DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pursuit of Power and Security

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pursuit of Power and Security THE PURSUIT OF POWER AND SECURITY THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND GEOGRAPHY ON ATHENIAN FOREIGN POLICY KRISTIS SERGIDIS, BA, MA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2012 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to define and explore the role of natural resources and the strategic value of geography for Athenian foreign policy, focussing particularly on the fifth and fourth centuries. In spite of the established position of natural resources in studies of Greek economic and political history, there remains no comprehensive treatment of the interrelationship between natural resources and the formulation of Athenian foreign policy. The thesis exploits the approaches established by previous scholarship, advances in epigraphy, modern studies of geography and classical philology to examine these two aspects, focussing primarily on the role of timber, grain, precious metals, red ochre, sea- routes and islands within Athenian foreign policy. Chapter One examines the above resources, always with an eye on their strategic utility for the Athenian state, and identifies a number of regions of Athenian interest. Chapter Two explores the public political discourse within the Athenian polity regarding the nexus between strategic natural resources and foreign policy. Chapter Three continues this theme, considering acquisition through war and diplomacy as methods of access to natural resources. Chapter Four focuses on the ways in which Athens ensured that the necessary cargo did reach safely its harbours. Chapter Five shifts emphasis from natural resources to geography and strategy. Taking Rhodes as a case study it aims to explain how these elements affected the way in which natural resources came into Athens and what this could mean to foreign policy. Chapter Six puts together the various factors discussed in the previous chapters, and examines them within a set period of time. i Acknowledgements This doctoral thesis would not have been possible without the support of a number of people and it is a pleasure to offer special thanks to the following: I am irredeemably indebted to my supervisor Dr Konstantinos Vlassopoulos for all his inspirational guidance and patience throughout this research study. He has been both a teacher and a friend whose keen eye and insightful feedback made this project possible. I would like also to express my gratitude to my second supervisor Prof. Stephen Hodkinson for his invaluable academic comments which elevated the scholarly bar. Similar thanks are offered to Dr Ioannis Tzamtzes, a Roman History professor at the University of Ioannina, who long ago set me on a path that led to this thesis. I am deeply thankful to my parents, Vaso and Andreas, without whose moral and financial support, these years at Nottingham would not have been conceivable. I would also like to thank the Greek Community School of Nottingham and Hemsley Restaurant for their support and for offering me a job which funded four years of painstaking research. To my beloved friends Aaron, Konstantinos, Nicolas, Solonas, Sardos, Theofilos, Phivi, and Julia who contributed, each in their own way, to the successful completion of this dissertation. Anastasia, your kindness, friendship and support made this journey immeasurably easier. Deni, your amity brings colour into my life. Finally, a very big thank you goes especially to George for his unequivocal friendship all these years. ii Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. IV TABLE OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1. STRATEGIC NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................... 24 1.1 Timber, Grain, Precious Metals & Ochre ............................................................. 24 2. STRATEGIC NATURAL RESOURCES AND ATHENIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE ..... 60 2.1 Speeches in Historians ....................................................................................... 62 2.2 Fourth-Century Assembly Speeches ................................................................... 74 2.3 Other evidence of Athenian deliberation concerning natural resources.............. 87 3. METHODS OF ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES ..........................................107 3.1 Philosophy of acquisition: quest for autarkeia and autonomia ......................... 