ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE 2 • 2015 Magazine of the German Archaeological Institute Archaeology Worldwide – volume two – Berlin, – DAI November 2015 TITLE STORY THE GIFT PRESENTS, OFFERINGS AND TRIBUTE EVERYDAY ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE Effective learning Iranian Archives The wide horizon The Iraqi-German Cultural heritage Remote sensing Summer Programme groundwork in archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE Places visited in this issue: Tehran. Iran. Cultural Heritage, The Object, pages 22/38 Crimea. Title Story, page 52 Baghdad. Iraq. Everyday Archaeology, pages 74/80 Athens. Greece. Title Story, page 48 Bergama. Turkey. Title Story, page 56 Dahshur. Egypt. Title Story, page 44 Rome. Italy. Title Story, page 64 Europe. Landscape, page 30 Patara. Turkey. Title Story, page 60 COVER PHOTO Detail of the large relief frieze from the val- ley temple of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur. The female figures bearing gifts are per- sonifications of estates paying tribute to the pharaoh. The procession is ordered geographically and shows the organiza- tion of ancient Egypt into domains and nomes. The gifts depicted on the frieze are meat, fruit, cereals and spices, offered as provisions to the late pharaoh. Photo: Ahmed Amin, DAI Cairo EDITORIAL DEAR READERS, We have had occasion to reflect in recent It may be that an awareness of owing weeks on what we, as members of a global something to others was more common in community, owe to each other. Tracing the the ancient world than in today‘s. Great act of gift-giving back through the millen- importance was then attached to giving nia, archaeology leads us to the realization gifts and paying tribute, both on the inter- that no culture could have reached its national level and within one‘s own com- greatest flowering without the gifts of munity. Gifts to the gods were intended to another or of many other cultures. This is ensure the stability of the universe, solicit true of sharing and exchange among con- protection, and win favour. They could temporaries, and also of the inheritance equally serve to confer prestige on the that has come down to us, either donor, or serve as a kind of taxation ena- unchanged throughout the ages or in bling a society, though its government, to much modified and adapted form. Even act in the manner of a state. modern-day technologies and operations which sound more like science fiction than From the outset archaeology has been “simple” innovation and seem to have dis- interested in gift-giving among humans, Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Friederike Fless located us from the recent past – they, too, between humans and gods, between President of the German would be unthinkable without cultural states and entire cultural zones, and has Archaeological Institute techniques developed thousands of years explored the full spectrum of its functions Photo: Kuckertz ago in the ancient world and handed down and meanings. to us. Without number and writing systems, for instance, we wouldn‘t be who we are. For this reason, gift-giving in all its facets But all too often we forget that it wasn‘t us has been chosen as the general theme of who invented these gifts in the first place. this issue of Archaeology Worldwide. Every- day Archaeology takes a look at a pro- Writing and counting aren‘t the only cul- gramme being developed over several tural techniques to which we owe our way years whereby Iraqi and German scholars of life and civilization as we know it. When work and learn together. In the Cultural people in the Ancient Near East thousands Heritage section we go inside Iranian of years ago developed arable farming archives, and in the Landscape feature we and animal husbandry, they laid the foun- look down from dizzying heights. dations of our culture too. Many fascinat- ing ancient works of art, that often testify I hope you enjoy reading this issue of our to lively cultural exchange, are today magazine! under special protection as world heritage – as gifts that remind us where we come from and how much we are in other peo- ple‘s debt. Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Friederike Fless ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE _ 1 Panorama EXCAVATION ASSISTANTS Heavy equipment in archaeology CONTENTS 84 THE GIFT PRESENTS, OFFERINGS AND TRIBUTE 30 Landscape THE WIDE HORIZON Remote sensing in archaeology 2 _ ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE 4 NEWS S T 10 NEWS N Civic duties TE on Supporting the work of the German C Archaeological Institute 22 CULTURAL HERITAGE Iranian archives – Cultural heritage groundwork 28 STANDPOINT ess Focus 30 LANDSCAPE The wide horizon – Remote sensing in archaeology CIVIC DUTIES Supporting the work of the DAI 38 THE OBJECT 10 Iconoclasm – A bronze statue in Tehran National Museum 42 TITLE STORY The Gift – Presents, Offerings and Tribute 44 Tribute for the pharaoh – Amassing resources to build up the state 48 Gifts in abundance – Votive offerings at Greek temples 52 Votive offerings at Greek temples – Bosporan kings as