DOCSLIB.ORG

Athenian Democracy on Paper by John Paul Aldrup

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Athenian Democracy on Paper by John Paul Aldrup Athenian Democracy on Paper by John Paul Aldrup-MacDonald Department of Classical Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Joshua D. Sosin, Supervisor ___________________________ Jose Gonzalez ___________________________ William Johnson ___________________________ Kent Rigbsy ___________________________ Lene Rubinstein Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by John Paul Aldrup-MacDonald 2018 Abstract Thousands of public records survive from democratic Athens. Nearly all of them are inscribed on stone (or more rarely metal). A century and more of study has revealed that these inscriptions were the tip of the iceberg. Beyond them was an apparatus of public records, kept on perishable media, that were central to the administration of the city. Call it the paperwork of democracy. What remains to be reconstructed are the processes by which this paperwork was created and the significance of those processes for our understanding of democracy. This dissertation examines the paperwork of making decrees, the basic legislative document in Athens, using literature, court speeches, and inscribed decrees to reconstruct the process by which decrees were written and reused in city politics. It argues that paperwork was done in the central institution of democracy, the assembly; that the orators better known in their capacity as masters of speech were also masters of the rules and discourses of decree-making; that in foreign policy these orators and their audience, the masses, brought the same rigor to documentary texts that they brought to giving and hearing speeches. In sum, where earlier researchers have assumed that paperwork had nothing to do with democracy, this dissertation shows that Athenians were as clever with paperwork as they were with oratory. iv Dedication For Archer Robin, who arrived just in time. v Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. IV ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... X INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 SOURCES AND METHOD ............................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER DESCRIPTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 11 PROSPECTUS ............................................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 1. TOWARD A PAPYROLOGY OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY ................... 15 1.1 BEYOND THE EPIGRAPHIC HABIT ................................................................................................. 15 1.2. TABLET AND BOOKROLL IN THE CULTURE OF ATHENS .......................................................... 23 1.2.1: Tablet and Bookroll in Athenian Recordkeeping ..................................................... 30 1.2.2 Keeping Track: Tablets and Bookrolls of Athenian Legislation ......................... 33 1.2.3: Keeping Count: Tablets and Bookrolls in the Erechtheion Inventories .......... 41 1.2.4: Tablets and Bookrolls in Athenian Archives .............................................................. 49 1.3 TABLET AND BOOKROLL IN THE COUNCIL AND ASSEMBLY: A COMIC PERSPECTIVE ......... 57 1.3.1 The Decree of Teleas .............................................................................................................. 58 1.3.2: The Rhetor as Decree-Seller .............................................................................................. 60 1.3.3: Book-Rolls in Athenian Legislation ................................................................................ 63 1.4 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 66 vi CHAPTER 2. DRAFTING DECREES IN DEMOCRATIC ATHENS .................................. 69 2.1: PRIOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COUNCIL ................................................................................. 74 2.2: AS A RULE DECREES WERE PROPOSED IN WRITING .............................................................. 86 2.3: THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE SECRETARY WAS MINIMAL ...................................................... 107 2.4 THE DECREE FROM ASSEMBLY TO ARCHIVE ............................................................................ 116 2.4 AMENDMENTS IN ATHENIAN DECREES ..................................................................................... 123 2.5 THE RHETOR AND HIS CRAFT ..................................................................................................... 142 2.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 146 CHAPTER 3. DOCUMENTING INTERSTATE LAW AT ATHENS .............................. 149 3.1 THE SOURCES AND NATURE OF INTERSTATE LAW IN GREECE ............................................. 149 3.2 DIPLOMACY BY DOCUMENT IN CLASSICAL ATHENS ................................................................ 160 3.2.1 Diplomacy by Decree ........................................................................................................... 