to you the documentation of the 2nd Global Young Greens Congress held in Berlin from 8th to 14th of August 2010! More than 100 participants from over 50 countries spent five days of discussing as well as exchanging opinions and experiences from their homecountries in order to get closer together and fight with “Youth Power for a Global Green Change“. Workshops, fishbowl discussions and a world café were organised as parts of the congress. The debated topics were endless – reaching from economics and gender issues to social justice, peace and conflicts and - of course - climate change. After three days of debating, two days of General Assem- bly followed. In this, new structures were adopted as well as several topical proposals to form a wider political platform. With this documentation, we are trying to show what the congress was about and what was behind. -
Black Box Voting Ballot Tampering in the 21St Century
This free internet version is available at www.BlackBoxVoting.org Black Box Voting — © 2004 Bev Harris Rights reserved to Talion Publishing/ Black Box Voting ISBN 1-890916-90-0. You can purchase copies of this book at www.Amazon.com. Black Box Voting Ballot Tampering in the 21st Century By Bev Harris Talion Publishing / Black Box Voting This free internet version is available at www.BlackBoxVoting.org Contents © 2004 by Bev Harris ISBN 1-890916-90-0 Jan. 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form whatsoever except as provided for by U.S. copyright law. For information on this book and the investigation into the voting machine industry, please go to: www.blackboxvoting.org Black Box Voting 330 SW 43rd St PMB K-547 • Renton, WA • 98055 Fax: 425-228-3965 • [email protected] • Tel. 425-228-7131 This free internet version is available at www.BlackBoxVoting.org Black Box Voting © 2004 Bev Harris • ISBN 1-890916-90-0 Dedication First of all, thank you Lord. I dedicate this work to my husband, Sonny, my rock and my mentor, who tolerated being ignored and bored and galled by this thing every day for a year, and without fail, stood fast with affection and support and encouragement. He must be nuts. And to my father, who fought and took a hit in Germany, who lived through Hitler and saw first-hand what can happen when a country gets suckered out of democracy. And to my sweet mother, whose an- cestors hosted a stop on the Underground Railroad, who gets that disapproving look on her face when people don’t do the right thing. -
A Monthly E-Newsletter for the Latest in Cultural Management and Policy ISSUE N° 114
news A monthly e-newsletter for the latest in cultural management and policy ISSUE N° 114 DIGEST VERSION FOR OUR FOLLOWERS Issue N°104 / news from encatc / Page 1 CONTENTS NOTE FROM THE Issue N°114 NOTE FROM THE EDITOR EDITOR 2 Dear colleagues, Welcome to the new re-vamped online ENCATC resources to make it ENCATC NEWS 3 version of our monthly ENCATC easier to access direct sources and newsletter! material for your work! Finally, for those who liked the PDF just as it was, These last two months we took the UPCOMING you can still find all the information time to have a critical look at this very 10 you trust from ENCATC and can print EVENTS product we have been producing for this publication to take with you! you for over 20 years as well as to CALLS & ask the opinions of members, key The new format of the ENCATC stakeholders, and loyal readers in newsletter will also offer more space OPPORTUNITIES 13 order to find the new way to adapt this for contributions from our members information tool to reading practices and stakeholders. In this issue you will EUROPEAN YEAR and the digital environment. enjoy articles written by our members Lidia Varbanova, Claire Giraud-Labalte OF CULTURAL 14 So what is the next stage for ENCATC and Savina Tarsitano and from the HERITAGE 2018 News? Many said they were plagued network Future for Religious Heritage. by information overload and felt pressure to have updates quickly and Finally, to mark the European Year of ENCATC IN only a click away. -
A Decline in Ticket Splitting and the Increasing Salience of Party Labels
A Decline in Ticket Splitting and The Increasing Salience of Party Labels David C. Kimball University of Missouri-St. Louis Department of Political Science St. Louis, MO 63121-4499 [email protected] forthcoming in Models of Voting in Presidential Elections: The 2000 Elections, Herbert F. Weisberg and Clyde Wilcox, eds. Stanford University Press. Thanks to Laura Arnold, Brady Baybeck, Barry Burden, Paul Goren, Tim Johnson, Bryan Marshall, Rich Pacelle, Rich Timpone, Herb Weisberg and Clyde Wilcox for comments. The voice of the people is but an echo chamber. The output of an echo chamber bears an inevitable and invariable relation to the input. As candidates and parties clamor for attention and vie for popular support, the people's verdict can be no more than a selective reflection from among the alternatives and outlooks presented to them. (Key 1966, p. 2) Split party control of the executive and legislative branches has been a defining feature of American national politics for more than thirty years, the longest period of frequent divided government in American history. Even when voters failed to produce a divided national government in the 2000 elections, the party defection of a lone U.S. senator (former Republican James Jeffords of Vermont) created yet another divided national government. In addition, the extremely close competitive balance between the two major parties means that ticket splitters often determine which party controls each branch of government. These features of American politics have stimulated a lot of theorizing about the causes of split-ticket voting. In recent years, the presence of divided government and relatively high levels of split ticket voting are commonly cited as evidence of an electorate that has moved beyond party labels (Wattenberg 1998).