107 3.2 Coercive diplomacy .......................................................................................... 111 3.3 Peaceful diplomacy .......................................................................................... 134 4. PROTECTION POLICIES ...............................................................................154 4.1 Dangers related to trading resources ............................................................... 156 4.2 International treaties: synthekai and symbola .................................................. 159 4.3 Security in harbour and at sea .......................................................................... 172 4.4 Athenian Legislation ......................................................................................... 179 4.5 Security in Athens ............................................................................................ 189 5. STRATEGY, GEOGRAPHY, & TRADE ............................................................198 5.1 Mapping the Aegean ........................................................................................ 199 5.2 The case of Rhodes .......................................................................................... 211 6. NATURAL RESOURCES AS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ........................................239 6.1 Claiming Amphipolis......................................................................................... 241 6.2 Claiming the Chersonese .................................................................................. 247 6.3 Athens in Keos ................................................................................................. 253 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................260 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................269 iii List of Abbreviations ATL Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T., & McGregor, M. F. (1939-1953). The Athenian Tribute Lists, 4 Vols. Princeton – Harvard. AV Austin, M., & Vital-Naquet, P. (1977). Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece: An Introduction. Berkeley - Los Angeles. CAH Cambridge Ancient History. (1961). 2nd Edn. Cambridge. Clara Rhodos Maiuri, A; Jacopi, G; Laurenzi, L, (Eds). (1928-1941). Studi e materiali pubblicati a cura dell' Istituto storico- archeologico di Rodi. 10 vols. Rhodes. EM Epigraphical Museum, Athens. FGrH Jacoby, F. (Ed.). (1923-1958). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin. IG I³ Lewis, D. et al (Eds.), (1981-1998). Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno Anteriores, (3rd edn). Berlin. IG II² Kirchner, J. (1913-1940), (Ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno Posteriores, (2nd edn.), Berlin. IG XII Hiller von Gaertringen, F., (Ed.). (1895), Inscriptiones Graecae, XII. Inscriptiones insularum maris Aegaei praeter Delum, fasc. 1. Inscriptiones Rhodi, Chalces, Carpathi cum Saro, Casi, Berlin. IOSPE Latyshev, V. (Ed.). (1885-1901), Inscriptiones Antiquae Orae Septentrionalis Pontis Euxini Graecae et Latinae, Leningrad. Lindos II Blinkenberg, C. (Ed.). Lindos. Fouilles et recherches, 1902- 1914. Vol. II, Inscriptions, Copenhagen – Berlin. ML Meiggs, R., & Lewis, D. (1988, revised edition), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the end of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford. iv RO Rhodes, P. J. & Osborne, R., (2003). Greek Historical Inscriptions 403-323 BC. Oxford. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. (1923-), Amsterdam. Syll³ Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, (1915-24), 3rd Edn. Leipzig. Tod II Tod, M. N., (1948), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, 403-323 B.C, ii, Oxford. v Table of Figures Figure 1. Greece and the Aegean ............................................................................................... vii Figure 2. Summer winds in the Aegean Sea ............................................................................ 214 Figure 3. Anti-clockwise movement of currents and the inflow from the Atlantic .............. 215 Figure 4. Summer Currents in the Aegean and Eastern Adriatic seas ................................... 216 Figure 5. Rhodes between the areas of grain production and distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea ................................................................................................... 220 vi Hebros River Hieron Thrace Byzantium Chalcedon Paeonia Strymon River Nestos River Propontis Neapolis Myrkinos Thasos Amphipolis Kardia Eion Kyzikos Macedonia Aigospotamoi Lampsakos Sestos Elaious Abydos Phrygia Methone Imbros Rhoiteion Potidaea Pydna Sigeion Lemnos Tenedos Adtamyttion Methymna Eresos Mytilene Mysia Corcyra Skiathos Lesbos Skyros Phocaea Smyrna Lydia Erythrae Euboea Chios Chalcis Lebedos Eretria Notion Ephesos Thebes Oropos Rhamnous Samos Geraestos Caria Athens Keos Iasos Halikarnassos Kaunos Naxos Paros Kos Knidos Physkos Lycia Sparta Syme Rhodes Chalke Ialysos Kameiros
