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Community Participation and Sustainable Livelihoods: a Study on Watershed Management in Odisha

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Community Participation and Sustainable Livelihoods: a Study on Watershed Management in Odisha Community Participation and Sustainable Livelihoods: A Study on Watershed Management in Odisha Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities & Social Sciences By Suman Devi Roll No. 509HS305 Under the supervision of Dr. Niharranjan Mishra DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA - 769008, ODISHA, INDIA AUGUST, 2015 Dedicated to my Mother CERTIFICATE Dr. Niharranjan Mishra Assistant Professor Department of Humanities and Social Sciences National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Community Participation and Sustainable Livelihoods: A Study on Watershed Management in Odisha” being submitted by Ms. Suman Devi, Roll No. 509HS305, to the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of confide research carried out by her under my supervision. The Candidate has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements. The thesis is based on candidate’s own work, has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree to the best of my knowledge and belief. In my opinion, the thesis is of the standard required for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology. Date: Dr. Niharranjan Mishra Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India. [email protected], [email protected] Voice: + (91)-661 246 2695 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The research and writing of this thesis would not have been possible without the intellectual inputs of several close collaborators. This dissertation would not have been a reality without the invaluable guidance, untiring efforts and meticulous attention of my supervisor at all stages of my research work. With immense pleasure and heartfelt gratitude, I thank my supervisor Dr. Niharranjan Mishra, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. I would also like to convey my deep regards to our Hon’ble Director Prof. S. K. Sarangi, for providing a healthy working environment in the campus and granting permission to use the facilities available in the institute for this study. I express my sincere thanks to Doctoral Scrutiny Committee members, Prof. K.K. Khatua, Prof. D.P. Tripathy, Prof. Seemita Mohanty, and Prof. Bhaswati Patnaik (DSC, Chairman) for their valuable feedback and suggestions throughout my research work. I am most grateful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff and the fellow Ph.D scholars of department of Humanities and Social Sciences for their invaluable research assistance. I am also grateful to Prof. Siva Prasad, Head, Department of Anthropology, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. K. Sahoo and Prof. R. K. Panda, School of Management, NIT, Rourkela, Prof. Surya Narayan Reddy, Faculty at National Institute of Rural Development & Pachayati Raj, Hyderabad, Dr. A.K. Rath and Dr. N. Sethi, NIT Rourkela, Prof. S. K. Mishra, CSD, Hyderabad, Prof. S. Mallik, IIT Guwahati, Dr. M. R. Kar, Dr. Prafulla Gorada for their intellectual inputs and suggestions during my research. I am also thankful to Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR) and University Grants Commission (UGC) for their financial assistance under Doctoral Fellowship, to carry out the research. I express my sincere thanks to the librarian and staffs of Jawaharlal Nehru University, University of Hyderabad, Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies and Centre for Youth and Development for their help and coordination, using the library resources. It would be inappropriate on my part not to acknowledge the immediate attention and guidance of Mr. S. K. Das, Director of Sabuja Viplav NGO, Mr. Vijay Sathpathy, Staff of District Rural Development Agency, Balangir, Mr. Satyabarta, and all the staffs of Odisha Watershed Development Mission and villagers, for their timely help and technical assistance during the execution of my assignment. I would like to express my special thanks to all my friends, Merry, G. Dheeraj, B. Jayshree, Rubi, Ramakrishna, Subhrakanta, Kalpana, Nabanita, Anu, Shahida, Dhananjay, Narendra, Rajdeep, Anitha, Suchita, Subhas, Varshini, Yashoda, Rohini, Madhusmita, Aradhana, Arundhati, Elsie, Pallavi and for being there whenever I needed them. It is my privilege to be indebted to many people, who have directly or indirectly influenced my thinking, behaviour and acts during the study and formalization of this work. Finally, I am forever indebted to the Almighty, my parents and siblings, niece, nephews, sisters-in-law without whose blessings and encouragement; I would not have given the final shape to this thesis with such ease. Last but not the least, I have no words to express my deep sense of gratitude to my elder brother Dr. Prem Chandra for his guided encouragement and unbounded affection. He has always been a great source of inspiration and a pillar of support throughout. Suman Devi Abstract Agriculture is an important source of livelihood for millions of population in rural areas of India. In this country, nearly 60 percent of the population depends on agriculture. According to the Population Census (2011), approximately 18.20 crore of the population are engaged in agriculture as cultivators and agricultural workers. In India, out of the total land, approximately 195 million hectares are used for cultivation from which around 63 percent is rain fed. Globally, India’s position is first in rainfed agriculture in terms of both extent and value of production and is responsible for 65 to 70 per cent of the staple food in the country. Rainfed agriculture provides about 55 percent of rice, 91 percent coarse grains, 90 per cent pulses, 85 per cent oilseeds and 65 percent cotton. The Government of India has taken up macro- and micro-irrigation projects to improve the agricultural productivity in rainfed agriculture areas. But the over-pumping of water for irrigational purposes and other uses has resulted in decreasing of the groundwater level. Even the green revolution that has improved agricultural productivity in India had little impact on rainfed agriculture. In rainfed regions, agricultural productivity is low, natural resources are degraded and the people increasingly are poor. In the wake of depleting water, soil and other natural resources, the idea of watershed project comes as a relief to rainfed agriculture. Agricultural scientists and planners aimed to promote rainfed agriculture through Watershed Development Programme (WSDP). Among many proposed solutions for the improvement of rainfed areas, development through watershed projects has emerged as the best strategy. Watershed is an area from which all water drains to a common point. It is an attractive unit for technical development to manage water and soil for production and conservation of natural resources. To explore the potentiality of the rainfed agriculture, WSDP is implemented with the involvement of the local community. Up to now massive investments have been made in this regard but real evidences of success and failures of the community participation are still lacking. Under this background, the present study has been carried out in two micro-watersheds located in Balangir district of western Odisha. Broadly, the objectives of the study are to figure out the level of community participation, factors affecting the participation, conflict resolution and impact of i watershed on livelihoods. The sociological and anthropological techniques are used to fulfil the objectives of the present study. The key findings of the study show that community participation varies at different levels of watershed implementation. The empirical results of the study show that in both the watersheds, most of the people who attended the watershed meetings or involved in the watershed activities are educated, rich and farmers doing the crops in Rabi season. The participation of illiterates, old persons, women groups and poor farmers are very rare. The participation of landless, marginal and women are quite less because of lack of awareness and non-closeness with the PIA. But, the scenario has changed in the planning and implementation phase. The marginal, landless, and women groups those who mostly work as labourers are encouraged to participate as their labour contribution was needed to form the watershed structures. In post-implementation phase of watershed project the transformation took place. Those who have the ability (in terms of labour, money and materials) to maintain the watershed physical structure, participated more, irrespective of their caste and land holding size. The post-implementation scenario in NGO implemented watershed shows that while around 50 percent beneficiaries participated in watershed management, it is not uniform in case of all the communities and land holding groups. The landless (30%) and marginal communities (35%) who really need water for their livelihoods take less interest to participate. The women participation is very minimal that is 20 percent. In case of GO implemented watershed it is 20 percent, 25 percent and 10 percent respectively for landless, marginal and women beneficiaries. It is observed that in the NGO implemented watershed, the management of watershed assets and community participation are quite better in comparison to the GO implemented watershed. This is because of the creation of proper awareness; smooth functioning of the Watershed Committee (WC), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Watershed Association
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