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A CRITICAL COMPANION

Sharon Kinoshita and Peggy McCracken MARIE DE FRANCE A CRITICAL COMPANION

SHARON KINOSHITA and PEGGY McCRACKEN

D. S. BREWER © Sharon Kinoshita and Peggy McCracken 2012

All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner

The right of Sharon Kinoshita and Peggy McCracken to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

First published 2012 D. S. Brewer, Cambridge Paperback edition 2014

ISBN 978 1 84384 301 6 hardback ISBN 978 1 84384 373 3 paperback

D. S. Brewer is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP 12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620-2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library

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This publication is printed on acid-free paper CONTENTS

Preface vii Note on Editions ix

1. Introduction: The World of Marie de France 1 2. Communication, Transmission, and Interpretation: Literary 17 History 3. Courtly Love and Feudal Society: Historical Context 51 4. Movement and Mobility: Plot 113 5. Bodies and Embodiment: Characters 143 6. Repetition and the Art of Variation: Narrative Techniques 173 7. Posterity: The Afterlives of Marie’s Works 201

Further Reading 219

Index 225 INDEX

Abelard and Heloise 4 Erec et Enide 9, 25n. 13, 28, 80 Adeliza of Louvain, queen of England 8 Lancelot (Chevalier de la charrete) Aesop, Aesopic tradition 20, 35-6, 54 39-40, 91 Yvain (Chevalier au lion) 53 Ailred of Rievaulx 46 Christianity 146, 149 Alexander, king of Scotland 46 Cistercians 47, 105, 106 Alexander of Neckam 35 Clémence of Hungary, queen of France Anglo-Norman 6, 8 39 Anglo-Saxon 6, 8, 42 clerical culture 52-3 animals 144-52, 154-7, 158-9 corporeality 165, 167 authorship 173 courtly love 54-6, 65-6, 174, 177-8, biographical identification 1-3, 11 185 internal author 29-31 Cuthbert, Saint 47

Barking Abbey 3, 4 David, king of Scotland 46, 47 Barlaam and Josaphat 38, 39 Denis Piramus 206 beauty 56, 60, 62, 143. 144, 145 Disciplina Clericalis see Petrus Alfonsi Becket, Marie 2-3 domestication 159-60 Becket, Thomas 2-3 druërie 55, 58, 64, 65 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint 47 Duby, Georges 51, 54-5, 196 Bertha of Holland, queen of France 88 Bertrada de Montfort, countess of Anjou, Earthly Paradise 108-9, 140 queen of France 88 Eleanor of Aquitaine 4, 5 Bertran de Bom 3 England, Anglo-Norman 4-6.17-18 Bloch, R. Howard 9-10, 134—5 literary system 28 Breton lais, see Lais, anonymous or English, Middle 18 Breton envy 84 n.34 British literary system 8-9, 42, 44 episodic form 113,198-9 Burgwinkle, William 191 Busby, Keith 36, 204, 205 feudal society 51-112 definition 12 Celtic rituals and obligations 12—4 Lands 114 forest, Forest law 83-4 Otherworld 122 French, Old 19, 26 traditions 6, 122 Chanson de Guillaume 7 Galbert of Bruges 19 Chanson de Roland 7, 53, 55, 73 Galeran de Bretagne 209, 213-17 Charles, count of Flanders 19 Gautier d’Arras 4,209-13 Chrétien de Troyes 4, 17, 52 Hie et Galeron 209-13 Cliges 8, 17 gender 10-11, 31, 117 Le conte du graal 17 226 INDEX

Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Margaret of England, queen of Scotland Britanniae 8 46 group identity 168,171 Marie de France guerdon 21, 54, 73, 75, 93 asauthor 2,10-11,112,206,217-18 Guillaume de Lorris 4 identity 2, 5-6, 11 multiple perspectives 12, 20, 29, 164, H. de Saltrey 44, 48, 49 198-9 Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii style 11-12,42,110 44 themes 11-12, 110; see also guerdon, Haidu, Peter 173 pris, remembrance Harley 978 see under manuscripts Marie de France, Works Henry I, king of England (r. 1100-35) Espurgatoire seint Patrie 44-9, 21, 46 104-10, 135^41, 164-8, 199 Henry II, king of England (r. 1154-89) Lais 13 2-5, 20, 21, 46, 84 Bisclavret 9, 34, 68-72, 150, 156, Henry the Young King 5 161, 169-72 homage (hommage) 12-13, 53 Chaitivel 30-1,53,117-19, Hugh of Lincoln 84 178-85 Chievrefueil 29-30, 32 identity 161, 162, 171 Eliduc 53, 76, 82-91, 106, Hie et Galeron see under Gautier d’Arras 125-30, 175, 209-10, 212 Irish Sea 46 Equitan 63-8,83,91,187, 189-90, 191 Jauss, Hans-Robert 91, 102 Guigemar 14, 24-26, 51-2, 72-5, Jeanne d’Evreux, queen of France 39 119-24, 129-30, 186-7, 191-4 John of Salisbury 3 Lanval 52,55-63,71,77-8,84, 122, 195 Kay, Sarah 203, 206 L’austic 9,27,32^,149-52, 175-8, 191 Lais of Marie de France see under Marie Le Fraisne 52, 53—4, 77-9, de France 174-5, 187-8, 189-91, 213-14, Lais. anonymous or Breton 173, 194-8 215 Graelent 196-8 Les dous amanz 80-2, 114-15, Guingamor 194-6 157-8 Tyolet 26-27 Milun 14,33,76-7,152-6,191 Latin 26,45 Prologue 9-10,20,22-29 legalism 60-2 Yonec 52-3, 76, 145-9, 152, 155. Le Goff, Jacques 104-5 156, 188-9, 191 Lerer, Seth 35 Vie seinte Audree see Vie seinte lineage, feudal politics of 75-82 Audree, La Life of Aesop 39 Ysope 9, 13, 35^44, 158-64, 205 lord-vassal relations 12-13, 53, 55, Fable 1 (The Cock and the Gem) 63^4, 66-7, 71-2, 84-5, 91-2, 181 101-2 bad lords 92-7 Fable 2 (The Wolf and the Lamb) 92 Malachy, Saint 46-7, 48 Fable 6 (The Sun’s Marriage) 93 Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scotland Fable 7 (The Wolf and the Crane) 46 92 Mann. Jill 91,102,135,158 Fable 9 (The City Mouse and the manuscripts 203,204-6 Country Mouse) 133-4 Harley 978 9,24,25,82,91,194, Fable 11 (The Hunting Lion) 204. 205 93-4 INDEX 227

Fable 12 (The Eagle and the Crow) Middle English see English, Middle 18 101 multilingualism, 6-9, 10, 18-19,27-28, Fable 13 (The Crow and the Fox) 42, 46 101 music 30 Fable 14 (The Sick Lion) 94-5 Fable 15 (The Ass and His Master) nature 103—4 162-3 nightingale 150, 151 Fable 17 (The Swallow and the Sower of Flax) 160 objects 13, 32, 77-80, 101. 123-4 Fable 22 (The Rabbits and the orality, oral culture 27 Frogs) 132-3 Fable 23 (The Bat) 98-100, patrons, patronage 43,45-6,112 160-1 Peter of Blois 3 Fable 26 (The Wolf and the Dog) Petrus Alfonsi, Disciplina Clericalis 133, 159 21-22, 25, 37 Fable 29 (The Wolf Who Was Philip I, king of France 88 King) 96-8 Plantagenet empire 5 Fable 31 (The Peacock) 104 pris 23-5, 29 Fable 32 (The Lamb and the Goat) 103 reduplication 174-85 Fable 36 (The Lion and the Fox) remembrance 23-5, 30-1, 36, 44, 183-5 95 repetition 185-9 Fable 50 (The Wolf and the Sheep) Richard Lion Heart, king of England 92 (r. 1189-99) 3,35 Fable 65b (The Wolves) 103, 163, Roman de Brut see under Wace 170 romances of antiquity 8 Fable 67 (The Crow Who Found Romulus Nilanti 35 Peacock’s Feathers) 103-4 Rossi, Carla 19 Fable 70 (The Sick Lion) 95-6 Fable 74 (The Beetle) 134, 161-2 secularism 51-2 Fable 76 (The Badger and the Pigs) Selden, Daniel 37; see also text network 161 semblance 148-9, 149 n. 10, 215 Fable 81 (The Priest and the Wolf) Seven Sages of Rome 38, 39, 40, 199 103 shape-shifting 146, 147-9, 156 Fable 87 (The Two Wolves) 104m Short, Ian 207 163 silk 77-80 Fable 100 (The Old Man and the species 160, 170 Knight) 131 Stein, Robert M. 17-19 marriage 10, 87-9, 150-1, 152-3, 176, “Sumer is icumen in” 9 190-1, 210, 213 swan 154—5 marvels 14, 71, 121-2, 149 Matilda of Scotland, queen of England text network 37—40 8, 46 time 125-6, 136-7 matter of Britain (matière de Bretagne) translatio studii 8 3, 13, 43 translation 7-9, 17, 19-20, 23, 26, 35-6, matter of Rome (matière de Rome) 8, 37-8, 40, 42, 49, 106, 149-50, 169, 25, 42 171, 209 McCash, June Hall 3 Tyler, Elizabeth 8 memory 12, 21, 23-25, 30, 49, 110; see also remembrance vengeance 157 mercenaries 85-6, 112 Vie de saint Alexis 8 Meslai Shu ’alim (Fox Fables) 43 Vie de seint Edmund, La see Denis metamorphosis see shape-shifting Piramus 228 INDEX

Vie seinte Audree, La 2-3, 110-12, 199 Walter Map 3, 84 Voyage de Saint Brendan 8, 46 Warren, Michelle R. 19 William, Count 43, 43 n.46, Wace wisdom literature 37-40, 44 Roman de Brut 8 women, medieval 10-11 Wales 146 writing 153—4