Load more

Recommended publications
  • La Cronologia Del Periplo Del Ponto Eusino Dello Pseudo-Scilace E Gli Interessi Di Atene Nel Mar Nero Nel Iv Secolo A.C
    LA CRONOLOGIA DEL PERIPLO DEL PONTO EUSINO DELLO PSEUDO-SCILACE E GLI INTERESSI DI ATENE NEL MAR NERO NEL IV SECOLO A.C. Giovanni Uggeri 1. Premessa delle ricerche archeologiche e delle scoperte avvenute attor- no al Ponto Eusino. Tanto più che proprio per l’arco crono- e numerose ricerche, soprattutto archeologiche, effettua- logico tra v e iv secolo a.C. possediamo oggi una ricca docu- te più e meno di recente sulle coste attorno al bacino del L mentazione archeologica, che prova le intense relazioni Mar Nero hanno contribuito a circostanziare notevolmente commerciali intercorse tra Greci e Barbari lungo le coste del le nostre conoscenze sugli esiti della colonizzazione greca in Mar Nero, non solo per i meglio esplorati porti di Olbia e Bo- quest’area e sulla vitalità del commercio attico in particola- ristene, Chersoneso e Panticapeo, ma anche per siti minori e re.1 Ne consegue, tra l’altro, che ora possiamo riconsiderare per gli scambi con un profondo retroterra. sotto nuova luce quanto era stato asserito sulla sezione rela- Procederemo dunque ad un breve riesame delle poleis hel- tiva al Ponto Eusino del più antico portolano del Mediterra- lenides segnalate dal portolano, che le elenca procedendo neo.2 dall’uscita del Bosforo verso nord, in senso orario, secondo Malgrado le perplessità avanzate infatti negli ultimi anni, l’andamento che era consueto nel periodo arcaico e che co- non è dubbio che alla base del testo pervenutoci ci sia un por- stituisce quindi un elemento indiscutibile di arcaicità nell’im- tolano, attento non soltanto agli empori del commercio gre- pianto dell’opera; mentre in senso antiorario, a partire dalle co, ma anche ai popoli barbari che si affacciano sulle varie co- coste anatoliche, procederanno i portolani del Mar Nero di ste del Mediterraneo, alle isole e agli scogli, ai promontori epoca romana.
    [Show full text]
  • Monuments Come to East Macedonia and Thrace, a Mansions and Small Piazzas
    Monuments Come to East Macedonia and Thrace, a mansions and small piazzas. Do not forget place where different races, languages and to take a detour for a visit to the Archaeo- religions coexisted for centuries, and dis- logical Museum of Abdera, the birthplace cover its rich cultural mosaic. Indulge in the of Democritus, Protagoras and Leucippus. myth of Thrace, the daughter of Okeanos, After you have also philosophized “your the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, the atomic theory”, travel a short distance to joyful worship of Dionysus in the uncanny Komotini for a guided tour of the Byzantine Kaveirian mysteries. You can begin your wall remnants, since all the neighbouring journey with visiting Drama of wine, where towns in East Macedonia and Thrace are you too can honor Dionysus at his Sanctu- only a short distance apart. Do not miss the ary in Kali Vrysi and then experience the opportunity of seeing the impressive mosa- region’s rich religious closeup at Eikosiphi- ics, the Ancient theatre and the traditional nissa Monastery. Pass under the “Kamares” settlement in Maroneia. Upon arriving at (arches) in Kavala to wander amongst the the seaside Ancient Zone, you can admire city’s exceptional neoclassical buildings and the method for insulating house floors the Tobacco warehouses, which still emit with inverted amphorae or walk along the the smell of tobacco; visit the mansion of Ancient Via Egnatia. Have a close look at Mohammed Ali and discover the ancient the archaeological excavations at Doxipara splendor at the city of Philippi. Live through Tomb, where prominent people were cre- the perfect experience of a performance mated after death and buried together with at the ancient theatre of Philippi or on the their coaches and horses.