Athenian dignitaries 56 Sacred nature – The rock sanctuaries of Pergamon 60 Elite benefactors – The cost of gaining prestige and influence 64 Gifts for the dead – Banquets for the dead, depicted in Roman catacombs 68 Church building in late antiquity – A continuation of Classical euergetism? PORTRAIT 70 Josef Eiwanger 72 Jörg Linstädter 74 EVERYDAY ARCHAEOLOGY THE WIDE HORIZON Effective learning – The Iraqi-German Summer Programme Remote sensing in archaeology 80 LOCATION The Tehran Branch Cultural Heritage 84 LOCATION IRANIAN ARCHIVES The Tehran Branch 22 Cultural heritage groundwork 88 MASTHEAD ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE _ 3 News Archaeology - Unexpected revelations. Aerial view of a field near Strakov in the Czech Republic. Photo: Gojda, Universität Pilsen 4 _ ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE WS NE Archaeology from space - An archaeologist‘s workplace is no longer to the DLR scientists to illustrate their “only” the trench, the museum, the library work, and explained how and in what and more recently the laboratory. Space areas remote sensing data were applied. has to some extent become his or her The EOC experts in return presented the sphere as well now. In modern archaeol- latest developments in the field of remote ogy, data acquired by remote sensing is sensing by satellite. indispensable in finding, documenting and analysing archaeological features in The view from above is a crucial tool in the landscape. landscape archaeology, which seeks to identify the interaction of humans with In July 2015, a landscape archaeology their environment from various perspec- study group from the DAI visited the Earth tives. Human interaction can pose a direct Gathering of specialists in Observation Center (EOC) of the German threat to the survival of monuments as a Oberpfaffenhofen. Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffen- result of urban development, the extrac- Photo: Posluschny, RGK hofen, Bavaria. The purpose of the visit tion of resources, natural disasters and was both to learn about the various earth environmental factors. These threats can observation technologies and their poten- be detected at an early stage, documented tial applications in archaeology, and also and analysed using satellite imagery. to give the EOC specialists a demonstra- tion of how remote sensing data are used A priority at the present time is the docu- in routine archaeological work. mentation and monitoring of cultural assets in crisis zones. “Modern satellite “The remote sensing specialists showed a sensing technology is vital if we are to lot of interest in the way their data and document and, in the long run, preserve methods can be utilized in an apparently the priceless heritage of humanity,” the distant discipline,” said Axel Posluschny president of the DAI, Friederike Fless, from the DAI‘s Roman-Germanic Commis- declares. | sion (RGK). A spokesman for the landscape archaeology study group, he had jointly organized the meeting with Gunter Schreier, deputy director of the EOC. Archaeologists from Istanbul, Berlin, Rome and Frankfurt presented various projects ARCHAEOLOGY WORLDWIDE _ 5 Sensational new find: An oracle at the Kerameikos The Kerameikos of Athens Photo: Stroszeck, DAI Athen The Kerameikos is a district of Athens north-west of the Acropolis. Its name derives from the pottery workshops of antiquity. The ancient cemetery of that name is one of the most significant burial grounds of ancient Greece. Over a hundred years ago, in July 1913, the excavation licence for the famous site was awarded to the Ger- man Archaeological Institute, which had been collaborating in investigations there for 40 years already. After all this time the necropolis still has surprises in store, as the latest discovery shows. The find is considered so sensational that it even occasioned a visit by the Greek Minister of Culture, Nikos Xydakis, accompanied by high-ranking ministerial colleagues. South of the famous Street of the Tombs not far from the archaeo- Excavation director Dr. Stroszeck (left) guides a party of distin- logical museum lie the ruins of the sanctuary of Artemis Soteira. guished visitors around the Kerameikos: the Minister of Culture, Starting in 2012, two projects have been carried out here under Nikos Xydakis, Katharina Schaake from the German Embassy in the direction of Dr. Jutta Stroszeck, one dedicated to sanctuaries Athens, Dr. Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki from the Greek Ministry of and ritual sites and the other exploring water management in the Culture, Dr. Eleni Banou, director of the Ephoria of Athens, and Classical city, focusing on the Kerameikos area. Leonidas Bounias from the Ephoria staff. Photo: Spiegelhalter, DAI Athen The archaeologists examined a conical stone inside the sanctuary. It was found to seal a well approx. 9 metres deep whose shaft was faced with clay cylinders bearing inscriptions. The twenty inscrip- tions all had the same text and allowed the archaeologists to con- clude that the well was sacred to Apollo Paian, “the helper”, who was invoked primarily by the sick.