Historical Revie-w-

The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: Until the mid-twentieth century, the labor of young girls and boys in America's facto­ ries, mines, streets and fields remained a common rou­ tine in poor families. This practice prevented the healthful growth, education and self-fulfillment of children, including many Missourians. George G. Suggs, Jr., examines the labor of young Missouri min­ ers in "Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County, Missouri," which begins on page 357. [Cover illustration courtesy of National Child Labor Committee.] MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright c 1993 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. VOLUME LXXXVII Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during the Labor Day weekend. NUMBER 4 On the day of the annual meeting, September 18, 1993, the Society libraries will not be available for research. JULY, 1993 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS 1992-1995 Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1994 ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1995 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown EMORY MELTON, Cassville VERA H. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society consti­ tute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood AVIS G. TUCKER, Warrensburg H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix sub­ missions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

CHILD LABOR IN THE TIFF MINES OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSOURI. By George G. Suggs, Jr. 357

ADMINISTRATIVE TREATMENT OF WOMEN STUDENTS AT MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1868-1899. By Janice Lee 372

RURAL PRAIRIEVILLE DURING RECONSTRUCTION. By Dennis Naglich 387

THE HANNIBAL AND ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD, GOVERNMENT AND TOWN FOUNDING, 1846-1861. By DonaldB. Oster 403

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Allene Davidson Retires 422 Annual Meeting Scheduled for September 18 422 Society Libraries: Photograph Collection 423 News in Brief 425 Erratum 429 Local Historical Societies 430 Gifts 445 Missouri History in Newspapers 449 Missouri History in Magazines 455 In Memoriam 461

BOOK REVIEWS 463

BOOK NOTES 467

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXVII 475

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES: WESTERN COLLEGE Inside Back Cover Courtesy National Child Labor Committee

Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County, Missouri BY GEORGE G. SUGGS, JR.* The long campaign to eliminate the most exploitive forms of child labor in this country climaxed in 1941 when the United States Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) in the Darby Lumber Company case.1 Previous to this decision, in the Dagenhart, Drexel and Schechter cases the Court had struck down, on constitutional grounds, federal legisla­ tion designed to reduce or eradicate the labor of children in America's mines, mills and factories.2 Furthermore, in 1924 Congress had approved a

* George G. Suggs, Jr., is a professor of history at Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. He holds the B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Colorado, Boulder. 1 United States v. Darby Lumber Company, 312 U.S. 100 (1941). The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of goods produced by the use of "oppressive child labor" within thirty days prior to shipment. It defined oppressive child labor as the employment of children under sixteen years of age in any hazardous occupation. Parental work of children, except in mining, manufacturing or hazardous occupations, was exempted. The law also failed to prohibit child labor on farms outside school hours (unless hazardous), in movies and theatres and in the sale of newspapers. Since 1938 the FLSA has been amended to broaden the federal government's jurisdiction over child labor, especially in agriculture. See United States Codes, Title 29, sees. 202, 212-213. 2 See Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918); Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1920); and Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935). Stephen B. Wood, Constitutional Politics in the Progressive Era: Child Labor and the Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968) provides a thorough account of the legal and constitutional dimensions of the Dagenhart and Drexel decisions, which invalidated the federal child labor laws of 1916 and 1919. Although not specifically directed against the restrictive provisions on child labor found in the codes of fair competition framed under the National Recovery Administration, the Schechter decision nevertheless struck down these restraints.

357 358 Missouri Historical Review proposed constitutional amendment that allowed it to impose national labor standards for children under eighteen, while permitting states to enact even high­ er standards if they desired. This attempt to meet the Court's constitutional objections in the Dagenhart and Drexel decisions failed when the requisite num­ ber of thirty-six states refused to ratify the proposed amendment.3 The Darby decision, therefore, confirmed the minimum national child labor standards that reformers had been seeking for years. Long before the Darby decision, state legislatures had feared a growth of federal power and involvement in this sensitive area and accelerated the passage of laws that seemingly restricted the industrial employment of children, particu­ larly during school hours.4 Opponents of federal intervention effectively used these statutes inside and outside Congress to retard action at the national level. Legal loopholes and lax enforcement procedures often prevented these laws from eliminating the worst forms of child labor. The tiff mines in Washington County, Missouri, provide an excellent example of this failure. There, as late as the mid- 1930s, poor children of all ages worked to help their families survive. The wide­ spread use of young workers in the mines prompted the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) to launch an investigation of Washington County in 1937, leading to the organization's last significant expose of child labor prior to the pas­ sage of the Fair Labor Standards Act.5 Many states had compulsory education and child labor laws similar to Missouri's.6 As early as 1921, three years before Congress submitted the pro­ posed child labor amendment to the states, Missouri required all children between seven and sixteen years of age to attend school in their district for the entire session. Exceptions included children who were physically and/or mental­ ly incapable of profiting from school attendance and young workers fourteen and older who had completed a common school course and were lawfully employed.

3 The proposed amendment provoked furious opposition, particularly in the South, and only twenty-eight states ratified it, eight short of the required number. For a brief history of the amendment and an analysis of its defeat see Walter I. Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), 163-186. Many of the arguments that led to the defeat of the proposed amendment also can be found in the remarks of Senators Lee S. Overman (NC) and James A. Reed (MO), two bitter opponents of the amendment, in the Congressional Record, 68th Cong., lstsess., 1924, 65, pt. 10: 10073-10081, 10083-10093. 4 As of January 1, 1921, state legislation concerning compulsory school attendance and child labor standards was widespread. See the summary table prepared by the Children's Bureau, Department of Labor, in the Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924, 65, pt. 10: 9712-9727. Senator Overman's chart showing state minimum age requirements in 1924 for the employment of children in factories (ibid., 10075) and his summary table of child labor and compulsory education laws enacted between 1917 and 1924 (ibid., 10081) also reflect the substantial state activity preceding the proposed child labor amendment. 5 See Charles E. Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines (New York: National Child Labor Committee, 1938). 6 For a concise review and comparison of the essential provisions of these laws see Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924, 65, pt. 10: 9712-9727. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 359

The law also required children under eighteen who worked but had not complet­ ed an elementary school course to attend a continuation school, where available, for four hours per week for a period equal to the regular school term.7 Missouri's child labor law of 1919 prohibited any child under fourteen from working "in or about or in connection with any mine or underground work." When amended in 1929, the law set fourteen as the minimum age for employ­ ment in any "gainful occupation," with eight and forty-eight hours set respective­ ly as the maximum daily and weekly hours for working children under the age of sixteen. Although the amendment retained the prohibition against children work­ ing in mines, it exempted them from the age and hour requirements if they were working at any task for parents or guardians. Consequently, it was unclear whether the law exempted hazardous work under parental supervision. The statute prohibited night work for all children under sixteen, which also was the minimum age for boys who were able to read and write and worked in and around the mines. At the option of the issuing official (generally the school superintendent), a physical examination might be required for an employment certificate for children under sixteen. As for educational requirements, the law required only that a child have proficiency in specified subjects.8

7 Ibid., 9715; Missouri, Revised Statutes (1929), c. 57, art. 10, sec. 9433-9435. 8 Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924, 65, pt. 10: 9723; Missouri, Revised Statutes (1919), c. 69, art. 2, sec. 7484; ibid. (1929), c. 125, art. 3, sec. 14084-14094; c. 107, art. 2, sec. 13641.

Northeastern and southern states strongly objected to the proposed 1924 constitutional amendment, which would have imposed limitations on child labor. Congress was faced with a well-financed opposi­ tion, and only twenty-eight states ratified the amendment, eight short of the necessary number. Courtesy National Child Labor Committee 360 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy National Child Labor Committee Courtesy National Child Labor Committee The need for child labor legislation was apparent because of the widespread use of young workers in factories and fields across the country.

In the interim between 1921 and 1937, when the last revision of child labor laws occurred in Missouri before the NCLC's expose of the tiff mines, the state did little to upgrade its compulsory standards for children in either the school or the workplace. The provisions of Missouri's Revised Statutes of 1939 reflected this lack of improvement. Since 1929, when the laws concern­ ing school attendance had last been revised, all children between seven and six­ teen, with few exceptions, were required to attend their district school for its entire session. The exceptions included children between fourteen and sixteen gainfully and lawfully employed; children with certificates indicating comple­ tion of a common school course (eighth grade); or children with physical and/or mental infirmities too severe to attend school. Under the law the county superintendent served as attendance officer and could issue certificates exempt­ ing these children from attending school. Furthermore, the requirements con­ cerning continuation school for lawfully employed children under sixteen remained the same; the law also required children under eighteen who had not completed elementary school to attend part-time classes where provided.9 In 1937 the Missouri General Assembly revised sections of the child labor law to prohibit intrastate sale of products "produced or mined wholly or in part by 'child labor.'" It defined child labor as the "employment of children under sixteen (16) years of age in any manner or by any means whatsoever in . . . [the] manufacture or production of any products of any mill, cannery, work­ shop, factory or manufacturing establishment" or the "employment of persons under eighteen (18) years of age in ... the mining or quarrying of minerals."

' Missouri, Revised Statutes (1939), c. 72, art. 12, sec. 10587-10596. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 361 Unlike the law of 1929, the revised statute specifically excluded from these provisions persons under eighteen who worked for their parents or guardians in mining.10 This exemption provided the legal loophole that entrapped many children into destructive labor. The NCLC later charged that the state deliber­ ately inserted this exemption into the law to allow children to work in the tiff mines. The committee quoted the anonymous state senator who introduced the exemption as saying that "starvation and hardship would result should the chil­ dren be prohibited from working in the [tiff] mines."11 The term "tiff" referred to the crude ore from which the mineral barite was extracted. Prior to the NCLC's investigation in 1937, derivatives from barite (ground barite, lithopone and barium chemicals) were increasingly being used to control gas pressures in oil drilling rigs and as additives in the produc­ tion of products such as paints, paper, glass, rubber, textile goods, oil cloth, plastics and cosmetics.12 As a result, between 1932 and 1937 the greater demand caused production to more than double in the states that mined tiff.13 From the beginning of the industry, Missouri had been the foremost domestic producer of tiff, annually leading all other competitors, except during the years of World War I when Georgia temporarily surged to the top. As the following chart reveals, Missouri had continued its dominance in the years directly before the NCLC's study of child labor in the tiff mines. Missouri's Production of Tiff in Short Tons, 1933-1938 14 Year U.S. Total Missouri Missouri Percentage Total of U.S. Total 1933 146,402 98,089 67 1934 178,361 101,666 57 1935 218,075 131,921 60 1936 274,062 160,866 59 1937 360,877 198,101 55 1938 335,433 156,539 47

»° Ibid. (1939), c. 56, art. 4, sec. 9630-9633. 11 Quoted in Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 4. 12 Bertrand L. Johnson and K. G. Warner, "Barite and Barium Products," in U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1938 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1938), 1235. 13 B. H. Stoddard, "Barite and Barium Products," in U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1935 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1935), 1126; Bertrand L. Johnson and K. G. Warner, "Barite and Barium Products," in Minerals Yearbook 1939 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1939), 1320. 14 The author derived the table statistics from Stoddard, "Barite and Barium Products," 1127; Bertrand L. Johnson and M. A. Cornthwaite, "Barite and Barium Products," U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1936 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1936), 998; Bertrand L. Johnson and M. A. Cornthwaite, "Barite and Barium Products," U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook 1937 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1937), 1372; Johnson and Warner, "Barite and Barium Products" (1938), 1230; Johnson and Warner, "Barite and Barium Products" (1939), 1320-1321. 362 Missouri Historical Review

As late as 1937 the state produced 54.9 percent of the tiff mined in the nation; the state's production that year represented an 18.8 percent increase over 1936.15 Three counties in Missouri produced tiff: Miller and Morgan counties, in the central part of the state, and Washington County, located about seventy miles southwest of St. Louis. The bulk of the state's production came from Washington County. In 1934 it produced 80,316 of the state's 101,666 short tons of crude barite—a commanding 79 percent of the total amount. The county's output represented 45 percent of the national production of 178,361 short tons.16 Located in the northeastern part of Washington County, the tiff mining region in the 1930s covered an estimated 200,000 acres in nine townships.17 (Nearly fifty years later, the Tiff Belt was redefined to encompass a much smaller area of approximately seventy-five square miles or 48,000 acres.)18 Located in shallow deposits, tiff was not found uniformly throughout the region. The richest deposits came from the land owned by five companies operating in the county. Estimates of company ownership made during the thirties varied, ranging from 26,000 acres for all five companies to 70,000 acres for the National Pigments and Chemical Co., a subsidiary of the National Lead Company. Individuals, including absentee out-of-state owners, also possessed land where workers extracted tiff under lease arrangements. The miners themselves, however, owned only an estimated 4 percent of the area containing the ore. Although there is no agreement about when the min­ ing and sale of tiff began in Washington County, some evidence suggests the industry began as early as 1857. Tiff mining did not become a significant county industry until the demise of the lead industry around 1900.19 Never a lucrative occupation, tiff mining suffered during the hard times of the Great Depression. An increasing number of county residents and tran­ sients, battered by massive unemployment, desperately turned to tiff as their only means of livelihood. Using primitive methods, miners frequently searched for the shallow deposits on land that had already been worked and reworked many times during the preceding decades. If workers found a deposit, extracting and cleaning the ore proved extremely difficult and fre­ quently involved the work of entire families. Although other states used machines (for example, the steam shovel), these were not used to mine tiff in Washington County until the late thirties. A plentiful labor supply of men,

15 Johnson and Warner, "Barite and Barium Products" (1938), 1230. 16 Stoddard, "Barite and Barium Products," 1127. 17 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 7. 18 Milton D. Rafferty, Historical Atlas of Missouri (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), 81. 19 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 7; Rafferty, Historical Atlas of Missouri, 81; American Workers Union, [The Tiff Workers' Strike of 1935] (n.p.: AWU, 1936), 3, fol. 30, box 201, Workers' Defense League, Archives, Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 363 women and children made machinery unnecessary, as miners used picks and shovels to extract the ore. If a hole or shaft became deeper than the digger's head, he would occasionally employ a primitive windlass/bucket arrange­ ment to lift the heavy ore to the surface. Unless the ground was unstable or the miner drifted while following good ore, cribbing or timbering was rarely installed to shore up the work as in hardrock or coal mining.20 Tiff miners did not work for wages. Working independently, they derived their income from the sale of tiff to ore buyers and local mills. During the two years prior to the NCLC's study, miners received an estimated $7.00 per ton before deducting expenses. Costs included several factors. For example, the miners rarely owned the land where they lived and mined. If mining on pri­ vately owned land, they paid a royalty of approximately $.75 to $1.00 to the owner for each ton of ore mined. When companies like National Lead owned the land, the miners usually escaped the royalty. The companies, however, levied a per ton haulage charge that varied from $.60 to $1.75, depending on distance. Deducting royalties and haulage charges from the sale price left the worker an income ranging from $4.50 to $6.40 per ton. Several variables affected income and the quantity of ore mined: the scarcity of deposits, the luck of discovery, the weather and the hands available to work.21 The American Workers' Union helped to organize the tiff miners in 1935. It estimated that the average weekly earnings of each of the twenty-six hundred tiff miners of Washington County in 1934 was $2.52, an income often generated by the labor of an entire family. Another study suggested a

20 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 7-8. 2* Ibid., 8-9.

A thirteen-year-old boy works with the windlass. Courtesy National Child Labor Committee 364 Missouri Historical Review

Courtesy Western Historical Manuscript Collection and National Child Labor Committee This two-room shack housed a family of twelve. somewhat brighter picture for a selected group of eighty families in the tiff area, forty-two of whom derived income solely from mining tiff. This study estimated that these forty-two families garnered an average weekly income of $9.96 from tiff. Within these families, however, the per capita weekly income averaged only $1.48.22 Even with the latter estimates, survival was clearly precarious. With such meager incomes, extreme poverty characterized the lives of the miners and their dependents. Public assistance in the thirties helped, but did not substantially alleviate the hand-to-mouth existence. Approximately 50 percent of the miners received some aid; however, the amount they obtained never exceeded $8.00 per month.23 Their housing, diet and med­ ical care appeared extremely substandard, even for the depression era. Throughout the region the landowner, whether an individual or a com­ pany, customarily provided free housing for the miner and his family. Usually the accommodations were unfit for human habitation. Family members lived jammed together in one- or two-room rundown shacks, with dirt floors, no indoor plumbing or running water, and walls covered with newspapers for insulation. The rough furnishings frequently consisted of kegs, boxes and pallets for sleeping. Wood stoves provided heat for cook­ ing and warmth in the winter; kerosene lamps supplied light if money was available to purchase the fuel. The family diet too often consisted of beans,

22 AWU, [The Tiff Workers' Strike of 1935], 1, 4; Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 20-2.11. 23 AWU, [The Tiff Workers' Strike of 1935], 4. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 365 potatoes and corn or dough bread. Although not unique to tiff miners in the thirties, these deplorable conditions, combined with illiteracy, broken homes and inadequate medical services, made these families easy prey to diseases like pellagra and trachoma.24 A case study from the NCLC's report reveals the terrible plight of many tiff families.

The story of the M— family illustrates the frightful poverty of the tiff min­ ers, especially where the families are large and the children young. Although the mother is now only 26 and the father 28, they have 8 children of whom the oldest is 13. The others are 11, 10, 7, 5, 4, 14 months, and 3 months. The 13- year-old lives with relatives, probably because her parents cannot feed all of them. The mother said they never have any milk; sometimes they have meat once a week. During the summer, berries are the main item of diet. During the win­ ter, they live on beans and potatoes, occasionally supplemented by flour and water biscuits. They live in a miserable two-room shack unfit for human habitation; no screens, flies terrible; no privy. There is but one bed—the rest sleep on pallets on the floor. Impetigo is the cause of many lost school days. Father, mother, and children work in the tiff diggings. One week the 10- and 11-year-olds scrapped about 1,100 pounds of tiff. The father dug a like amount. The income for that week ($4.50) was better than they had been aver­ aging. The claim is poor; the tiff uncertain and hard to find.25

In response to such conditions, the American Workers' Union, head­ quartered in St. Louis, sent representatives into the area in the spring of 1935 to organize the unemployed. They successfully formed locals of the AWU and promoted relief demonstrations that slightly increased the allowance of relief recipients. Encouraged by the AWU, the tiff miners demanded a $2.00 per ton increase in the price of ore. When the companies refused, a strike ensued that lasted from August 5 to August 22. Although the miners received an increase of $1.50 per ton, the companies refused to recog­ nize the Tiff Miners, Haulers and Mill Workers Union that had been formed on August 18. Another strike in 1936 also failed to bring union recognition and

2< Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 5-6, 20-21; AWU, [The Tiff Workers' Strike of 1935], 4. Pellagra, a "deficiency disease" caused by a diet lacking adequate niacin, is charac­ terized by skin eruptions, nervousness and occasional insanity. Trachoma is a contagious, chronic inflammation of the eyes that, if untreated, can cause blindness. Physicians today rarely diagnose these diseases; they are principally of historical interest in the United States. 25 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 27-28. "Scrapping" was a reworking of debris piles for pieces of tiff ore that may have been overlooked. This task generally fell to women and smaller children, usually after a rain had exposed the tiff. 366 Missouri Historical Review improve conditions in the tiff field. Although membership in the union had been an estimated 2,200, it dropped off sharply after 1936. The widely scat­ tered miners found their union inadequate in resolving their problems.26 Thus, when the NCLC began its survey of child labor in the summer of 1937, the tiff region was already recognized as a disaster area. Investigators discovered that the county's illiteracy rate ranked the highest in the state, a fact blamed upon the failure of children working in tiff to attend school. After school began in the fall, the NCLC conducted a comprehensive investigation of 1,801 children between the ages of seven and fifteen from twenty-six schools serving the mining area. Two hundred seventeen of these children were not enrolled, with eighty-five of them standing in violation of the state's compulsory attendance statutes. Of these eighty-five children, twenty-two under the age of fourteen worked (twenty-one in tiff); forty-six were idle; sev­ enteen claimed physical or mental problems, but did not have a legally required excuse for their absence. Of the 217 not enrolled, 128 (including the 22 under 14 years of age) worked. Of the latter, 106 complied with Missouri's attendance laws. Seventy-nine (twenty-one under fourteen years; fifty-eight from fourteen to fifteen years) worked in tiff mining. The remaining 49 of the 128 worked on farms or in the home. Work accounted for 20.7 percent of the time lost at the twenty-six schools in the tiff area, second only to sickness (23 percent). The NCLC estimated that two-thirds of the school time lost to labor resulted from work in tiff.27 From 80 families with 505 members, the NCLC focused on 86 children for the study. All of these children worked in tiff and ranged in age from ten to fifteen. Seventy-four of these children were from the seventy-nine young workers mentioned above and were not enrolled in school. The remaining

26 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 10; AWU, [The Tiff Workers' Strike of1935], 6-8. 27 Gibbons, Child Labor in the Tiff Mines, 11-13.

Courtesy Western Historical Manuscript Collection and National Child Labor Committee

While the parents work in tiff, the four-year-old cares for the baby. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 367

twelve, although enrolled, had poor attendance records resulting from their work in mining. All eighty-six children (seventy-seven boys and nine girls) first began working between the ages of five and fifteen. In the fall of 1937, they worked an average of 7.4 hours each day that the weather permitted. The children earned about $2.87 a week, most of which went for family support.28 The average number of children in the eighty families was 4.5; seven­ teen families had a missing parent; and sixty-three had been county resi­ dents for ten or more years. Of the 505 family members, 239 were employed, with all but 12 digging tiff. Of sixty-nine fathers, fifty-six worked in tiff as did twenty-seven of the seventy-four mothers. Concerning the eighty selected families, the NCLC study concluded: "Most significant [was] the fact that 93 per cent of the 14- and 15-year-old children and 14 per cent of those 13 years or less, were gainfully employed in digging or scrap­ ping tiff."29 The NCLC further determined that only a few of the 1,963 children liv­ ing in the tiff area of Washington County could hope to avoid the mines.30 Born to illiterate and exploited parents who received only a fraction of the wealth gained from tiff, the future of these children held little promise. Driven by extreme poverty and necessity, some parents used loopholes in the state's child labor laws to exploit their own offspring—as they them­ selves were exploited—for the sake of survival. The NCLC's case study of Mrs. M— illustrates the survival instincts and desperation of many tiff parents.

Mrs. M—, 44, works in the diggings like a man. She has had twelve chil­ dren, of whom six are living, ranging in age from 16 months to 15 years. She had a doctor for only four of the twelve children; three were still-born. Wlien visited in the summer, the father, who had served twenty-two months in the World War, was too weak to work, and Mrs. M— and the three young boys, 6, 10 and 12 years, were in the tiff mines. They had made $4.20 alto­ gether the previous week. Mrs. M— said, "I work every day it's fitten to work. Last winter I had to get out here at seven o'clock with the two boys and empty out snow and water from the holes to dig down and get something to eat." When visited later in the fall the 10- and 12-year-olds had both lost 32 out of 40 school days working in the tiff mines to earn money to buy clothes. The older boy made about $1.50 a week and the younger boy 75 cents. They had each bought a sweater (49 cents) and a pair of socks (7 cents). The rest had been used for food. They wanted to go back to school, but had to keep on working until they could buy shoes and underwear.

2* Ibid., 19,22,23-24. 29lbid., 19-21. 30 Ibid., 22. 368 Missouri Historical Review

The 15-year-old girl who has finished only the third grade is also out of school. She occasionally works in tiff but usually stays home to care for the baby and prepare the meagre meals. Mrs. M— has a large goiter which sometimes bothers her. The baby has "tumors" in his mouth—but "there's no money for a doctor." The younger chil­ dren have serious speech impediments. The 6- and 10-year-olds are troubled with frequent headaches and are given aspirin. The children are undernourished. Their usual breakfast is bread and coffee—their lunch bread and beans, their din­ ner the same. Maybe once every two or three weeks they get some condensed milk. Oranges are unknown.31 Because necessity forced the widespread use of child labor in tiff mines, locals accepted the practice. Even if there had been a strong public outcry against it, Missouri's school and child labor laws in 1938 did not provide state officials with the legal authority to act. In his inaugural address in January 1937, Governor Lloyd C. Stark failed to include child labor in his list of the "most pressing matters" on which he would recommend legislation.32 Thirteen months later Commissioner of Labor Mary Edna Cruzen informed the governor about the NCLC's child labor report. Although it was damaging publicity for Missouri, she concluded that the administration could do nothing. State

3i Ibid., 30-31. 32 "Inaugural Address of Governor Lloyd C. Stark," 11 January 1937 in Appendix to the House and Senate Journals, Mo. 59th General Assembly, 2 vols. (Jefferson City: Midland Printing Co., 1937), 1:3-19.

Mary Edna Cruzen Courtesy Townsend Godsey Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 369 laws permitted parents to work their children in tiff mines, on farms or else­ where. Furthermore, the legal responsibility for the enforcement of compulso­ ry education laws rested on the county superintendent of schools or the prose­ cuting attorney—not the governor. Stark's attorney general, Roy McKittrick, agreed with Cruzen's conclusion.33 Cruzen later denied the NCLC's charge that there had been "no attempt to enforce child regulations of any kind in the tiff mines." Her visits to the min­ ing area and her "numerous attempts to solve the problem of employment of minors" had been frustrated by her lack of authority. She suggested that the state's child labor laws should be amended to empower the commissioner of labor to eliminate the abuse. Following a short investigation of the mining area in February 1938, Cruzen reported to Stark: "I wish to state emphatically that there is no child labor such as is prohibited by law. The activity of minors in this area cannot be classified as child labor as they are merely helpers to their parents."34 By strictly interpreting Missouri's child labor laws, she concluded that children mining tiff under parental guidance could not be legally con­ trolled by the commissioner of labor or the governor. There was no statutory basis for them to intervene. Cruzen's February statement to Stark became the standard explanation directed to the numerous critics throughout the nation who condemned the governor's failure to act promptly to eliminate the conditions revealed in the NCLC's report. Emma Wirzburger scathingly wrote: "I would be ashamed to be the governor in a state where such conditions existed. Surely those poor children have as much right to an education as everyone else has and they should be allowed to go to their classes properly fed and properly dressed." America was supposed to be a "Christian nation" where "every­ one is born free and equal" and "slave wages [should not be] paid to the workers."35 E. B. Booth asked the governor: "Can you not bring your state into the Union as a most wonderful & needed Christmas [1938] gift to your people & help the rest of us in our struggle to make this a civilized nation?"36 Despite many similar letters during 1938, Stark's message to the Sixtieth General Assembly in 1939 neither condemned child labor in the tiff mines nor recommended a revision of the law that made it possible.37 He simply made no reference to the problem.38

33 Cruzen to Stark, 2 February 1938, and Stark's attached memo, 7 March 1938, fol. 2787, Lloyd C Stark Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri- Columbia. Hereafter cited as Stark Papers. 34 Cruzen to Stark, 11 February 1938, fol. 2787, and 22 March 1938, fol. 2789, Stark Papers. 35 Emma Wirzburger to Stark, c. March 1938, fol. 2790, Stark Papers. 36 E. B. Booth to Stark, 22 December 1938, fol. 2797, Stark Papers. 37 For others see Mrs. Henry S. F. Cooper to Stark, c. February 1938, fol. 2787; Philip W. Davis to Stark, 2 March 1938, fol. 2788; T. V. B. Crone to Stark, 3 March 1938, fol. 2788; William DeLonies to Stark, 6 March 1938, fol. 2789, and Richard Quick to Stark, 15 April 1938, fol. 2790; all in Stark Papers. 38 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 4 January 1939. 370 Missouri Historical Review

Nevertheless, Stark was not completely insensitive to the continuing criticism of the deplorable conditions among the mining families. He felt constrained, however, by the lack of clear authority to act. In responding to a critic at Stark's request, Cruzen probably mirrored his position: "I am not trying to evade this issue. I am giving facts. No administrator can read into the law authority, which is not definitely written in the law or at least implied." Stark initiated limited actions within the law to relieve somewhat the terrible conditions in the tiff fields. For example, he sent a public health nurse and increased the allocation of food and clothing to help the tiff families.39 He also sent $1,500 in May 1939 to help alleviate their most pressing needs. Cruzen reportedly persuaded several companies not to buy tiff from families who worked children under sixteen.40 The abortive attempt of the NCLC to eradicate child labor in the tiff mines of Washington County by scathing exposure demonstrated anew the difficulty of altering long-established practices sanctioned by custom and law. In this case, the hard times of the Great Depression made the task of reform more difficult. While the NCLC's investigation and report uncovered the awful predicament of the tiff children, it also exposed the generally deplorable conditions endured by everyone—adults and chil­ dren alike—who worked in tiff mining. The study revealed child labor as only one of the many complex problems confronting a poverty-stricken population struggling to survive. Consequently, the NCLC's focus on exploited children was significantly diffused. Even if there had been stringent prohibitive child labor laws in Missouri, their enforcement would have been unlikely given the difficult times. And yet if the prohibitions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act had been applicable to tiff children, which they were not, the United States Supreme Court's decision in the Darby case upholding that law was three years in the future (1941). Ironically, although Missouri's Revised Statutes of 1949 prohibited the sale of products of any "mine, mill, cannery, workshop, factory or manufacturing establishment" pro­ duced "wholly or in part by child labor within or without this state," and although it defined child labor as the "employment of persons under eigh­ teen years of age in any manner or by any means whatsoever in . . . the mining or quarryfing] of minerals," the prohibitions did not apply to the "employment of persons under eighteen years of age by their parents or

39 Cruzen to Mrs. H. G. Oehlschlager, 16 January 1939, fol. 2799, Stark Papers. 40 George Haworth, administrator, State Social Security Commission, to Stark, 22 May 1939, and Cruzen to Stark, 15 May 1939, both in fol. 2800, Stark Papers. Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington County 371 guardian[s]."41 This was the same loophole incorporated into the earlier statutes that made parental exploitation of children possible. The child laborers in the tiff mines of Washington County were truly "forgotten chil­ dren" whose plight had no immediate remedy in law. Their salvation ulti­ mately came in the mechanization of the mines, which began in earnest in the late thirties, and the exhaustion of the rich reserves of barite ore.

