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Diaspora Organisations and Their Development Potential

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Diaspora Organisations and Their Development Potential Discussion Paper No. 200 September 2016 Diaspora organisations and their development potential An analysis of Ghanaian diaspora organisations in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands by Antony Otieno Ong’ayo www.ecdpm.org/dp200 ECDPM – EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY MANAGEMENT Diaspora organisations and their development potential An analysis of Ghanaian diaspora organisations in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands Antony Otieno Ong’ayo September 2016 Key messages Integration, stability and From a development Collective diaspora A policy framework that improved capacity in the cooperation policy activities are one of the seeks to achieve country of destination are perspective, diaspora positive aspects of coherence among important prerequisites initiatives might seem migration that can be different institutions at the for transnational to compete with the used to address local different levels at which initiatives targeting the activities of challenges in the EU diasporas operate could country of origin. mainstream such as ageing help to ensure that development population, the diaspora activities agencies, but there is transformations complement local actually evidence that generated by migration initiatives. their input may be flows and the demand for complementary. skilled labour. Discussion Paper No. 200 www.ecdpm.org/dp200 ii Discussion Paper No. 200 www.ecdpm.org/dp200 Table of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................ iv 1.Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2.Ghanaian diasporas in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands .................................................................. 3 3.The institutional, policy and legislative environment .................................................................................... 8 The UK .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Germany ............................................................................................................................................. 10 The Netherlands ................................................................................................................................. 11 Concluding words ............................................................................................................................... 11 4.Ghanaian organisations in the countries of residence ............................................................................... 12 Types of organisation ......................................................................................................................... 12 Motives ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Organisational characteristics ............................................................................................................. 13 Themes ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Activities .............................................................................................................................................. 15 5.Diaspora engagement and participation in the EU and member states .................................................... 15 The role of integration and participation ............................................................................................. 15 Consultative mechanisms ................................................................................................................... 17 Welfare in the destination countries .................................................................................................... 17 Social policy ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Levels of engagement ........................................................................................................................ 20 Development outcomes in the country of origin ................................................................................. 21 Partnerships and networks ................................................................................................................. 22 6.Political opportunity structures in the destination countries and their implications for transnational activities .............................................................................................................................................. 22 7.Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 24 8.Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 26 References .................................................................................................................................................... 27 List of interviews ............................................................................................................................................ 33 List of Figures Figure 1: Top five destination countries for Ghanaians in the EU 1990-2010 ................................................ 4 Figure 2: Geographic distribution of Ghanaian population in the UK by region.............................................. 5 Figure 3: Geographic distribution of Ghanaian population in the UK by district/town .................................... 6 Figure 4: Geographic distribution of Ghanaian population in Germany by region .......................................... 6 Figure 5: Geographic distribution of Ghanaian population in the 12 Dutch provinces ................................... 7 Figure 6: Ghanaians in the five big Dutch cities ............................................................................................. 8 Figure 7: Motives for setting up collective diaspora organisations ............................................................... 13 Figure 8: Migrant Integration Policy Index (2015) ......................................................................................... 16 Figure 9: Development outcomes of diaspora collective initiatives .............................................................. 20 Figure 10: Overview of types of organisation, activities and level of implementation .................................. 20 iii Discussion Paper No. 200 www.ecdpm.org/dp200 Acronyms ASDA African Social Development Aid BAMF German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees CHAT Community Health Action Trust Cordaid Catholic Organisation for Relief and Development Aid DFID UK Department for International Development ECDPM European Centre for Development Policy Management EU European Union FRIDE Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GLN Ghanaian Londoners Network GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HTA Hometown organisation IOM International Organisation for Migration MIPEX Migrant Integration Policy Index NCDO National Committee for International Corporation and Sustainable Development NGO Non-governmental organisation NOMRA Network of Migration Research in Africa ODI Overseas Development Institute RECOGIN Representative Council of Ghanaian Organizations in the Netherlands STAND Stichting Africa Next Door UGAG Union of Ghanaian Associations in Germany UK United Kingdom UN DESA United Nationsl Department of Economic and Social Affairs USA United States of America VOSAW Voice of Sub-Saharan African Women iv Discussion Paper No. 200 www.ecdpm.org/dp200 1. Introduction The heightened impact of international migration in both the countries of destination and the countries of origin highlights the significance of human mobility in the migration and development debates (Nyberg- Sørensen, 2012; Nyberg-Sørensen et al. 2002). The link between migration and development derives from the centrality of transnational diaspora activities and their translocal development outcomes (Zoomers and Van Westen, 2011). The development potential is reflected by the increased volume of financial remittances (World Bank, 2009), and various forms of social remittances (Levitt, 1998). These resources largely emanate from individual and collective initiatives, with the countries of origin as the main focus. The issue of migration has received a great deal of attention in destination countries due to the perceived challenges in terms of demographic shifts, pressure on the welfare system, integration and participation, global competition for skilled labour (Ong’ayo et al. 2010), the increasing multiculturality of many towns and cities in the EU, and the large flows of refugees in need of protection seeking to cross the EU’s southern borders. These concerns inform the sharper focus on migration policies aimed at managing migration flows (Boswell, 2007). They also provide an impetus for a re-examination of the development potential of diasporas in a framework that looks at their contributions from both a ‘here’ and a ‘there’ perspective. At the same time, it is
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