    [Show full text]
  • Attic Inscriptions Online Website
    Attic Inscriptions: Education Teachers’ Notes on OCR A-LEVEL ANCIENT HISTORY Attic Inscriptions for the Greece Period Study These notes offer introductory commentaries on ancient Athenian inscriptions relevant to the Greece Period Study, ‘Relations between Greek states and between Greek and non-Greek states, 492–404 BC’. They are aimed at teachers in the hope that they provide guidance on the relevance of ancient Athenian inscriptions to the specification and also some insight into the application and analysis of inscriptions as sources for ancient Greek history. We focus on eight selected inscriptions. Three are prescribed sources for the specification, while five are non-prescribed. The non-prescribed sources allow teachers to widen their students’ knowledge; moreover, it should be remembered that candidates can be credited equally for using prescribed and non-prescribed sources in their answers, and we feel that these five sources offer a great deal for teachers and students to work with. The notes were written by Peter Liddel and James Renshaw, drawing upon the translations and commentaries of S.D. Lambert and others on the Attic Inscriptions Online website. We welcome comments on this material or ideas for their expansion: [email protected] Prescribed Sources: 1. Athenian Tribute List (454/3) 2. Athenian relations with Chalkis (446/5 (or 424/3?) 3. Decrees about reassessment of Tribute (Thoudippos’ decrees) (425/4) Non-Prescribed sources: 4. Memorial of Athenian war dead (460-59) 5. Regulations for Erythrai (454-450) 6. Foundation of colony at Brea (c. 440-432) 7. Financial decrees (Kallias’ decrees) (434/3?) 8.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
    historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean Culture
    Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture By Antonije Shkokljev Slave Nikolovski – Katin Translated from Macedonian to English and edited By Risto Stefov Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2013 by Antonije Shkokljev, Slave Nikolovski – Katin & Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Index Index........................................................................................................3 COMMON HISTORY AND FUTURE ..................................................5 I - GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BALKANS.........8 II - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES .........................................10 III - EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE PANNONIAN ONOMASTICS.......11 IV - DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOGRAPHY IN THE BALKANS....33 V – THRACE ........................................................................................37 VI – PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA....................................................41 VII - THESSALY - PREHISTORIC AEOLIA.....................................62 VIII – EPIRUS – PELASGIAN TESPROTIA......................................69 IX – BOEOTIA – A COLONY OF THE MINI AND THE FLEGI .....71 X – COLONIZATION
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Athenian Democracy.Pdf
    Rethinking Athenian Democracy A dissertation presented by Daniela Louise Cammack to The Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Political Science Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2013 © 2013 Daniela Cammack All rights reserved. Professor Richard Tuck Daniela Cammack Abstract Conventional accounts of classical Athenian democracy represent the assembly as the primary democratic institution in the Athenian political system. This looks reasonable in the light of modern democracy, which has typically developed through the democratization of legislative assemblies. Yet it conflicts with the evidence at our disposal. Our ancient sources suggest that the most significant and distinctively democratic institution in Athens was the courts, where decisions were made by large panels of randomly selected ordinary citizens with no possibility of appeal. This dissertation reinterprets Athenian democracy as “dikastic democracy” (from the Greek dikastēs, “judge”), defined as a mode of government in which ordinary citizens rule principally through their control of the administration of justice. It begins by casting doubt on two major planks in the modern interpretation of Athenian democracy: first, that it rested on a conception of the “wisdom of the multitude” akin to that advanced by epistemic democrats today, and second that it was “deliberative,” meaning that mass discussion of political matters played a defining role. The first plank rests largely on an argument made by Aristotle in support of mass political participation, which I show has been comprehensively misunderstood. The second rests on the interpretation of the verb “bouleuomai” as indicating speech, but I suggest that it meant internal reflection in both the courts and the assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade and Tribute: Byzantion and the Black Sea Straits