41 Missouri, Revised Statutes (1949), c. 294, sec. 294.120. Although Missouri's revised mine and cave safety and inspection law prohibited males "under the age of fourteen years, or [any] female of any age" from working in any mine, and also prohibited any male under six­ teen from working in any mine unless he could read or write, the loophole of exclusion in the child labor law seems to have negated these restrictions. See ibid., c. 293, sec. 293.600. Missouri's revised compulsory school attendance law remained essentially the same. See ibid., c. 164, passim, but especially sec. 164.080.

Medical Report Columbia Summer Complaint, August 10, 1929. Herb Fick went into a department store in Quincy to buy some articles for his Aunt Emma, and so he said to the girl behind the counter: "How much will you take off for cash." It is reported that Herb's eye will be well within a few weeks.

Worse Than the Veriest Beggar Cameron Daily Vindicator, June 10, 1881. There are a few well to do people who are absolutely worthless ... sauntering from place to place . . . living in selfish indolence. . . . Such persons make a worse record than the veriest beggar who mendaciously demands food ...

Good News Is No News Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, December 18, 1858. It would stagger the ingenuity of a Philadelphia lawyer to furnish anything like a respectable quota of local items for a daily paper in this city at the present time. Every thing is quiet and every body's deportment is as exemplary as the most strict sectarian could require; consequently in this department, we are in the abstract.

Great Is the Distress Jackson Missouri Herald, September 11, 1819. The difficulty of obtaining discounts has had no effect upon the musquetoes [sic]—they continue as lively and active as in the most prosperous times. Such is the scarcity of money that water-mellons [sic] will hardly bring a dollar a peice [sic] in market—Indeed so great is the distress over the river, that it is not supposed above three hundred dollars will be bet on the next Gander Pulling. Geor. Adver. State Historical Society of Missouri Members of Missouri State University's graduating class of 1883 pose on the steps of Academic Hall. Administrative Treatment of Women Students at Missouri State University, 1868-1899 BY JANICE LEE* When the first twenty-two female students entered Missouri State University (renamed the University of Missouri in 1901) in 1868, they sure­ ly must have sensed the fears and doubts surrounding their arrival. Would women's inferior scholarship sink the University into academic mediocrity? Would the gentler sex collapse from the unaccustomed mental strain? Would the masculine world of academia transform future mothers into unmarriageable viragoes? These pioneering women students would have to justify their presence at an institution that considered coeducation a dubious, even dangerous, experiment. Missouri State University had opened in Columbia in 1839 with little thought of coeducation. Boone County contained many transplanted south­ erners, most of whom apparently preferred the southern model of women's higher education in which seminary or women's-college instruction took

* Janice Lee received the M.A. degree in history from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. She is a project archivist for the Kansas City, Missouri, Parks and Recreation Department.

372 Administrative Treatment of Women Students 373 precedence over a university education. Many thought that denominational female institutions, including the Columbia-based Christian College and Columbia Baptist Female College (later named Stephens College) adequate­ ly met women's needs for higher learning. Lack of funds proved another deterrent to admitting women to the University. During its first decades the school could scarcely accommodate the male students, let alone make the extra provisions that the "protection" of female students demanded.1 The administration's hesitancy to admit women involved more than local bias. During the 1800s negative social attitudes toward women's high­ er education abounded. Some feared that women would undermine the aca­ demic standards and reputations of colleges. Critics also worried that the presence of women students would drive the men out, violate the "naturally ordered" segregation of sex roles, eliminate God-given sex distinctions and use up scarce resources better allocated to men, the rightfully intended recipients. Young women foolhardy enough to expose themselves to higher educa­ tion—especially coeducation—were warned of the perils posed to their well-being. Social scientists and others believed that the rigors of a college education endangered a young woman's physical, mental and emotional health.2 Female students might, for example, be tempted to compete with male students and thus overextend themselves. Even if women held their own academically, the exposure to a masculine environment could coarsen and demoralize them and possibly even destroy their feminine sensibility. Robbed of their "infinite charm and gentleness," such women would become spinsters, the most lamentable of fates for nineteenth-century females.3 The perceived hazards of coeducation induced a number of colleges besides Missouri State University to postpone admitting women for decades after opening.

1 For additional information on local attitudes toward women's higher education see Lucinda de Leftwich Templin, "Some Defects and Merits in the Education of Women in Missouri" (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri, 1926). The University's early years are treated comprehensively in Frank F. Stephens, A History of the University of Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1962) and Jonas Viles, The University of Missouri: A Centennial History (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1939). 2 During this period scientists and physicians frequently addressed what they perceived as the risks of higher education for women. Sociologist Herbert Spencer, one of the most-quoted authorities on women's proper role, held that they possessed only a finite number of biological growth energies. If these energies were dissipated in needless study, he warned, there would be no reserves left for childbearing. For more on Spencer's views on women's education see his article, "The Psychology of the Sexes," Popular Science Monthly 4 (November 1873): 31-37. For a more recent historiographical discussion of period views see Barbara Sicherman, "Review Essay: American History," Signs 1 (Winter 1975): 461-485. 3 Dr. Edward H. Clarke's 1873 book, Sex in Education, Or A Fair Chance For the Girls (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1873), contained some of the most widely disseminated views on the dangers of coeducation. For a succinct history of coeducation in general see "Myths of Coeducation," in Florence Howe, Myths of Coeducation: Selected Essays, 1964-1983 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 206-220. 374 Missouri Historical Review

President Daniel Read became the first to seriously consider a coeduca­ tional university in Missouri. Evidently aware that admitting women would be controversial, he approached coeducation obliquely. He first established a "College of Normal Instruction" in 1867, then convincingly argued that since most schoolteachers were female, common sense dictated allowing women to attend the University's Normal College. The fact that the first four male graduates of the Normal College held nonteaching jobs supported Read's case. The executive committee of the University's Board of Curators agreed to admit young women sixteen years and older to the Normal College beginning with the 1868-1869 term. That year twenty-two women from Columbia and the surrounding area entered the Normal College, a building located in a remote corner of the campus.4 Coeducation—even if limited to one University department—caused much comment in Columbia. The bonnet-clad students of Stephens and Christian colleges, processing through town in orderly, chaperoned lines, had become an accustomed sight. University coeds seemed a different mat­ ter altogether. Townspeople wondered whether "this dream of fair women [was] now to disappear before a race of 'Blue Stockings' sitting barefooted in the class room with men and straining their minds upon the same prob­ lems the male students were laboring to solve." Some questioned why a

4 Stephens, History of the University, 218-221. Two of the first four male graduates of the University's Normal College became lawyers, one became a miner and the other entered the medical field.

In 1868 the University finally agreed to admit women to the Normal College; coeducation in all departments did not occur until the fall of 1871. State Historical Society of Missouri Administrative Treatment of Women Students 375

family of means would voluntarily send its daughters to the University instead of the local women's colleges. When the granddaughter of one of Columbia's founding fathers enrolled in the University, women from the town's first families suggested that the family dissuade her. The president of one of the women's colleges, "probably thinking that financial reasons alone induced [the mother's] decision[,] kindly came and offered her free tuition for her daughters in his college so she might refrain from setting such a bad example in the town."5 Aware of local ambivalence, the University proceeded cautiously with coeducation. After taking the radical step of admitting women to the Normal School, the board of curators gradually opened additional depart­ ments. The board adopted a "separate but equal" approach to coeducation by proposing a separate but related women's university. Had this institution materialized, it would have fallen safely in line with contemporary views of women's higher education. The proposed college was "specifically designed to prepare women for their particular sphere in society," which included teaching them "the care of the sick room and the kitchen[,] . . . elevating, by science and art, the commonest duties of home life."6 The board hoped that the state would finance the needed building. Knowing the parsimonious attitude of the legislature toward the University in general, the board worded its appeal strongly. The curators warned that if the legislature refused to appropriate funds to establish the women's univer­ sity, it would be treating one-half of the state as "outcasts."7 Predictably, the legislature ignored the plea for an all-female institution. The following year, the board gave the proposed separate institution the more official title of "University College for Women." University instruc­ tors would teach women students a special curriculum in a dormitory/class­ room building cozily labeled the "College Home." In its second quest for funds, the board again tried guilt-inducing tactics on the legislature. The curators asserted that without state aid the "experiment of admitting female students must be abandoned in consequence of the State making for them no suitable provision."8 Unmoved by this second plea, the legislature again refused to appropriate resources.

5 Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, s.v. "blue stockings" defines the term as a woman having or pretending to have intellectual interests or literary tastes. Sarah Gentry Elston, "The Co-eds Fifty Years Ago," Missouri Alumnus 11 (February 1923): 143. Elston received a B.S. degree from the University in 1873 and an M.S. degree in 1876. 6 University of the State of Missouri Report Containing Catalogue and Announcements for the Year Ending June 29, 1870 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Horace Wilcox, Public Printer, 1870), 37-38. Hereafter cited as USM, Catalogue, 1870. ^ Ibid. 8 University of the State of Missouri Report by the Curators to the Governor Containing Catalogue, Announcements, . . . for the Year Ending June 28th, 1871 (St. Louis: R. P. Studley &Co., 1871), 24. 376 Missouri Historical Review

The University finally recognized the impracticality of creating separate universities and opened all classes to women in the fall of 1871. The stu­ dent catalog conveyed the sense of peril surrounding this act, noting: "By degrees, and carefully feeling our way, as though explosive material was all around us, we have come to admit them to all the classes in all the depart­ ments, just as young men are admitted."9 Such alarm proved unnecessary, for as a member of the class of 1873 noted twenty years later, "Not one of the long list of predicted evils" of coeducation resulted. "Girls did not become masculine or immodest; they did not fail in their studies; they did not break down in health; they have not cheapened the course; they have not been inferior in scholarship to men."10 In fact, the first women students rapidly demonstrated an aptitude for university course work by garnering a disproportionate share of academic awards. In 1870 Eliza Gentry received one of two departmental prizes for the best essay on constitutional history. In 1871 Julia Ripley, who graduated first in the Normal Department, won the freshman Greek prize for the highest scholarship in Homer's Iliad, and in 1874 she received the annual Stephens Oratorical Medal for her valedic­ tory oration, "The Law of Historical Development." Anna Ware, who in 1872 became the first woman to earn a B.S. degree, graduated third in her class and won prizes in constitutional and international law. Women stu­ dents even earned the Agricultural Department prizes in 1874 and 1875.11 These first University women, like early female students elsewhere, did not immediately become assimilated into University life. Part of their isolation stemmed from physical segregation on campus. During the first year of coedu­ cation, the Normal College women were "kept at the back door... on the scare of some danger . . . [and] then very cautiously admitted" to a few recitations and lectures in the University building to supplement their Normal College classes. The administration closely monitored the women on campus, proba­ bly to protect the men from them as much as the opposite. Women students marched from the Normal building to the University building in a line, flanked by teachers front and rear.12 Rules required them to shun the company of men while on campus and to use the library only during hours when men did not. The University also initially excluded women from chapel. Later in the first 9 By 1870 seven other state universities admitted women: Iowa, Wisconsin, Kansas, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan and California. University of. . . Missouri Report. . . Containing Catalogue, Announcements, . . . Year Ending June 26th, 1872 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Regan & Carter, Printers, 1872), 24. In 1872 the legislature followed up this action by passing an act admitting women to the University on an equal basis with men. Templin, "Some Defects and Merits," 196. 10 Sally Gentry Elston, "Women's Work," Alumni Oration booklet, 31 May 1893, 17, University Archives, University of Missouri, Columbia. n USM, Catalogue, 1871, 77; ibid., 1872, 100; ibid., Year Ending June 26, 1873 (St. Louis: R. P. Studley Co., 1873), 115, 117; ibid., Year Ending June 24, 1875 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Regan & Carter, 1875), 149-150; ibid., Year Ending July 4, 1876 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Regan & Carter, 1876), 132. 12 USM, Catalogue, 1872, 24. Administrative Treatment of Women Students 377

Although the first female graduated from the Normal College in 1870, Anna Ware was the first woman to complete the full University course. She received the B.S. degree in 1872.

State Historical Society of Missouri term the administration relented, but still ordered that women be marched in and seated in the gallery separately from the men. Despite such precautions, chapel provided the first opportunity for interaction between the sexes: Normal College Professor E. L. Ripley established a women's choir, which the men promptly clamored to join.13 Early female students experienced double segregation, both from men on campus and from one another off campus. Inadequate housing constitut­ ed the single greatest barrier to their participation in college life. Scattered around town in boarding houses, women students lacked the many opportu­ nities for fellowship enjoyed by male students. At first, the lack of women's housing affected few because most of the early female students hailed from Columbia and lived at home. The total number of women students during the early to mid-1870s varied from twenty-five to sixty per year, with only ten to fifteen per year from outside of Columbia.14 Only women without relatives in Columbia boarded in town. Although boarding houses cost more than male student housing, women could easily find a room since many Columbia families preferred the quieter females over male boarders. The University took seriously the nineteenth-century expectation that colleges act in loco parentis and fretted over its inability to provide on-cam- pus living quarters.15 The administration of 1879-1880 urged parents to

13 Elston, "Co-eds," 144. 14 Viles, University of Missouri, 167. Enrollment statistics during the early 1870s are so gar­ bled that it is difficult to establish any firm figures. As best as can be determined, women com­ prised about one-fourth to one-third of the total enrollment. See ibid., 160-163. 15 Read worried especially about the ability of women to "look up boarding-houses and find other conveniences amid the confusion and excitement of the opening session." Daniel Read, Commencement Address (1870), 7, quoted in Templin, "Some Defects and Merits," 197. 378 Missouri Historical Review accompany their children to the University and help them find suitable accommodations, for it would be a "great misfortune for youth of either sex to be isolated from proper domestic supervision, whilst in a course of educa­ tion."16 The University had begun easing the men's housing shortage by establishing the first boarding clubs in 1868; however, women's housing remained troublesome for decades to come.17 President Read, in particular, deplored the University's inability to house women. He called the admission of women without corresponding provisions "worse than mockery" and accused the regents and curators of having "done nothing whatever; [since] the naked right of admission as you well know, is nothing. None, or next to none (and those only peculiarly situated) can avail themselves of your magnanimity."18 The administration feared that the hous­ ing shortage might prevent nonlocal women from attending the University. After all, no institution could expect parents to send their daughters to a school lacking the sanctifying influence of home life. Male students also apparently felt that their female counterparts needed greater protection than boarding houses provided. The student newspaper claimed that "when a young lady is compelled to seek a place of abode among a lot of school boys, utter strangers, often rough, reckless and uncultivated in their manners, the desire for knowledge must be strong indeed that will nerve her to the under­ taking." 19 In the 1870s a few University women found an alternative to boarding in town. Professor Ripley and his wife opened their house to ten to fifteen young women at a time for the moderate price of three dollars per week.20 In 1874 the Hudson Mansion, built by a former University president, provided a "special College Home for young ladies." A matron served as superintendent and manager. However, the Mansion housed only twenty-two residents, and

16 Annual Catalogue of the Missouri University at Columbia, Missouri, 1879-1880 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Carter & Regan, 1880), 144. 17 In 1868 the University built three one-story cottages on the southwest corner of cam­ pus. These cottages, which served as boarding clubs, contained five rooms each and housed a total of thirty-two men. Two more groups of cottages were added later. In September 1888 the University built a brick clubhouse with fifty-four rooms, accommodating approximately ninety-five men. Male students were thus provided a system of affordable housing that would serve for thirty years, when the first men's dormitory was built. Stephens, History of the University, 224-226; Viles, University of Missouri, 136 and 167. 18 USM, Catalogue, 1870, 37; Read, Commencement Address (1870), 6, quoted in Templin, "Some Defects and Merits," 197. 19 University1 Missourian 1 (January 1878): 5. 20 During this period boarding houses charged an average of $4 a week. The male board­ ing clubs charged a $4 initiation fee, but room and board totaled only $1.65 a week in 1868. Viles, University of Missouri, 136. Dorothea Smith, "Admission of Women to the University of Missouri, Columbia," historical background prepared for the Women's Centennial Committee, 13, Reference Notebook, Women at the University of Missouri, No. 3, University Archives. Administrative Treatment of Women Students 379 they faced a long walk to campus. In addition, the residence lodged women only until 1877 when a professor and his family displaced them.21 Such measures proved stopgap at best in solving the women's housing dilemma. The University wanted to provide parental oversight for all female students on a more permanent basis. In an attempt to provide the necessary domestic supervision, the board of curators tried once again to establish a "college home" in 1879-1880. The description of this abode emphasized the all-important home influence that would be found within:

Recognizing that the formative power of home and social life is indispens­ able to the normal development of woman's intellect and heart, a Home will be provided for a limited number of young ladies from a distance, wherein they will be treated as daughters of a common family. . . . The Home will not be merely an eating place and a sleeping place for girls, but we will strive to throw about it those refining and hallowed influences without which there can be no true womanly growth. Its parlors will be thrown open to the young ladies as members of the family, and all the priv­ ileges of a well regulated home will be theirs to enjoy.22

2i USM, Catalogue, 1876, 112. The University Missourian 1 (September 1877): 13, stat­ ed that Professor George Clinton Swallow and his family now occupied Hudson Mansion. 22 University Catalogue, 1879-1880, 58.

From 1874 to 1877 the Hudson Mansion housed a selected number of female students. State Historical Society of Missouri 380 Missouri Historical Review

Because the building housing the "college home" was mentioned as already existing and accommodating twenty-two, the University may have intended to turn the Hudson Mansion into permanent housing for women. As with previous bids for a women's residence, the project did not materialize. Despite this setback, the University remained committed to the idea of a college home inculcating refinement and traditional values. The 1880-1881 catalog predicted that sooner or later the state must "awaken to a more ade­ quate realization of the influence of cultivated woman as a conservative force in our civilization" and subsequently provide better facilities for women.23 The women's housing problem worsened in the last decade of the nine­ teenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. Through the 1890s the number of female students increased to an average of seventy-eight per year. In 1893 an 1873 graduate noted that University women still lacked a "cultured home" that could add refinement to "social college life and an intellectual qual­ ity to domestic life." She called for dormitories housing "families" of twenty to fifty coeds, headed by matrons who combined "motherly kindness" with "domestic skill," "stability" and "intellectual culture."24 Another ten years passed before University women enjoyed anything of the kind. In 1903 the University finally received appropriations enabling it to build a women's dor­ mitory, appropriately named Read Hall for the man who had opened the doors of the University to women.25 Student housing in the nineteenth century consisted of separate and unequal accommodations for men and women students. Men chose from a growing number of inexpensive boarding clubs, while with a few exceptions, women sought more costly housing in town. In this case the University did not wish to treat the sexes differently; it merely lacked the funds to create equal conditions. In other instances administrators deliberately discriminated. Disparate treatment escalated during the administration of Samuel Spahr Laws, president from 1876 to 1889. He held the most conservative, and thus the most disapproving, attitude toward women of any of the University chiefs.

23 Annual Catalogue of the Missouri University at Columbia, Missouri, 1880-1881 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Co., 1881), 68. 24 This average is based on 1891 to 1899 enrollment figures for women enrolled in the College of Arts and Science. President's Annual Report to the Board of Curators, 1907-1908, 40, University Archives; Elston, "Women's Work," 19. 25 Although an important advance, the new dormitory could accommodate only 28 women out of the 253 enrolled and thus provided slight relief for the housing problem. University of Missouri Catalogue Sixty-Second Report of the Curators to the Governor of the State, 1903-1904 (Columbia, Mo.: n.p., [1904]), 63. Sororities began to build chapter houses in the early 1900s, but these housed only a fraction of the women students. More—albeit still inadequate—women's housing would have to wait until 1913, when Sampson Hall, a second women's dorm opened, housing approximately forty students. "Catalogue . . . Announcements 1914-1915," University of Missouri Bulletin 15, General Series (April 1914): 67; "Sampson Hall," The Savitar (Kansas City, Mo.: Junior Class of the Missouri University, 1917), 334. Administrative Treatment of Women Students 381

Although not kindly disposed toward coeducation, he had agreed to head a uni­ versity where the practice was well entrenched and unlikely to be eradicated. President Laws wanted to establish separate educational institutions for men and women, but acknowledged that the state would not provide funds for that purpose.26 He compromised by instituting policies that purportedly honored women's distinctive role, but in practice restricted their actions on campus. Laws may well have agreed with the contemporary view that "identical education" of men and women constituted "a crime before God and humanity, that physiology protests against, and that experience weeps over."27 In the

26 Stephens, History of the University, 291; Report to His Excellency, the Governor, of the Thirty-Seventh Missouri University Catalogue, 1878-1879 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Regan & Carter, 1879), 144. 27 Clarke, Sex in Education, 127, quoted in Sue Zschoche, "Dr. Clarke Revisited: Science, True Womanhood, and Female Collegiate Education," History of Education Quarterly 29 (Winter 1989): 546.

State Historical Society of Missouri

President Daniel Read (above) provided early leadership for the admission of women; however, the presidency of Samuel Spahr Laws (right) was characterized by strict rules for female students.

Courtesy University of Missouri Archives 382 Missouri Historical Review school year of 1879-1880, Laws established a Ladies' Course that he hoped would "escape the fallacy of confounding coeducation with identical educa­ tion." A University catalog described the Artium Domesticarum Baccalau- rea (A.D.B.) degree as pointing "to home life as the destined sphere of woman as distinguished from the public, professional and business life of man." The Ladies' Course consisted of various classes from the arts col­ lege; additional work in literature, composition and criticism; and "studies peculiarly adapted to the culture of woman, such as calisthenics, music, physiology, domestic chemistry and economy." Laws optimistically pre­ dicted that the Ladies' Course would prove more popular with women than any of the other academic courses.28 With this projection he revealed his ignorance of women students' needs and desires: only seven women com­ pleted the course, which lasted no longer than his presidency. The amount of supervision women received also increased under Laws's leadership. The number of women students had reached a high of seventy- nine in the 1879-1880 school year, and the president apparently saw a need for additional oversight. He established a Ladies' Department and hired a "Lady Principal," Mrs. O. A. Carr, to enforce regulations and supervise the Ladies' Lounge in the University Building. He intended that the lady princi­ pal also serve as a surrogate mother and create the homelike atmosphere that women so needed. These students did not prove to be much of a handful; the next year Carr characterized them as "quiet and lady-like in demeanor, giving daily evidences of development in genuine womanhood." In the 1890s women received similar oversight in the Ladies' Lounge of the new Academic Hall. The lounge contained day rooms, with a lady in charge "whose sole duty is to exercise motherly care over the lady students and to be their confidential adviser." The maternal duties of the matron, as she was now called, included chaperoning and guarding the women students' "health, man­ ners and general conduct."29 Given Laws's penchant for rules, he no doubt viewed the matrons' supervisory duties as more important than their nurturing functions. In the late 1800s the University maintained that, except for the special supervision provided in the Ladies' Lounge, "in all other respects women and men are treated alike." Although sparse documentation exists of faculty and staff treatment of women, evidence belies the claim of equality. Library poli­ cies seemed to cause the most rancor among women students. They com­ plained that they could not borrow newspapers from the male side of the

2§ University Catalogue, 1879-1880, 60; ibid., 1881-1882, 136. Women (and men) also could choose from four other academic degree programs during this period: bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, bachelor of literature and, until 1880, bachelor of philosophy. 29 University Catalogue, 1879-1880, 60; ibid., 1880-1881, 66; Annual Catalogue of the University of the State of Missouri at Columbia, Missouri, 1890-1891 (n.p., [1891]), 62; Catalogue of the University of the State of Missouri, Fifty-Second Report of the Curators to the Governor of the State, 1893-1894 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Co., [1894]), 93. Administrative Treatment of Women Students 383

Early rules required University women to walk separately from men on campus.

State Historical Society of Missouri library until the men had finished—seldom the same day. One coed consid­ ered it "an insult to the intelligence of an M.S.U. girl who asks for a paper in the library to be given one a week old, because the late one cannot be taken away from the boys." Furthermore, the men's side of the library boasted a variety of daily papers, while the women's side contained only two.30 The women considered the actions of librarian J. W. Monser even more egregious. In 1890 eighteen women students signed a letter to the board of curators "most earnestly protesting]" Monser's "rude and arbitrary conduct... toward the young ladies in the study hall." The librarian had wired off heaters and windows from the women's side and placed bookcases in the areas allocated for women. The students requested a hearing through a committee appointed by the faculty, "as there are other things which demand consideration, too numerous to be mentioned in a petition."31 University regulations provide more detail about administrative atti­ tudes toward women. Even after the University became coeducational, many of the rules seemed to be directed toward men, as the regulations con­ cerned such matters as gambling, drinking, frequenting billiards parlors and carrying weapons. Rules pertaining to women, such as the early one forbid­ ding them to walk with men on campus, appeared to have been designed primarily to keep them away from the men. President Laws promulgated

30 University Catalogue, 1893-1894, 5; "Kicker's Column," The M.S.U Independent 2 (27 October 1894): 8; "Ladies' Department," University Argus 5 (February 1889): 157. The two newspapers on the women's side of the library were the Kansas City Star and the Columbia Statesman. "Kicker's Column," 8. 31 Women students, Columbia, to Board of Curators, 1890, Board of Curators Correspon­ dence, Executive Board, University Archives. 384 Missouri Historical Review numerous regulations for both men and women, but he singled out women for the most restrictive rule: the wearing of a uniform. In 1876 he recom­ mended as "desirable" the following attire: "a black suit of alpaca or cash­ mere, consisting of a skirt, short enough to walk in, a polonaise [overdress] and hat, with white collar at the neck, and cardinal necktie; a long cloth sack cloak, to be worn in winter; and a water proof cloak for rainy weather." Although women's colleges commonly required uniforms, coeducational institutions seldom did. Laws justified the uniform by noting that University women could now easily be distinguished from the students at the two local women's colleges. In fact, the uniforms worn by the women's college stu­ dents already differentiated their wearers from the University women. The president also maintained that "criticism and extravagance" would be averted by the wearing of a uniform and "economy . . . consulted as well as looks."32 Economy might be claimed, but the uniform's "looks" could only be described as drab. Laws's rationale seems disingenuous given his aversion to coeducation. Consciously or not, he may have intended the uniform as an affront to women already attending and even as a deterrent to prospective students. He must have been aware of the uniform's potential for making the female stu­ dents not only less conspicuous but also less attractive, thereby injuring their vanity and making them less distracting to the men. Whatever Laws's intent, the women evidently felt that the unflattering attire minimized freedom of choice as well as individuality. In the beginning many women students refused to wear the uniform. Noncompliance prompted Laws to make the uniform, with some revisions, mandatory in 1881. Although female students now received ten demerits for each day they violated the dress code, they apparently continued to rebel; in 1884-1885 Laws made the demerit system more stringent. Women with twen­ ty-five demerits could not take part in exhibitions or contests, and the adminis­ tration expelled those with one hundred marks.33 Forced to wear the uniform, the women stretched the provisions of the dress code as far as they could without actually violating it. For example, they personalized their black suits with colorful trim, and as early as 1878, they fur­ ther enhanced their appearance with distinctive hats. This apparently caused next year's catalog to stipulate: "The style of hat will be recommended at the opening of the next semester; and, in order to secure perfect uniformity, the order for all hats required will be given by the Principal."34 Undeterred, the more enterprising students smartened up the homely regulation hats with flow­ ers, feathers and other ornaments. In 1887 some intrepid women even

32 University Catalogue, 1876-1877, 157-158. 33 University Catalogue, 1881-1882, 65; ibid., 1884-1885 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Publishing Co., 1885), 70. 34 University Catalogue, 1879-1880, 59. Administrative Treatment of Women Students 385 renounced the black uniform suit, for the student newspaper commented on the dress. "Some of the young ladies have either forgotton [sic] the regulations in regard to uniforms, or else they are trying the power of such regulations, as they appear on all occasions, in various colors." Laws duly responded to each circumvention of the uniform rule by adding further stipulations.35 The uniform ended with Laws's administration. In 1893 President Richard Jesse and the faculty unanimously recommended elimination of the uniforms, which Jesse called "expensive, dismal, and worthy of abolition."36 His administration also saw a decline in the great number of restrictions aimed at women students, although equality remained far in the future. Sexual seg­ regation on campus continued through the 1890s. During lecture hours, from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M., students could not congregate on campus, and women stu­ dents had to be either in class, the Ladies' Apartments (waiting rooms) of Academic Hall, the library or at home. The new century brought increased freedom. Coeducation gained further acceptance—nationally and at the University—and social mores also changed, resulting in fewer on-campus restrictions on the mingling of the sexes. Most University regulations for

35 "Locals," University Argus 1 (April 1887): 30. University Catalogue, 1881-1882, 65; Annual Catalogue of the Missouri Agricultural College and University at Columbia, Missouri, 1885-1886 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Co., 1886), 83. 36 Smith, "Admission of Women to the University," 17, Reference Notebook, Women at the University of Missouri, No. 3, University Archives.