166 3.2.2 Documents in the Speeches of Athenian Envoys ...................................................... 179 3.2.3 The First Embassy to Philip .............................................................................................. 184 3.2.4 The Second Embassy ............................................................................................................ 197 3.2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 202 3.3 DIPLOMACY BY DOCUMENTS IN THE COUNCIL AND ASSEMBLY ............................................ 206 3.3.1 On Halonessos ......................................................................................................................... 209 3.3.2: Text and Context in On the Peace ................................................................................ 215 3.3.3: From Speech to Text ........................................................................................................... 217 3.3.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 220 3.4 DOCUMENTING INTERSTATE LAW IN ATHENIAN DECREES .................................................. 221 vii 3.4.1 Towards a Taxonomy of Citation in Athenian Decrees ........................................ 222 3.4.2: Hewing to the Letter of the Law in IG II³ 298 and IG II³ 299 .......................... 231 3.4.3: Keeping to the Letter of the Law in IG I³ 40 ............................................................. 235 3.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 243 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 245 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 254 BIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 275 viii Abbreviations Ancient authors are abbreviated according to LSJ. ix Acknowledgements I have accrued many debts throughout this project. The biggest is to Josh Sosin, without whom this project would never have taken off (and in all honesty would never have landed). Kent Rigsby has read each chapter with a sharp eye and a generous spirit. Jose Gonzalez was as enthusiastic as he was meticulous and the work is better for that. William Johnson helped me develop a voice that was scholarly and courteous (if not quite as genteel as his own). Lene Rubinstein, whose work provided a model for mine, generously agreed to share her time and expertise on short notice, and helped me figure out some ways in which this work fits into the bigger picture of law and democracy in Classical Athens. To all five of these scholars I owe a lot. I owe just as much to those who had little to do with the dissertation itself but everything to do with the happiness I have experienced these past seven years. There are too many to name them all without leaving out someone who contributed a little joy (or a lot) to my life. But I would like to single out my parents, who are the only reason I have made anything of myself, and Megan, who gave me the best of all reasons to finish the work. x Introduction Athenian democracy was described by one of its practitioners as “a polity in logoi.”1 Modern scholars take him to mean that democracy was “a polity based
Load more

Recommended publications
  • La Cronologia Del Periplo Del Ponto Eusino Dello Pseudo-Scilace E Gli Interessi Di Atene Nel Mar Nero Nel Iv Secolo A.C
    LA CRONOLOGIA DEL PERIPLO DEL PONTO EUSINO DELLO PSEUDO-SCILACE E GLI INTERESSI DI ATENE NEL MAR NERO NEL IV SECOLO A.C. Giovanni Uggeri 1. Premessa delle ricerche archeologiche e delle scoperte avvenute attor- no al Ponto Eusino. Tanto più che proprio per l’arco crono- e numerose ricerche, soprattutto archeologiche, effettua- logico tra v e iv secolo a.C. possediamo oggi una ricca docu- te più e meno di recente sulle coste attorno al bacino del L mentazione archeologica, che prova le intense relazioni Mar Nero hanno contribuito a circostanziare notevolmente commerciali intercorse tra Greci e Barbari lungo le coste del le nostre conoscenze sugli esiti della colonizzazione greca in Mar Nero, non solo per i meglio esplorati porti di Olbia e Bo- quest’area e sulla vitalità del commercio attico in particola- ristene, Chersoneso e Panticapeo, ma anche per siti minori e re.1 Ne consegue, tra l’altro, che ora possiamo riconsiderare per gli scambi con un profondo retroterra. sotto nuova luce quanto era stato asserito sulla sezione rela- Procederemo dunque ad un breve riesame delle poleis hel- tiva al Ponto Eusino del più antico portolano del Mediterra- lenides segnalate dal portolano, che le elenca procedendo neo.2 dall’uscita del Bosforo verso nord, in senso orario, secondo Malgrado le perplessità avanzate infatti negli ultimi anni, l’andamento che era consueto nel periodo arcaico e che co- non è dubbio che alla base del testo pervenutoci ci sia un por- stituisce quindi un elemento indiscutibile di arcaicità nell’im- tolano, attento non soltanto agli empori del commercio gre- pianto dell’opera; mentre in senso antiorario, a partire dalle co, ma anche ai popoli barbari che si affacciano sulle varie co- coste anatoliche, procederanno i portolani del Mar Nero di ste del Mediterraneo, alle isole e agli scogli, ai promontori epoca romana.
