EUDO Report 2010/2 Directors: Representation (OPPR) onPolitical Parties & EUDO Observatory Robert Schuman Centre Schuman forRobert Advanced Studies, European University Institute Luciano Bardi Via delleFontanelle, 19;I-50014 SanDomenico di Fiesole; Italy Florence, July2010 Wojciech Peter Gagatek, Mair, Eugenio Pizzimenti Luciano Bardi, Edoardo Bressanelli, Enrico Calossi, fortheEuropean Parliament (AFCOObservatory Committee) A studyprepared intheframework oftheEuropean UnionDemocracy How to Create a Transnational System Party European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO)European Observatory Union Democracy [email protected]; www.eudo.eu and Peter Mair
POLITICAL PARTIES & REPRESENTATION
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS
CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS
How to create a Transnational Party System
STUDY
Abstract
This study has been prepared by the Observatory on Political Parties and Representation (OPPR), part of the European Democracy Observatory (EUDO) at the European University Institute (EUI). It covers four aspects: 1) An analysis of the political doctrine and programme of major political parties in several Member States. 2) An examination of current procedures applied to political parties to choose leaders for European Office. 3) The development of proposals on how to help a European political party system evolve from national structures strongly influenced by historical traditions and cultural factors. 4) Suggestions regarding the extent to which the European electoral system and different systems of party financing would have to be revised in order to facilitate the above objectives.
PE 425.623 EN This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs.
AUTHORS
Luciano Bardi Edoardo Bressanelli Enrico Calossi Wojciech Gagatek Peter Mair Eugenio Pizzimenti
RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR
Mr Wilhelm Lehmann Policy Department C - Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected]
LINGUISTIC VERSIONS
Original: EN Translation of executive summary in: DE/FR/IT
ABOUT THE EDITOR
To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected]
Manuscript completed in July 2010. Brussels, © European Parliament, 2010.
This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies
DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.
Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
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g$15'-$49$5)6)*)./$*+&$,-5&$-0$&D*&,.15$(,)21*&$03.>)./$g$ 1.>$ *-$ &.+1.7&$ 0).1.7)15$ *,1.'(1,&.79$ g$ 61>&$ @&64&,$ Q*1*&$ '3((-,*$ 1.$ ).>)'(&.'145&$()551,$-0$(1,*9$,&2&.3&'#$$ \-8&2&,$*+&$,&51*)-.'+)($4&*8&&.$(1,*9$0).1.7&$,35&'$1.>$(1,*9$43)5>)./$ )'$.-*$3.164)/3-3'#$X+&,&$(1,*)&'$+12&$1$5-./='*1.>)./$-,/1.)'1*)-.15$*,1>)*)-.:$ *+&),$ (,)61,9$ ).*&,&'*$ )'$ *-$ 61).*1).$ *+&),$ '*,37*3,15$ 1,*)7351*)-.:$ 49$ 1>1(*)./$ *+&),$0-,6$1.>$03.7*)-.)./$*-$&D*&,.15$7+1./&'#$W*$'&&6'$,&1'-.145&$*+1*$(-5)*)715$ (1,*)&':$ 8&1,)./$ *+&),$ (-5)79=61E&,$ h+1*i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j-53.*1,9$ ! Q6155$;,)21*&$>-.1*)-.'[$ 3'$445',,#4!6"7"*."! 7-.*,)43*)-.$ ! U3.>,1)')./$&2&.*'[$ ! W.*,1=(1,*9$*,1.'0&,'[$ ! U-,&)/.$%-.1*)-.'$ ! b-.*,)43*)-.'$0,-6$W.*&,&'*&>$@-.&9$ FW.'*)*3*)-.15$03.>,1)')./[$b-.*,)43*)-.'$0,-6$ (&,'-.15$8&15*+[$b-,(-,1*&$7-.*,)43*)-.'[$;345)7$ 8%.#,+'$#)+!9.*2)*1! W.*&,&'*&>$6-.&9$ >)').7&.*)2&'[$ ! $<&*3,.'$-.$).2&'*6&.*'$F;1,*9$7-.*,-55&>$ &.*&,(,)'&'G[$ W.>),&7*$03.>)./L$ ! Q34')>)&'=).=E).>$FM77&''$*-$6&>)1[$N*+&,$'3((-,*$ -(*)-.'G[$ ! A1,61,E&>$U3.>'[$ Y18=41'&>$ 8./%)+!:./4)2)"4!! ! ;345)7$).7&.*)2&'$F*1D$>&>37*)-.:$*1D$7,&>)*G[$ 7-.*,)43*)-.'$ %),&7*$03.>)./L$ ! N(&,1*)-.15$17*)2)*)&'[$ ! A5&7*-,15$,&)643,'&6&.*'[$ ! Q34')>)&'$*-$(1,5)16&.*1,9$/,-3('[$ $ F=3>7AB$,&=1>1(*&>$0,-6$21.$?)&Z&.$OSSf$1.>$d1''617+&,$OSS"#$ $ (6;3>A$2"$;345)7$'34')>)&'$ PUBLIC SUBSIDIES INDIRECT FUNDING: DIRECT FUNDING: - SUBSIDIES IN KIND; - PARLIAMENTARY GROUPS; - EARMARKED FUNDS; - OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES; - PUBLIC INCENTIVES - ELECTORAL REIMBURSEMENTS ACCESS/ DISTRIBUTION CRITERIA ELECTORAL PARLIAMENTARY OTHER REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS $ $ 76 *+&),$ -,/1.)'1*)-.15$ 7-6(5&D)*9$ F*+&$ .364&,$ -0$ *+&),$ .1*)-.15$ 1.>$ '34=.1*)-.15$ /-2&,.)./$1.>$1>6).)'*,1*)2&$4->)&'[$*+&$).*&.')2&.&''$1.>$*+&$&D*&.')2&.&''$-0$ *+&),$ -,/1.)'1*)-.'[$ *+&),$ '-7)-=&7-.-6)7$ (&,21')2&.&''$ g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g$ *+1*$ )':$ (345)7$ '3((-,*$ *-$ *+&$ 4,-1>&,$ (1,*9$ &D*,1=-,/1.)'1*)-.15$ '(+&,&$ g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fG$ &./%)+! )*+"*#)7"4:$8+)7+$1,&$3'31559$.-,6'$-.$*1D$>&>37)4)5)*9$F).753>)./$6&64&,'+)($ 0&&'G:$'9'*&6'$-0$*1D$0,&&:$*1D$7,&>)*$-,$*1D$7+&7E=-00L$*+&9$1,&$-0*&.$5)6)*&>$*-$ ).>)2)>315':$ 1.>$ 61D)636$ 16-3.*'$ 1,&$ '*)(351*&>$ *-$ (,&2&.*$ >-.1*)-.'$ 0,-6$ ).*&,&'*&>$6-.&9$Fd1''617+&,$OSS"G#K$ 5 As we will see this is not the case at European level where private funding of parties is strictly limited. 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F"!B"&('-*#F-%(>%+&*#!=TA*#..B#]:PH?B# # [)1'*#AB#4:Hi]5*#F&#&W0'-])G"/#&0-])"',)#%0);#"#0Y)4)H0"BB/"&-"6*#Y)&71/38'9#M%+/-D# M1'$$B# # [)1'*# AB# 4:HHE5*# G?6&#&$"6) G"/#&0-) "',) G"/#9) ;9-#0!-*# XZ0%139# XZ0%13# V"/<'1$/-D# M1'$$B# # # 113 This study was funded by The European Commission supports the the European Parliament EUI through the European Union budget