THE PURSUIT OF POWER AND SECURITY THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND GEOGRAPHY ON ATHENIAN FOREIGN POLICY KRISTIS SERGIDIS, BA, MA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2012 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to define and explore the role of natural resources and the strategic value of geography for Athenian foreign policy, focussing particularly on the fifth and fourth centuries. In spite of the established position of natural resources in studies of Greek economic and political history, there remains no comprehensive treatment of the interrelationship between natural resources and the formulation of Athenian foreign policy. The thesis exploits the approaches established by previous scholarship, advances in epigraphy, modern studies of geography and classical philology to examine these two aspects, focussing primarily on the role of timber, grain, precious metals, red ochre, sea- routes and islands within Athenian foreign policy. Chapter One examines the above resources, always with an eye on their strategic utility for the Athenian state, and identifies a number of regions of Athenian interest. Chapter Two explores the public political discourse within the Athenian polity regarding the nexus between strategic natural resources and foreign policy. Chapter Three continues this theme, considering acquisition through war and diplomacy as methods of access to natural resources. Chapter Four focuses on the ways in which Athens ensured that the necessary cargo did reach safely its harbours. Chapter Five shifts emphasis from natural resources to geography and strategy. Taking Rhodes as a case study it aims to explain how these elements affected the way in which natural resources came into Athens and what this could mean to foreign policy. Chapter Six puts together the various factors discussed in the previous chapters, and examines them within a set period of time. i Acknowledgements This doctoral thesis would not have been possible without the support of a number of people and it is a pleasure to offer special thanks to the following: I am irredeemably indebted to my supervisor Dr Konstantinos Vlassopoulos for all his inspirational guidance and patience throughout this research study. He has been both a teacher and a friend whose keen eye and insightful feedback made this project possible. I would like also to express my gratitude to my second supervisor Prof. Stephen Hodkinson for his invaluable academic comments which elevated the scholarly bar. Similar thanks are offered to Dr Ioannis Tzamtzes, a Roman History professor at the University of Ioannina, who long ago set me on a path that led to this thesis. I am deeply thankful to my parents, Vaso and Andreas, without whose moral and financial support, these years at Nottingham would not have been conceivable. I would also like to thank the Greek Community School of Nottingham and Hemsley Restaurant for their support and for offering me a job which funded four years of painstaking research. To my beloved friends Aaron, Konstantinos, Nicolas, Solonas, Sardos, Theofilos, Phivi, and Julia who contributed, each in their own way, to the successful completion of this dissertation. Anastasia, your kindness, friendship and support made this journey immeasurably easier. Deni, your amity brings colour into my life. Finally, a very big thank you goes especially to George for his unequivocal friendship all these years. ii Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. IV TABLE OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1. STRATEGIC NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................... 24 1.1 Timber, Grain, Precious Metals & Ochre ............................................................. 24 2. STRATEGIC NATURAL RESOURCES AND ATHENIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE ..... 60 2.1 Speeches in Historians ....................................................................................... 62 2.2 Fourth-Century Assembly Speeches ................................................................... 74 2.3 Other evidence of Athenian deliberation concerning natural resources.............. 87 3. METHODS OF ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES ..........................................107 3.1 Philosophy of acquisition: quest for autarkeia and autonomia ......................... 107 3.2 Coercive diplomacy .......................................................................................... 111 3.3 Peaceful diplomacy .......................................................................................... 134 4. PROTECTION POLICIES ...............................................................................154 4.1 Dangers related to trading resources ............................................................... 156 4.2 International treaties: synthekai and symbola .................................................. 159 4.3 Security in harbour and at sea .......................................................................... 172 4.4 Athenian Legislation ......................................................................................... 179 4.5 Security in Athens ............................................................................................ 189 5. STRATEGY, GEOGRAPHY, & TRADE ............................................................198 5.1 Mapping the Aegean ........................................................................................ 199 5.2 The case of Rhodes .......................................................................................... 211 6. NATURAL RESOURCES AS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ........................................239 6.1 Claiming Amphipolis......................................................................................... 241 6.2 Claiming the Chersonese .................................................................................. 247 6.3 Athens in Keos ................................................................................................. 253 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................260 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................269 iii List of Abbreviations ATL Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T., & McGregor, M. F. (1939-1953). The Athenian Tribute Lists, 4 Vols. Princeton – Harvard. AV Austin, M., & Vital-Naquet, P. (1977). Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece: An Introduction. Berkeley - Los Angeles. CAH Cambridge Ancient History. (1961). 2nd Edn. Cambridge. Clara Rhodos Maiuri, A; Jacopi, G; Laurenzi, L, (Eds). (1928-1941). Studi e materiali pubblicati a cura dell' Istituto storico- archeologico di Rodi. 10 vols. Rhodes. EM Epigraphical Museum, Athens. FGrH Jacoby, F. (Ed.). (1923-1958). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin. IG I³ Lewis, D. et al (Eds.), (1981-1998). Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno Anteriores, (3rd edn). Berlin. IG II² Kirchner, J. (1913-1940), (Ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno Posteriores, (2nd edn.), Berlin. IG XII Hiller von Gaertringen, F., (Ed.). (1895), Inscriptiones Graecae, XII. Inscriptiones insularum maris Aegaei praeter Delum, fasc. 1. Inscriptiones Rhodi, Chalces, Carpathi cum Saro, Casi, Berlin. IOSPE Latyshev, V. (Ed.). (1885-1901), Inscriptiones Antiquae Orae Septentrionalis Pontis Euxini Graecae et Latinae, Leningrad. Lindos II Blinkenberg, C. (Ed.). Lindos. Fouilles et recherches, 1902- 1914. Vol. II, Inscriptions, Copenhagen – Berlin. ML Meiggs, R., & Lewis, D. (1988, revised edition), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the end of the Fifth Century B.C. Oxford. iv RO Rhodes, P. J. & Osborne, R., (2003). Greek Historical Inscriptions 403-323 BC. Oxford. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. (1923-), Amsterdam. Syll³ Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, (1915-24), 3rd Edn. Leipzig. Tod II Tod, M. N., (1948), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, 403-323 B.C, ii, Oxford. v Table of Figures Figure 1. Greece and the Aegean ............................................................................................... vii Figure 2. Summer winds in the Aegean Sea ............................................................................ 214 Figure 3. Anti-clockwise movement of currents and the inflow from the Atlantic .............. 215 Figure 4. Summer Currents in the Aegean and Eastern Adriatic seas ................................... 216 Figure 5. Rhodes between the areas of grain production and distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea ................................................................................................... 220 vi Hebros River Hieron Thrace Byzantium Chalcedon Paeonia Strymon River Nestos River Propontis Neapolis Myrkinos Thasos Amphipolis Kardia Eion Kyzikos Macedonia Aigospotamoi Lampsakos Sestos Elaious Abydos Phrygia Methone Imbros Rhoiteion Potidaea Pydna Sigeion Lemnos Tenedos Adtamyttion Methymna Eresos Mytilene Mysia Corcyra Skiathos Lesbos Skyros Phocaea Smyrna Lydia Erythrae Euboea Chios Chalcis Lebedos Eretria Notion Ephesos Thebes Oropos Rhamnous Samos Geraestos Caria Athens Keos Iasos Halikarnassos Kaunos Naxos Paros Kos Knidos Physkos Lycia Sparta Syme Rhodes Chalke Ialysos Kameiros