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Political Culture in the Cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in the City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2020 Political Culture in the Cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in the "Long Hellenistic Age" Emyr Dakin The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3845 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] POLITICAL CULTURE IN THE CITIES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION IN THE “LONG HELLENISTIC AGE” by Emyr Dakin A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2020 © 2020 Emyr Dakin All Rights Reserved ii Political Culture in the Cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in the “Long Hellenistic Age” by Emyr Dakin This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Classics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Jennifer Roberts Chair of Examining Committee Date Jennifer Roberts Acting Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Angelos Chaniotis, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Dee Clayman Joel Lidov THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Political Culture in the Cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in the “Long Hellenistic Age” by Emyr Dakin Advisor: Jennifer Roberts The purpose of this study is to examine the political culture of the Greek North Pontic cities of Olbia and Chersonesos through a rhetorical analysis of the honorary decrees passed by their respective ekklesiai during the Long Hellenistic Age (third century BCE until the mid-third century CE). The study seeks to achieve two main goals: to examine these decrees to understand the political framework of the two cities; and to understand the relationship between the elite recipients of the honors and the demos that awarded them. This investigation employs evidence from early fourth century BCE until the incorporation of the two cities into Roman province of Lower Moesia—during reign of the Emperor Hadrian. The thesis examines the decrees as texts and moves from the macro to the micro—from the institutional, social, and political framework of the two cities; to the ideas and values they espouse; and to the semantic and syntactic choices made by each composer of a decree. The study uses the additional evidence of the ancient commentators on rhetoric in order not only to recognize, but also to understand the choices made by each text’s author. These ancient iv commentators include: Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and the progymnasmata, contemporary handbooks on rhetoric. It is the final contention of this study that the decrees are ultimately products of a rhetorical education that only the wealthy could afford. The selected epigraphical evidence of honorary decrees from the Greek cities of Olbia and Chersonesos indicate that these Hellenistic democratic poleis were, in fact, de facto oligarchies throughout the examined period. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My return to Classics began with a fortuitous meeting with Professor Dee Clayman, to whom I will be forever thankful. I owe her and many others at CUNY a great debt. Special thanks also go to Professor Ronnie Ancona, who continues to provide me with valuable advice and encouragement. Through her classes, Professor Jennifer Roberts helped me deepen my understanding of the Greek and Roman world. I feel privileged that she agreed to chair my dissertation committee. Professor Joel Lidov also deserves special thanks, not only for coming out of retirement to join my committee, but also for giving me my first job in academia. My benefactors are many, but it was Professor Stephen Tracy who first introduced me to Professor Angelos Chaniotis at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). That initial meeting sparked my deep interest in this area of study and led to the completion of this dissertation. Professor Chaniotis has been an incredibly patient and generous mentor. As well as advising me on my thesis, he granted me access to the IAS’ library and databases, as well as its lectures. Professor Chaniotis also included me in a tour of Turkey with a small international team of students and scholars. It was an unforgettable experience that helped to significantly expand my understanding of the ancient world. It was on this trip that I met Florian Forster. He kindly shared a copy of his 2018 work, Die Polis im Wandel, before its publication. The book is widely cited in this thesis, so I am thankful for Florian’s magnanimity and his many insights. vi I am also grateful to Dimitrios Papanikolaou who generously shared his unpublished 2008 dissertation Rhetorical Receptions