    [Show full text]
  • Manolis Manoledakis
    SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES Healing Gods: The Cult of Apollo Iatros, Asclepius and Hygieia in the Black Sea Region Moschakis Konstantinos A Dissertation thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Black Sea Cultural Studies Supervisor: Manolis Manoledakis September 2013 Thessaloniki – Greece I hereby declare that the work submitted by me is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. September 2013 Thessaloniki – Greece Healing Gods: The Cult of Apollo Iatros, Asclepius and Hygieia in the Black Sea Region To my parents, Δημήτρη and Αλεξάνδρα. « πᾶς δ' ὀδυνηρὸς βίος ἀνθρώπων κοὐκ ἔστι πόνων ἀνάπαυσις» «The life of man entire is misery he finds no resting place, no haven of calamity» Euripides, Hippolytos (189-190) (transl. D. Greene) TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents……………………………………………………………………………01 Sources- Abbreviations- Bibliography…………………………………………...03 Preface……………………………………………………………………………...17 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..19 PART A 1. The Cult of Apollo Iatros in the North and Western Black Sea: Epigraphic Evidence and Archaeological Finds. 1.01. Olbia-Berezan………………………………………………………………22 1.02. Panticapaeum (Kerch)………………………………………………………25 1.03. Hermonassa…………………………………………………………………26 1.04. Myrmekion………………………………………………………………….27 1.05. Phanagoria…………………………………………………………………..27 1.06. Apollonia Pontica……………………………………………………….......27 1.07. Istros (Histria)………………………………………………………………29 1.08. Tyras…………………………………………………………………….......30 PART B 1. The Cult of Asclepius and Hygieia in the Northern Black Sea Region: Epigraphic Evidence and Archaeological Finds. 1.01. The cities in the Northern Black Sea…………………………………………..31 1.02. Chersonesus……………………………………………………………………31 1.03. Olbia…………………………………………………………………………...34 1.04. Panticapaeum (Kerch)…………………………………………………………35 2. The Cult of Asclepius and Hygeia in the Southern Black Sea Region: Epigraphic Evidence and Archaeological Finds.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTACT ZONES of EUROPE from the 3Rd Mill. BC to the 1St Mill. AD International Scientific Conference Humboldt Colleague Moscow, 29 September – 2 October, 2017
    CONTACT ZONES OF EUROPE from the 3rd mill. BC to the 1st mill. AD International Scientific Conference Humboldt Colleague Moscow, 29 September – 2 October, 2017 PRELIMINARY PUBLICATION OF CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS CONTENTS / INHALT I. Lectures Dmitry AFINOGENOV (Russia) – Cimmerians in Asia Minor: Once More?................................................5 Irina ARZHANTSEVA (Russia) – “The Guzz Desert”: Ustyurt Plateau – Contact Area of Eurasia…….….6 Alla BUYSKIKH (Ukraine) – Usual and Rear Imports at Borysthenes in Greek Colonization of the North- Western Pontus………………………………………………………………………………..…..7 Victor COJOCARU (Rumänien) – Die Proxenie als Instrument der „Aussenpolitik“ im Kontext der auswärtigen Beziehungen pontischer Staaten..................................................................................8 Altay COŞKUN (Kanada) – Über den Hintergrund der Verbreitung des Kybele-Kultes im Westen des Mittelmeerraumes..........................................................................................................................13 Pavel DONEC (Ukraine) – Grenzland als Synergie- und Dysergiezone.....................................................19 Andrey EPIMAKHOV (Russia) – “Ex oriente lux”? Bronze Age Chariot. Genesis and Evolution of the Tradition…………………………………………………………………………………………24 Peter FUNKE (Deutschland) – Die griechische Poliswelt und ihre Nachbarn in Nordwestgriechenland..30 Oleg GABELKO (Russia) – The “Tylian” Kingdom of the Galatians in Thrace: Searching for a Phantom?.......................................................................................................................................31
    [Show full text]
  • 9788779346543.Pdf
    MEETINGS OF CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 1 23-02-2009 14:47:10 BLACK SEA STUDIES MEETINGS OF 8 CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES BETWEEN CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE Edited by Pia Guldager Bilde and Jane Hjarl Petersen AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 2 23-02-2009 14:47:10 BLACK SEA STUDIES MEETINGS OF 8 CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES BETWEEN CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE Edited by Pia Guldager Bilde and Jane Hjarl Petersen AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS a 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 3 23-02-2009 14:47:10 MEETINGS OF CULTURES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION © Aarhus University Press and the authors 2008 Cover design by Pia Guldager Bilde & Jacob Munk Højte. Limestone relief showing reclining Herakles (Černomorskoe Museum); in the background the steppe south of Panskoe ISBN 978 87 7934 654 3 AARHUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N White Cross Mills Lancaster LA1 4XS England Box 511 Oakville, CT 06779 USA www.unipress.dk The publication of this volume has been made possible by a generous grant from The Danish National Research Foundation and Aarhus University’s Research Foundation. Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies Building 1451 University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus C www.pontos.dk 73024_meeting 001-192_.indd 4 23-02-2009 14:47:10 Contents Preface 9 SETTING THE S CENE Jurij A. Vinogradov Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main