State Historical Society of Missouri

President Richard Jesse lessened the restrictions aimed at women stu­ dents and eliminated their uniforms. 386 Missouri Historical Review women in the early 1900s applied to living conditions, but these rules were few and their enforcement relatively lenient.37 Overall, the segregation and discrimination experienced by women stu­ dents at Missouri State University resembled that encountered by coeds at other American universities in the 1800s. Segregation, separate vocational tracks, additional rules and unequal accommodations for women constituted the norm rather than the rule. Despite less than full support from college administrations, women increasingly chose to attend coeducational colleges. At these institutions women could (except when barred from certain fields or classes) obtain the same education as males; they also could take advan­ tage of better classroom facilities and a greater variety of classes than usual­ ly provided at women's colleges. By the 1890s they were enrolling at coed­ ucational colleges in rapidly increasing numbers. The University was no exception, for female enrollment grew apace. In 1898 women represented about 30 percent of the students in the University's College of Arts and Science; ten years later the proportion had grown to 48 percent.38 Clearly for University women, the advantages outweighed any inequitable treatment they received.

37 Read Hall listed only five rules. One in 1904, for example, stipulated that residents had to leave dances at midnight. Sorority women living in chapter houses had even more autonomy: they were required to return from dances at "a reasonably early hour," a rule that allowed for con­ siderable latitude. Mary Elizabeth Lewis, adviser of women, to President and Executive Board, 7 December 1904, Board of Curators Correspondence, Executive Board, University Archives. 38 By 1900 more than twice as many American women had enrolled in coeducational insti­ tutions as in women's colleges. The number of women in coeducational colleges increased from 3,044 in 1875 to 19,959 in 1900. In contrast, the number of students at women's colleges increased from 9,572 to 15,977 during these years. Thomas Woody, A History of Women's Education in the United States, vol. 2 (New York: Science Press, 1929; reprint, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Octagon Books, 1980), 252-253. President's Annual Report, 1907-1908, 40, University Archives.

A Worthy Goal Columbia Summer Complaint, August 10, 1929. Bill Poole is with Sears Roebuck & Company, and it is rumored that he is in the depart­ ment of catalogues, trying to make the paper of a more soft and pliable texture.

True Grit Canton Press, August 25, 1870. Some grocers show their grit by sanding their sugar.

Don't Mention It Kansas City Daily Western Journal of Commerce, December 18, 1858. The best way to treat slander is to let it alone and say nothing about it. It soon dies when fed on silent contempt. State Historical Society of Missouri Aberdeen, located north of Prairieville, was established by Walker G. Meriwether in 1835. Henry Block, Meriwether's son-in-law, managed the property during and after the Civil War. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction BY DENNIS NAGLICH*

In the late fall of 1865 a traveler in a horse-drawn wagon headed south from Louisiana, Missouri, which had been the headquarters of Union troops in Pike County during the Civil War. He rode the major thoroughfare con­ necting Louisiana with Prairieville, the former center of secessionist opposi­ tion in the county. The first five miles appeared in good condition, but as the driver approached Prairieville the road became a dirt track, and his horse "glanced back to see what was the matter." Wheel ruts had eroded into deep gullies, and bridges had been washed out. The traveler observed that imme­ diate repairs were needed because "the road passes through the finest portion of our country, and if it is not repaired people will not pass over it at all this winter."1 Equally obvious to the passerby was the damage caused by the war and the remaining potential of the land.

*Dennis Naglich, an archaeologist with the National Park Service, received the M.A. degree in history from Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville. His related article, "The Slave System and the Civil War in Rural Prairieville," appeared in the April 1993 issue of the Missouri Historical Review. 1 Louisiana Journal, 2 December 1865. 387 388 Missouri Historical Review

Slaveholders from Virginia had arrived in the area around Prairieville in the 1830s and built prosperous tobacco plantations. During the Civil War they had participated in a protracted guerrilla conflict, lost family members, suffered hardship and seen tobacco production all but ruined. Yet many would make a surprisingly quick recovery during Reconstruction, altering agricultural practices and regaining much of the wealth and position they had enjoyed before the war. In the absence of a booming tobacco business, the largest farms would undergo division or diminution, but the families of the antebellum planters would remain among the vicinity's upper class. Many of the people who had lived as slaves in the area during the ante­ bellum period remained during Reconstruction and found work as share­ croppers, farm renters or agricultural laborers. Struggling to subsist at the bottom of the economic system and to exercise the rights of citizenship, a few managed to buy small tracts in the vicinity where they had worked as slaves. During the Civil War physical damage, theft and crop loss had been widespread on farms in the Prairieville vicinity. Both guerrillas and Union militia had burned farmsteads in the area, but none of Prairieville's largest estates had been torched. Most of these properties remained intact, still owned by the families who had established them. The Hazlewood estate southwest of Prairieville suffered the worst effects. Although dissolution of the property had begun before the war, the death of owner Lydia Laurie Can- in 1865, following her forced exile as a Southern sympathizer, ensured the division of the estate into smaller farms. Another large family property also was divided, not as the result of war, but because its owner, Thomas W. Lewis, died of natural causes. The land, located south of Prairieville in Lincoln County, was parceled out among his heirs, including sons William and Thomas W. Lewis and son-in-law Eugene Bonfils.2 Other plantations remained unchanged in acreage from their original antebellum dimensions. Among them was Ashburton, owned by Alice Davis, widow of its founder, John W. Davis, who had died of illness during the war. Alice also had lost a son, William, who died while serving as a Confederate soldier; another son, Edwin, helped manage the property. Adjacent to Ashburton lay the Aberdeen estate, which at war's end was under the administrative control of Henry V. P. Block, son-in-law of its deceased original owner, Walker Meriwether. Walker's wife, Jane, owned controlling interest in the property, but took no part in its management.

2 Pike County Deeds Records, Z: 521-523, Pike County Courthouse, Bowling Green; Pike County Assessor's Book, 1869, 1872, Pike County Courthouse; Lincoln County Surveyor's Record, G: 242, Lincoln County Courthouse, Troy; Lincoln County Assessor's Book, 1868, 1870, Lincoln County Courthouse; Nelson Heath Meriwether, The Meriwethers and Their Connections (Columbia, Mo.: Artcraft Press, 1964), 103-104. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 389

South of Prairieville, George D. Meriwether, Block's brother-in-law, operat­ ed the estate of Elmwood and adjoining acreage in Lincoln County. George's aunt, Adeline Meriwether, owned another substantial local farm, Springhill, located northeast of Elmwood. Of advanced age, Adeline relied on her son Heath to administer her property. Adeline's daughter, Mary C. Meriwether, held a plantation called Sweet Canaan, situated northwest of Aberdeen.3 Reluctantly accepting defeat, rural Prairieville's white population rallied around relief efforts for defenders of the Confederacy left destitute by the war. Some of the most devoted former supporters of the rebellion, such as Henry Block's wife, Alice, and members of the Davis family, hosted a fund- raising ball and festival in Louisiana in June 1866. A tournament and bar­ becue to raise additional funds took place in Prairieville one month later. Several area planters sponsored the event, including Heath Meriwether, George Meriwether and Thomas W. Lewis. The well-attended gathering won the approval of the local press, except for a speech by Nicholas Minor, who was perhaps not a thoroughly reconstructed Rebel. A reporter who

3 Pike County Assessor's Book, 1869, 1872; Lincoln County Assessor's Book, 1868, 1870; Lincoln County Probate Records, George D. Meriwether, No. 1081, Lincoln County Courthouse; Meriwether, The Meriwethers and Their Connections, 568, 574-575.

Lottie Wright Davis, comp., History of St. John's Episcopal Church, Prairieville, Missouri

Mary C. Meriwether 390 Missouri Historical Review heard the address thought Minor might be happier in Mexico, the United States government having "made ample preparation to administer its affairs without his assistance or that of his kind."4 While other Southern relief benefits followed, area residents mounted no similar effort in behalf of the vicinity's former slaves who were strug­ gling to make their way in the postwar economy. Nevertheless, some local whites seriously doubted the black population's ability to succeed, or even to exist, without the guidance and control of their former masters. The Lincoln County Herald, published in nearby Troy, reprinted an article claim­ ing that blacks were dying by the tens of thousands in the wake of freedom. Women, who as slaves had enjoyed "comfortable homes, regular employ­ ment, plenty to eat, and lived in families," wandered aimlessly following emancipation. When ill, their children received improper care and most died. A writer for the Herald agreed, arguing that the Bible provided a compelling parallel: all but two of the Israelites who had lived as slaves in Egypt perished in the wilderness before reaching the Promised Land. Emancipation, he argued, should have occurred gradually, but the events of war had not permitted this. As a result blacks were dying, and those who survived lived as paupers, with some resorting to crime. Inevitably, the black must "gradually melt away until there will be no place left for him."5 The number of blacks in Lincoln County did decline between 1860 and 1870, primarily because a significant minority of them left in search of work. Yet the local black population did not melt away in the manner described by the Herald. Instead, in the years immediately after the war's close, many of rural Prairieville's blacks found themselves members of large, rapidly growing families. After living as husband and wife during slavery, Harry Hammer and Susan Helmer were among a group of black couples officially married in Lincoln County on January 8, 1866. At the time they had six children ranging in age from eight months to seventeen years, and Harry supported the family by working as an agricultural laborer, probably on the farm of Thomas W. Lewis.6 Like other blacks in the area, the Hammers found land acquisition a long, difficult process, and in 1870 they still did not own property. Accord­ ing to the federal census of 1870, 238 black men twenty years of age or older lived in Union Township of Lincoln County and Calumet Township of Pike County, the two townships encompassing rural Prairieville. The census listed the great majority of them, 194, as farm laborers or farm workers, implying that they did not own the land that they worked. Twenty-six were

4 Louisiana Journal, 9, 30 June, 14 July 1866. 5 Troy Lincoln County Herald, 19 January 1866, 23 June 1870. 6 Charles W. Seaton and Francis A. Walker, Compendium of the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1883), 359; "Marriage License for Colored," 23, Lincoln County Courthouse; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," 31. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 391

State Historical Society of Missouri Some former slaves in the Prairieville area managed to buy land and begin farming in the years after the war. described as farmers, and probably only a portion of these actually pos­ sessed real estate.7 Among the few who had managed to acquire farm property, Edward Tucker secured a tract of forty-six acres that bordered Sweet Canaan in 1866. He paid the purchase price of $160 in livestock and other goods. By 1870 Scotland Meriwether, who had worked as a slave in the fields of Aberdeen before the war, had taken the first steps toward ownership, but had not completed his payments. Agreeing in 1868 to buy a 120-acre parcel bordering Aberdeen and just north of Prairieville, Meriwether did not final­ ize the purchase until about 1872. The master of Aberdeen, Henry Block, furnished Meriwether with the necessary financial assistance, according to the reminiscences of Block's son Cm orge. The two men developed a mutual trust, and Block supposedly made interest-free loans to Meriwether.8 Other evidence likewise suggests solicitude among the whites at Aberdeen for some of their former slaves. In 1870 Polly and Nancy

7 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Agricultural Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo."; ibid., "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo."; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo."; ibid., "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo." s Pike County Deeds Records, 33: 407-408, 34: 376-377; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 48; Pike County Assessor's Book, 1872; Henry Block, In the Days of Long Ago (St. Louis: Mound City Press, 1929), 34. 392 Missouri Historical Review

Douglas, two black women in their mid-sixties, lived at Aberdeen without occupation, possibly supported by the Meriwether-Block family. Polly's role during slavery as nurse for the white children of Aberdeen made her a respected member of the household, and she would remain there until her death. Devoutly religious, she refused to join the local church, convinced by her husband, Abram, that she first must have an experience of revelatory saving grace, which never came. Just before dying she expressed doubt about her fate in the afterlife, to which George Block claimed that his moth­ er replied, "I wish my chances of Heaven were as good as yours."9 It has been maintained that Heath Meriwether aided the emancipated slaves of Springhill as they adjusted to freedom. According to his grandson, Heath "gave each of his [former] slaves 10 acres of land near 'Springhill' . . . and his overseer devised a plan for exchanging their work for the neces­ sities of life." Local deed records, however, fail to document Meriwether transferring land, free of charge, to former Springhill slaves; rather, he may have established them as sharecroppers or tenants on land that he owned. Meriwether instituted "a new system of barter and exchange," probably sim­ ilar to the system evolving across the South during Reconstruction, furnish­ ing black farmers with implements and necessities as an advance on con­ tracted wages or in return for a portion of their harvest.10 Despite the fears of local whites that freed slaves would be unproduc­ tive workers, the use of black agriculturalists proved an important means by which some of Prairieville's large plantations were kept intact during Reconstruction. The 1870 census listed six black farm laborers living at Aberdeen in the same household as the Block family, and at least eight oth­ ers lived on the property, many perhaps residing in the old slave quarters. Some worked for fixed wages; others sharecropped or rented the land they farmed.11 Henry Block typically paid for half of the seed planted by his share­ croppers and received half of the harvest produced. While the sharecrop­ pers were entitled to the other half of the crop, a portion might be retained by Block to satisfy debts they had accumulated during the previous year. Block's son recalled a working arrangement involving Napoleon Bonaparte Douglas, a black resident at Aberdeen, who one year decided to partner with another man in the production of an oat crop. After the oats were threshed, the two men were allocated their part of the crop, and Block received his share. The sharecroppers then agreed to sell their portion of the crop, but Douglas first asked that his half of the partnership's oats be piled before

9 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 49; Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 16. 10 Meriwether, The Meriwethers and Their Connections, 120. 11 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 48-49. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 393 him. After dealing with the tangled details of his production agreement, he found it reassuring to see before him the tangible fruits of his labor.12 If blacks found local labor agreements unsatisfactory, they had little recourse, for their claim on political and civil rights remained uncertain in the postwar era. As late as 1869 the Lincoln County Herald insisted that "the freedmen are at present incompetent to the duties of full citizenship" and "many generations must come and go away before the negro can attain the intelligence and manhood requisite to make him a safe depository of political power."13 Some local whites were prepared to maintain the subordinate position of blacks by force if necessary; the Ku Klux Klan was active in Prairieville by 1869. In February a local newspaper carried an article, replete with racial slurs, claiming that terror had seized local blacks after rumors arose that the Klan was pursuing a campaign of murder in Prairieville. Hearing that the Klan had planned an attack on a nearby rural neighborhood known as Negro Hollow, blacks stood guard there through a long winter night, waiting for an attack that never materialized.14 Implicit in the article's wording was the belief that the area's blacks were childlike, ignorant and

12 Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 23, 36. 13 Troy Lincoln County Herald, 30 September 1869. 14 Clarksville Sentinel, 25 February 1869.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Henry and Alice Meriwether Block 394 Missouri Historical Review easily frightened. While belittling the fears of blacks, the article conveyed the deep-seated bigotry and racial antagonism that plagued the vicinity. In April 1870 blacks from across Pike County gathered in Louisiana for an "Amendment Jubilee" in celebration of the Fifteenth Amendment, which had given them the vote.15 That right remained open to challenge as the 1870s proceeded. Whatever racial tensions existed, white owners of large agricultural holdings continued to depend on black labor. By 1870, although not fully recovered from the effects of war, most Prairieville area plantations had regained much of their antebellum prosperity. Aberdeen thrived, its tax assessed value far exceeding prewar figures. According to the 1870 census, the Aberdeen holdings made Block the wealthiest farmer in his township and among the most affluent in Lincoln and Pike counties. Tobacco produc­ tion continued at Aberdeen, but in diminished amounts, for Block had begun to emphasize livestock raising. Acting quickly after the war, he amassed herds of sheep, cattle and hogs—valued in 1870 at $22,160, an extremely high amount for the time. Interest in livestock came naturally to Block who, according to his son, "loved his fine stock. And how he hated to sell any of them!" He brought Durham cattle to Pike County, and his sta­ ble of fine horses was highly regarded.16 Block believed that Aberdeen's success was linked to the economic development of the region, and he became a leader of internal improvement efforts in Pike County. As treasurer of a road company he contributed to the rehabilitation of routes that had deteriorated during the war. Elected presi­ dent of the Louisiana and Missouri River Railroad in 1867, he worked long hours to establish the new line. The Louisiana Journal described him as "thoroughly practical and systematic, of large acquaintance, of the very best business habits, and ... a gentleman of the highest integrity."17 At Elmwood, George D. Meriwether also believed that livestock played an important role in Prairieville's new agricultural economy, although he owned considerably less stock than Block. He faced reverses after a flock of sheep "was so harassed and demoralized by dogs that he was compelled to sell the remnant of it." Thereafter, he worked to pass legislation to keep dogs under restraint and continued raising blooded stock. In 1872, when Henry Block held a cattle auction, Meriwether was among the chief buyers. According to Meriwether, Lincoln County farmers were "too suspicious of innovation and too old fogyish."18 Those who tried to ignore changing times would be forced to adapt; as for Meriwether, he would not stand by

15 Louisiana Journal, 16 April 1870. 16 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Agricultural Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 11; Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 18-19. 17 Louisiana Journal, 27 July 1867. 18 Troy Herald, 18 June 1873; Troy Lincoln County Herald, 19 June 1872. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 395

idly while his properties declined. By 1870 Meriwether was the wealthiest farmer in his township, and his prosperity continued until his death in 1874.1* The 1870 census indicates that the estate of Thomas M. Lewis had per­ haps regained its antebellum value, although contemporary tax records doc­ ument only a limited resurgence of property value. William J. Lewis, eldest son of Thomas, ranked among the wealthiest farmers in his township. His holdings included the core of his father's estate. Although he owned a large flock of sheep, William relied heavily on tobacco production. His brother, Thomas W., applied similar agricultural practices at his smaller adjacent farm; seemingly, the Lewis brothers had not fully grasped the importance of diversification.20 At Springhill a nearly complete recovery had been accomplished. Heath Meriwether, who inherited his father Fontaine's disdain for plantation management, was described by his grandson as a "gentleman farmer," more fond of his dogs and the hunt than of devising clever agricultural strategies. Reportedly, the only time he truly enjoyed his role as estate chief was during his annual trip by horseback and steamboat to St. Louis to sell crops and

19 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Agricultural Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," 9; Lincoln County Assessor's Book, 1868, 1870. 20 Lincoln County Tax Book, 1859, Lincoln County Courthouse; Lincoln County Assessor's Book, 1868, 1870; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Agricultural Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," 7, 11.

Courtesy Nelson H. Meriwether

In addition to Springhill, Heath Meriwether owned four other acreages in Pike and Lincoln counties. 396 Missouri Historical Review buy supplies. Although Meriwether made no radical alterations in agricul­ tural practices, Springhill prospered, and the standard of living there remained much as it had been in antebellum years. This was no easy task considering the many relatives living on the premises—as many as twenty- four at a time by one estimate. Among them were brothers Francis and William Meriwether, distant relations from Virginia who, after hard service in the Confederate army, had come to start anew in Missouri.21 In 1870 Ashburton was managed by Edwin Davis, whose mother, Alice, continued in residence on the farm, but took no active part in its administra­ tion. Census figures suggest that whatever reverses Ashburton had suffered during the war had been largely erased by 1870. Tobacco production had ceased, and in its place Davis practiced diversified agriculture, involving wheat and corn production as well as livestock. By 1870 the nearby estate of Sweet Canaan also had surpassed its antebellum value, despite a vast reduction in tobacco production. Its owner, Mary C. Meriwether, had found respectable profits by quickly converting to diversified general farming.22 Local agriculturalists considered the future of tobacco of prime concern. According to the Lincoln County Herald, in 1872 nearly every county farm of one hundred acres or more had one to ten tobacco barns, but many had gone unused during recent years. The newspaper endorsed diversification yet cautioned against the total abandonment of tobacco. Instead of selling unused land on large farms, owners should use this acreage to grow tobacco.23 The advice seemed sound, but eastern Missouri tobacco farming had begun a decline that would prove irreversible. During the 1870s over­ production of the tobacco variety in which Missouri specialized led to a price decline. Lincoln and Pike counties grew tobacco almost solely for use in plugs, and during these same years Kentucky developed a superior strain of plug tobacco that failed to reproduce well in Missouri.24 Thus, agricultur­ alists who clung too long to tobacco as a principal cash crop were destined for problems as the decade continued. Whether or not they chose to raise tobacco, the situation of rural Prairieville's black farmers remained tenuous. Nevertheless, during the early 1870s several of the vicinity's former slaves took the initial steps toward farm ownership. In 1871 Abraham Lewis was deeded a tract of 119 acres located between Prairieville and Aberdeen, along with another parcel of 12 acres, which together cost $2,400. Both Lewis and his wife, Ann, had probably been slaves for the Meriwether family at Aberdeen, and they had

2! Meriwether, The Meriwethers and Their Connections, 120-121, 200-201. 22 U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Agricultural Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 5; Pike County Assessor's Book, 1869. 23 Troy Lincoln County Herald, 22 February 1872. 24 J. B. Killebrew, "Report on the Culture and Curing of Tobacco," 94-96, in Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1883). Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 397 lived as husband and wife prior to emancipation. George Block described Ann as a "fine high class woman," who frequently worked as a nurse for his mother. Abraham was, according to Block, a "mighty man on the farm." In 1871 the Lewises, with a family of five children, lacked the money to pay for their new real estate. They therefore resorted to promissory notes arranged with Henry Block; the notes, totaling $2,400, were due in one year, with interest calculated at 10 percent. Abraham Lewis planted tobacco, corn, oats and wheat; kept horses, cattle and hogs; started an orchard; and doubtlessly applied himself with the vigor he had displayed at Aberdeen. As late as 1889 the Lewises negotiated yet another promissory note with Block, but in 1895 they at last satisfied all debts and gained unencumbered possession of their farm. During the 1870s and until the turn of the century, their farm was one of the largest independently operated by a black family in rural Prairieville.25 George Meriwether unofficially granted possession of certain small por­ tions of his holdings during the early 1870s to four former slaves, William

25 Pike County Deeds Records, 40: 451-455, 83: 400-402; Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 46; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 48; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Agricultural Schedule, "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 6; Pike County Land Assessment Book, 1890, Pike County Courthouse.

Among other crops, black farmers planted tobacco on their newly acquired land. State Historical Society of Missouri 398 Missouri Historical Review Lewis, William Douglas, Henry Walker and Harry Hammer. In September 1875, following Meriwether's death, Henry Block, acting as executor of the Meriwether estate, made formal deed transfers of these properties on the terms that Meriwether had specified before his death. The tract granted to William Lewis consisted of eighty acres bordering Springhill. Lewis, together with his wife, Mary, and their large family of children, made his home on this property and in 1875 signed five promissory notes with Heath Meriwether and Henry Block for $1,290, at 10 percent annual interest. The notes gave Heath Meriwether the power to seize crops harvested on the property to satisfy the debt. Strapped with such an obligation, the prospects of the Lewis family appeared dim, yet in 1880 they remained in possession of the farm, which was valued in that year's census at $1,200, the original purchase price.26 William Douglas's claim, totaling eighty acres, lay adjacent to the east. Douglas and his wife, Lucinda, also arranged promissory notes with Block and Meriwether in 1875, with the understanding that if they failed to pay each note within six months of its maturity date, Meriwether could auction the property. Exercising that prerogative in March 1879, Meriwether sold the land to Henry Block. The loss of the farm may have been hastened by the illness or death of William Douglas; Lucinda is listed in the 1880 census as a widow. In that year she and her children were working their farmland as sharecroppers, their brief attempt at ownership a failure.27 Henry Walker and his wife, Ellen, met a similar misfortune on their sev­ enty-acre tract at the edge of Elmwood. The Walkers had probably come to Missouri as slaves of the Meriwether-Lewis family during the 1830s, with Ellen perhaps enslaved to Elizabeth Lewis at Elmwood. Henry and Ellen had lived as husband and wife previous to gaining their freedom and had six children by 1870. The farm deeded to them in 1875 carried an expensive purchase price, and the Walkers were unable to pay off the promissory notes they negotiated with Heath Meriwether and Henry Block in the allotted time. By 1880 the land had reverted to the George Meriwether estate, and the Walker family had moved elsewhere.28 On their plot adjacent to that of the Walkers, the family of Harry Hammer fared better. Their more modest claim totaled forty-four acres, and the Hammers apparently started with some capital, Harry having saved a

26 Lincoln County Deeds Records, Lincoln County Courthouse, 2: 537, 5: 583; Lincoln County Probate Records, George D. Meriwether, No. 1081; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Agricultural Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 9. 27 Lincoln County Deeds Records, 2: 533, 5: 585-586; Pike County Deeds Records, 50: 299, 57: 396-398; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Population Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 21; ibid., Agricultural Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 9. 28 Lincoln County Probate Records, Elizabeth Lewis, No. 400; Lincoln County Deeds Records, 2: 536, 5: 580-581; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," 30. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 399 small amount during the years after the war when he worked as a farm laborer for Thomas W. Lewis. The Hammers signed only one note, for $290, with Meriwether and Block, yet making their farm succeed was no easy matter. The note, signed in 1875 and due in one year, was not paid in full until 1882. The value of the farm's produce and livestock in the 1880 census suggests that it was only a subsistence operation.29 The same story applied elsewhere in rural Prairieville. The drive toward landownership led to hard-fought success for some and to quick failure for others. Evy and William D. Douglas, former slaves born in Virginia, acquired a portion of the Hazlewood estate in 1874. Assisted by their adult sons, Stephen and Robert, the Douglases made their farm of 108 acres a viable operation. Powhattan Douglas secured sixty acres of land adjoining Sweet Canaan during the 1870s. Originally from Virginia and probably a former slave of the Meriwether family, Douglas had as many as six children. His farm never proved more than a marginal success, and he was obliged to relin­ quish ownership after a few years. North of Prairieville, one of the earliest black landowners, Scotland Meriwether, remained among the most successful, running a general farm that included a tobacco crop of significant quantity.30 Despite widespread efforts toward ownership, by 1880 the majority of the area's black agriculturalists remained landless, as revealed in census records for that year. Union Township in Lincoln County and the new township of Prairieville in Pike County then encompassed rural Prairieville. Within these townships only nineteen blacks can definitely be verified as farm owners in the agricultural schedules. Of the 129 black males over twenty years of age listed in the population schedule, 33 were described as farmers, implying land ownership, and 89 were identified as farm workers, farm laborers or laborers. By comparison, 576 white males aged twenty or older were recorded; 303 were farmers, and 151 were farm workers, farm laborers or laborers. Agricultural returns further indicate that sharecropping was more prevalent than direct cash rental among landless black farm oper­ ators.31 While some whites asserted that freedmen should be denied the fran­ chise because they lacked the education to make sound decisions at the polls, the blacks of rural Prairieville demonstrated an earnest desire to over­ come the illiteracy and ignorance that were the legacy of slavery. They

29 Lincoln County Deeds Records, 2: 534, 5: 581-582; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Agricultural Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," ED95: 8. 30 Pike County Deeds Records, 49: 42; U.S. Census, 9th Report 1870, Population Schedule "Calumet Township, Pike County, Mo.," 39; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Population Schedule "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," ED95: 11; ibid., Agricultural Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 6; Pike County Land Tax Book, 1872, 1875, 1885, Pike County Courthouse. 31 U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Population Schedule and ibid., Agricultural Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo." and "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo." 400 Missouri Historical Review

strove to attain the schooling for their children that would assist them in pre­ serving their rights of citizenship. By the 1870s two black schools existed outside Prairieville, one in the south corner of the Aberdeen property, anoth­ er northwest of the Elmwood estate near the Hammer and Walker farms. The growing number of black children attending school by 1880 included the sons of Scotland Meriwether, Warren and Thomas, who received at least a rudimentary education while simultaneously working on the family farm.32 Local black adult males maintained and exercised the right to vote dur­ ing this period, and according to George Block, some who could not read came to his father for assistance with ballots. Henry Block had swung his allegiance to the Republican party by that time, so black voters believed that they could trust his instructions. At the schoolhouse on the Aberdeen prop­ erty, a black political club held meetings. George Block visited them prior to the 1876 election and learned of the club's decision to vote as a block for the Republican candidates, including Rutherford B. Hayes for president. Division over endorsement of a candidate for county constable led to lively debate, with one man threatening to ignore the block voting procedure if his choice were not approved.33 Apparently this Republican club, or another organized in Prairieville, was guilty of what a local newspaper termed "bulldosing" in the election. On election night a man named Shelton Douglass was reportedly "thrashed by . . . other negroes for voting the Democratic ticket at the Prairieville poll." Before a court in Louisiana, the blacks who did the flogging, Stephen Douglas, Stephen Hughes, Isaac Meriwether and Joe Meriwether, pleaded guilty to the charges and asked for mercy. They justified their actions because Shelton Douglass belonged to their political club and had taken an oath to vote Republican or suffer lashing. "When the law was explained to them they said they were sorry, and promised to do so no more"; they agreed to pay for the plaintiff's injuries and court costs.34 The negative impact of the incident was more than counterbalanced by the determined lawful efforts of the local black community, which during the closing years of Reconstruction managed to retain basic political rights. Meanwhile, within the area's white population, the planter elite main­ tained its dominance. During the final years of Reconstruction, most of the old plantation lands remained under the control of direct descendants or rela­ tions of the original planters. The seeds of possible dissolution, however, had been planted; the reduction or the division of the largest estates had begun. The continued decline of tobacco production diminished the need for large

32 Illustrated Atlas Map of Pike County, Missouri (Edwardsville, 111.: W. R. Brink, 1875), 23; An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Lincoln County, Missouri (Philadelphia: Edward Brothers, 1878), 42; Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 37; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Population Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED 141: 14. 33 Block, In the Days of Long Ago, 37-38. 34 Louisiana Journal, 15 December 1876. Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction 401

Prairieville area black men took seriously their right to vote.

