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Bankia Setacea Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia; Heterodonta the Northwest Or Feathery Shipworm Order: Myoida Family: Teredinidae

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Bankia Setacea Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia; Heterodonta the Northwest Or Feathery Shipworm Order: Myoida Family: Teredinidae Bankia setacea Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia; Heterodonta The northwest or feathery shipworm Order: Myoida Family: Teredinidae Taxonomy: The original binomen for Bankia they are not worms at all!) and bore into many setacea was Xylotrya setacea, described by wooden structures. The common name Tryon in 1863 (Turner 1966). William Leach shipworm is based on their vermiform described several molluscan genera, morphology and a shell that only covers the including Xylotrya, but how his descriptions anterior body (Ricketts and Calvin 1952; see were interpreted varied. Although Menke images in Turner 1966). believed Xylotrya to be a member of the Body: Bizarrely modified bivalve with Pholadidae, Gray understood it as a member reduced, sub-globular body. For internal of the Terdinidae and synonyimized it with the anatomy, see Fig. 1, Canadian…; Fig. 1 genus Bankia, a genus designated by the Betcher et al. 2012. latter author in 1842. Most authors refer to Color: Bankia setacea (e.g. Kozloff 1993; Sipe et al. Interior: The auricle (chamber of the 2000; Coan and Valentich-Scott 2007; heart) is medium sized and rounded. A Betcher et al. 2012; Borges et al. 2012; complex digestion system allows for digestion Davidson and de Rivera 2012), although one of wood, which passes from a short recent paper sites Xylotrya setacea (Siddall et esophagus to an alimentary tract to a al. 2009). Two additional known synonyms stomach and finally a caecum where wood is exist currently, including Bankia osumiensis, broken down by enzymes (for metabolic B. sibirica. compounds see Liu and Townsley 1968, 1970). The caecum is long, blind and has Description thin walls (Fig. 1, Liu and Townsley 1968). Size: The largest of the shipworms, with Exterior: burrows that in one study were found to be up Byssus: to 15mm in diameter and 1m in length Ctenidia (Gills): Eulamellibranchiate (Haderlie and Mellor 1973). Body size can or filamentous and consisting of two layers on vary greatly. The illustrated specimen (Fig. 1) each side of the body. Ctenidia house is small and has shell diameter of 5 mm. symbiotic bacteria that synthesize essential Color: White with brownish tinges. A long nutrients (e.g., amino acids) for the host soft whitish tube connects the calcareous individual (see Associates, Trylek and Allen shell and pallets (Fig. 1) (Haderlie and Abbott 1980). 1980). Shell: The two valves gape widely in front of General Morphology: Bivalve mollusks are the foot and behind the body (Hill and Kofold bilaterally symmetrical with two lateral valves 1927; Haderlie and Abbott 1980). Each small or shells that are hinged dorsally and valve with three lobes including anterior, surround a mantle, head, foot and viscera median (composed of three separate areas), (see Plate 393B, Coan and Valentich-Scott and posterior, or auricle (Figs. 4a, b, c). In B. 2007). Among the bivalves, the Heterodonta setacea, the anterior lobe is fairly small, and are characterized by ctenidia that are has many numerous, close-set ridges. eulamellibranchiate, fused mantle margins Interior: An internal shell projection and the presence of long siphons. Members for foot attachment or apophysis is present of the family Teredinidae are modified for and (Fig. 4b) as well as articulating condyles distiguished by a wood-boring mode of life (pivots) on ventral margins (Haderlie and (Sipe et al. 2000), pallets at the siphon tips Abbott 1980). (see Plate 394C, Coan and Valentich-Scott Exterior: Both valves have a file-like 2007) and distinct anterior shell indentation. exterior surface for rasping wood (Liu and They are commonly called shipworms (though Townsley 1968). Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Bankia setacea. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12743 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected] Hinge: Possible Misidentifications Eyes: Bivalve classification largely is based on ten Foot: Rounded and “sucker-like” (Fig. 1) and characters (Myoida, Coan and Valentich-Scott allows clam to hold onto wood (Haderlie and 2007): morphology of ctenidia, shell interior Abbott 1980). and exterior, foot, byssus, adductor muscles Siphons: Elongate (Heterodonta, Myoida, and stomach; mode of life (e.g., burrowing); Coan and Valentich-Scott 2007) and used for degree of mantle edge fusion; shell feeding and respiration (Haderlie and Abbott mineralogy; molecular phylogenetics. Within 1980). Males differ from females in having the Heterodonta, species have ctenidia that four rows of papillae (each up to 180 µm in are eulamellibranchiate, mantle margins that length, see Fig. 14, Quayle 1992) on the are fused and elongated siphons. This