    [Show full text]
  • Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main Historical Stages of the Kimmerian Bosporos in Pre-Roman Times
    Rhythms of Eurasia and the Main Historical Stages of the Kimmerian Bosporos in Pre-Roman Times Jurij A. Vinogradov Two centuries of studies on the Kimmerian Bosporos have played an enor- mous role in our understanding of this region of the ancient world. Only in recent years, however, thanks to large-scale archaeological research carried out on the sites of Bosporos and other ancient centers of the northern Black Sea littoral and on the adjacent territories inhabited by local tribes, has it be- come possible to offer a pattern of historical development for the region which differs from the customary division of ancient history into Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, or, more precisely, which concretizes it, consid- ers its regional peculiarities, and provides it with local nuances.1 Among the regional peculiarities, the development of Greek-native (оr Greek-barbarian) interrelations in the northern Black Sea area, and especially the determination of the stages connected with the advance of new nomadic tribes (Scythians, Sarmatians) from the East, must be considered the most important. In truth, the most important feature of the Greek colonies of the Northern Pontic area was the fact that they interacted with the very mobile world of the Eurasian nomads.2 Periodical movements of nomads from east to west (approximately one every 200 years) resulted in serious alterations in the military-political situation of the region,3 impacting the development of all the people and states adjacent to the steppe zone. Nomadic tribes determined the local military-political situation because of their military strength and significant mobility, thereby also heavily influencing the economic situation, not only within the territories inhabited by local tribes but also in the ancient poleis of the northern coast of the Black Sea, including Bosporos.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying the Tribes of the Eastern Black Sea Region
    Exploring the Hospitable Sea Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21–23 September 2012 Edited by Manolis Manoledakis BAR International Series 2498 2013 Published by Archaeopress Publishers of British Archaeological Reports Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED England [email protected] www.archaeopress.com BAR S2498 Exploring the Hospitable Sea: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21–23 September 2012 © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2013 ISBN 978 1 4073 1114 2 Cover image: The ruins of a medieval basilica on the seashore. Chersonesus, Sevastopol, Ukraine (photo by Alex Zabusik) Printed in England by CMP (UK) Ltd All BAR titles are available from: Hadrian Books Ltd 122 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7BP England www.hadrianbooks.co.uk The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com IDENTIFYING THE TRIBES OF THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION Sujatha Chandrasekaran Abstract: The tribes of the Eastern Black Sea region played a crucial role in the political and economic affairs of the ancient kingdoms of the Bosporus and Colchis, i.e., at the edge of the Greek oikoumene. While ancient Greek and Latin sources refer to a number of these tribes by name, descriptions of them tend to be brief and biased. In order to understand the true nature of these peoples, and place them geographically, it is essential to examine both linguistic and archaeological evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chora in the Bosporan Kingdom