State Historical Society of Missouri expanses of unused property, which contributed to the decisions by George Meriwether, Henry Block and Heath Meriwether to sell small portions of plan­ tation lands to black farmers. Other estate divisions occurred as an increasing number of planter family members sought independent farming operations. Ashburton, divided among the heirs of Alice and John W. Davis, remained prosperous during the final years of Reconstruction. The lands of Thomas M. Lewis, likewise partitioned among heirs, experienced a decline in value; over- reliance on tobacco served as a contributing factor. Aberdeen, under Henry Block's administration, remained one of the area's premier properties despite a gradual decline in worth during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Springhill had been kept intact under Heath Meriwether's control following the death of his mother, Adeline, in 1873; Sweet Canaan held steady in value under Mary C. Meriwether's ownership.35 A major problem resulted from the death in 1874 of George Meriwether, rural Prairieville's largest landowner, and the appointment of Henry Block as executor of his estate. Accumulating debts owed by the estate eventually forced Block to offer much of the Elmwood property for sale, prompting Meriwether's widow, Elizabeth, to demand the removal of Block as executor. Block, she charged, had operated estate property as if he owned it and not as a disinterested administrator seeking to satisfy the creditors of George Meriwether by all expeditious means. Enriching himself by using the jointly

35 Pike County Assessor's Book, 1873; Pike County Land Tax Book, 1872, 1875, 1876, 1885; Pike County Land Assessment Book, 1877, 1880, 1890; U.S. Census, 10th Report 1880, Agricultural Schedule "Prairieville Township, Pike County, Mo.," ED141: 6; ibid., "Union Township, Lincoln County, Mo.," ED95: 2; Meriwether, The Meriwethers and Their Connections, 121-122. 402 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri The most successful farmers in the postwar years moved from reliance on tobacco to diversified farming. owned Aberdeen as a breeding farm for his own stock, Block had neglected Elmwood and allowed its improvements to "decay and rot." By failing to extract reasonable profits from farm land rentals and keeping stock that should have been sold to pay debts, Block had—in Elizabeth's opinion—effectively ruined those portions of the estate not required for his own personal business aims.36 Although her allegations seem partly justified, Elizabeth Meriwether exag­ gerated the case against Block. He had made some effort to pay creditors, holding an estate sale of property including grain, hogs, cattle and expensively bred horses in 1876.37 Moreover, Block's emphasis on livestock production and his sale of small tracts to former tenants and sharecroppers constituted a responsible business strategy that George Meriwether would have endorsed. The aging gentry of rural Prairieville did not resent Henry Block so much as the changing times to which they had to adjust. Although sometimes with reluctance, most of the vicinity's large estate owners had been able to make the necessary alterations in agricultural practices during Reconstruction. Descendants of rural Prairieville's original Virginian planters had rapidly recovered from the effects of the Civil War and enjoyed returned prosperity, although nearly all of the large estates had been divided or reduced in the absence of a thriving local tobacco market. Meanwhile, the area's black population had persevered. Their rights of citizenship threatened, most struggled to subsist as landless agricultural workers. A determined minority had been able to purchase the property they farmed and maintain pos­ session over the following years. Although their farms were slight in size and modest in value, they owned the land where they had worked for decades.

36 Lincoln County Probate Records, George D. Meriwether, No. 1081. 37 Troy Herald, 4 October 1876. HANHIBAL^HAklumil o <£\W&>0

State Historical Society of Missouri The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, Government and Town Founding, 1846-1861 BY DONALD B. OSTER* The American civilization began its sweep across Missouri at the begin­ ning of the nineteenth century. At the time of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, French, Spanish and American settlements lay along the Mississippi River from Ste. Genevieve to just north of St. Louis and on the Missouri River as far west as La Charette, the future site of Marthasville. In all, six­ teen villages served as settlement and trade spearheads. Their economies depended on fur, lead, salt and agricultural products.1 By 1821, the date of the state's admission into the Union, the new civi­ lization had advanced even further. About sixty-six thousand non-Indians lived in a giant T-shaped area, with the top being the Mississippi River and the stem the Missouri River. Franklin, in central Missouri, lay at the end of the stem.2 At that time a new technology, the steamboat, had begun to assert itself upon the volume and pace of settlement and development. The docking of

*Donald B. Oster is an associate professor of history at the University of Missouri-Rolla. He holds the B.S. degree from Missouri Valley College in Marshall, the M.A. degree from the University of Kansas City and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 1 William E. Foley, The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989), 87; Perry McCandless, A History of Missouri, Volume II: 1820 to 1860 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1972), 34. 2 David D. March, The History of Missouri, 4 vols. (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1967), 1: 331; McCandless, History of Missouri: 1820 to 1860, 36, 45.

403 404 Missouri Historical Review the Zebulon M. Pike at St. Louis on August 2, 1817, initiated a transportation revolution in Missouri. In 1819 the Independence steamed up the Missouri River to Franklin. Forty years of steamboat dominance had begun.3 By 1860 the predominant population zone had become a full triangle, with the Mississippi River serving as the base and the town of St. Joseph as the apex. Most of the 1,182,000 Missourians lived within this triangle. St. Louis sat midway on the base; its 161,000 inhabitants made it the seventh largest city in the United States. Of the next eleven largest towns in the state, only Independence lacked direct access to one of the major rivers, and it had a land­ ing on the Missouri a few miles away.4 Statistics substantiate the importance of the Mississippi-Missouri River conduit during the steamboat era. The St. Louis levee accommodated an aver­ age of three thousand dockings and one million tons of freight each year during the 1850s. In 1857 Kansas City had 729 dockings, and a year later one hun­ dred different steamboats plied the Missouri River within the confines of the state. Many of them ran on regular schedules as they moved both passengers and freight.5 Historian Paul C. Nagel correctly evaluated area geography when he wrote that the conjunction of the Missouri River with the Mississippi constituted "one of the earth's momentous sites" and that the confluence "meant strength and pride" for the state of Missouri. He erred, however, when he wrote that the state progressed only "until technology overcame the ancient primacy of water civilization. Missouri was never the same after the river gods were deposed."6 Actually, Missourians hardly blinked before accepting the succeeding trans­ portation technology—the steam locomotive. In 1836, just six years after the nation's first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, began operating, Missourians held a transportation convention, which recommended that railroads be constructed in the state. A five-mile excursion from St. Louis to Cheltenham on the tracks of the Pacific Railroad of Missouri on December 23, 1852, started the age of the locomotive in Missouri—an age that did not peak until about 1918. By that time 8,529 miles of track criss­ crossed the state, and more than six hundred cities, towns and villages had direct access to the rail network.7

3 Edward J. Wliite, "A Century of Transportation in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 15 (October 1920): 138. 4 William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., and Lawrence O. Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation 2nd ed. (Arlington Heights, 111.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992), 159; Walter Williams and Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri Mother of the West, 5 vols. (Chicago: The American Historical Society, 1930), 2: 17; McCandless, History of Missouri: 1820 to 1860, 135; Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri—A History (St. Louis: State Publishing Company, 1965), 264. 5 White, "A Century of Transportation," 141; March, History of Missouri, 1: 587; McCandless, History of Missouri: 1820 to 1860, 137; Russel L. Gerlach, Senlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Population Origins, with a Wall Map (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986), 7. 6 Paul C. Nagel, Missouri: A Bicentennial History (New York: W W Norton, 1977), 51. 7 March, History of Missouri, 2: 1326; Parrish, Jones and Christensen, Missouri: Heart of the Nation, 221. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 405

Even before the Civil War, Missourians had figuratively gone mad over railroads. By 1861 the state legislature had granted charters to 104 prospec­ tive lines and issued $23 million in railroad bonds. Local governments had contributed another $9 million. By 1860 seven railroads had spent $42 mil­ lion to build all or part of their lines; over eight hundred miles of track exist­ ed in the state.8 Some of the state's development between 1850 and 1860 can be attrib­ uted to the construction and the subsequent use of railways. St. Louis's growth came principally from the steamboat, but tracks completed to the Illinois bank of the Mississippi River in 1854 and the railroads reaching out from the city into the interior of Missouri created a new kind of hinterland. By 1861 the Pacific Railroad of Missouri operated to Sedalia; the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad went to Pilot Knob; the Southwest Branch of the Pacific Railroad ran to Rolla; and the North Missouri Railroad connect­ ed with the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad at Macon. The state's second and third largest towns in 1860, St. Joseph and Hannibal, admittedly river towns, nevertheless grew in part because of the presence of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Even though the line was not completed across the state until February 1859, trains operated on portions of the track before that year. Construction west from Hannibal began in

8 Statistics of the United States in 1860 (reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1976), 446; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements, 5 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), 1: 753, 782; McCandless, History of Missouri: 1820 to I860, 331; Edwin L. Lopata, Local Aid to Railroads in Missouri (New York: Parnassus Press, 1937; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1981), 6-7.

Construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad began in 1853. State Historical Society of Missouri 406 Missouri Historical Review

1853, and although there had been construction delays, the road had been completed seventy-five miles to Bevier by May 1858. Even though the con­ struction east from St. Joseph had not begun until 1857, the road had advanced forty miles by September 1858.9 The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad provides an excellent microcosm of both the extensive railroad promotion and the town speculation that occurred in Missouri in the 1850s. Robert M. Stewart dominated the early history of the line. Born at Truxton in Cortland County, New York, in 1815, Stewart taught while preparing to become a lawyer. After being admitted to the bar in 1836, he moved to Louisville, Kentucky. Looking for just the right situation, Stewart soon moved on to St. Charles, Missouri, and then to Buchanan County, on the very edge of the frontier. By 1845 he had settled in St. Joseph.10 Stewart quickly emerged as a community leader. He served as a delegate to the 1845 state constitutional convention, and the following year he became the commanding officer of a company of men that he had recruited for service in the Mexican War. After resigning from the position because of poor health, Stewart, a Democrat, immediately ran for and won a seat in the state senate. There he quickly began advocating internal improvements. He enthusiastically supported a proposal that the state charter a railroad that would cross the two hundred miles between Hannibal and St. Joseph. Many other Missourians, including William Ridenbaugh of the St. Joseph Gazette, also wanted the rail­ road built. On February 16, 1847, the state granted the charter.11 A charter did not automatically equal a railroad; money had to be obtained before the dream could materialize. Until 1851 Stewart struggled to keep the project alive. In 1849 he personally funded a preliminary survey of the rail­ road's route that triggered enough subscriptions of stock by individuals and area towns and counties to warrant the formation of a board of directors. Stewart left the state senate to become the railroad's first president. In 1851 the state lent the company the proceeds from the sale of $1.5 million in bonds.12

9 Paul W. Gates, "The Railroads of Missouri, 1850-1870," Missouri Historical Review 26 (January 1932): 133-138; Robert E. Riegel, The Story of the Western Railroads (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926), 6; White, "A Century of Transportation," 151. 10 Dorothy Eleanor Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 1847- 1883" (M.A. thesis, University of Missouri, 1942), 4; Richard C. Overton, Burlington Route: A History of the Burlington Lines (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 19; History of Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph, Mo.: Union Historical Company, 1881; reprint, Cape Girardeau, Mo.: Ramfre Press, 1974), 244-245, 577; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 6 vols. (New York: Southern History Company, 1901), 6: 79. 11 William Rufus Jackson, Missouri Democracy: A History of the Party and Its Representative Members—Past and Present, 3 vols. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1935), 1: 128; General History of Macon County, Missouri (Chicago: Henry Taylor and Company, 1910), 59-61; History of Buchanan County, 569; Howard F. Bennett, "The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and the Development of Northern Missouri, 1847-1870: A Study of Land and Colonization Policies" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1950), 32. 12 Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 10; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 95-97. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 407

Robert M. Stewart, a native of New York, was the early driving force behind the chartering of the rail­ road.

Walker - Missouri Commerce

Led by Stewart and actively supported by U.S. Congressman Willard P. Hall, a Democrat from St. Joseph, the board of directors worked to acquire a federal land grant for the railroad from the late 1840s into the 1850s. Although no such grant had been given to a railroad, the Hannibal and St. Joseph leader­ ship believed that previous land grants to other transportation systems, namely roads and canals, had established a precedent.13 In September 1850 the state of Illinois received the first federal land grant for railroads. The legislation provided two million acres to help finance the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad through that state to the Gulf of Mexico. Simply stated, superior political prowess enabled Illinois and the Illinois Central to receive a land grant prior to Missouri and its railroads. Not only did Senator Stephen A. Douglas provide leadership, but the Illinois pro­ posal also had the support of Southern congressmen and potential investors from the East.14 The Illinois Central land grant gave the Missourians hope that they too could succeed. Congressman Hall, Stewart and others persisted. On June 10, 1852, President Millard Fillmore signed the legislation that provided the land grant.15

13 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 40-41, 68. 14 Overton, Burlington Route, 19; Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 4-5. 15 WTiite, "A Century of Transportation," 146. To facilitate the passage of the land grant legis­ lation, Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad interests had to accommodate the wishes of Quincy, Illinois, Congressman W A. Richardson. Richardson wanted the Hannibal and St. Joseph to have a connection with his town. He demanded that a railway company build a road from Palmyra northeast fifteen miles to the west bank of the Mississippi River across from Quincy. Completed in 1859, the Quincy and Palmyra Railroad became a part of the Hannibal and St. Joseph line. Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 76-77,575; Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 56,63. 408 Missouri Historical Review

To a degree, the grant followed the pattern set by the Illinois Central legis­ lation. The Missouri road would ultimately receive title to six hundred thou­ sand acres of land located in twenty northern Missouri counties. The company would choose the land from that available within a thirty-mile swath running across the state. Within a six-mile zone located on each side of the railroad right-of-way, the railroad would be given the even-numbered sections (640 acres), creating a checkerboard pattern. The odd-numbered "government- reserved" sections would remain under government ownership. If, however, even-numbered sections had already passed into private hands, replacement land, "lieu-land," was to be taken from the odd-numbered sections located in the seven-to-fifteen mile adjacent zones.16 In order to create a stable area of public domain from which the railroad land could be selected, the U.S. Department of the Interior removed all public land in the area from the market. When the tedious selection process had been completed, the government placed the remaining lands back on the market. Reopening of land sales within the six-mile zones occurred in January 1855. The new minimum price per acre for the government-reserved land in the six- mile zones was $2.50, instead of the standard $1.25. Sale of government land located in the seven-to-fifteen mile zones resumed in September 1855.17 As with the Illinois Central land grant legislation, final title transfer to the Hannibal and St. Joseph had to await state certification that a quality line had been constructed. Unlike the Illinois Central, however, certification could come in twenty-mile increments of track, which would release the adjacent land to railroad ownership. In both cases Congress wished to safeguard against the possibility that a railway company would build a flimsy line to gain owner­ ship of the public land.18 The Hannibal and St. Joseph did not gain ownership of the land until the summer and fall of 1859, after the line had gone into operation in February of that year. Nevertheless, the land grant provided an essential ingredient in the mixture that made the operational railroad a reality. Without the grant John Murray Forbes would not have found the Hannibal and St. Joseph as attractive an investment, and without Forbes the railroad might not have been built.19 Forbes epitomized the wealthy New England "developmental investor" who had the ability to set a venture on a true and steady course.20 Born into an old and successful Boston family, Forbes journeyed to Canton, China, in

16 Overton, Burlington Route, 20; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 79-80. The Illinois Central Railroad had used even-numbered sections as lieu-land. Since the federal govern­ ment reserved section sixteen of each township for the support of education, the Hannibal and St. Joseph chose to use the odd-numbered sections as lieu-land. 17 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 136-169, 174-175. 18 Ibid., 79. 19 Overton, Burlington Route, 240. 20 Arthur M. Johnson and Barry E. Supple, Boston Capitalists and Western Railroads: A Study in the Nineteenth-Century1 Railroad Investment Process (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), 185. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 409

1830, at the age of seventeen, to serve in his uncles' China trade enterprise. He returned to the United States seven years later as a wealthy young man. During the next several years he increased his capital through astute invest­ ment and effective management. In 1846 he and a group of investors turned west, buying the Michigan Central Railroad from the state of Michigan. By 1849 the completed line ran from Detroit to Lake Michigan, and by 1852 it had been built to Chicago. From there, the Forbes group of investors con­ structed the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, which, by 1856, ran to the east bank of the Mississippi River at Quincy, Illinois.21 The Forbes investors also planned on building across the Mississippi River, into Iowa and Missouri. Once those plans became a reality, they would constitute the backbone of the emerging Burlington system, but in 1852 John Murray Forbes did not yet have a clear picture of the future. Although he had bought some shares of the Illinois Central, that line's north-south orientation did not fit his general inclinations.22

21 Overton, Burlington Route, 27; John F. Stover, The Life and Decline of the American Railroad (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 37; Riegel, Story of the Western Railroads, 102; Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 25, 99; Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Forbes, John Murray." 22 Stover, Life and Decline of the American Railroad, 58; Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 133, 162.

Courtesy Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, Diet. ofAmer. Ports.

John Murray Forbes first purchased shares of Hannibal and St. Joseph stock in 1852. 410 Missouri Historical Review

When the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad received its land grant in 1852, Forbes bought some stock. Not until 1854, however, did he and his fellow investors decide that, under their control, the Hannibal and St. Joseph could be the Missouri arm of their system.23 An opportunity to buy a significant amount of Hannibal and St. Joseph stock came in March 1854. A New England acquaintance of Forbes, rail­ road contractor John Duff, had $1 million worth of stock to sell. He had ini­ tially bought stock in 1852 as part of the agreement when he signed a con­ tract to build the Hannibal and St. Joseph, but he and his fellow investors had subsequently bought the $1 million worth of additional stock to obtain an amended contract. He agreed to build the railroad for $23,000 per mile, as long as he held the right to operate commercial freight and passenger trains on the completed parts of the line. According to the agreement, that right would not be relinquished until the entire railway was built. The rail­ way company's board of directors, desperate for cash, agreed to Duff's demands. Having obtained a potential source of profit through operating trains on the partially completed railroad, Duff looked for a buyer for the $1 million worth of stock. The Forbes group bought Duff's shares, and by November 1854 the Bostonians controlled the board of directors. To forestall suspi­ cions in Missouri that the railway had been captured by unscrupulous Eastern capitalists, however, Forbes retained Robert M. Stewart as the rail­ road's president.24 Once in control, Forbes knew he must increase the company's capital­ ization. Subsequently, more stock was offered; an additional $1.5 million loan came from the state of Missouri; and even though the company did not yet hold title to the 600,000-acre land grant, it used that eventuality to have the land accepted as security for a $4 million company bond issue.25 The founding of towns along the railroad's right-of-way provided another potential source of income for the company. Per acre, town lots sold for more than farmlands. Besides, railway stations and operational division points had to be established to serve as transportation nodes, assem­ bly points and dissemination centers. Yet several obstacles stood in the way. The Illinois Central had a restriction in its charter that made town founding by the railroad company illegal for four years. Even though the

23 R. I. Holcombe, History of Marion County, Missouri 1884 (St. Louis: E. F. Perkins, 1884; reprint, Hannibal: Marion County Historical Society, 1979), 318; Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 125, 162. The prospect of a line running from Palmyra on the Hannibal and St. Joseph to the west bank of the Mississippi River across from Quincy also probably attracted the Forbes group of investors. 24 Holcombe, History of Marion County, 318; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 102, 108-112; Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 163-164. 25 Overton, Burlington Route, 37; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 118; Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 167. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 411 Hannibal and St. Joseph charter contained no such provision, the railroad's ownership did not want the public to think that it was trying to monopolize the founding of towns. Privately, the company knew that railway stations and division points provided superior opportunities for town development.26 Other obstacles also stood in the way of the railroad founding towns. Ironically, in the midst of abundant amounts of land, the railroad possessed very little. The company did not have title to the land grant, and it would not own the land until 1859, the year the railroad began full operation. Ideally, town speculation needed to occur earlier. Even the government- reserved land did not go back on the market until January 1855; prior to that the only land available for town speculation lay in private hands.27 The railroad company and contractor interests used several strategies to become involved in town speculation. They could have purchased land from the existing property owners, but for the most part, they waited until January 1855 to buy the newly available, cheaper government-reserved land. Supplied information by railway employees who had helped evaluate and select the company's grant land, individuals close to the company bought the most advantageous pieces of property.28 The Easterners also used a mechanism developed by the Illinois Central ownership to become involved in town speculation, even though the activity was illegal: they created another company. What the Associates were for the Illinois Central, the Missouri Land Company was for the Hannibal and St. Joseph—the same ownership dressed in a different garment. On September 1, 1857, elements of the Hannibal and St. Joseph owner­ ship, along with contractor John Duff and some of his colleagues, created the Missouri Land Company to speculate in rural land and town sites with unusual potential. The company began with a $200,000 treasury and a deceptively local name; actually, none of the investors were Missourians.29 The Missouri Land Company played a large role in the founding of Brookfield in Linn County. It picked the site for the development of the major division point for the line, but it acquired the property piecemeal and indirectly. In October 1855 Edward B. Talcott, an experienced land agent who had recently selected the railway company's grant land, purchased a sec­ tion of government-reserved land. In turn, he transferred ownership of the eastern half of the section to members of the Forbes group. After the Missouri Land Company came into existence, the land became the property of that company's designated trustee, John L. Lathrop. At the time, Lathrop also served as the secretary-treasurer of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad.

26 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 196-197. 27 Ibid., 174. 28 Ibid., 177. 29 Paul W. Gates, The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 122-124, 128; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 191-193. 412 Missouri Historical Review

John Duff, contractor for the Hannibal and St. Joseph, later became a director of the Union Pacific Railroad.

Courtesy Union Pacific Railroad Museum Collection

Talcott sold the western half of the section to John Duff, who in turn transferred ownership to Lathrop. Through a complicated purchase and sell arrangement, the railway company had acquired a town site. Finally, in July 1859 the railroad's land commissioner, Josiah Hunt, laid out the town that would become Brookfield. A member of the Forbes group, civil engineer John W. Brooks, supervised the surveying of the site. Having both the power and the opportunity to name the town, Brooks gave it his own last name.30 Of all the towns founded by railway interests along the path of the Hannibal and St. Joseph, Kidder, in Caldwell County, was unique. It had its beginning in the mind of George S. Harris, a native of New York. While a young man, Harris dealt in railroad stocks and bonds, and through that activity he became acquainted with many of the Bostonians investing in railroads. In 1855 Harris began participating in land promotion activities in Minnesota and Iowa. Not surprisingly, he became interested in the land advertised for sale by the Hannibal and St. Joseph in 1859. Harris differed from other promoters in that he had societal as well as monetary objectives. He dreamed of setting up a New England colony in the West, a town that would be dedicated to the promotion of education and Christianity. More specifically, he hoped to establish a slave-free social model for Missouri and the nation to follow.

30 The History of Linn County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo.: Birdsall and Dean, 1882), 487; Overton, Burlington Route, 26, 37; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 147, 171, 177-178,577. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 413

Harris traveled to Missouri in 1859, liked what he saw and returned to Boston to find investor support. He found backing among the Forbes group of investors, including H. P. Kidder, Nathaniel Thayer and Erastus Corning. Corning had a relationship with Forbes through his directorships in both the Michigan Central and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads. He also had invested in the Missouri Land Company. Nathaniel Thayer controlled one of the most successful banking concerns in New England, the firm of John E. Thayer and Brother. Using the last name of its treasurer, the group formed the Kidder Land Company. In January 1860 Harris used Hannibal and St. Joseph bonds to purchase 8,500 acres of the railroad's land located in Caldwell and Daviess counties. The railroad company accepted the land bonds at face value even though the market value was considerably less. Consequently, the Kidder Land Company bought $112,000 worth of land with bonds worth only $70,000. In the spring of 1860 the Kidder Land Company offered both rural acreage and lots in the prospective town of Kidder for sale. Hoping to take advantage of the increased interest in the area, both the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and the Missouri Land Company platted land adjacent to Kidder. This made the Kidder town site almost a square mile in size. Harris, already closely aligned with members of the Forbes group, became the eastern land agent for the railroad in January 1861.31

31 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 195, 200-201, 292, 320, 321-345, 351; Carrie Polk Johnston and W. H. S. McGlumphy, History of Clinton and Caldwell Counties, Missouri (Topeka: Historical Publishing Company, 1923), 294; R. A. Campbell, ed., Campbell's Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis: R. A. Campbell, 1874), 91; Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Corning, Erastus"; ibid., s.v. "Thayer, Nathaniel."