    Trade and Tribute: Byzantion and the Black Sea Straits Vincent Gabrielsen Introduction One of the striking sights at the Bosporos today is the sheer number of mer- chant vessels lying at anchor at its entrance, waiting to pass through – a re- minder of and a testimony to the passage’s ages-old importance to commercial traffic. In Antiquity, a similar sight would have been seen from the polis of Byzantion. Situated as it was at the southern entrance of the Straits, on their European side (in the Golden Horn promontory), it afforded a spectacular view of the ships making their way in and out of the Black Sea. Outside the Black Sea proper, Byzantion played a crucial role in the economic life of that region and also in that of the Mediterranean. Control over the Straits (or the Thracian Bosporos), which connected the two major seas, was of course what gave Byzantion its importance, from its foundation by (mainly) Megarian colonists in ca. 660 BC, to Roman times and well beyond.1 A clear illustration of this is provided by Polybios’ well-known account of events in the second half of the 3rd century BC (Polyb. 4.38.1-10, 45-52). The main points of this account are as follows: In 220 BC, Byzantion became enmeshed in a war with a powerful Aegean city, Rhodos, and with a powerful Black Sea monarch, Prusias I of Bithynia. As Polybios makes clear, this political crisis had chiefly been caused by an economic crisis. For some time, Byzantion had been paying heavy tribute – 80 talents a year – to the neighbouring Gauls, who under the ruler Comonto- rius had established the Tylian Kingdom in the area of the former Odrysian Kingdom in Thrace.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY and WAR: the CASE of ANCIENT ATHENS David M
    THE SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND WAR: THE CASE OF ANCIENT ATHENS David M. Pritchard (University of Queensland) Introduction This edited collection significantly advances our understanding of the two-way relationship of causation between democracy and war in world history. In particular it explores the almost entirely neglected question of the impact of the democracy of the classical Athenians on their waging of war. Today ancient Athens is not widely known for its intensification and transformation of war-making among the Greeks. It is famous instead for what is arguably the most fully developed democracy of pre- modern times and for its innovative culture, which helped lay the foundations for the arts, literature and sciences of the ancient and modern worlds. In 508/7 BC the Athenian dmos (‘people’) rose up against a leader who was once again aiming for tyranny, expelled him and the foreign troops backing his attempt, and arrested and executed his upper-class supporters (Ath. Pol. 20.1-21.2; Herodotus 5.65.5-74.1).1 They could no longer tolerate the internecine struggles of the elite and demanded an active role in the decision-making of the city. This was quickly realised by the reforms of Cleisthenes, which made the assembly and a new popular council of five- hundred members the final arbiters of public actions and laws.2 By the early 450s the people had consolidated their new dmokratia (‘democracy’) by making decisions on an increasing range of public affairs and by taking over entirely the administration of justice and the oversight of magistrates (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 BC Exiles
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1971 Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality Peter Karavites Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Karavites, Peter, "Problems in Athenian Democracy 510-480 B. C. Exiles: A Case of Political Irrationality" (1971). Dissertations. Paper 1192. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1192 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1971 Peter. Karavites PROBLEMS IN ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY 510-480 B.C. EXILES A Case of Political Irrationality A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty o! the Department of History of Loyola University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy b;y Peter Karavites ?ROBLEt'.n IN ATP.EHIA:rT n:s::ocRACY 5'10-480 n.c. EXIL:ffi: A case in Politioal Irrationality Peter·KARAVIT~ Ph.D. Loyola UniVGl'Sity, Chicago, 1971 This thesis is m attempt to ev"aluate the attitude of the Athenian demos during the tormative years of the Cleisthenian democracy. The dissertation tries to trace the events of the period from the mpul­ sion of Hippian to the ~ttle of Sal.amis. Ma.tural.ly no strict chronological sequence can be foll.amtd.. The events are known to us only f'ragmen~. some additional archaeological Wormation has trickled dcmn to us 1n the last tro decad.all 11h1ch shed light on the edating historical data prO\Tided ma:1nly by Herodotus md Arletotle.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean Culture