group exhalant siphon, which is sometimes inserted consists of the orders Veneroida, into female siphon at spawning (Haderlie and Pholadomyoida and the Myoida. Veneroids Abbott 1980; Kabat and O’Foighil 1987). The have well-developed hinge teeth, the tip of the inhalant siphon is surrounded by a Pholadomyoida are burrowers with thin shells crown of six short tentacles (no tentacles are and reduced or absent hinge teeth. The present on the exhalant siphon) (Quayle Myoida, to which B. setacea belongs, are 1992). burrowers and borers, with few hinge teeth. Burrow: Sinuous and revealing pattern of There are four local families including Myidae, shell's external grinding surface. Calcareous Corbulidae, Pholadidae and Teredinidae. tube that is produced when individuals stop The Teredinidae can be distinguished boring is sometimes apparent (see Fig. 53, from other myoid families as wood borers with Kozloff 1993). Individuals burrow deep into distinct pallets (Fig. 2) at siphon tips and wooden structures, not just along surface anterior shell indentations. There are only (Haderlie and Mellor 1973) and prefer three local species and B. setacea is easily horizontal surfaces along the mudline recognized as the only species with pallets (Walden et al. 1967). Burrowing is that have an elongate, Y-shaped blade and accomplished by alternating contractions of cone-shaped segments. The remaining two adductor muscles, rocking the clam and species have pallets that are not segmented toothed valves back and forth. The burrow (Kozloff 1993; Coan and Valentich-Scott itself becomes cylindrical as the body of the 2007). clam slowly rotates as it burrows (Fig. 3) Teredo navalis, the common and (Haderlie and Abbott 1980). Burrows can be cosmopolitan shipworm, was introduced to up to a meter long, with burrowing rate from San Francisco around 1910 (Hill and Kofold 43–74 mm per month (Haderlie and Abbott 1927). Teredo navalis has simple, spade- 1980). shaped pallets, without the separate conical elements of B. setacea. Teredo navalis also Teredinidae-specific character causes more damage to wooden structures Pallets: Two calcareous, feather-like than B. setacea, being much more adaptable structures, attached to the posterior end to extremes of temperature and salinity. It is under a fleshy collar (Figs. 1, 2). These usually much smaller than B. setacea and its pallets are used to close the burrow when burrows are nearer the surface. Another animal is disturbed. They are symmetrical, introduced species, Lyrodus pedicellatus, compound, elongated, blade-like structures occurs locally and differs from T. navalis by and consist of cone-shaped segments (Fig. having more periostracum covering the distal 2). They are paired, Y-shaped and stacked half of the pallet, rather than a pallet that is such that the smallest and oldest pallet is almost entirely calcareous (Coan and most distal from the individual’s body (Fig. 10, Valentich-Scott 2007). Lyrodus pedicellatus Quayle 1992). Pallets may be extracted from also has narrower pallets than T. navalis and visualized in dead animals (Hill and (Quayle 1992). Other Bankia species are Kofold 1927). warm water animals, and do not range north of San Diego (Hill and Kofold 1927). Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Bankia setacea. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Ecological Information individuals in shallower water (Hill and Kofold Range: Type locality is San Francisco Bay, 1927). California (Turner 1966). Known range from Bering Sea, Alaska to southern Baja Life-History Information California (Haderlie and Abbott 1980). Reproduction: Oviparous (Coe 1941). Local Distribution: Oregon distribution Bankia setacea exhibits protandric along open coasts and in estuaries including consecutive hermaphroditism, where all Yaquina (Betcher et al. 2012) and Coos Bays young begin as males and about half develop and the Charleston boat basin. into females later in life (Coe 1941; Haderlie Habitat: Wood that is floating or in piles, but and Abbott 1980; Kabat and O’Foighil 1987). individuals do not burrow in buried wood Oocytes are 47–50 µm in diameter and sperm (Haderlie and Abbott 1980). Great efforts heads are 5 µm in length. Fertilization occurs have been made to discourage settlement outside burrows during coldest temperatures and destruction of coastal man-made wooden and in full strength salinity. Self-fertilization is structures. Some repellents slow, but do not possible (Coe 1941; Kabat and O’Foighil completely deter the shipworm. (see also 1987). Spawning occurs year-round with Behavior). peaks in Feb–May (Washington, Kabat and Salinity: Prefers full strength sea water O’Foighil 1987) and fall and spring (southern (particularly for spawning, Kabat and California, Coe 1941) and can be triggered by O’Foighil 1987) of open oceans and doesn't a rapid change in water temperature or tolerate reduced salinity (Ricketts and Calvin salinity (Quayle 1992). The complete 1971). Can survive in salinities up to 50 development of B.
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