State Historical Society of Missouri 414 Missouri Historical Review

On the eve of the Civil War, the town of Kidder included a passenger and freight depot, a rail siding, a cattle pen, a temperance hotel, a store, a blacksmith shop, a post office, a schoolhouse and a resident Congregational Church minister. Thanks to a complex mix of capitalistic and reformist motivations and methods, the prospective New England model town had been started.32 In addition to Brookfield and Kidder, stations and towns founded by the railroad, the Missouri Land Company or individuals close to the railroad company included Barkley, Ely and West Quincy (Marion County); Granville and Woodlawn (Monroe County); Clarence, Hunnewell and Lentner (Shelby County); Beverly and Carbon (Macon County); Bucklin and Meadville (Linn County); Mooresville (Livingston County); and Osborne (DeKalb County).33 Independently of the railway company, the Missouri Land Company or members of the Forbes group of investors, contractor John Duff and his associates did some town founding on their own. Using their knowledge about railway company plans, Duff and subcontractor Edward B. Talcott (who had previously worked as a land agent for the railroad) bought govern­ ment land and laid out Monroe City in the spring of 1857. They built a hotel and a store on the site. On July 4, after they had attracted a crowd by providing a free barbecue, the Duff group sold lots.34 Since Duff also invested in the Missouri Land Company, it is not possible to separate unequivocally his private speculation from that of the land company. In addition to Monroe City, records indicate that Duff and his associates proba­ bly founded Bevier (Macon County), Cameron (Clinton County) and Lakenan and Shelbina (Shelby County).35 The railroad and contractor interests did have some Missouri-based competition in the town speculation business. Hamilton in Caldwell County, for example, grew out of the speculative dreams of Albert G. Davis. Born at Franklin in 1819, Davis initially farmed, but in 1846, at the age of twenty-seven, he became a traveling salesman for the John Sappington and Brother druggist firm of Arrow Rock.

32 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 342-343. 33 Lillian DesMarias, ed., Livingston County History Celebrating 150 Years, 1821-1981 (Chillicothe, Mo.: Retired Senior Volunteer Program, 1981), 30, 36; History of Andrew and DeKalb Counties, Missouri (St. Louis: Goodspeed Publishing Company, 1888), 464-465; History of Monroe and Shelby Counties, Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1884), 849, 854; History of Clinton and Caldwell Counties, 109; History of Linn County, 651- 652, 704-706; Campbell's Gazetteer of Missouri, 335-336, 603. 34 History of Monroe and Shelby Counties, 161; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 147, 177-178, 190. 35 History of Randolph and Macon Counties, Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1884), 756; History of Monroe and Shelby Counties, 843-844, 872-873; History of Clinton and Caldwell Counties, 85-87. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 415

In 1854 Davis decided to start a town along the route of the recently sur­ veyed Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. He and a group of other Missouri capitalists formed the Hamilton Town Company, which consisted of six men from Liberty, two from Richmond and one each from Mirable, Kingston, Gallatin and St. Joseph. Even though each of the men contributed an equal amount of money to the enterprise, Davis, the company's leader, selected the name for the group's hypothetical town. The name honored both Alexander Hamilton, the famous Founding Father and early secretary of the treasury, and Joseph Hamilton, an American lawyer and soldier who had been killed at the battle of the Thames during the War of 1812. The Hamilton Town Company bought a section of government-reserved land in 1855, and Davis, a surveyor, platted a forty-acre tract into blocks and lots. In October, after using the inducement of free food and whiskey, the com­ pany held an auction before a large crowd. Lots sold that day for an average of $33. A second auction occurred in June 1856. To encourage settlement, Davis built a two-story house and moved his family to Hamilton in April 1856. He used the house as a hotel, and a stage line soon made a stop there. Virtually singlehandedly, Davis and his family breathed life into Hamilton. He constructed two more buildings in 1857, rent­ ing one of them to a brickmaker. Davis became the town's first postmaster in 1858, and by the time the first trains chugged through town in 1859, he had been appointed station agent. By early 1861 the village of one hundred also contained schools, lumberyards, retail stores and blacksmith shops.36

36 An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Caldwell County, Missouri (Philadelphia: Edwards Brothers of Missouri, 1876), 10; The Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory (St. Louis: Sutherland and McEvoy, 1860), 101; Walter Williams, ed., A History of Northwest Missouri, 3 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1915), 3: 1844-1845; History of Clinton and Caldwell Counties, 288; Bennett, "The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 189.

A group of Missouri investors headed by Albert G. Davis founded Hamilton in 1855. State Historical Society of Missouri

"

37 History of Clinton and Caldwell Counties, 296-297; History of Randolph and Macon Counties, Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Company, 1884), 755, 762-763; History of Buchanan County, 959-960; History of Linn County, 582-584, 655-656, 675-676; John Joseph Hogan, On the Mission in Missouri, 1857-1868 (Kansas City, Mo.: J. A. Heilman, 1892; reprint, Glorieta, N. Mex.: Rio Grande Press, 1976), 88-90; History of Andrew and DeKalb Counties, 448-458; Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 6: 79-80. 38 Area towns in existence prior to the railroad, but not on its route, included Bloomington (Macon County), Gallatin (Daviess County), Kingston (Caldwell County), Linneus (Linn County), Maysville (DeKalb County), Plattsburg (Clinton County) and Shelbyville (Shelby County). In March 1853 the railroad's board of directors stated that these towns, all county seats, had been bypassed because they were not located on the most cost- efficient route. Powell, "History of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 14-16; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 106. 39 Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 170. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 417

1858, in what became known as the "Hannibal War," he instructed his subordi­ nates to capture and hold the roundhouse at Hannibal. Duff's people surren­ dered the roundhouse only after one man had been killed in the fray. At that point Duff gave up his construction contract and his right to operate trains on the line.40 Forbes estimated that between 1853 and 1858 Duff had made $1 million in profit that should have gone to the railroad. A contest had occurred between two men who possessed different philosophies. Reflecting on his relationship with Duff, Forbes said, "For awhile the enterprise resolved itself into a contest between him and me, he wishing to build a cheap contractor's railroad to sell, and I a solid one adapted to being held and being used for business purposes."41 Amazingly, given Forbes's attitude, the railway company entered into another contract with Duff later in 1858. For a salary of $10,000 a year, Duff agreed to supervise the subcontractors until the completion of the project. Duff's retention can be explained. He still owned some Hannibal and St. Joseph stock, and he retained a significant investment in the Missouri Land Company. And, his intricate knowledge of the subcontractors and their work appealed to a board of directors who wanted the project completed.42

40 Overton, Burlington Route, 53-54; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 124- 125, 180. 41 Overton, Burlington Route, 53. 42 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 128. In 1882 Duff offered Hannibal and St. Joseph stock to the Burlington system hierarchy at an inflated price; his offer was rejected. Overton, Burlington Route, 187.

Hannibal Railroad Shops and Roundhouse State Historical Society of Missouri 418 Missouri Historical Review

Transfer of the title of the 600,000-acre land grant from the federal gov­ ernment to the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, via the state of Missouri, occurred in June and September 1859. The railway company began selling land to the public in July and October.43 Seven years had passed since the original land grant. The process had taken so long because, as noted earlier, the transfer of ownership hinged on the state's certified acceptance of twenty-mile segments of track. Because of John Duff's construction philosophy, as well as an underestimation about the money necessary to build a quality road, the line had been underbuilt. The Missouri General Assembly and many members of the public believed that the railroad needed upgrading. Consequently, in early 1859 the state legislature passed a law restricting the governor's power to certify the road. Although the governor vetoed it, the legislative sentiment against him proved so powerful that the veto came within two votes of being overridden.44 Undoubtedly the person in the office rather than the office itself occa­ sioned the legislature's wariness, for Robert M. Stewart was the state's gov­ ernor at the time. Stewart had relinquished the presidency of the Hannibal and St. Joseph in 1857 to run for governor on the Democratic ticket. The office opened when Governor Trusten Polk resigned to become a U.S. sena­ tor. In the election Stewart defeated the Whig candidate, James S. Rollins, by a mere 329 votes out of a total of 96,000. Ironically, the man who more than any other person had fathered the Hannibal and St. Joseph in 1847 sat as the public official with the power to either accept or reject the line in 1859.45 Stewart certified 140 miles of the line in June and the remaining 60 miles in September. But he did not approve it until the company had attempted to upgrade the system. Given the public mood, the company had little alternative; the populace desired a railroad, but they also wanted a physically strong and safe one.46 Even the national press, in the person of Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune, commented on the line's condition. The journalist traveled over the line in the spring of 1859 after it had gone into full operation. Reporting on his experience, Greeley said that the roadbed had been so weakened by rain that the trip "afforded more exercise to the mile than any other road I have ever travelled."47

43 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 212, 216. 44 Ibid., 204-205, 211. 45 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 209; Jackson, Missouri Democracy, 1: 120-121; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 1: 666-669. 46 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 210. 47 Ibid., 213. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 419

THE

HANNIBAL AND ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD COMPANY

HAVE RECEIVED BY GRANT FROM CONGRESS OVER 600,000 ACEES

OF THE CHOICEST rSBIffld & WOO! LMDS

THE GREATER PORTION OF WHICH IS NOW IN THE MARKET, AND THE REMAINDER WILL BE OFFERED FROM TIME TO TIME.

SALES WILL BE MADE BY AGREEMENT

IE LOTS TO SUIT PURCHASERS, ox TEN IEABS TIME AND FIVE PER CENT. INTEREST.

THESE LANDS ARE SITUATED ON EACH SIDE, AND WITHIN FIFTEEN MILES OF THE HANNIBAL AND ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD, EXTENDING ENTIRELY ACROSS THE STATE, IN

3sro»THr:ERisr I^LXSSOXJRX.

HANNIBAL, MO.: HANNIBAL AND ST. JOSEPH KAILBOAD OFFICE. 1860. ,

State Historical Society of Missouri After the track had been certified by the state, the railroad received title to its 600,000-acre land grant and began offering the land for sale. 420 Missouri Historical Review During the spring and into the summer, the railroad responded to the criticism by throwing one thousand workmen into improving the roadbed and the ditching; the workers even replaced some of the wooden trestles with masonry construction. This undoubtedly increased the price of the road, which eventually cost $12 million, about $58,000 per mile.48 Public uneasiness over having a founder of the railroad in a position to accept the completed road is understandable. If the public had known about Stewart's personal relationship with the Forbes group ownership, they would have been even more suspicious. Stewart used poor judgment when he continued a business relationship with the railway company after he became Missouri's chief executive. Soon after becoming governor, Stewart used information received from the railroad's land commissioner, Josiah Hunt, to buy property that had the prospect of increasing in value. On June 16, 1859, after Stewart had certi­ fied the first 140 miles of track on June 6, Hunt wrote from the company office in Hannibal to another company official in Boston. Hunt's letter sug­ gests that Stewart was less than objective in his evaluation of the railroad. "The Governor went up over the road on Tuesday. ... I think he will give us the remaining certificates very shortly, that he only wants to appear to pro­ ceed deliberately and after careful examination."49 The certification of the final sixty miles of track came, but not until September 5. In the meantime Stewart had petitioned the John E. Thayer and Brother banking firm of Boston, the principal bank within the Forbes group, for a $10,000 loan. The bank wanted $2,500 more collateral before it granted the loan and asked Hunt to speak to Stewart. Knowing that Stewart had not yet certified the last miles of track, Hunt wrote back, "Would it not be better for the Railroad Company to, in some way, guaran­ tee the deficient $2500 security than to run the risk of alienating Stewart just when we want to obtain another certificate from him[?] He is already rather sore about the loan being delayed so long and I think we run the risk of los­ ing his friendly feeling by what is proposed." The bank granted the loan.50 Stewart may have used the loan to invest in Hannibal and St. Joseph land, for in late August, Hunt informed another company official that he had sold the governor forty acres close to Brookfield, an eighty-acre tract adjoining Cameron and forty acres near Hunnewell. Hunt believed that both Stewart and the railroad had made good bargains in the transactions.51 Despite the possibility that Stewart and the railroad may have committed fraud, the relationship probably never developed into that. The collusion did

4« Ibid., 134,213-214. 49 Ibid., 214-216. 50 Johnson and Supple, Boston Capitalists, 108; Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 215. 51 Bennett, "Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad," 215. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad 421 not extend beyond each side agreeing on a common goal—completion of the railroad. Some support for this conclusion is found in an October 1860 letter from Josiah Hunt to the Thayer bankers. Hunt asked the bank to approve Stewart's request for an extension on the $10,000 loan. Hunt wrote: "We owe much to Governor Stewart. He has been our fast friend through his official terms, has in fact done everything we have ever asked him to do, and without ever attempting to make terms with us, and I think we ought to deal as liberally with him as possible."52 Between 1846 and 1861 parts of northern Missouri experienced great change. Through the presence of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, the area overcame the liability of not being readily accessible from the Missouri River to the south. The railroad also provided the impetus for substantial growth. Along with enhancing agriculture, the railroad served as the cata­ lyst for an urban presence along its route. An intricate interrelationship among Missouri and Eastern capitalists; local, state and national politicians and governments; and steam railway engineering technologists contributed to the development of a significant part of the state of Missouri.

52 Ibid.

Just Wait Awhile M. C. I. Exponent [Marionville Collegiate Institute, Marionville, Mo.], October 1904. Customer: "I don't like the shoes; the soles are too thick." Shopman: "Well, you will learn to like them as the objections which you speak of will gradually wear off."

Do What Grandma Says M. C. I. Exponent [Marionville Collegiate Institute, Marionville, Mo.], October 1904. Grandma (who is suffering from rheumatism because of the cold damp weather). ["] Wliat are you doing, Mary?" Little Mary. "Saying my evening prayer." Grandma. "Ask the good lord to make nice warm weather for Grandma." Little Mary, continuing her prayer. "Now, dear Lord, be good to us all, and make it hot for Grandma."

What Clings Like a Possum Palmyra Weekly Southern Sentinel, June 11, 1856. A woman will cling to the chosen object of her heart like a possum to a gum tree, and you cannot separate her without snapping strings no art can mend, and leaving a portion of her soul on the upper leather of your affections. She will sometimes see something to love where others can see nothing to admire; and when her fondness is once fastened on a fellow, it sticks like glue and molasses in a bushy head of hair. 422 Missouri Historical Review

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Allene Davidson Retires

State Historical Society of Missouri officers and staff members, University of Missouri staff, friends and family gathered at the Society on March 4 for a recep­ tion honoring Allene Davidson upon her retirement. Dr. James W. Goodrich, executive director, read a resolution from the Missouri House of Representatives recognizing Mrs. Davidson's exemplary and dedicated service to the Society. Members of the Society's executive committee also acknowledged Mrs. David­ son's service and retirement at a luncheon in her honor held on March 26 at the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center. Mrs. Davidson served the Society in various capacities for over thirty years, first as fiscal assistant from 1963 to 1974 and then as senior administrative assis­ tant from 1974 to 1977. In the latter year she became administrative associate, the position she held until her retirement. In this capacity she handled the myriad of details involved in the day-to-day operation of the agency, including personnel and fiscal responsibilities. She also served as fiscal advisor to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection from 1977 to 1993. In addition to her professional duties, Mrs. Davidson has been a longtime, active member of the Central Missouri Humane Society in Columbia. She has served as chairman of the Humane Society's Education Committee and as a mem­ ber of their board of directors. A native of Boone County, Mrs. Davidson and her husband, Norman, live in Columbia.

Annual Meeting Scheduled for September 18

The State Historical Society's 1993 annual meeting will be held on Saturday, September 18. The new Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus will be the site for this year's meeting. The morning workshops, the business meeting and the luncheon will take place in the same building. Convenient, free parking is located immediately across the street in the University's Turner Avenue parking garage. Historical Notes and Comments 423

Trefts Collection, State Historical Society of Missouri "Flight's End" EDITORIAL OFFICE Charles Trefts Photograph Collection The Charles Trefts Photograph Collection, housed in the Society's Editorial Office, contains thousands of prints, negatives, glass photonegatives, lantern slides and color transparencies spanning the career of this nationally acclaimed photographer from St. Louis. Covering over a half century of Missouri history, this collection shows the diversity of Trefts's professional and personal work. The subjects are varied. The majority depict images of St. Louis and St. Louis County—public buildings, riverfrontscenes , bridges, churches, catastro­ phes, houses and parks—and date from 1900 to 1963. Trefts captured many historic St. Louis events on film, such as the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition; the 1934 World Series at Sportsman's Park; and the early days of aviation in St. Louis, from the Wright brothers at Kinloch Field in 1908 to Charles Lindbergh returning from Paris in 1927. Trefts often photographed his three children and their neighborhood friends. Hundreds of these views are rich in human interest and nostalgia, picturing girls and boys in the 1920s in a lively and sensitive manner, representative of any generation. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Although St. Louis area material predominates, the collection also con­ tains many views of rural Missouri. A number of images focus on Crawford and Iron counties, which were favorite vacation spots for the Trefts family. Handsome shots of Elephant Rocks State Park, Idlewild Lodge, Fox Springs Lodge and general landscape features highlight this part of the collection. Also represented are scenes of the early Lake of the Ozarks region, taken when Union Electric hired Trefts to photograph Bagnell Dam in the early 1930s. Born in St. Louis on November 15, 1887, Trefts began experimenting with photography at a young age. With the encouragement of his family, he built a crude developing and printing laboratory in his mother's kitchen. As a teenager, he traveled by bicycle and motorcycle to the outskirts of St. Louis County and surrounding counties to expand his picture-taking opportunities. Many Trefts photographs of transportation devices in the first two decades of the century resulted from these adventures. Trefts broadened his horizons further in 1912 when he obtained a Regal roadster that allowed him to explore the Arcadia Valley in Iron County and other rural areas in the heartland of the state. A self-taught pioneer in color photography, Trefts opened his first com­ mercial studio in 1912. His business, the Advertising Slide Company of St. Louis, initially produced hand-painted slides for the expanding motion picture industry across the nation. His slide and photography business grew to meet the changing needs of the trade, and it later produced commercial images for a number of major corporations, including Ralston Purina, Famous-Barr, the Brown Shoe Company and Anheuser Busch. The Society's collection contains examples of these advertisements; the Trefts children often appear as the mod­ els. Although a commercial photographer by profession, Trefts continued to explore the aesthetic properties of his craft until his death in 1963. Many of his salon prints won awards at exhibits in the United States and Canada. The quali­ ty of both his commercial and artistic photographs reflects his creative talent and great technical ability. Since 1964, when the bulk of the materials were donated to the Society, the Trefts family has continued to augment this outstanding collection. Past Society displays from the Charles Trefts Collection have proven popular because of the quality, the diversity and the historical significance of the images. This special collection, along with the Society's other extensive pho­ tographic holdings, are available for public use in the Editorial Office. Historical Notes and Comments 425 NEWS IN BRIEF The Missouri Conference on History held James W. Goodrich, State Historical its annual meeting on April 1-3 at the Society executive director, and Lynn Wolf Holiday Inn Crowne Center in Kansas City. Gentzler, associate director, attended the The conference opened at the Harry S. Friends of Arrow Rock annual meeting held Truman Presidential Library in on April 25 in the Old Schoolhouse in Arrow Independence with a panel of Truman schol­ Rock. Robert R. Archibald, vice president ars—Robert Ferrell, Indiana University; of the American Association for State and Alonzo Hamby, Ohio University; and Local History and president of the Missouri Donald McCoy, University of Kansas—dis­ Historical Society, St. Louis, presented the cussing "Harry S. Truman and the Old, New Association's 1992 Albert B. Corey Award World Order: The View from the 1990s." and a check for $500 to the Friends. The The featured speaker at the evening banquet Corey Award honors small local historical on April 2 was Dr. Gerald W. George, execu­ societies that demonstrate outstanding tive director of the National Historical achievement in undertaking a variety of pro­ Publications and Records Commission. grams. On behalf of the State Historical Thomas H. Bates, an East European special­ Society, Goodrich presented Jean Tyree ist, and Lieutenant Colonel Neil Lamont, Hamilton, of Marshall, with a certificate military historian and analyst at the U.S. honoring her longtime service to the Society as a member of the board of trustees. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, spoke on changes in Central and Eastern Europe and The History Museum for Springfield- security issues in the former Soviet Union at Greene County announced its move to the the luncheon on April 3. State Historical third floor of the Old City Hall, 830 Society staff members James W. Goodrich, Boonville, Springfield. The new location Lynn Wolf Gentzler and Ann L. Rogers provides the museum with space for perma­ attended the conference. nent local history exhibits featuring items Goodrich, who was reelected to the and artifacts from the museum's collections, Conference's Steering Committee and galleries for changing history exhibits and a chaired this year's Book Prize Committee, section for children's hands-on activities and presented the annual Missouri Book on special educational programs. Beginning History Award and the Article on Missouri June 1 the museum hours are 10:30 A.M. to History Award at the April 2 banquet. Peter 4:30 P.M., Tuesday through Saturday. On Riesenberg, professor of history at May 12 in the City Council Chambers, the Washington University, St. Louis, received museum continued its series of free pro­ the book prize for Citizenship in the Western grams. Linda Myers-Phinney presented Tradition: Plato to Rousseau. The recipient "The Land of a Million Smiles: Tourism in Missouri's White River Country Between of the article prize was Janet L. Allured, 1905 and 1930." assistant professor of history at McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, for "Women's Healing Art: Domestic Members of Julia Dent Grant, Tent #16, Medicine in the Turn-of-the-Century St. Louis, Daughters of Union Veterans of Ozarks," which appeared in the Spring 1992 the Civil War, toured the Thomas C. Fletcher issue of Gateway Heritage. Gentzler served house in Jefferson County on April 17. For as chair and commentator for a session enti­ information about this organization contact tled "Local and Federal Relief in Rural Sue Ladage, 2615 Porter Avenue, Missouri." Brentwood, MO 63144. 426 Missouri Historical Review

A statewide meeting of Questers chap­ The spring exhibition, "Campbell House: A ters, an international study group focusing Relic Rescued," opened to the public on on antiques and historic preservation, took March 9 and continued through May 9. It place on April 13 at the Boone County featured documentation and photographs of Historical Society Museum, Columbia. the founders and formative years of the Some sixty-five members attended the morn­ museum from the late 1930s and 1940s. On ing sessions, which included presentations March 18 members gathered for a party to on historic preservation and antiques. Dr. celebrate the reopening of the museum and James W. Goodrich, executive director of the gift shop and to view the spring exhibit. State Historical Society, spoke at the lun­ cheon. He discussed the Missouri and California years of William Waldo, the 1853 Officers of the Missouri Folklore Society Whig candidate for governor of California. for 1992-1993 include Jo Ann Krekel, presi­ dent; Susan Pentlin, Evelyn Trickel and Laura Bullion, vice presidents; Donald M. The National Endowment for the Lance, secretary; and Ruth Barton and Earl Humanities, Humanities Projects in Pepmiller, cotreasurers. The Society will Museums and Historical Organizations has hold its 1993 annual meeting on October 21- issued revised guidelines for grant appli­ 23 at The Quarterage at Westport in Kansas cants. The Museums Program supports the City. The theme for the meeting, which will planning and implementation of temporary, include papers, panel discussions, perfor­ traveling and permanent exhibitions; the mances and demonstrations, is "Looking interpretation of historic sites; and publica­ West." For further information contact Jo tions, interpretive components and educa­ Ann Krekel, 625 West 59th Street, Kansas tional programs and materials. The program City, MO 64111. funds humanities self-study projects that allow an institution to assess its resources and create a long-range plan for interpretive Summer hours for Clay County Historic programs and professional development for Sites began on May 1. The Jesse James presenting the humanities to the public. For Farm, northeast of Kearney; the Claybrook additional information contact National Home, located near the James Farm; and the Endowment for the Humanities, Humanities Jesse James Bank Museum, 103 North Water Projects in Museums and Historical Street, Liberty, are open from 9 A.M. to 4 Organizations, Room 420, 1100 P.M., daily, through Labor Day weekend. For Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, admission prices, group rates or more infor­ DC 20506; telephone (202) 606-8284. Other mation contact Angela Fowler, sites manag­ NEH components provide funds for other er, at (816) 635-6065. related support. The Office of Challenge Grants provides matching grants for endow­ The American Family Records ments, construction, renovation and other Association will sponsor its thirteenth annual long-term institutional support; the Division conference on the theme "Civil War of Preservation and Access funds the docu­ mentation and stabilization of collections. Genealogy" at the Holiday Inn (formerly Ramada Inn South), Kansas City, on July 16- 17. For further information contact Sandy On March 7 David Hanks gave a lecture McKemy, Route 1, Box 181, Hardin, MO at the Campbell House, 1508 Locust Street, 64035. St. Louis, on furniture made in Philadelphia in the mid-nineteenth century. He used Video cassettes of the thirty-minute film, Campbell House furniture pieces as examples. The Dream Spinner, a film saga of the Historical Notes and Comments All

Germans in Missouri, are available for pur­ October 8-9 in Florence, Kentucky, near chase by individuals. The Dream Spinner, Cincinnati, Ohio. Anyone interested in filmed on location in the "Missouri receiving program and registration informa­ Rhineland," features spectacular scenery, an tion should include a self-addressed, original music score and a unique view of stamped envelope with an inquiry addressed German immigrant ancestors. To purchase to Symposium Committee, The Dinsmore the professional-quality cassette, send a Homestead Foundation, P.O. Box 453, check for $40, payable to Daniel Boone Burlington, KY 41005. Films, to Dr. James E. Paulding, Division of Fine Arts, Northeast Missouri State The third annual reunion of Kingman University, Kirksville, MO 63501. Army Air Field will be held October 1-3 for former military and civilian personnel and The James J. Hill Reference Library will their families. The event will include static award a number of grants of up to $2,000 to displays, an air show, a dinner and a big support research in the James J. Hill and band dance. Contact Kingman Army Air Louis W. Hill papers. The deadline for appli­ Field Reunions, Inc., 6000 Flightline Drive, cations is November 1, 1993; the awards will Box 3, Kingman, AZ 86401; telephone (602) be announced in early 1994. For more infor­ 757-1892. mation contact W. Thomas White, Curator, James J. Hill Reference Library, 80 West On April 7 the State Historical Society of Fourth Street, St. Paul, MN 55102. Missouri in conjunction with the University of Missouri-Columbia History Department and the University Lectures Committee The Oral History Association will hold sponsored a lecture by John Mack Faragher, its 1993 annual meeting on November 4-7, at a professor of history at Mount Holyoke the Birmingham Radisson Hotel in College and the author of a recent biography Birmingham, Alabama. For further informa­ of Daniel Boone. Faragher spoke on '"But a tion contact Professor Kim Lacy Rogers, Common Man,' The Paradox of Daniel Program Chair, Department of History, Boone." Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013- 2896; telephone (717) 245-1521. The Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, recently presented a World The Missouri Committee of Correspon­ War II film series that included Hollywood- dence of the National Council for History produced morale-building propaganda Education is currently developing a network movies, newsreels, documentaries and train­ of Missouri history teachers to promote his­ ing films. On April 7 Resisting Enemy tory education and reform efforts in the state. Interrogation, an Army Air Corps training Persons interested in joining the network or film, was shown, and veterans of the Eighth contributing to the Missouri Committee of Air Force who had been captured by the Correspondence Newsletter should contact Germans related their war adventures and the state coordinator, Dean Cantu, Ste. experiences as prisoners. Commercial and Genevieve High School, 715 Washington government short documentaries and news- Street, Ste. Genevieve, MO 63670, or call reels from American and foreign archives (314) 883-3583 (work) or 883-7216 (home). were presented on May 5. The film series complements the Library's exhibition, The 1993 Dinsmore Homestead "World War II: Personal Accounts—Pearl Symposium, focusing on "Women in 19th Harbor to V-J Day," on display through Century Rural America," will be held August 15. 428 Missouri Historical Review

The St. Joseph Museum opened a new Last fall, Joseph Webber of St. Louis, a exhibit in the Mini-Gallery on April 1 to former president and a permanent trustee of commemorate the 150th anniversary of the the State Historical Society, presented the founding of St. Joseph. The exhibit featured Society with a significant donation of over photographs of the various businesses that 170 volumes for the libraries. The gift have come and gone in St. Joseph since the included many finely illustrated books on a 1850s. variety of subjects—photography; Civil War, general, political and St. Louis area history; On April 3 the newly refurbished Pony Mark Twain and his writings; the history of Express Museum in St. Joseph held its grand the West; and World War II Department of opening as the Pony Express National the Army publications. Multiple volume Memorial. The event also inaugurated the works published by the Smithsonian new volunteer program, which features vol­ Institution, the National Park Service and the unteer interpreters in costume who convey National Geographical Society also were the Pony Express story to visitors. received.