    The Chora in the Bosporan Kingdom Sergej Ju. Saprykin The Bosporan Kingdom had vast agrarian possessions on the European and Asian sides of the Kerch Straits; these possessions played an important role throughout the kingdom’s history. Regular archaeological excavations and surveys, carried out in the last half of the 20th century, have brought to light many interesting sites of different types and helped scholars to follow the evolution of the rural settlements during the whole of this period. They have also allowed a study of the changes in the structure of these settlements over time, which has enabled us to develop a typology of the archaeological land- scape and to map the agrarian environs of the greatest cities of Bosporos.1 Yet there is much left to discuss, as, for example, the historical periodization of the chora, the links between polis and chora, the relationship between polis land and royal land possessions, and the dependence of the chora development on historical events in the Kingdom of Bosporos. Scholars still have various opinions on these topics: some believe that we can speak about a royal chora already in the time of the Spartokids, others connect its development with the so-called “Proto-hellenism” of the 4th century BC or with the “Sarmatization” of Bosporos, and, accordingly, ascribe it to the period of Roman domina- tion. We shall not, however, delve into these difficult questions which have become grounds for lengthy disputes. The main aim of the present paper is to outline the historical development of the rural territory in the Bosporan Kingdom, concentrating on what we can know of the royal chora and of the chora of the polis, as well as the questions of when royal land possessions may have appeared at Bosporos and how the two types of land-possession could coexist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gift Presents, Offerings and Tribute
    ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE 2 • 2015 Magazine of the German Archaeological Institute Archaeology Worldwide – volume two – Berlin, – DAI November 2015 TITLE STORY THE GIFT PRESENTS, OFFERINGS AND TRIBUTE EVERYDAY ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE Effective learning Iranian Archives The wide horizon The Iraqi-German Cultural heritage Remote sensing Summer Programme groundwork in archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE Places visited in this issue: Tehran. Iran. Cultural Heritage, The Object, pages 22/38 Crimea. Title Story, page 52 Baghdad. Iraq. Everyday Archaeology, pages 74/80 Athens. Greece. Title Story, page 48 Bergama. Turkey. Title Story, page 56 Dahshur. Egypt. Title Story, page 44 Rome. Italy. Title Story, page 64 Europe. Landscape, page 30 Patara. Turkey. Title Story, page 60 COVER PHOTO Detail of the large relief frieze from the val- ley temple of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur. The female figures bearing gifts are per- sonifications of estates paying tribute to the pharaoh. The procession is ordered geographically and shows the organiza- tion of ancient Egypt into domains and nomes. The gifts depicted on the frieze are meat, fruit, cereals and spices, offered as provisions to the late pharaoh. Photo: Ahmed Amin, DAI Cairo EDITORIAL DEAR READERS, We have had occasion to reflect in recent It may be that an awareness of owing weeks on what we, as members of a global something to others was more common in community, owe to each other. Tracing the the ancient world than in today‘s. Great act of gift-giving back through the millen- importance was then attached to giving nia, archaeology leads us to the realization gifts and paying tribute, both on the inter- that no culture could have reached its national level and within one‘s own com- greatest flowering without the gifts of munity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Silver Rhyton with a Representation of a Winged Ibex from the Fourth Semibratniy Tumulus
    A Silver Rhyton with a Representation of a Winged Ibex from the Fourth Semibratniy Tumulus Cultural Influences in Sindike in the Fifth to Fourth Century BC Vladimir Goroncharovskij In archaeological studies of the territory of the Bosporan Kingdom, finds di- rectly or implicitly related by their provenance to the Achaemenid state are fairly uncommon. Almost without exception, when found these are objects of prestige, particularly cylindrical seals and carved stones of the fifth to the early fourth century BC (Fedoseev & Golenko 1995, 51-52). There is, how- ever, also a rare example of toreutic work – a huge silver rhyton from the fourth Semibratnee (Seven Brothers) tumulus – one of a well-known group of early burials of chiefs of the tribe of the Sinds (Fig. 1). During the period under consideration, the Sinds proved to be in the borderland between the Greek and Scythian worlds and established their kingdom here. This situation is clearly reflected in the composition of grave offerings from a burial found here in 1875. The burial dates from the period not later than the mid-fifth century BC. It was partly looted, but, along with horses buried in a special mud-brick chamber and parts of horse gear in the Scythian animal style, it still contained numerous Greek imports: a silver kylix with a magnifi- cent engraving and a gilded representation of the winged Greek goddess of victory, Nike, sitting on a chair and performing the rite of libation; a golden bracelet woven from wire with sculptural snake heads at the terminals; a set of scale armour with a large bronze plate representing the head of Medusa; a black-glazed Attic lekythos with a depiction of an athlete; and many other objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea Communication of Powers