of Gorgias: Hegesias and the Asianists. His work on sophistic rhetoric has been tremendously important for my own. Nick Cross has pushed me to co-chair panels at CAAS 2019 and SCS 2020. He read and gave me valuable feedback for those conference papers, which ultimately became important sections of this dissertation. To Giorgos Tsolakis, I offer thanks for his friendship and encouragement. The last words go to Jee Wha and Jago. You are my everything. vii CONTENTS LIST OF APPENDICES x LIST OF TABLES xi CHAPTER ONE: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Honorary Decrees of Olbia and Chersonesos in the Long Hellenistic Age 1 1.1 The Purpose of the Study 1 1.2 The Hellenistic Polis: Past Studies 3 1.3 Honorific Decrees 5 CHAPTER TWO: The Institutional, Social, and Political Context/Framework 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Institutions 16 2.3 Oligarchic Reality 19 2.4 The Demos 22 2.5 External Pressure: Indigenous peoples and nomads, kings, and Romans 25 2.6 Conclusion 36 CHAPTER THREE: Rhetoric as Persuasion I: Values 38 3.1 The Language of Euergetism 38 3.2 The Grande Euergetes 44 3.3 Inner Turmoil: The Statesman as Peacemaker 47 3.4 The Military Leader 48 3.5 The Olbian Decrees from after the City’s Refoundation: Lives Worth Praising 53 3.6 Conclusion 57 CHAPTER FOUR: Rhetoric as Persuasion II: Family Traditions and Family Metaphor 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Heroson, Father of Protogenes, Protogenes, the son of Heroson 59 4.3 Family in Olbia during the Imperial age 60 4.4 Karzoazos, Son of Attalos. A New Man? 63 4.5 Family and Chersonesos: Syriskos, the Son of Herakleidas, the Parthenos, and the Bosporan Kingdom 72 4.6 Proxeny Decrees 73 4.7 Conclusion 75 CHAPTER FIVE: Rhetoric as Performance I: Emotional Arousal 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Fear: The Citizen Oath of Chersonesos 78 5.3 Evidence for Stasis in Olbia and Chersonesos in the early period 80 viii 5.4 Ekphrasis and Enargeia: The Decree for Neikeratos 81 5.5 Ekphrasis, Enargeia, and Paradoxon: The Decree for Diophantos 84 5.6 Ekphrasis, Enargeia, and Paradoxon: The Decree for Protogenes 87 5.7 Funerary Decrees: Controlling the Emotions into the Imperial Period 92 5.8 Familial Emotions in Proxeny Decree from Chersonesos 98 5. 9 The Importance of Joy: The Proxeny Decree for Titus Aurelius Calpurnianus Apollonidas and his Wife, Aurelia Paulina 101 5.10 Conclusion 102 CHAPTER SIX: Rhetoric as Performance II: Style 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 The Decree for Protogenes of Olbia 106 6.2.1 Semantic Effects 106 6.2.2 Syntactic Effects 109 6.3 The Decree for Diophantos 115 6.3.1 Semantic Effects 115 6.3.2 Syntactic Effects 118 6.4 The Decree for Neikeratos 122 6.4.1 Semantic Effects 122 6.4.2 Syntactic Effects 124 6.5 The Decree for Karzoazos, Son of Attalos 129 6.5.1 Semantic Effects 129 6.5.2 Syntactic Effects 133 6.6 The Decree for Theokles, the Son of Satyros 135 6.6.1 Semantic Effects 135 6.6.2 Syntactic Effects 137 6.7 The Decree for Kallisthenes, son of Kallisthenes 139 6.7.1 Semantic Effects 140 6.7.2 Syntactic Effects 140 6.8 The Decree for Titus Aurelius Calpurnianus Apollonidas and his wife Aurelia Paulina 142 6.8.1 Semantic Effects 142 6.8.2 Syntactic Effects 144 6.9 Conclusion 145 CHAPTER SEVEN: Conclusion 149 REFERENCES 203 CONCORDANCE 219 ix APPENDICES APPENDIX A The Decree for Kallinikos, son Euxenos 166 APPENDIX B: The Decree for Protogenes, son of Heroson 167 APPENDIX C: The Decree for Neikeratos, son of Papias 174 APPENDIX D: The Decree for Karzoazos, son of Attalos 177 APPENDIX E: The Decree for Theokles, son Satyros 179 APPENDIX F: The Decree for Kallisthenes , son of Kallithenes 182 APPENDIX G: The Decree for Dados, son of Dados, son of Toumbagos 183 APPENDIX H: The Decree for Dadagos, son of Padagos 184 APPENDIX I: Oath of Chersonesites 186 APPENDIX J: Decree honoring Syriskos, son of Herakleidas 189 APPENDIX K: Decree Honoring Diophantos of Sinope 191 APPENDIX L: Decree Honoring a Citizen of Chersonesos 195 APPENDIX M: Decree Honoring G. Kaios Eutychianos of Sinope 197 APPENDIX N: Decree Honoring Citizens of Herakleia Pontica 199 APPENDIX O: Decree Honoring Titus Aurelius Calpurnianus Apollonidas and his Wife Aurelia Paulina 200 x TABLES TABLE 3.1: Hortatory Clauses from Olbia and Chersonesos 39 TABLE 3.2: Awards from Olbia and Chersonesos 40 TABLE 6.1: Semantic and Syntactic Effects Used for Analysis of Evidence 105 xi ABBREVIATIONS BE Bulletin Épigraphique in Revue des Études Grecques CIRB V. V. Struve, ed., Corpus inscriptionum regni Bosporani (Moscow and Leningrad, 1965) FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker.
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