The Arkansas Women's History Institute Two new genealogical societies have Conference will be held October 8-9, 1993, recently been organized—the Howard at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro. It County Genealogical Society and the will feature presentations on the history of Scotland County Genealogical Society. The women relating to the conference theme, Howard County group meets monthly on the "Refocusing the Past: Women in Arkansas first Wednesday at 7:30 P.M. in Schnell Hall and Neighboring States Who Have Dared in Fayette, publishes a monthly newsletter and Persevered." For further information and maintains a special collection in the contact Professor Pamela Hronek, Fayette Public Library. Officers include Department of History, Arkansas State Louise Coutts, president; Nelson Thompson, University, P.O. Drawer 1690, State vice president; Carol McBride, secretary; University, AR 72467. and Glynda Naylor, treasurer. The Society's address is Howard County Genealogical Society, 201 South Main, Fayette, MO On April 17 the Missouri Museums 65248; telephone (816) 248-3348. The Association held its annual meeting and con­ Scotland County organization meets the sec­ ference on the University of Missouri- ond Monday of each month at Missouri Columbia campus on the theme "Issues Federal Bank, Memphis, publishes a quarter­ Facing Museums in the '90s." Registration ly newsletter, will exchange publications and in Pickard Hall was followed by a panel dis­ has a special collection at the Scotland cussion entitled "Never a Borrower Be. . . ." County Library in Memphis. Officers Booker Rucker, director of the Historic Sites include June Kice, president, and Veralee Program, Missouri Department of Natural Duma, secretary. The Society has two publi­ Resources, presented the keynote address, cations available for purchase, A Town "The Americans with Disabilities Act: Called Memphis, by Eugene Dodge, and Facing the Challenges of Making Museums Scotland Co., Mo. Sesquicentennial. For and Historic Sites Accessible." Concurrent further information contact Scotland County behind-the-scenes tours of the Museum of Genealogical Society, P.O. Box 232, Art and Archaeology, Pickard Hall, and the Memphis, MO 63555. State Historical Society were held in the afternoon. The conference ended with a reception at the Museum of Anthropology in Featuring the theme "African American Swallow Hall. Leaders: Scholars, Activists, Writers and Artists," Black History Month at the Historical Notes and Comments 429

University of Missouri-Columbia included Frank P. Briggs, former member of the U.S. exhibits, a conference on the contributions of Senate and publisher of the Macon African Americans to popular American cul­ Chronicle Herald. WHMC staff prepared an ture, lectures and special events. On January exhibit featuring items from the records of 28 Charles V. Hamilton spoke on the rela­ the National Federation of Press Women and tionship between scholarship and African Black History Month exhibits for Jesse Hall American social activism. Sharon Fleming and Brady Commons at MU and for circula­ and Randy Roberts of the Western Historical tion in the Columbia public schools and the Manuscript Collection-Columbia staff pre­ community. On April 20 the Collection sented "Black History Research and cosponsored a lecture by Joseph C. Scholarship at Western Historical Hickerson from the Archive of Folk Culture Manuscripts" on February 11 for University at the Library of Congress on "Women of Missouri faculty and students and the gen­ Folksong Collectors, With a Special Look at eral public. The presentation included dis­ Zora Neale Hurston as Collector." A recep­ cussion and exhibition of black history tion with a display on women folklore col­ source materials. Robert Weems discussed lectors from Missouri followed the presenta­ "American Corporations and Black tion. Roger Abrahams, professor of folklore Consumers in the 1960s" on February 16. at the University of Pennsylvania, presented The following day, Janet Sims-Wood gave a the eighth annual Peter Tamony Memorial slide presentation on black women in the Lecture on American Language on April 22. Women's Army Corps during World War II. The lecture was entitled "The Sons of St. Tammany and the Creation of an American The Western Historical Manuscript Identity: Invented Traditions and an Collection-Columbia continues to add major American Way of Speaking." accessions, prepare exhibits and sponsor lec­ WHMC will hold an oral history work­ tures and receptions during its 50th anniver­ shop on September 30 and October 1. sary year. Significant additions include the Edward Ives of the University of Maine will records of the National Association for the make the presentation. Interested persons Advancement of Colored People on the St. should contact WHMC, 23 Ellis Library, Louis educational desegregation case in the University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, 1970s and 1980s and the papers of the late MO 65201.

ERRATUM The caption on page 257 of the April issue should have read: Elizabeth Meriwether Lewis, who came to Missouri in 1835 with her nephews, raised several orphaned grandchil­ dren on her 897-acre estate.

How Old Is That Mule? Hamilton News-Graphic, January 3, 1890. The way to find out a mule's age is to stand behind him. If he kicks you but ten feet he is 1 year old and under 2. If he kicks you twenty feet away he is 2 years old and under 3. If he should hoist you over the fence into an adjoining lot he is over 3 years of age. This test rarely fails to give the correct age of the animal. 430 Missouri Historical Review LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Museum in Duncan Park, Savannah, fea­ The Society's grant-funded project, tured an exhibit of Scherenschnitte, or paper "Marie Turner Harvey's Porter School: A cutting, by Barbara Rudolph. Cole Wood­ Vision Revisited," provided a workshop for bury gave a slide presentation on old post­ area residents on February 20 at the Adair cards at the May 20 meeting in the museum. County Historical Museum in Kirksville. Pamela Miner, an archivist with the Missouri Atchison County Historical Society State Archives in Jefferson City, and Jerry The Society meets quarterly on the last Hirsch, scholar-in-residence, led the work­ Sundays of January, April, July and October shop, entitled "Images in the Attic: in different towns within the county. To cel­ 'Reading' and Preserving Photographs." ebrate the 150th anniversary of the county, Participants gained skills for working with the Society plans to write and publish a com­ photographs relating to the study of Porter plete history of the county, the first since the School. Starting on March 20 the Society late nineteenth century. A group of local held a class for fifth and sixth graders on historians will spend two years researching, three consecutive Saturdays at the museum. writing and compiling material for the book. Taught by six students from Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, the elementary pupils had an opportunity to Barnard Community Historical Society experience the American culture of the The Society meets on the third Thursday 1960s. On May 15 at the Adair County of each month at 7:00 P.M. in the museum or Fairgrounds Community Building in in members' homes in Barnard. The group Kirksville, the Society sponsored "A Porter sponsored a second printing of the Barnard School Evening: With Liberty and Justice centennial book, and sales have gone well. for All." The evening began with a carry-in Margaret Conroy, head cataloger for the dinner and attempted to recreate the experi­ Missouri Newspaper Project, housed at the ences of a Porter School community event. State Historical Society of Missouri, visited the Society's museum on March 30 and Affiton Historical Society viewed newspaper holdings. To mark its twentieth anniversary year, the Society will host a series of reunions on the Barton County Historical Society third Sundays of April through August at its Calvin Jones presented a program on the historic house, Oakland. The first event on Missouri mule at the April 18 quarterly April 18 was held for past and present caretak­ meeting in Law Chapel, Lamar United ers. The museum room upstairs in Oakland Methodist Church. The Society has acquired features a photo exhibit illustrating the restora­ microfilm of the Lamar Weekly Democrat tions and the Benoist era of Oakland. for the years 1883-1973. Jeannine Cook assembled the exhibit, which will remain on view throughout 1993. Society members at the April 22 quarterly meeting in Belton Historical Society Oakland welcomed Elinor Martineau Coyle as The April 25 meeting at Old City Hall guest speaker. Her talk, "St. Louis Renais­ featured a program by a representative from sance," recounted the restoration in St. Louis the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas beginning in the 1950s. City. The presentation focused on the muse- um's colorful history, highlights of its Andrew County Historical Society diverse holdings and some of the personali­ Morris and Betty Walton headed a mem­ ties who created the museum and shaped its bership drive that resulted in 224 new mem­ collections. Jim and Anne Meara loaned bers for the Society. The Andrew County Irish collectibles, and ten members and Historical Notes and Comments 431

friends provided old and new cookbooks for February 21 meeting at the Walters-Boone special displays at the Belton Historical County Historical Museum, Columbia. Alda Museum. Hyatt played the "Blind" Boone piano for members prior to the meeting. Blue Springs Historical Society Members held their seventeenth annual dinner meeting on February 23 at the Boone-Duden Historical Society American Legion building in Blue Springs. Over one hundred members and guests Larry Loker, dressed in a period costume, attended the February 22 meeting at the Mt. portrayed George Washington. Officers Pleasant Winery in Augusta. Anita installed were John Michael, president; Jean Mallinckrodt gave an informative and amus­ Barnard, vice president; Donald Gfeller, sec­ ing talk about Augusta's early days. At the retary; Lloyd Bland, treasurer; and Aileen Society's April 26 meeting held at St. Paul's McComos, corresponding secretary. On Lutheran Church Hall in New Melle, Bill April 18 at the Dillingham-Lewis Museum, Schiermeier presented a slide program on the the Society presented a quilt show in obser­ "History of St. Paul's and New Melle." The vance of the 150th anniversary of the Society has changed its publications: the Oregon Trail. The thirty quilts on display Boone-Duden Newsletter contains Society ranged from doll bed- to king-size. The business and local and German history, and event also included an exhibit of old quilt the Boone and Frontier Research Letter, patterns, a free Oregon Trail quilt design for which replaces the Boone-Duden Historical each visitor and a Victorian tea. Review, focuses on Daniel Boone and the Bonniebrook Historical Society Missouri frontier. Area churches and Society The Society sponsored the Bonniebrook members have volunteered to maintain eigh­ Centennial Banquet at the Branson Holiday teen cemeteries as part of the group's 1993 Inn on April 14. Local and state officials "Adopt A Pioneer Cemetery" project; four discussed the impact of tourism on the additional cemeteries have been cleaned and Branson area and how Bonniebrook, the are available for adoption. reconstructed home of Rose O'Neill, will contribute as well as benefit. Diane Boonslick Historical Society Houseman, lead singer with the 76 Melody On March 19 the Society held its quarter­ Makers, gave her rendition of "The Rose of ly meeting at Clark's Chapel, near New Washington Square." Presentation of cen­ Franklin. Lynn Morrow, supervisor of the tennial medallion plaques to century club Local Records Program, Missouri State members—those individuals, families, clubs Archives, Jefferson City, gave a program on and affiliates who made significant contribu­ "Dr. John Sappington: Southern Patriarch of tions to the Phase III building fund—high­ the Boonslick." Society officers for 1993 lighted the evening. Officers of the Society include Bob Dyer, Boonville, president; are Cliff Harralson, president; Lois Holman, Sylvia Forbes, Fayette, vice president; Pam vice president and historian; Clay Cantwell, Huttsell, Fayette, secretary; and Bob Car- treasurer; and Jean Cantwell, secretary. michael, Franklin, treasurer. The Society's new quarterly historical newsletter, Boone County Historical Society Boonslick Heritage, can be ordered for $3 Officers for 1993 are Harold C. "Bo" per year from Sylvia Forbes, P.O. Box 522, Edwards, president; Bill Hooper, secretary; Fayette, MO 65248. and Lee Gibson, treasurer. The Society hired Melanie Lake of Columbia as the new museum office manager. Dr. Earl Lubensky Carondelet Historical Society presented "The Anthropology and Arch­ Following the February 21 meeting at the aeology of Boone County" at the Society's Historic Center, 6303 Michigan Avenue, St. 432 Missouri Historical Review

Louis, "Le Cran," professional French folk schoolhouses in rural Missouri, during the singers, provided entertainment for members April 22 annual meeting in the First and the public. The Society and the Christian Church, Centralia. The Society's Carondelet Arts Council hosted the group, museum, located adjacent to Chance who performed vocal and instrumental ren­ Gardens at 319 East Sneed, is open from 2 to ditions of French folk music. 4 P.M. on Wednesdays and Sundays through December. For information about the Cass County Historical Society Society or its annual fall quilt show, call Louis Potts, chairman of the History (314)682-5711. Department, University of Missouri-Kansas City, and head of the scholars-in-residence for the Society's grant from the Missouri Chariton County Historical Society Humanities Council, spoke at the February The program at the April 18 quarterly 28 quarterly meeting in Pearson Hall, meeting in the museum, Salisbury, featured Harrisonville. On February 17 and 24, he Bill Markland of Armstrong, who presented had presented workshops on "Appreciating "The Development of Transportation in Nearby History"; his talk on "Watkins Mill" Missouri," and Juanita Grotjan of Keytes- related to this aspect of local history. On ville, who discussed "The Trail of Death." April 14 scholar-in-residence Linna Place presented a session on using artifacts and/or Civil War Round Table of Kansas City everyday things to interpret the past; during The Round Table held its February 23 an open house on May 5 at the Society's log meeting at Homestead Country Club, Prairie cabin, she met with interested members and Village, Kansas. Phil Gottschalk of guests. David Boutros, the third scholar-in- residence, presented a workshop on photo Columbia, author of In Deadly Earnest and preservation on March 18. The Society's winner of the 1992 Douglas Southall April 25 meeting featured a program by Freeman Award, spoke on "First Missouri Louis Potts. Members and the public heard a Brigade, C.S.A." The March 23 meeting sampling of Missouri folk music and viewed featured George Knapp, a retired U.S. Army two videotapes, Ballads, Bones And Fiddle major, who addressed the members on "Civil Tunes and Down in Missouri With Loman and Military Engineering in the Civil War." Cansler. Warren E. Grabau of Vicksburg, Mississippi, discussed "The Vicksburg Campaign" at the April 27 meeting. Cedar County Historical Society George Baker spoke on the types of soil and stone found in Cedar County at the Civil War Round Table of St. Louis January 25 meeting in the El Dorado Springs William C. Winter, member and editor- community building. The February 22 meet­ in-chief of the Round Table's future publica­ ing in the Stockton Museum featured a dis­ tion, a guide to St. Louis Civil War sites, cussion of Society business and plans to spoke on "The Camp Jackson Affair" at the open the museum from 1 to 3 P.M. on the last February 24 meeting at Garavelli's Restau­ Friday and Saturday of each month. rant. The March 24 meeting featured a pre­ Members met on March 29 in the Jerico sentation on "Stonewall Jackson's Failed Springs community building and tried to Proteges" by Robert K. Krick, chief historian identify old tools and household items from of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National a magazine game provided by the president. Military Park in Virginia. Wayne C. Temple, chief deputy director of the Illinois State Centralia Historical Society Archives, addressed the Round Table on Ellen Gray Massey presented "Dear Old April 28 on "Abraham Lincoln and Golden Rule Days," a history of one-room Religion." Historical Notes and Comments 433

Clark County Historical Society Benton County R-l School, Cole Camp, On March 13 the Society held a memori­ members viewed a video purchased by the al service at the Old Stone Church in St. Society entitled Tom Benton's Missouri and Francisville for Irene Smith, president of the George Caleb Bingham. After the meeting Society, who died March 10. At the March the Society presented the cassette to the Cole 23 meeting in the museum in Kahoka, the Camp branch of the Boonslick Regional following officers were elected: Raymond Library. Morrow, president; Doris Walker, vice presi­ The Society also purchased a microfilm dent; Edith Johnson, secretary; and Bonnie reader/printer and microfilm of the 1920 Sheffler, treasurer. The Society hosted the census and placed them in the local library. quarterly meeting of the Northeast Missouri As a result of a previous program, members Genealogical Society on April 24 at the held a work meeting on March 8 and dis­ museum. Edith Johnson and Sue Inman pre­ cussed Cole Camp nicknames. The session sented a program on "Research and was videotaped to preserve the stories sur­ Resources in Clark County." rounding the names, and the roster of names will be placed on a computer listing for Clay County Archives and future research. The Society's secretary is Historical Library Darlyne Fajen, not Vajen as reported in the The officers for 1993 are Calvin last issue. Hawkins, president; Shirley Fansher and John Pasley, vice presidents; Stuart Elliot, Cole County Historical Society treasurer; and Jane Picket and June Dorsel, The Society presented its 1992 Alex and secretaries. Located at 210 East Franklin in Catharine Hope Award to Mildred Gholson, Liberty, the organization has several publica­ a retired teacher and counselor who served tions for sale. Interested persons should con­ as a docent for the Cole County Historical tact Clay County Archives & Historical Society Museum for over twenty-five years. Library, Inc., P.O. Box 99, Liberty, MO 64068; telephone (816) 781-5443. Concordia Area Heritage Society The Society met February 21 in the Clay County Museum and Concordia Public Library with Adolf and Historical Society Becky Schroeder in attendance to provide an The board of directors recently appointed overview and schedule of the Missouri Keller Bell as regional historian for the Humanities Council scholars-in-residence Museum and Diane Mead as secretary. On projects in the area. Nyla Shepard serves as April 20, during National Volunteer Week, project director for the grant, awarded to the the Museum hosted a breakfast for all Society to assist local historians in docu­ docents, newsletter editors and board mem­ menting the area's German history and her­ bers at the Fork & Spoon Restaurant in itage. Adolf Schroeder and William Keel Liberty. visited the Low German Club and individu­ als during February to document various Clinton County Historical Society dialects. Laurel Wilson assessed local tex­ Darryl Wilkinson of Gallatin presented a tiles at the Lohoefener House Museum. program about the eight-sided jail in Gallatin Officers of the Society are Donald Dittmer, at the March 13 meeting at the courthouse in president; Paul Wobus, vice president; and Plattsburg. He also told about preservation Nora Hartwig, secretary/treasurer. of the turbine mill wheel at the 1850 Lewis Mill near Jameson. Concordia Historical Institute The Institute received a $10,000 bequest Cole Camp Area Historical Society from the estate of Mary Earhart Dillon of During the February 8 meeting in the Memphis, Tennessee. Honoring the memories 434 Missouri Historical Review

of Mrs. Dillon's grandfather, the Reverend Heaton, Route 1, Box 1032, Bunceton, MO David Earhart, and father, Martin Luther 65237. Earhart, the funds will be used for research, preparation and publication of a volume Crystal City Historical Society chronicling the influence of Lutheran circuit The Society and the Crystal Glass riders. The Maier-Bertermann project, sup­ Antique Mall have entered into an agreement ported by a grant from the National to provide an exhibition about the one hun­ Historical Publications and Records dred years of glassmaking in the community. Commission, nears completion. Jamie The exhibition space will be open during the Lambing spent a year on the organization of mall's business hours. the papers of Dr. Walter A. Maier and Dr. Eugene R. Bertermann and preparation of Dallas County Historical Society collection guides for publication. The Society held its January 20 meeting in the restored Crescent School at Buffalo Cooper County Historical Society Head Prairie Historical Park, Buffalo. The Society is sponsoring a year-long Frances Chandler and Fredda Heady present­ series of events to mark the 175th anniver­ ed a program on "My Trip to Alaska." Lena sary of the county's formation. Recent pro­ Hawkins, a local realtor, spoke on the history grams have included Maryellen McVicker of Buffalo at the March 18 meeting. The speaking on George Caleb Bingham and his Buffalo Head Prairie Historical Park is open role in mid-Missouri, February 8, at the on Sundays from 1 to 5 P.M. throughout the Blackwater United Methodist Church; summer. "Newspapers of the Boone's Lick" by Denny Davis at the Federated Church of Bunceton Daughters of Old Westport on March 8; Gary Kremer presenting "Fr. Officers for 1993 include Georgia Helias, Missionary to Cooper County" at St. Horsford Yates, president; Nancy Kenison Joseph's Hall in Pilot Grove, April 12; and Russell and Mary Alice Shotwell Burry, vice Louis Geiger on "1900s and the Jazz Age," presidents; Jane Balfour Dilks, secretary; May 10, at the Wooldridge Baptist Church. and Lydia Jane Miller, treasurer. On May 29 and 30, the Society sponsored a living history tour of the county, encompass­ DeKalb County Historical Society ing sites from prehistory, pioneer, statehood, Officers for 1993-1995 include Ruth plantation days and German settlement, Civil Owen, president; Bill Free, vice president; War, Reconstruction and the industrial age Johannah Johnson, Noma Vaughn and Vola eras. The old Bell Air Church was reopened Castle, secretaries; Betty Vinson, treasurer; and served as a visitors center and display Beulah Winger, museum curator, and Bernie area. On May 29 the rededication of the Winger, executive coordinator. The April 18 Concord pioneer cemetery, dating from 1814 meeting in the courthouse in Maysville fea­ and located northeast of Bunceton, highlight­ tured information about and attendance by ed the tour. Guides from the Boonville former members of the Civilian Community Theater in period dress were sta­ Conservation Corps and music by the Amity tioned at significant markers and told stories Singers. A CCC camp existed in the county about the persons buried there. The Society between 1934 and 1939. The Society also also had its recently published "Cooper offered the service of placing flowers on County Church Sketches" booklet available graves for Memorial Day. For a small fee for purchase. The fifty-page booklet fea­ Society volunteers delivered silk flowers to tures a location map, information, illustra­ nine county cemeteries. tions and stories about twenty-two of the county's old churches. For mail orders send De Soto Historical Society $5.00 plus $1.00 for postage to Jeanette The Society sponsored a "Railroad Day" Historical Notes and Comments 435

on June 26. Activities included rides on an and commemorating the eastern terminus of authentic miniature steam train, music by the the Santa Fe Trail at the site of Old Franklin Union Pacific Band, demonstrations by old- in Howard County, can be contacted at P.O. time crafters and displays of antique cars and Box 32, Fayette, MO 65248; telephone (816) model railroads. 248-5223.

Fayette Area Heritage Association Friends of Arrow Rock Karen Boggs presented a program on On March 15, Brenda Bisso, manager of Howard County cemeteries at the annual Post Office Operations, dedicated the new meeting March 13 in Sam Cleveland's facility for the Arrow Rock Post Office. restored home in Fayette. Officers are Some fifty people attended the ribbon-cut­ Sylvia Forbes, president; Bob Wiegers, vice ting ceremony and reception hosted by the president; Sam Cleveland, treasurer; and Friends. The event culminated over three Jean Clark, secretary. The Association has years' work by the Friends on this renova­ note cards with pen and ink drawings of tion project. The Friends sponsored their Fayette houses for sale. Contact Sam first annual Antiques Forum, "Treasures Cleveland, 410 North Church Street, Fayette, Near At Hand," on April 17 in Arrow Rock. MO 65248. The event featured three speakers, a lun­ cheon in the antebellum Evergreen Ferguson Historical Society Restaurant and "high tea" at the 1844 Greek Society members held the February 25 Revival mansion, Prairie Park. Morning ses­ general meeting in the First Presbyterian sions at the Old Schoolhouse included James Church. The program featured a slide pre­ Denny speaking on "The Way We Were: sentation of houses "then and now" in Town Boonslick Lifestyles" and Swannee Bennett and Country. discussing "Searching and Surveying the Decorative Arts of Missouri." Following Florissant Valley Historical Society lunch, Gary Young presented "Missouri A capital fund drive kicked off the thirty- Silver" in the Interpretive Center at Arrow fifth anniversary year of the Society. Tax- Rock State Historic Site. The Friends deductible contributions can be sent to the received the American Association for State Society at P.O. Box 298, Florissant, MO and Local History's Corey Award during the 63032. The annual Valley of Flowers House April 25 annual meeting at the Old Tour took place on May 2. Schoolhouse. Robert Archibald, vice presi­ dent of AASLH, made the presentation and Franklin County Historical Society addressed the topic "Local History is The Society held its April 25 quarterly National History." The State Historical meeting at the Scenic Regional Library, Society of Missouri serves as the Missouri Union. Sally Hancox of the library staff pre­ clearinghouse for the AASLH awards pro­ sented a program on the history of aprons. gram and nominated the Friends for the Roger Scheer told about the bridge preserva­ award. tion project at Noser's Mill. On May 2 the museum, located on Mantels Church Road Friends of Historic Fort Osage off Highway A, north of Union, opened for Members of the Friends exhibited a the season; hours are 2 to 4 P.M. on Sundays. dugout canoe, handed out information and told about the programs at Fort Osage during Franklin or Bust the Kansas City Boat Show in January. On Officers for 1993 are H. Denny Davis, March 6 over forty volunteers attended a president; Stephen Rust, vice president; workshop at Fort Osage near Sibley. Doris Markland, secretary; and Bill Rudloff, Sessions included presentations on period treasurer. This group, dedicated to marking music, women's studies and archaeology. 436 Missouri Historical Review

The Friends assisted with two events at the vice president; Gwen Prince, secretary; and Fort in May. "Sheep Shearing," held May 1 Norma Bowers, treasurer. The Friends vol­ and 2, featured sheep-herding and hand- unteered as interpreters and provided shearing demonstrations and the Osage demonstrations of crafts, toy making, gar­ Pinners Guild, who showed the stages of dening and other period activities during the manufacturing wool into cloth. On May 15- March 27 and April 3 events for four to five 16, the site sponsored the "Spring Knap-In," hundred Girl Scouts at Missouri Town-1855. a gathering of artisans who make arrowheads The girls learned 1850s skills and performed and tools from stone. everyday tasks necessary for life on the fron­ tier or trail. Friends of Historic Boonville Friends of Rocheport Officers for 1993 are Maxine Hughes, president; Terry Smith and Paul Davis, vice On May 8 the Friends sponsored a tour presidents; Missy Creighton Serck, secre­ of local gardens. In conjunction with the tary; and Paul Sombart, treasurer. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Friends, with funding received from the the Friends dedicated the replica of the MKT Missouri Arts Council, sponsored the second Depot in Rocheport on May 22. annual Big Muddy Folk Festival on April 16 Gasconade County Historical Society and 17 in Thespian Hall, Boonville. The Members held the April 25 quarterly din­ event included two evening performances of ner meeting at St. Paul's United Church of folksongs, gospel music, old-time songs and Christ in Hermann. The program featured a dance tunes, South American music from the slide presentation, "The Missouri Rhineland: Andes Mountains and a special guest, coun­ Our German Immigrant Heritage," originally try musician Ramona Jones. Workshops on produced by the Brush and Palette Club of April 17 featured sessions for hammered Hermann with a grant from the Missouri dulcimer players and on shape-note singing Committee for the Humanities, now the and songs of the Civil War. Missouri Humanities Council.

Friends of Jefferson Barracks Golden Eagle River Museum The Friends met on April 14 in the Old On May 1, opening day, the museum fea­ Ordnance Room at Jefferson Barracks tured "The Gerber Steamboat Review, 1932- Historic Park in St. Louis County. Jose 1991," a vintage film on steamboat travel by Preston, past president of the St. Louis Rudolph V Gerber. Displays for 1993 at the Genealogical Society, spoke on "Some Forts museum, located in Bee Tree Park in St. in the West." On April 18 the Friends spon­ Louis County, include artifacts from the sored a bus field trip to the Kidd Cemetery at excursion steamer Admiral, as well as a House Springs. Various reenactment groups, working model of the vessel. Hours are 1 to the N.W. Historic Preservation Society of 5 P.M., Wednesday through Sunday, until Jefferson County, the Friends and family October 31. members participated in the dedication of a memorial stone to John Roques. He served Grain Valley Historical Society as a drummer boy for Andrew Jackson at the Members held their May 27 meeting at Battle of New Orleans and also played Grain Valley City Hall. Society president drums at Fort Bellefontaine and at Jefferson Winona Burgess gave a program on the Barracks when it opened in 1826. Gann family.

