Dancing in the Borderlands: Dance and Dance Metaphors in Esmeralda Santiago’S the Turkish Lover
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DANCING IN THE BORDERLANDS: DANCE AND DANCE METAPHORS IN ESMERALDA SANTIAGO’S THE TURKISH LOVER Chandra L. Roughton A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of English University of North Carolina Wilmington 2009 Approved by Advisory Committee _________________________Janet Ellerby _________________________Michael Wentworth _________________________Barbara Waxman Chair Accepted by _________________________ Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 RELATIONSHIPS ...........................................................................................................................8 CLOTHING AND CONTROLLING THE BODY .......................................................................23 EDUCATION ...............................................................................................................................35 LANGUAGE AND VOICE ..........................................................................................................39 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................46 WORKS CITED ............................................................................................................................50 ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores Esmeralda Santiago’s quest to locate her identity in her memoir, The Turkish Lover, and the role that classical Indian dance and Middle Eastern belly dance played in her journey. Using Gloria Anzaldua’s Borderlands/ LaFrontera: The New Mestiza I will examine Santiago’s borderland status as a mestiza, and I will demonstrate that she relies on her mestiza consciousness to liberate herself from her constricting relationships with her family and with Ulvi, her Turkish lover. Furthermore, I will examine the various roles which Santiago is called upon to perform for her family, community, and Ulvi and how those roles affect her sense of self. It is my contention that Santiago’s subjectivity is further complicated by her racial identity, her views on men and sexual relationships, and her desire for a higher education. The goal of my thesis is to show that while the borderlands can be restricting Santiago finds liberation within its boundaries. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to my son, Lucas Powers, for his tolerance and understanding as he stepped over piles of books, folders, and papers scattered throughout the house, and for giving me much needed encouragement when my motivation was low. I would like to thank my thesis committee, Barbara Waxman, Janet Ellerby, and Michael Wentworth for their assistance and dedication in this project. I would like to especially acknowledge the chair of my committee, Dr. Barbara Waxman for her patience and kindness, for challenging me throughout my thesis-writing project, and for being my mentor as an undergraduate travelling to Puerto Rico to study Esmeralda Santiago and Julia DeBurgos. A very special thank you to Jeffrey Wayne Miller for his unconditional support as I finished up my thesis. Your understanding and encouragement carried me through the most difficult part of this process. I would like to thank Mr. Charles F. Green for his generous financial support of the Michael D. Wentworth Student Travel Fellowship. The opportunity that Mr. Green's vision provided me was not one that I could have provided for myself, and it changed my life. Your kindness, goodwill, and generosity is much appreciated. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Keith Newlin for encouraging me to apply for the Michael D. Wentworth Student Travel Fellowship as an undergraduate. A special thank you to Kianoosh Hashemzadeh for never tiring of listening to me talk about my research, and for being my dance partner; to Dr. Andrea Deagon for teaching me Middle Eastern belly dance; and to Dr. Adrian Sherman for his continual encouragement in completing my degree and in continuing my education. iv DEDICATION For my son, Lucas, who always believed in me, who makes me laugh when I want to cry, and who means the world to me. v INTRODUCTION Esmeralda Santiago, in her memoir The Turkish Lover, recounts her long-term relationship with Turkish filmmaker Ulvi Dogan. To date, there is virtually no published scholarship regarding The Turkish Lover; however, what Marta Vizcaya Echano says about Santiago’s narrative in When I was Puerto Rican and Almost a Woman is applicable to The Turkish Lover as well: “Santiago’s identity is (re)presented throughout her memoirs and in subsequent interviews as a shifting set of heterogeneous—and sometimes contradictory— elements, some of which become more or less prominent depending on geographical, social, and cultural contexts as well as on the different stages of the author’s life” (113). The various identities that Santiago draws upon to (re)present herself stem from the multiple roles which she is called upon to perform. What is unique about Santiago’s The Turkish Lover is that in her relationship with Ulvi she is no longer simply contending with the cultural differences between being Puerto Rican and being American as she was in her first two memoirs When I was Puerto Rican and Almost a Woman; she is now under the influence of a man who views the world through the eyes of a Eurocentric Turk. The gender expectations imposed on her by Ulvi are similar to her family’s expectations; they want her to be a nena puerrtoriqueña decente1, he wants her to be a “good girl.” Furthermore, her geographical experience has broadened considerably in her moves to Fort Lauderdale, Lubbock, Texas, Syracuse, and Cambridge. Her subjectivity is no longer confined to her experiences in New York City. Gloria Anzaldúa, in Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, describes a metaphor for consciousness that encourages women like Santiago to embrace their multiple heritages and influences. A borderland is a place where one culture overlaps another, where languages are 1 In the spirit of the authors I am writing about, Esmeralda Santiago and Gloria Anzaldúa, who celebrate the rich and creative space of dwelling in two languages, the Spanish in this thesis will not be translated. intertwined, and where cultural and social expectations collide, it “is a vague and undetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary. It is in a constant state of transition” (25). In particular, Anzaldúa is referring to the borderland that exists for Mexican- Americans in the American Southwest and the emotional struggle associated with residing in an in-between geographical location; however, her concept can be interpreted to include the space in which any two divergent cultures meet. Anzaldúa says that “la mestiza is a product of the transfer of the cultural and spiritual values of one group to another. Being tricultural, monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual, speaking a patois, and in a state of perpetual transition, the mestiza faces the dilemma of the mixed breed: which collectivity does the daughter of a darkskinned mother listen to?” (100). As a mestiza, Santiago is attempting to put her multiple subjectivities into perspective and to locate her place within her family, her culture, and the communities in which she lives. Her sense of place is complicated, not just because she is a mestiza, but also because of Ulvi’s control over her physicality. The couple meet in New York, then move to Florida for a few months. Ulvi returns her to her family in New York while he travels to Europe for a year; when he gets back he convinces her to move to Lubbock, Texas, and then to Syracuse so that he can go to school. She finally ventures out on her own and moves to Cambridge, Massachusetts to attend Harvard. When Santiago meets Ulvi Dogan she is already in the borderlands as a native Puerto Rican living in New York City. For eight years she has danced in between two cultures: that of Puerto Rico and America. She comes to terms with her borderland status by exploring it through her relationships with family, lovers, education, and most importantly, dance. Santiago’s (re)construction of herself in her third memoir has a unique perspective; it is further enriched by the influences of her Turkish boyfriend because he, too, is living in his own borderlands. 2 Santiago’s narrator has Omar, Ulvi’s friend in Lubbock, explain Ulvi’s complicated sense of place: “No matter how long he lives elsewhere, he will always be a Turk. It is more complicated for them. They think they are Europeans, but most of their country is across the Bosporus, in Asia. It is like being schizophrenic” (230). Ulvi is a European Turkish man, residing in New York City, who speaks Turkish, and is involved with a Puerto Rican woman. And when the edges of Ulvi’s world collide with Santiago’s, the two begin a long slow tango of multiple identities in motion. When Santiago enters into her relationship with Ulvi, she begins to perform a metaphorical