    --- 170 mm + 3 mm + 1 mm nedbrænding --- 26.5 --- 174 mm --- ACH A EMENID I MP A CT IN THE --- BL mm 2x3 A + CK mm SE 240 --- A For 200 years, from the second half of the 6th century BC to the decades before 330 BC, the Persian dynasty of the Achaemenids ruled an enormous empire stretching from the ACHAEMENID IMPACT Mediterranean to Afganistan and India. The Great Kings Dareios I and Xerxes I even tried to conquer Greece and the northern Black Sea, but failed. Why were they interested in the BSS Pontic area? In contrast to rich satrapies, such as Egypt, Phoenicia, and Syria, the Black Sea IN THE BLACK SEA had no prosperous cities to offer. After 479 BC, the Persians acknowledged that the coast 11 and Caucasus formed the natural borders of the empire. Nevertheless, the satraps became involved in the affairs of the Black Sea region in order to safeguard the empire’s frontiers. communication of powers The local inhabitants of the region became bearers and transmitters of Persian culture. Edited by Jens Nieling and Ellen Rehm I S B N 978-87-7934-431-0 9 788779 344310 x x 80644_om_bss11_r1.indd 1 --- 404.5 mm X 276 mm --- 5/10/10 7:49 AM ACHAEMENID IMPACT IN THE BLACK SEA COMMUNICATION OF POWERS 880644_achaemenid_.indd0644_achaemenid_.indd 1 110-05-20100-05-2010 115:15:565:15:56 BLACK SEA STUDIES 11 THE DANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION’S CENTRE FOR BLACK SEA STUDIES 880644_achaemenid_.indd0644_achaemenid_.indd 2 110-05-20100-05-2010 115:16:035:16:03 ACHAEMENID IMPACT IN THE BLACK SEA COMMUNICATION OF POWERS Edited by Jens Nieling and Ellen
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Theses
    Australian National University THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. ANCIENT LITERARY CONCEPTIONS OF EASTERN SCYTHIAN ETHNOGRAPHY FROM THE 7TH TO THE 2ND CENTURY B.C. BY JOHN R. GARDINER-GARDEN A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Australian National University. March 1986. This thesis is entirely my own research. John R. Gardiner-Garden. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to express my thanks to Dr D.H.Kelly for his assistance throughout the researching and writing of Chapters 1 to 14 and to Dr K.H J.Gardiner for his assistance with Chapters 15 and 16. I am also grateful to the Asian Studies Faculty of the Australian National University for helping to finance my field trip to the Soviet Union (July-August and November-December 1983), to all those librarians and scholars in Australia, Finland and the Soviet Union who helped me with my bibliographical researches, and to Mr C.Y.Lee for his calligraphy. PREFACE. Transcriptions. The following transcription system will be used. From Greek. a p y 6 £ [ 0 iK\uv£onp(JTU(p x + u. ab gde zthiklmnxoprstuphkhps o From Russian. a6B,ae3«3H0KAMHonpcT7$x abvdezhzij klmnoprstufkh y H in UJ b LI L 3 10 H ts ch sh shch ' y ' e ju ja From Chinese the Wade-Giles transcription system will be use.
    [Show full text]
  • Theodosia and Its Chora in Antiquity
    Theodosia and its Chora in Antiquity Alexander V. Gavrilov The mastering of south-eastern Crimea by the Greeks, which manifested itself in the foundation of the city of Theodosia in the second half of the 6th century BC, coincided with the final stage of the great wave of Greek colonisation.1 Probably, the majority of the migrants who aspired to the establishing of a new city far from the other Greek apoikiai of the Kimmerian Bosporos, were citizens of Miletos, which was destroyed by the Persians. The fact that by the end of the 7th or the beginning of the 6th century BC the most fertile lands of the eastern Crimea were already occupied by other Greek colonies could be one of the reasons for the founding of Theodosia at a distance from the other Greek cities of the region. The site of ancient Theodosia was identified long ago and its location is not doubted even today.2 It is situated on the shore of a large bay at the foot of the mountain ridge of Tepe-Oba, occupying the so-called “Quarantine Hill” on the southern outskirts of the modern town of Feodosija, not far from the Il’ja Cape. The eastern and north-eastern sides of the height slope down towards the sea as the sides of an amphitheatre would and to the south it is limited by a ravine where a brook flowed. Its northern slopes are relatively gentle and it is probably here that the suburbs of the ancient city were situ- ated. Along the eastern and southern slopes of the hill run the walls reinforced by towers of a medieval citadel.
    [Show full text]