Friends of Missouri Town-1855 Grand River Historical Society At the February 7 meeting at Woods The Buckskinners with Jim Swartz of the Chapel the following officers were reelected: Medicine Creek Trading Post and J. D. Mary Childers, president; Bette Broughton, Shafer presented the program at the April 13 Historical Notes and Comments 437

meeting at the Coburn Building in Heritage Seekers Chillicothe. The Society's museum is open The group's museum, located in the on Tuesdays and Sundays from 1 to 4 P.M. Gardner House at 417 South Main in Palmyra, is open from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., Grandview Historical Society daily, from Memorial Day to Labor Day. The February 1 quarterly meeting in the The Palmyra Chamber of Commerce main­ Society's museum featured a program by tains an information center in the museum. Doran Cart, director of the Liberty Memorial The Seekers cannot answer requests for Museum in Kansas City. He showed slides genealogical material since the museum does and shared the history of the memorial. not include a library. Special events at the Depot Museum have in­ cluded the annual "green dinner" on March 1, Historic Kansas City Foundation a fund-raising pancake breakfast on April 3 Foundation member and educator Ginny and an April 5 social and show-and-tell ses­ Graves received a 1992 National sion. The museum display for 1993 features Preservation Honor Award from the National artifacts from the Oregon Trail period; this Trust for Historic Preservation. She was year marks the 150th anniversary of the cited for innovative programs that make her­ trail's opening in Independence. Museum itage education a rewarding experience for hours are Fridays, 1 to 4 P.M., and Saturdays, children and teachers alike. The Foundation 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., April through December. sponsored a bus tour on March 6 of historic Kansas City buildings designed by five local Greene County Historical Society women architects. The Missouri Department Charles Sheppard, charter member of the of Natural Resources presented the Society, presented the program on Foundation with a $10,000 Historic Preser­ Springfield history at the February 25 meet­ vation Fund grant to document 160 historic ing at Glenstone Heritage Cafeteria in religious properties in Kansas City. HKCF Springfield. Area students shared their also received a $16,000 grant to conduct a entries in the Seventh District History Day comprehensive survey of outdoor sculpture competition with Society members on March in Jackson, Cass, Clay, Lafayette, Platte and 25. Ray counties. Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS!), a joint project of the National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Grundy County Historical Society Institution, and the National Institute for the The museum is open weekends and holi­ Conservation of Cultural Property, awarded days through October. Special programs are the grant on a competitive basis. featured the first weekend of each month, and a thank-you tea for volunteers will be held on the last day of the season. Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau Phoebe Apperson Hearst Patrick Steele, a professional preserva­ Historical Society tionist, served as the guest speaker at the Members held the Society's annual Arbor March 8 meeting in Chateau Girardeau. He Day observance and planting at Hearst showed slides and discussed renovation of Friendship Park, near St. Clair, on April 18. the old Green Warehouse on Spanish Street, now renamed the Alliance Building. On Heritage League of Greater Kansas City April 3 the spring opening of the Glenn The annual membership meeting, held House featured turn-of-the-century pho­ May 1 at Watkins Woolen Mill and State tographs of Cape Girardeau. Local historians Historic Site, near Lawson, featured tours of and photographers answered questions about the home, mill and grounds and a dinner. their collections, which included photographs 438 Missouri Historical Review

and memorabilia relating to African Historical Society of University City American history in the city, slides of sel­ Officers are Jean Dolan, president; Vi dom-seen views of Cape, photos of the Ruesing, vice president; Pamela Wright and downtown area and Haarig district, 1880s- Evelyn Stacy, secretaries; and Judy Little, 1920s, and old postcards of Cape Girardeau treasurer. With a grant from the Committee scenes. New officers of the Association for Access and Local Origination Program­ include John Schneider, vice president, and ming, the Society has documented the three- Paul Griffith, treasurer. The Association year project of replicating the famous honored past and current officers and board University City lions, the first phase in the members at the May 10 meeting in Chateau restoration of the landmark Lion Gates. Girardeau. Mildred Vogelsang, longtime Titled Gates of our Past, Gates to Our volunteer librarian at the Glenn House, Future, the program will be aired on the spoke on "Memories of Cape Girardeau." local cable channel and available for check­ out at the University City Library. Historical Association of Greater St. Louis Members gathered at the Salad Bowl on Iron County Historical Society May 7 for the annual meeting. Donald Members held elections and discussed Bergmann, past president of the Campbell progress on writing and preparation for pub­ House Museum, described the opening of lishing a new county history at the April 19 "Sacred Encounters," an exhibit at the Muse­ annual meeting in the First Baptist Church of um of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana. Ironton. John Waide is the new president of the As­ sociation. Jasper County Historical Society Society officers for 1993 include Steve Historical Society of Maries County Cottrell, president; Dan Crutcher and Steve The Society's April 18 meeting at the Weldon, vice presidents; Doris Wardlow, courthouse in Vienna featured a video pro­ secretary; Nadine Crockett and Alice L. gram, Missouri Mosaic Craftsmen, focusing Ladd, treasurers; and Marvin VanGilder, on the art work in St. Louis's Union Station archivist. Andy Thomas presented a pro­ and other sites. The Society's new publica­ gram on a Civil War mural at the March 14 tion, The 1880 Census of Maries County, meeting at the Carthage Civil War Museum. researched by member J. Hoyle Mayfield, can be purchased for $15.00 from the Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society Historical Society of Maries County, P.O. The Society held its annual meeting Box 289, Vienna, MO 65582. March 21 in the Little Theatre at Jefferson College. Jerry Easterwood discussed rail­ Historical Society of Oregon County road history in the Jefferson County area. At The Society held its March 4 meeting in the April 18 meeting Carol Duncan, archae­ the Thayer Public Library. Patrick Freeman, ologist, presented "Petroglyphs and a local attorney, discussed "A Pictorial Pictographs in Missouri." Biography of Thayer, Missouri." At the May 6 meeting in the Thayer Public Library, Johnson County Historical Society Mildred McCormack presented "A Letter The Society's May 2 meeting at the Old Edged in Black." Courthouse in Warrensburg featured a pro­ gram by Harold South on barbed wire enti­ Historical Society of Polk County tled "The Origins and Tales of Wire." Members viewed a videotape about King Volume two of the Society's cookbook was Ludwig IPs castles during the March 25 available for distribution. Summer hours for meeting in the North Ward Museum, the Old Courthouse and Historical Society Bolivar. Museum are 1:30 to 4:00 P.M., Saturdays and Historical Notes and Comments 439

Sundays, through August 29. Arrangements Volunteers open the Annex the first and third for tours during the week can be made by Sundays of each month through November calling (816) 747-3233 or 747-2257. The and offer a slide show and tour of four Heritage Library's hours continue to be 1 to restored houses; group tours are available by 4 P.M., Monday through Friday. appointment.

Kansas City Fire Brigade Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Brigade members met on April 15 at the Officers for 1993 are Barbara Huddle- museum, 1019 Cherry. Lorin Hale, master ston, president; Charles Jones and Warren mechanic of the award-winning fire-fighter Hollrah, vice presidents; and Robert Logan, teams in 1893 and 1900; Jacob Becker, who treasurer. John Charmley, visiting professor died while fighting a fire in 1918; and of English History at Westminster College, Joseph McArdle, first paid fireman in presented "The Road To Fulton" at the April Kansas City in 1871 and assistant chief, 13 meeting in the Friends Room at the 1889-1893, were inducted into the Brigade's Callaway County Public Library in Fulton. Hall of Fame. The Brigade hosted its third He related his impressions of America, and annual Fire Muster on May 8 at the museum. Fulton in particular, from the perspective of The event included bucket and hose an English visitor who, with his wife, had brigades, fire-fighting games, displays of immersed himself into the local academic antique equipment and a dalmatian show. and community life for a year.

Kansas City Westerners Kirkwood Historical Society The meeting at the Hereford House in Society officers include Joseph Godi, Kansas City on March 9 featured a program president; Mrs. John H. Davison, vice presi­ by member Andrew Gerrard on the history dent; Marian Phelps, secretary; Susan Irwin, of the Bent brothers and Old Bent's Fort, treasurer; Roy T. Bamber, publications direc­ "The Capitol on the Plains." Tom Goodrich, tor; and Carol Dark, museum director. author of Bloody Dawn, spoke on "Quan- Donna Marin, administrator of the Chatillon- trill's Raid on Lawrence in 1863" during the DeMenil Mansion in St. Louis, provided the April 13 meeting. program at the March 9 meeting at Grace Episcopal Church. She showed slides taken Kimmswick Historical Society before, during and after the restoration of the Members held the February 1 meeting at Mansion. The Society sponsored a spring Kimmswick Hall. Mary Wenger, owner of house tour on April 28. The event included Sassafras Hill Herbs in Kimmswick, showed tours of three residences and an old school- slides and related the history of herbs. The house and luncheon at Cafe Victorian. March 1 meeting at the Society Annex fea­ tured a showing of the slide presentation and Laclede County Historical Society a brief orientation for new tour guides. The Society's Old Jail Museum in Le­ Dorothy Heinze showed slides and talked banon is open from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M., Mon­ about wildflowers at the April 5 meeting in day through Friday. The museum features Kimmswick Hall. On April 12 some two intact old cells and mementos of the culture hundred members and friends of the Society and heritage of Lebanon and Laclede participated in a rededication ceremony for a County. restored 1874 iron bridge spanning Rock Creek. Senator John Danforth delivered the Lafayette County Historical Society rededication address for the structure, which Members held their April 18 meeting at the Society saved from demolition and the REA building near Higginsville. Six for­ restored over a ten-year period. The Society mer teachers related their experiences in the opened its 1993 tour season on April 1. county's one-room schoolhouses during the 440 Missouri Historical Review

1920s and 1930s. Officers elected were Linn County Historical Society Loberta Runge, president; Buddy Samuels, The May 7 annual dinner meeting at the vice president; Henry Llewellyn, treasurer; Country Steak House in Brookfield featured and Jean Anson Smith, secretary. James W. Goodrich, executive director of the State Historical Society, as the guest speaker. He addressed the Society on the "Western Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc. Years of William Waldo." The H. Sam Priest Center for Inter­ national Studies at Webster University was Macon County Historical Society showcased on architects' Sunday on March The Society held its March 11 meeting in 28. Landmarks and the American Institute the courthouse at Macon. Sheriff Robert of Architects/St. Louis Chapter cosponsored Dawson discussed the duties of his office, the event, which featured an open house of his staff and budget and provided safety tips the adaptive reuse of the former Howe fami­ for members. Officers for 1993 include ly residence built on Big Bend Boulevard in Gerald Morrow, president; James N. Foley, Webster Groves. Landmarks also sponsored vice president; Neva Maddy, treasurer; and tours, exhibits and special events during Donna Ayers, secretary. Historic Preservation Week, May 8-16, in downtown St. Louis. Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table The Round Table held its February 16 Lawrence County Historical Society meeting in the Lohman Building in Jefferson The Society held its January 18 meeting City. Roger Baker spoke on "A Diary of A in the Jones Memorial Chapel, Mount Yankee," about John Sayre of Hannibal. The Vernon. Doug Seneker, program chairman, March 16 meeting in the Columbia Tribune gave a presentation on Reconstruction years lunchroom featured a panel discussion, in the county. The March 21 meeting fea­ "Why the North Won and Why the South tured a program on the legends and stories of Lost." "Slim" Funk used a diary and letters Jesse and Frank James by Fred Mieswinkel. to relate the Civil War experiences of his ancestor, Private George Washington Huff, Lincoln County Historical at the April 20 meeting at the Lohman and Archeological Society Building. Members met at the Troy City Hall for the January 18 meeting. Mrs. Floyd Miller County Historical Society Thornhill of Moscow Mills spoke on life in Society officers include Dan Gier, presi­ her hometown. The February 18 meeting dent; John Dowler, vice president; Peggy featured a program on the placement of Hake, secretary; and Helen Gibson, treasur­ orphans in the Midwest via the "Orphan er. Following a potluck, members held their Trains," 1852-1929. Sponsored by the April 18 meeting at the museum in Children's Aid Society of New York, the Tuscumbia. Morris Burger, third-generation 1910 train visited Troy, and eleven children owner of Burger's Smokehouse in were placed in homes in the county. On California, told about how his family started March 18 Mrs. O'Garland Ricks gave a slide the business. presentation on older homes in the Elsberry area. Mrs. John Clare, representing the Missouri Historical Society Society, gave a brief history of the Troy City The Society sponsored the Missouri Park in the only original park building on Heritage Fair on April 24 and 25 at the March 13 to begin the park's centennial fes­ History Museum in Forest Park, St. Louis. tivities. The Society held an open house and The festival, also supported by national, state an exhibit of ceramics by Patrick O'Brien on and area arts groups and other cultural orga­ May 2 at its historic building in Troy. nizations, offered a variety of folk art, food Historical Notes and Comments 441

and family entertainment highlighting and 2 at the Society's Bacon Log Cabin in Missouri's diverse ethnic cultures. The Manchester. Society has received a $325,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Osage County Historical Society to fund the forthcoming exhibit, "St. Louis On February 22 the Society held its in the Gilded Age." meeting at St. John's United Methodist Church in Linn. Norman Brown, a project Moniteau County Historical Society surveyor for the Division of Geology and The February 8 working meeting was Land Survey, Missouri Department of held in the California Municipal Building. Natural Resources, used costumes and Members discussed business and received instruments to recreate the experiences of an the list of 1993 committee assignments. The 1823 survey crew. The Society continues to March 8 meeting featured a show-and-tell gather information on the county's rural program of historical material. Richard schools. Interested persons can contact the Schroeder, Society display chairman, created Society at P.O. Box 402, Linn, MO 65051; an exhibit of loaned photographs and small telephone (314) 897-2932. farming and gardening implements for the April 17 Springfest event in California. Overland Historical Society The Society hosted the second meeting John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners of the St. Louis County Historical Society on Chris Edwards presented "Songs of the March 15 with a tour of its 1850s log house, Civil War" at the February 11 Corral meet­ located at Lackland Road and Gass Avenue ing at the Days Inn, Columbia. The meeting in Overland. Members met on March 31 at on March 11 featured a program by Laurel the Overland Community Center. Martin Wilson on "The American Cowboy, Creation Bergin, master saddler and poet, gave the of the Myth." Rex Campbell, a collector of program on cowboy poetry and the history Indian art work, spoke on "Baskets by of cattle drives. American Indians" on April 8. Members brought Indian craft work for display and Park College Historical Society discussion. The Society, along with Park College students, faculty, friends, and guests participat­ Normandy Area Historical Association ed in the one hundredth anniversary celebra­ The Association held a grand opening on tion of Mackay Hall and historical recognition March 20, for members only, of the displays of Scott Observatory on April 2 on the cam­ in the Anne Lucas Hunt Rosebud Room at pus in Parkville. The event included music, the Hunt House in Normandy. The exhibit a rededication ceremony, presentation of a featured antique clothing, quilts, plat maps, time capsule, unveiling of a plaque on the photographs and artifacts from the observatory and a reception. Association's collection. The group also plans to produce a video of the "Normandy Pemiscot County Historical Society wedge" and seeks photographs and persons Mel Harrington, director of the Recre­ to interview for the project. ation Center, gave a report on the center at the January 22 meeting at the American Old Trails Historical Society Legion building in Caruthersville. The The Society held its March 17 meeting at Society's February 26 meeting featured a pro­ Manchester Methodist Church. Member gram by Hal McCarter, who directs the "De- Lore Crowe displayed and talked about her Tox Center" in Hayti. On March 26 mem­ heirloom collection of Scherenschnitte, or bers traveled to the Family History Center European scissor cuts. Members sponsored in Blytheville, Arkansas. Patsy Walker, the third annual herb and bake sale on May 1 Lynn Wilson and Lib Crosby presented 442 Missouri Historical Review

information on the center, which is spon­ Pony Express Historical Association sored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Members of the Missouri State Tourism Day Saints. Commission visited the Association's Patee House Museum and the Jesse James Home Perry County Historical Society in St. Joseph on April 2. The following day, Officers for 1993 include Olene Heflin, the museum featured special Pony Express president; David Toney and Robert Difani, exhibits. Patee House served as headquar­ vice presidents; Marge Mills, Barbara ters for the Pony Express in 1860. On April Sparkman and Pat Robinson, secretaries; 4, a membership party and reception in the Carleen Jung, treasurer; and Norma Blue Room of the museum honored the Weinkein and Ruth Weinkein, historians. anniversaries of volunteers, Gary and Mary Members held their annual spring dinner on Chilcote, Ray Waldo and Lester Buck. April 23 at Twin Halls in Perryville. Billie Mills, publication chairman, presented a slide show entitled "A Walk Around the Randolph County Historical Society Square 100 Years Ago." The Society's historical library and archives reopened in March at 223 North Perry County Lutheran Historical Society Clark in Moberly; hours are Mondays, 10 On April 24 and 25, the Society partici­ A.M. to noon, and Thursdays, 1 to 3 P.M. pated in the Southeast Missouri State Howard Marshall, professor and director of University-sponsored Mississippi River the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center at the scenic tour, with German food and crafts in University of Missouri, Columbia, was the Altenburg. featured speaker and fiddler for the February 23 annual meeting at Nelly's Restaurant in Phelps County Historical Society Moberly. The Society met at the Eugene Northern Community Hall in Rolla on April 18. J. Ray County Historical Society Frederick Fausz, a Missouri Humanities The Society held its April 15 quarterly Council speaker on the faculty at the meeting at the Eagleton Civic Center in University of Missouri-St. Louis, spoke on Richmond. Ellen Gray Massey spoke on "Pelt Partners in Missouri." "Use It Up, Wear It Out, Make It Do or Do Without." Pike County Historical Society The April 13 meeting at the Louisiana Raytown Historical Society Christian Church featured a program by B. The April 28 quarterly meeting in the H. Rucker, director of the Historic Sites museum featured "Dolls of Democracy" by Program, Missouri Department of Natural Beryl Sieberg. Personality dolls on display Resources, Jefferson City. related to the stories of early Americans. Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society Ripley County Historical Society The Society has purchased Banneker The Dale Keene family of Doniphan, School, the first black school in Parkville; arrayed in their native Cherokee dress and plans call for the structure, under restoration jewelry, explained their ancestry and the as an 1880s school museum, to operate as migrations of the Cherokee Nation into the the Parkville Banneker School Chapter of county during the March 8 meeting in the the Society. Other Society properties include Ripley County Heritage Museum, Doniphan. the Ben Ferrel Platte County Museum, an Officers of the Society include Dennis 1882 mini-mansion in Platte City, and the Mohrmann, president; Dan Moore, vice TWA Airline Museum, located in the Kansas president; Barbara Brummit and Phoebe City International Airport area. Braschler, secretaries; Nick Hatch, treasurer; Historical Notes and Comments 443

and Helen Lawhon and Betty Lawhon, coed- Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray itors of the quarterly, Ripley County Round Table members held their Heritage. February 21 meeting in the Mercantile Bank of Maryville and viewed a video, St. Charles County Historical Society Chancellorsville: Rebel Victory—Rebel Loss. Members held their April 24 quarterly The program at the March 21 meeting fea­ meeting at Golf View Inn in St. Charles. tured a video dealing with the assassination Karen Chartrand of St. Charles Community of President Abraham Lincoln entitled Black College spoke on the "History of Costumes." Easter.

St. Francois County Historical Society South Howard County Historical Society Officers for 1993 are Leora Giessing, The Society meets on the first Tuesday of president; Jack Clay, vice president; Dorothy each month at the Senior Center in New Mount and Ruth Womack, secretaries; and Franklin. At the May 4 meeting Wayne Faye Morris, treasurer. The February 24 Lammers presented his videotaped interview meeting in the Civic Room of Ozarks with Winnie Cenatiempo about her former Federal Savings and Loan in Farmington home, Rivercene. On June 8 the Society featured a program by John Hilton. He held a benefit concert featuring ragtime showed slides and spoke about his trip musicians. The event raised funds for mark­ retracing the Lewis and Clark Expedition up ing the grave in Mt. Pleasant Cemetery of the Missouri River. "Jelly" Settles, recognized as the author of "The Missouri Waltz." Saline County Historical Society The Society held its May 2 meeting and a picnic at Van Meter State Park. Robert Stone County Historical Society Gilmore, a professor at Southwest Missouri Members held their April 4 meeting at State University, presented a program on the Law Enforcement Center in Galena. The "Mastodons, Mines, Mansions and Mills," Society has received a contract with the relating to Missouri's cultural heritage in its Missouri Department of Natural Resources historic sites and parks. Following the pro­ to survey historic sites in the north half of gram, a park tourist assistant gave a short the county and has started work on the publi­ history of the park, and members and guests cation of a second county history book. For viewed the visitors center. further information contact the Society at P.O. Box 63, Galena, MO 65656. Scotland County Historical Society The Society sponsored an open house on March 13 at the Downing House in Mem­ Texas County Missouri Genealogical and phis in memory of the birth date of Ella K. Historical Society Ewing, a native of the county and the Members met on March 26 at the Stained world's tallest person during her lifetime. Glass Theater in Houston. The 1993 Society The Society's other museums, the Boyer meetings focus on the theme "Turning Back House and the old school from the South the Pages of History." Various speakers Liberty School District, located adjacent to related their memories of the Plato and the Downing House, also featured displays. Evening Shade areas of the county. Some members also dressed as their ancestors Scott County Historical Society might have for an "Easter Parade." On April Robert L. McNeely showed the video 23 the Society visited the Mormon Church in Cape Girardeau: Story of a River City and Houston. Ray Oeth led a tour of the church described its production at the March 16 library and demonstrated use of the comput­ meeting in the Benton Regional Library. er with its catalog on compact disks. 444 Missouri Historical Review

Harry S Truman Independence Franklin County—Their Meaning to Us" at 76 Fire Company the museum. Following the Washington Fire Company officers for 1993 include Preservation new house tour on May 23, Steve Cox, president; Bradley Waterworth, Society members enjoyed a program on vice president; Lora Cox, secretary; and Phoebe Apperson Hearst by Adele Gregory Julie Hall, treasurer. Members have exhibit­ and refreshments. ed the Company's Seagrave fire truck in sev­ eral parades in the metropolitan Kansas City Wentzville Community Historical Society area to publicize the group. On March 15 the Society held a quarterly meeting and election of board members at Union Cemetery Historical Society the Green Lantern Senior Center in Arnett L. Anderson, a local volunteer Wentzville. genealogical data researcher, extractor and compiler, commented on the basic methodol­ Weston Historical Museum ogy for genealogical research and documen­ The Museum, located at 601 Main Street, tation at the January 23 meeting in the Union Weston, is open for the 1993 season. Hours Cemetery Sexton's Cottage, Kansas City. are 1:00 to 4:00 P.M., Tuesdays through Members brought "quaint epitaphs" to share Saturdays, and 1:30 to 5:00 P.M. on Sundays. for the program at the April 24 meeting. During April, Society volunteers led tours of Westport Historical Society the cemetery for public and private school Following the February 19 quarterly din­ students from the metropolitan Kansas City ner meeting at the Woodside Racquet Club, area. Kansas City, the president gave members an overview of the Society's 1992 accomplish­ Vernon County Historical Society ments, the treasurer provided a financial On March 28 over twenty-five members summary and committee chairmen outlined and guests visited the Metz Museum. Mr. activities and goals for 1993. On April 3 the and Mrs. John Baze and his mother, Madge Society held its annual chili supper at the Baze, hosted the group. The museum occu­ Harris-Kearney House Museum; proceeds pies the same building that houses the Metz benefited the preservation fund. Volunteers Post Office and former pressroom of the opened the museum on April 17 to over two Metz Times. Participants viewed the dis­ hundred participants in the eighth Inter­ national Volkswalk. The group's walkathon plays and the old flatbed press and hand-set focused on "Oregon Trail Sesquicentennial, type. Westport, Mo." and followed a historic Washington Historical Society route. The museum is open between 10:30 The Society recently honored Ralph A.M. and 3:00 P.M. on weekdays and by Gregory, the curator of its museum, with a life appointment on weekends. membership and named the museum library the Ralph Gregory Library. On March 6 and White River Valley Historical Society April 3, respectively, the Society opened the Taney County native Theron Holland genealogical library and museum for the 1993 presented the program at the March 14 meet­ season; hours are 1 to 4 P.M., Saturdays and ing in the Friendship House, The College of Sundays. Located at Main and Cedar Streets the Ozarks, Point Lookout. Entitled in Washington, the Society's facilities are "Artifacts of Original Inhabitants," his pre­ housed in the historic 1884 former St. sentation featured his extensive collection of Francis Borgia Parish building. On April 25 Native American artifacts collected in the Ralph Gregory spoke on "Historians of Historical Notes and Comments 445

GIFTS Ben F. and Lillian W. Alexander, Columbia, donors: Special sections of Columbia, Fulton, Jefferson City and St. Louis newspapers, (N); "A History of Unity Baptist Church 1842-1992," Callaway County; programs and publications relating to the Kingdom of Callaway, William Woods College, Fulton, the University of Missouri and Columbia; 150th Anniversary Catalog, Stark Bro's, Louisiana, Missouri, 1966- 1967. (R)* Robert A. Baumann, St. Louis, donor: Publications relating to the history of Florissant and Overland, Missouri. (R) Benjamin H. Beard, Citrus Heights, California, donor: Taking the Country out of the Boy, by donor. (R) Bruce H. Beckett, Columbia, donor: The Missouri Legal Directory: Official Directory of the Missouri Bar, 1991. (R) Charles B. Cheffey, Sedalia, donor: "Descendants of John Somerfield Huntley and Candace Pamela Royce (Rice) Huntley," by donor. (R) Paul Daniels, Oelwein, Iowa, donor: Black and white snapshot of house in Norborne, Missouri, 1921. (E) H. Denny Davis, Fayette, donor: "Journalism in the Boonslick," typescript of talk presented by donor. (R) LeRoy Day, Columbia, donor: Records of Company H, 140th Infantry, 35th Division, Reunion Association, 1952-1973. (M) Damian L. Dietlein, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: John Heembrock and Maria Altstadt Descendants, by donor. (R) Timothy D. Dollens, Columbia, donor: Zug/ Zuck/ Zouck/ Zook Genealogy, by Harry D. Zook and The Zuck Family Trail, by Bettie Lou Dollens Rivers, indexed by donor. (R) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, through Jewel Quinn: Publications and minutes relating to the church and its Christian Women's Fellowship. (R) & (M) J. Hurley and Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donors: Telephone directory for Hannibal and thirty-seven volumes of various kinds of almanacs. (R) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: Index to Items of Genealogical Interest in the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri, Republican for the Years 1911-1915 Inclusive, by donor. (N) Marjorie Garrett Holmes, Lake Ozark, donor, through LaVern Covington, Columbia: The John S. Stumpf Family History: Including Families of Baker, Johnson and Wenger, loaned for copying. (R) Richard C. Hudnall, Sun City, Arizona, donor: "Land Abstract for Callaway County, Missouri Dated 1819-1946 Including the Will of Edward C. Evans and Probate Papers of James W. Barton," obtained by Jerry Cornelius Hopper. (R)

These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 446 Missouri Historical Review

Clarence R. Keathley, Ironton, donor: Two volumes by John G. Neihardt. (R) Kay Frances Kizer, Rolla, donor: Several issues of Ancestry Newsletter. (R) Mark H. Laughlin, Honolulu, Hawaii, donor: "Joseph Lafon, Marion County Pioneer," by donor. (R) John Evans Long, Columbia, donor: Typescript, "Autobiography of J[ames] Alexander] Ward, M.D.," loaned for copying. (M) Edward Crawford Mc Amis, St. Leonard, Maryland, donor: Marriage Records of the Sept Mac Hamish, 1100-1980, compiled by donor. (R) Nila Rebekah Mills McCartney, Wheatland, Wyoming, donor: Mills Mania: A History of the Mills Family in Missouri and Their Kith and Kin, by donor. (R) Ray McClure, Columbia, donor: Golden Key National Honor Society, University of Missouri-Columbia, Chapter, Records, 1985-1988. (M) Angus W. McDougall, Columbia, donor: Arrow Rock: 20th-century Frontier Town, edited by Marcia Joy Prouse. (R) The Maneater, Office for Student Development, University of Missouri-Columbia, donor, through Mary Biddle, Columbia: Bound volume, The Maneater, June-December 1992. (N) John Mercer, Meadville, donor: "A Funeral Dinner," at Meadville, 1986, by donor, and "Human Resources Inventory, Meadville, Missouri, 1992," by Kathy Paris and donor. (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Telephone directory for the Rolla region. (R) Marjorie M. Miller, Montgomery City, donor: Will Abstracts, Montgomery Co., Mo., 1870-1991, compiled by donor and indexed by Sharon J. Pursley, loaned for copying. (R) Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, donor: Final Report on the Missouri Natural Features Inventory of Christian, Douglas, Ozark, and Taney Counties and . . . Missouri Natural Features Inventory: Barry and Stone Counties, both by Timothy E. Smith. (R) Missouri Department of Conservation, Natural History Division, Rolla, donor, through Joseph S. Ryan: Final Report on the Missouri Natural Features Inventory of Crawford, Dent, and Reynolds Counties, by Joe Ryan. (R) Gaynelle Jenkins Moore, Glens Falls, New York, donor: Index for "Eugene, Missouri: The Town that Lived (and Died) With the Railroad," by Bonnie Spalding Jenkins. (R) MU Retirees Association, Columbia, donor, through Ernest Morgan: Several issues of the Association's Newsletter. (R) Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, donor, through Susan K. Mattson: Donor's undergraduate academic catalogs, 1983-1994. (R) Charles O'Dell, Columbia, donor: "Index to Patrick's History of the Salt River (Baptist) Association, Missouri, (1909)," compiled by donor. (R) Marian Ohman, Columbia, donor: "Alexander McNair (1755-1826): First Governor of Missouri," a thesis by Marguerite Carlson Ritchie, loaned for copying. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 447

Beverely and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Programs, pamphlets and publications relating to Columbia area persons, businesses, churches, civic, conservation, cultural, educational, political and service organizations and associations. (R) Mary Philpot, Raytown, donor: The Palatine Edicks and Related Families, by donor and Mildred Kast Conrad. (R) Helen Pickel, Areola, California, donor: Helen Pickel Collection of genealogical material. (M) Jerry Ponder, Fairdealing, donor: "Ripley County, Missouri, Stock Mark Register or Brand Book 1848-1861 and Scalp Bounty Register 1847-1861" and "Ripley County, Missouri: Real Estate and Personal Property Tax Listings, 1890," both by donor. (R) Mr. and Mrs. Robert Thomas Pratt, Jr., Tyler, Texas, donors: Down Memory Lane, by Reba Young. (R) Harry B. Robinson, Columbia, donor: National Park System leaflets featuring maps and guides especially for Missouri and Midwest sites. (R) Ann Rogers, Columbia, donor: Material relating to the 35th Annual Missouri Conference on History, 1993, information on archival collections and tourism sites in the Kansas City metropolitan area and Columbia East Campus Neighborhood Association News, 1993. (R) Blake Sasse, Rocheport, donor: Miscellaneous publications, (R); over fifty color negatives and prints of mostly Chariton County views, by donor. (E) The Reverend Carl Schenck, for Missouri United Methodist Church, Columbia, donor: Records of the donor's Methodist Student Organization, 1920s-1940s. (M) Elizabeth R. Schwartz, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, donor: Material from a wide variety of sources relating to conservation and Charles and Elizabeth Schwartz. (A) Francis Lee Sexton, Columbia, donor: Sexton Family History: Thomas and Solomon and Sidelights, Daniel Hunter, Josiah Hall, 171'5-1993, by donor. (R) James D. Simmons, Warrensburg, donor: The Descendants of Adam Benjamin and Rhoda Susan [Wallace] Darrow of Laclede and Camden Counties, Missouri, edited by Susan M. Wilkinson. (R) Clarence F. Smith, Berkeley, California, donor: "Wireless Telegraphy Class Notes," by Clarence F. Smith[, Sr.], in 1905, copied by donor. (R) Richard Sorrels and Walter Sorrels, Columbia, donors: Collection of Isabelle Sorrels including manuscript material and over seventy-five publi­ cations relating to the Colonial Dames of XVII Century, Dames of the Court of Honor, Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Colonists, genealogy, local and family history. (M) & (R) Floyd Strader, Columbia, donor: Over forty volumes including high school and college yearbooks and telephone directo­ ries and fifty-seven maps. (R) William H. Taft, Columbia, donor: Missouri Newspapers, by donor. (N) Anna Trefts Tibbe, St. Louis, donor: Information and photographs for the Charles Trefts Photograph Collection, photograph of Anna E. Trefts by Jules Pierlow and photographs of Tibbe family and Washington, Missouri. (E) 448 Missouri Historical Review

Today's Farmer Magazine, donor, through Mark Johnson, MFA Incorporated, Columbia: Bound volume of Today's Farmer Magazine, 1992. (R) Alberta Toedebusch, Defiance, donor: Items, both German and American, relating to New Melle and Melle and articles con­ cerning Native Americans. (R) University Extension, donor, through Linda Karns, Columbia: "Developing Community Leadership: The Excel Approach." (R) Floyd P. VanBooven, Hopkinsville, Kentucky, donor: Three volumes of abstracts from St. Martins Catholic Church, Starkenberg, Missouri, including baptismal records, 1848-1909, interment records, 1862-1961, and marriage records, 1852-1942, compiled by donor. (R) O. V. Wheeler, Columbia, donor: Publications concerning Missouri education, especially the Missouri State Teachers and the Missouri Elementary School Principals Associations. (R) George Yatskievych, St. Louis, for Missouri Native Plant Society, donor: Several volumes of the donor's publications and related index. (R) Jerree Young, Livermore, California, donor: Material on the Simeon S. Martin family of Lewis County. (R)

Things Don't Work That Way Canton Press, August 11, 1870. An old farmer said to his sons: "Boys, don't you ever speckerlate, or wait for suthin to turn up. You might just as well go and sit down on a stone in the middle of a medder, with a pail atwixt your legs, an' wait for a cow to back up to you to be milked."