    ANTONIJE SHKOKLJEV SLAVE NIKOLOVSKI - KATIN PREHISTORY CENTRAL BALKANS CRADLE OF AEGEAN CULTURE Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture By Antonije Shkokljev Slave Nikolovski – Katin Translated from Macedonian to English and edited By Risto Stefov Prehistory - Central Balkans Cradle of Aegean culture Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2013 by Antonije Shkokljev, Slave Nikolovski – Katin & Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Index Index........................................................................................................3 COMMON HISTORY AND FUTURE ..................................................5 I - GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BALKANS.........8 II - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES .........................................10 III - EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE PANNONIAN ONOMASTICS.......11 IV - DEVELOPMENT OF PALEOGRAPHY IN THE BALKANS....33 V – THRACE ........................................................................................37 VI – PREHISTORIC MACEDONIA....................................................41 VII - THESSALY - PREHISTORIC AEOLIA.....................................62 VIII – EPIRUS – PELASGIAN TESPROTIA......................................69
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Money in Wartime
    1 THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME Second Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania Tirana, 20 September 2018 II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania - THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME 2 Published by: © Bank of Albania Address: Sheshi “Skënderbej”, Nr.1, Tirana, Albania Tel.: + 355 4 2419301/2/3; + 355 4 2419401/2/3 Fax: + 355 4 2419408 E-mail: [email protected] Printed in: 300 copies ISBN 978-9928-262-28-8 Data from this publication may be used, provided the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in the presentations to BoA’s conference on “The role of money in wartime” are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Bank of Albania. THE ROLE OF MONEY IN WARTIME - II Conference of the Museum of the Bank of Albania 3 CONTENTS WELCOME ADDRESS 5 Gent Sejko, Governor of the Bank of Albania OPENING REMARKS 9 Elisabeta Gjoni, First Deputy Governor of the Bank of Albania MINTING OF ILLYRIAN COINS IN WARTIME 13 Special guest: Prof. Olivier Picard, Former Director of the French Archaeological school at Athens, Professor at the Sorbonne University, Member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (Institute of France) SESSION I: ANTIQUITY Session Chair: Prof. Dr. Shpresa Gjongecaj, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies COINAGE AND WAR IN THE TERRITORY OF SOUTH ILLYRIA (IV-I CENTURY BC) 25 Dr. Albana Meta, Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanological Studies COINAGE IN ANCIENT WARRIOR EXCHANGE SYSTEMS BETWEEN GREEKS AND NON-GREEKS 39 Dr. Aliénor Rufin Solas, Sorbonne Université, Paris SESSION II: MIDDLE AGES AND POST-MIDDLE AGES Session Chair: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Myths and Legends Pdf Free Download
    GREEK MYTHS AND LEGENDS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Cheryl Evans | 64 pages | 08 Jan 2008 | Usborne Publishing Ltd | 9780746087190 | English | London, United Kingdom Greek Myths and Legends PDF Book It is thought that she took the Golden Age of Man with her when she left for the heavens in disgust. Eventually, he fell in love with and married Eurydice, but on their wedding day, she was bitten by a snake and died. His wandering lasted for no less than ten years! Next, it was the turn of goddess Athena. Also the trojan war they missed a part. They are naturally drawn to the land. As soon as the bull reached the beach, it ran into the water. While most ancient cultures were taught to fear their gods, the Greeks tried to make their gods relatable by giving them human-like qualities. Leto in ancient myths of Greece was the representation of motherhood. Out of pity, Athena transformed her into a spider, so she could continue weaving without having to break her oath. This tragic story has inspired many painters and it is the basic concept for many operas and songs. Once he came of age he tried to reclaim the throne. Oedipus, upon realizing what he had done and seeing Jocasta's dead body, stabbed his eyes out and was exiled. They are very similar, and Aphrodite and Eros escape from Typhon safely due to the help of two fish. It was Hercules first trial where he was given the task of finding and then killing the Nemean Lion. They have a lot in common.
    [Show full text]