Toasting the Power of the Printer Hannibal Western Union, January 26, 1851. At a Printer's festival, held in Nashville, the type stick was toasted, and described as "the charmed casket by which the printer holds the destinies of empires, states and communities, as in the hollow of his hand."

Is That a Fact? Hannibal Western Union, November 28, 1850. "// is a fact," say some entomologists, "that it is only the female musquito [sic] that tor­ ments us." A bachelor friend says it is not at all "curious."

What Is a Cousin German? Hannibal Western Union, November 7, 1850. A cousin german is the son or daughter of your aunt or uncle; the term is derived from the Latin germanus—one nearly related. Historical Notes and Comments 449

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Albany Ledger-Headlight March 3, 1993—This edition featured several articles about the 125-year history of the Ledger-Headlight. Ash Grove Commonwealth April 22, 1993—"Walnut Grove [Calvary Assembly of God] church to host Molly Pittman Day celebration." Belle Banner April 21, 1993—"Mt. Sterling Celebrates 100th Anniversary." Boonville Record March 9, 1993—"Cooper County, The Early Settlement," by Marge Wilson. March 16, 23—"Historical Footnotes," a series, featured Fairview School in rural Cooper County and the lumber industry in Cooper County. Bowling Green Times April 7, 1993—"Memories of Lincoln High School" for blacks in Louisiana, by Kris Sanderson. Brunswick Brunswicker January 7, 1993—"Blake Sasse recalls Brunswick's first City Hall." This and the arti­ cles below by Blake Sasse. January 14—"Snapp, Community of yesteryears." January 21—'The old Brunswick Militia." January 28—"Brunswick Mayors, Part Two"; "Early post office scenes: Elk Spring." February A—"Brunswick Mayors, Part Three." February 11—"Brunswick Mayors, Part Four." Canton Press-News Journal February 11, 25, April 15, 1993—"Yesteryears Pictures," a series, featured respectively: the LaGrange depot; the Clark Street fire in Canton, 1951; and the reunion of the Twenty-first Missouri Infantry Volunteers in 1892. *Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian March 3, 1993—"Remember ... Progress Edition to stir memories," by Sam Blackwell. March 4—"Progress Edition" contained many historical articles. Carrollton Daily Democrat March 23, April 13, 1993—"Journey into the past," a series, featured "This is Carroll County," by Karl Marxhausen. April 20—Information about the Frederick Doll family. Centralia Fireside Guard April 14, 1993—"In remembrance of our beginning ..." featured a reprinted page from an early edition. Charleston Enterprise-Courier April 8, 1993—"The 1937 Flood: the L. C. Ringo Store," Wolf Island, by LaWanda Douglas.

* Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 450 Missouri Historical Review

Clinton Daily Democrat March 17, April 9, 1993—"Remember When," a pictorial series, featured respectively: the first Clinton High School bus and the Leesville Methodist Church. Columbia Daily Tribune January 28, 1993—A special section, "Time Passages," featured many historical pho­ tographs. February 7, 21, March 7, 21, April 4—"Boone Country," a series by Francis Pike, fea­ tured respectively: the Conley House; Columbia street paving in 1907; Boone County mills; Boone County Indians; and branch line railroading. Columbia Missourian January 31, 1993—George Bingham Rollins house, "Grasslands." February 7—Acena "Booth House." February 21—"First Christian Church"; this issue also featured many historical articles in special sections, "Progress Edition, 1953-1993." March 7—"Senior Hall," Stephens College. March 21—Missouri State Teachers Association building. March 28—"The Moses M. Barth Home" in Rocheport. April 4—"Lawrence Bass—Abraham Ellis Home" in rural Boone County. April 11—Keiser-Dimmit house, Rocheport. April 18—Sanford F. "Conley House." Concordia Concordian March 31, 1993—"Number please?" an article about Concordia's first telephone system, by Nora Hartwig. Dexter Daily Statesman March 5, 1993—A special "Progress Edition" featured many historical articles. Doniphan Prospect News April 7, 1993—Ripley County community, "Poynor Reflections Of Life During The 1930s." Eldon Advertiser February 4, 1993—Information about the farm and house formerly owned by William Dunstan. El Dorado Springs Sun April 22, 1993—Grain "Elevator Falls, City Landmark Comes Down." Ellington Reynolds County Courier March 25, 1993—"History's Worst Tornado Began in Reynolds County," Tri-state twister of March 18, 1925. Elsberry Democrat February 3, 1993—"In the beginning ..." about the history of Elsberry. Flat River Daily Journal April 28, 1993—This edition featured several sections, "Mining History, 1864 to 1972, 20 Years Later."

Fulton Sun March 20, 1993-—"Jesse James," by Joan Wallner. April 10—An article about the Abner and Elizabeth Holt family's role in Callaway County history, by Lee N. Godley. Historical Notes and Comments 451

Hannibal Courier-Post February 13, 1993—"Douglasville: A venerable old [black] school." February 20—"Douglass School: A first class [black] high school." This and the article above by J. Hurley and Roberta Hagood. Hermann Advertiser-Courier April 20, 1993—"Mt. Sterling store turns 100," by Nancy Fagerness. Higginsville Advance March 5, 1993—"Advance Subscription Promotion Not As Elaborate As In The Past," by Gregory D. Bontz. April 16—"Brief History of the Hotel Merchants," by Loberta Runge. April 23—"The Days at Day's Cafe," by Mary Lytton Clement. Jefferson City Capital News April 7, 1993—"Statue personifies [Thomas] Jefferson's stature," by Bob Watson. Kansas City Catholic Key April 2, 1993—Sisters of St. Francis of the Holy Eucharist, "Franciscans mark 100 years in Diocese," by Kevin Kelly. Kansas City Star February 11, 1993—"Portraits of the past," about famous Kansas Citians, by Laura Rollins Hockaday. Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat March 19, 1993—"Cotton Exchange Bank, 92 years service." Keytesville Chariton Courier April 15, 1993—Information about the Keytesville Future Farmers of America chapter at the first national FFA convention in Kansas City in 1928. Lamar Democrat January 16, 1993—Patrick McNary, "Irishman who lived quite a life is buried at Sheldon," by Dale Wootton. Lancaster Excelsior March 17, 1993—Information about Judge Joseph Samuel Locker. La Plata Home Press April 28, 1993—"Railroad Causes Mercyville To Split," by Debbie Clay. Lebanon Daily Record March 28, 1993—An article about Vera (McMillen) Park, by Deidra K. Willis. Licking News March 4, 1993—An article about the history of Ruth, Missouri, by Karen Nelson. Linn Unterrified Democrat February 3, 1993—"History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle, reprinted. Maiden Delta News March 30, 1993—Two special sections, "Faces and Pages of the Past," featured many historical articles about the area. * Maryland Heights Journal March 10, 1993—"Residents trying to preserve history of fort" Belle Fontaine, by Dennis R. Heinze. 452 Missouri Historical Review

Maryville Daily Forum March 25, 1993—"Glimpses from the Past," a series by Martha Cooper, featured Scylla Courtright Powell, first female principal of Washington School. Memphis Democrat April 22, 1993—Information and photograph of the cornerstone laying ceremony for the Scotland County courthouse, 1901, by Mack Harper. Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat February 12, 1993—"In memory of Gen. Omar N. Bradley ..." by Orville Sittler. April 4—An article on the Johnston Auction Center in Madison featured a biographical sketch of Col. James Lee Johnston. Montgomery City Montgomery Standard March 10, 1993—An article on the centennial history of the Schowengerdt Mausoleum and the Bellflower Cemetery Association. April 7—An article about Bellflower schools. Neosho Daily News April 18, 1993—"Letters from Thomas Hart Benton, A man in love," by Janie Lantz. Nevada Daily Mail March 19, 1993—This issue of the paper featured a "Progress Edition." New Haven Leader February 3, March 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 14, 28, 1993—"Franklin County ... the early days," a series by LeRoy Danz, featured respectively: Walbert, Missouri; some Franklin County Civil War history; Clover Bottom; rural progress; information about Frederick William Koch; the Koch family's heritage in Borgholzhausen, Westphalia, Prussia; reminisc­ ing about radio; an 1850 letter from Swiss immigrant Felix Ganz to his relatives in Switzerland; and old Frick farm auction. Osceola St. Clair County Courier April 15, 1993—Located at Rockville (Prairie City), "Mt. Zion [Lutheran] to celebrate 125th Church Anniversary." Owensville Gasconade County Republican April 21, 1993—This issue featured several articles about Mt. Sterling's 100th anniver­ sary, by Mark Schaeperkoetter. April 28—"New Salem Baptist Church has its roots dating back prior to Civil War." Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner February 18, 1993—"McKenzie Creek Decline Started Over 100 Years Ago," by Bob Lewis. March 4, 11, 18, 25, April 8, 22—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respec­ tively: the Greenville Board of Education, 1913-1914; the Oscar Johnson mansion, near Greenville; new Greenville, 1941; the Greenville bridge over the St. Francis River; the Old Greenville jail, 1943; and building Clearwater Dam, 1946. Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic February 18, 1993—A special section, "Revitalizing Downtown Poplar Bluff," featured many historical articles. Richmond Daily News February 1, 1993—Ray County "Business ventures in 1914," by Lee Meador. Historical Notes and Comments 453

*St. Clair Missourian February 24, 1993—"King's Barber Shop," by Sue Cooley. St. Joseph News-Press January 28, 1993—An article about Ken and Heather Shearin's conversion of the Provident Bank into a house, by Dee Zvolanek. January 29, February 26, March 26, April 30—A special section, "Young at Heart," fea­ tured many historical articles. March 28—An article about Mackay Hall, Park College, Parkville, by Gary Chilcote; "St. Joseph's black history," by Cheryl Wittenauer. April 3—A special section, "Pony Express Extra," featured many historical articles. April 22—An article about the 125-year history of Ross-Frazer Supply Company, by Gary Chilcote. *St. Louis County Star Journal April 7, 1993—John Wright, "Educator: Black neighborhoods shaped St. Louis commu­ nity life," by Ishmael Ahmad. *St. Louis North Side Journal March 25, 1993—An article about the history of the Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis, by Ishmael Ahmad. St. Louis Post-Dispatch March 22, 1993—"Sweeping Pollution Under Rug," by Virginia Baldwin Hick. March 28—A pictorial article about transportation in St. Louis, by Judith Newmark. *St. Louis South Side Journal March 28, 1993—South Side National Bank building, "Historical Beauty," by Lois Kendall. *St. Louis Southwest City Journal April 4, 1993—South St. Louis "Area saw boom in late 1800s" and "Uncommon: South Side history is show focus," both by Lois Kendall. *St. Louis Southwest County Journal March 7, 1993—Two articles about Lyle Mansion in Carondelet Park, by Robbi Courtaway. *St. Louis Tri-County Journal March 17, 1993—An article about the history of Old Bethel Methodist Church in Franklin County, by Maryann Hamer. Savannah Reporter and Andrew County Democrat February 4, 1993—"Family Purchases Land; Fate of De Witt School Unknown." Sedalia Democrat March 8, 1993—Jay "Gould left indirect mark on city," by Rhonda Chalfant. March 27—A supplement, "75 Years of Progress," featured many historical articles. * Springfield Daily Events February 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 23, 24, 26, March 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, April 1, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 1993—'Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig. Springfield News-Leader April 8, 11, 1993—"Black in a white town," a series, featured the history of Springfield's black community. 454 Missouri Historical Review

Thayer Oregon County Times February 3, 1993—Information about Johnson's Drug Store. Trenton Republican-Times March 2, 1993—Herbert Hamilton, "Man Remembers Work On [Grand] River," by Kay Babb. Troy Free Press February 3, 17, 24, March 31, April 14, 1993—"Lincoln County Reflections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured respectively: the county courthouse; early county history, in two parts; Frenchman's Bluff on the Cuivre River; and the old Kerpash Mill, Moscow. Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel February 4, April 1, 8, 1993—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, fea­ tured respectively: the Robert Melville Marshall family; the John and Elizabeth Cross family; and the John Artz, Sr., family. Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal Advertiser February 10, 1993—"Educational Development Is Part Of Johnson County Black History," by Lucille Gress. February 25—Georgia Cronhardt "Lynde To Celebrate Her 80th Birthday." Waynesville Daily Guide February 13, 1993—"Waynesville Missouri, 1839." This and the articles below by Steven M. Beattie. March 20—"Humboldt—Crocker"; "Old Crocker Depot Is Well Remembered." April 24—"Swedeborg—1868." Webb City Sentinel February 5, March 19, 26, April 9, 1993—"Ancestors, Legends & Time," a series by Jeanne Newby, featured respectively: the Sunny Side School in Purcell; Pleasant Valley School near Carthage; the William C. and Margaret House family; and "Sales Day" in Webb City.

The Littlest Philosopher

Maysville Weekly Western Register, June 4, 1868. A youngster is congratulating himself that he has got the measels [sic] at last. He says he shall not any longer be kept from playing with the boys, for fear he may catch it. That little chap is a philosopher, and understands the doctrine of compensations.

Wrong Affliction

Maysville De Kalb County Herald, January 16, 1913. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch produces the figures on dog bites in St. Louis from January 1, 1912 to January 10, 1913. It says that during that period 1047 people in the city were bitten by dogs. This is a very bad state of affairs for the reason that there is no great abundance of remedy for it. If the trouble had been snake bites St. Louis would have been just elegantly, profusely and riotously fixed up to take care of the trouble. Historical Notes and Comments 455

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Adair County Historical Society Newsletter [April, 1993]: "Porter School: Marie Turner Harvey's Vision in Action," by Lindsey Smith. All Aboard, Frisco Railroad Museum January-February, 1993: "Down at the Depot: Billings, MO." American Art Review Spring, 1993: "Thomas Hart Benton, Haystack," by Alison de Lima Greene. American History Illustrated May/June, 1993: "The Great Migration" over the Oregon Trail and "Traveling the Oregon Trail Today," by Gregory M. Franzwa. Bear Facts, Missouri National Guard February, 1993: "Blacks fought bravely during Civil War," by Antonio F. Holland. Boone-Duden Historical Society Newsletter January/February, 1993: "Murky History of Augusta's Name," reprinted. March/April, 1993: "Baron Von Bock, Founder of Dutzow," by Dorris Bach Keeven. The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society, Inc. April, 1993: "Montserrat," Missouri, by Susan Lee Pentlin; "Johnson County's Quarries," article on Bruce and Pickel quarries. The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis February 24, 1993: 'The War in Missouri (continued)." March 24, 1993: "The War in Missouri (continued)"; "The Civil War Memoirs of W. R. Eddington." April 28, 1993: "The War in Missouri (continued)"; "The Civil War Memoirs of W. R. Eddington (continued)." Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1993: "The Old Page School," by Jordan R. Bentley; "A Sketch of the Early History of Keytesville," reprinted. Clay County Archives & Historical Library, Inc. Newsletter February, 1993: Michael " 'Beauty' Arthur Dorsey," by Evelyn Petty. Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1993: "Famous Names in Cape Girardeau's History: George Christian Thilenius." DeKalb County Heritage April, 1993: "The Crabill School," reprinted; "Historical Sketches of DeKalb County Citizens: Anderson Creason," reprinted. Digginf History, Andrew County Historical Society April, 1993: "Early Day History at Howard Reunion: Abraham Howard's Log Cabin in 1836 West of Savannah Where Mrs. Morrison was Reared"; "A Brief and Sketchy History of the Reporter Building." The Epitaph, Union Cemetery Historical Society March, 1993: "George Caleb Bingham." April, 1993: "More About the Binghams of Jackson Co., MO & Union Cem." 456 Missouri Historical Review

Franklin County Business Review April, 1992: "Folksy Idea Formed County's First Foray into Industry," article about the Missouri Meerschaum Pipe Company, by Sue Cooley. Friends of Arrow Rock Spring, 1993: "About Those Arrow Rock Stone Gutters . . . "; "Amos Gorrell's 1868 Diary." Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1993: "'Well in Halth but Deep in Markury': The Autumn Years of Daniel Boone," by John Mack Faragher; "The Ritual of Lynching: Extralegal Justice in Missouri, 1890-1942," by Michael J. Pfeifer; "Community and Memory after the Civil War: The Case of Daniel Ashby in Chariton County, Missouri," by M. M. Manring; '"Over Here, Over There': The World War II Diary of a St. Louis Doctor," edited by Marion Hunt and Duane R. Sneddeker. Gateway Postcard Club News January/February/March, 1993: "A Lighthouse in Missouri?" Mark Twain Lighthouse, Hannibal, by Sandy Curry. Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1993: "Residents of Sappington Road From Lockwood Avenue to Furhmann Terrace: 1926-1946," by R. T. Bamber. Grundy Gleanings Spring, 1993: "The Fourth of Seven, 1973," an article on the Kilburn-Hurst Farm, by Marie Warren Cooper. Hearst Historical Society News January, 1993: "Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the William James Family." Heritage Quest Magazine March/April, 1993: "Outlaw Genealogy: The Younger Connection," by Rocky G. Macy. Historic Preservation May/June, 1993: "Teutonic Timepiece," article about Washington Terrace gatehouse, St. Louis, by Allen Freeman. JB Newsletter, Friends of Jefferson Barracks Winter, 1993: "Jefferson Barracks History," article about the Jefferson Barracks Post Office. Spring, 1993: "Jefferson Barracks History," article concerning Franklin D. Roosevelt's visit to Jefferson Barracks. Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1993: "Memorial Honors World War I Hero," Murray Davis; "World War I Memorials in Kansas City, Missouri"; "Local Pinkertons and Kansas City Police Department 'nab' train robber Lonie Logan at Dodson, Missouri." This and the articles above by Fred L. Lee. "Hunt for the Monster of the Osage River," by Merideth Johnston; "John T. Frazier, Daguerreotypist of Westport, Missouri," by Fred L. Lee. Kirkwood Historical Review December, 1992: "The Kirkwood High School Manual of 1905," by R. T. Bamber. Landmarks Letter, Landmarks Association of St. Louis January/February, 1993: "St. Louis Architects: Famous and Not So Famous (Part 18)," featured Charles S. Hollo way. Historical Notes and Comments 457

Mid-America Folklore Spring, 1992: "The Stilley Collection of Ozark Folk Songs, Part One." Fall, 1992: "The Stilley Collection of Ozark Folk Songs, Part Two." The Midwest Review Second Series, Volume XIV, 1992: "The Welsh in Missouri: An Account of Their Arrival, Settlements, and Contributions," by Phillips G. Davies. Military Images May-June, 1993: "George W. Shepherd: Company E, Jeans' Regiment Missouri Confed­ erate Cavalry," by George Hart. Missouri Community Winter/Spring, 1993: "Raising Mokane," by Susan York; "In the Spirit: Benefactors [to Jewett Norris Library, Trenton] arrive, when needed, 100 years apart," by Duane Dailey. Missouri Resource Review Winter/Spring, 1993: "With a little help from our friends," article on state parks by B. H. Rucker; "Deutschheim State Historic Site: Missouri's Museum of German Culture," by Erin McCawley Renn. Missouri State Old Time Fiddlers Association Quarterly Winter, 1992: "The Annals of Fiddling: 'Shelby's Mule,'" by Howard Marshall. Missouri Wine Country Journal Spring/Summer, 1993: "Touring in Wine Country," featured St. James, St. Charles, Augusta, New Haven, Hermann, Ste. Genevieve, Rocheport and Washington, Missouri; "A Brief History of Wine." Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society January 17, 1993: "Clarence Keathley—A Tribute," by Randall Cox. Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1993: "Work of Physicians Interwoven with Local History," reprinted. March, 1993: "Rural Schools of Osage County," Liberty School. April, 1993: "Growth of the Rural Schools," Flora School. Newton County Roots, Genealogy Friends of the Library March, 1993: "How Neosho Streets Were Named," by Mary Louise Davis; "Ivies of Newton County," by Thelma Slankard; "Old Cemeteries Revisited: The Ivie Cemetery." Newton County Saga, Newton County Historical Society Spring, 1993: "History of the Shoal Creek Association," by Sybil Jobe; "The Black Community Near Spurgeon and Oak Grove," by Lila Cogbill Newdigger; "M. [Maecenus] E. and Thomas Hart Benton," by Linda Anderson. Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society April, 1993: "Gainesville School—1895"; "Dawt School—1920," composite pho­ tographs of identified students and teachers. Our Clay Heritage, Clay County Museum & Historical Society Second Quarter, 1993: "George Caleb Bingham," by Walter Plourd. Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society January/February/March, 1993: "Saga of an Early Piano in the Texas County Area"; "Missouri Wildlife Trail," by Dan McKinley, reprinted. 458 Missouri Historical Review

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1993: "A Message to the Homeseeker . . . 1924: Buffalo, MO," abstracted by Betty Ammerman. Ozarks Mountaineer February, 1993: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Big Cedar Lodge [Branson] for a Winter Getaway," by Arline Chandler; "The Stagecoach Stop at Waynesville," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Camelot of the Ozarks," Iberia Academy and Junior College, by David Weems. April, 1993: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Fabled Greer Spring: Tragedy and Triumph," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Caleb's Creek," by Linda L. Martin; "Rockywood Trail: Ten Miles of Ozarks History," by Nancy L. Drew; "A Plea to Save This Ozarks Heritage: When Possum Trot Road Becomes Number 321," by Faye Wiegenstein. Patrol News March, 1993: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. Pemiscot County Historical Society Quarterly Winter, 1993: "My Autobiography," by Benjamin F. "Hot" Rogers; "American Legion Auxiliary Post #88-1938-1989 (cont.)." Spring, 1993: "A History of Martha Marie Huffman Garrett"; "American Legion Auxil­ iary Post #88-1938-1989 (cont.)." Perry County Heritage Vol. 10, Number 4, 1992: "Wittenberg, 1876-1885." Vol. 11, Number 1, 1993: "Wittenberg, 1886-1891." Pioneer Times, Mid-Missouri Genealogical Society April, 1992: "Union Baptist Church Has Centennial," reprint. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin January, February, March, 1993: "History of Burruss School District No. 58," by T. J. Beach; "Life Story of Leiter D. Trewett," by Joanne Thompson; "History of the Mount Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian Church," by T. J. Beach. Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club April, 1993: "A Eulogy For the 1953 BROWNS" baseball team, by Bob Burnes.

Prologue, National Archives Spring, 1993: "Writing Truman," by David McCullough; "Rose Wilder Lane: Restless Pioneer," by Suzanne Fierston; "Women Soldiers of the Civil War," article on Frances Clalin disguised as a man in the Missouri artillery, by DeAnne Blanton.

Ray County Reflections March, 1993: "Negro Murderer [Arthur McNeal] Lynched," reprinted.

The Record, Friends of the Missouri State Archives Summer-Fall, 1992: "Archives unveils Massie collection." Winter, 1992-93: "The City Beautiful and Beyond: Local Records Program sheds light on Kansas City parks and boulevards," by Matthew Veatch.

Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Spring, 1993: "Chariton County Indentures and Slave Sales: 1826-1832," by Blake Sasse. Historical Notes and Comments 459

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1993: "On and Off Campus [of Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar] ... in the Good(?) Old Days," by George Hooper. The Royal Arch Mason Magazine Spring, 1993: "Elkins from Elkins" featured Stephen Benton Elkins, by Joseph E. Bennett. Rural Missouri March, 1993: "The One and Only St. Patrick [Mo.] (63466)," by Jim McCarty. April, 1993: "From the Sheep to the Shirt: Fine Missouri fabric came from Waltus Watkins' Woolen Mill," by Karen Rotts; "A Wild Life: Aileen Hatch's 80 Years in the Woods," by Bob McEowen. St. Charles Heritage April, 1993: "Arsenic and Old Lace Visits St. Charles: The Case of Emma Heppermann, 'The Female Bluebeard,'" by Barry Portman; "A Question of Legitimacy: The Ku Klux Klan in St. Charles in the 1920's," by Grant Totten and Carrie Waldvogel; "The Bankruptcy of St. Mary's Oil Engine Company," by Dan Francis; "From Buckets to Business: The History of the Saint Charles Waterworks," by Craig Maxwell; "Bright Chrome and Sparkling Enamel Delight Crowds at the 1924 St. Charles Auto Show," by Corey Nesslage; "Federal Works Programs in St. Charles During the Great Depression," by Mike Ghafoori. STL October, 1992: "Historical Markers," article on St. Louis tombstones, by Max Kaiser, Jr. January, 1993: "Missouri's [Governor's] Mansion Memoir," by Terri Gates. April, 1993: "The Holocaust Remembered," featured the new St. Louis Holocaust museum, by Iris Salsman. St. Louis May, 1993: "Old Money: The Current Generation," article on Switzer, Hager and Desloge families by Linda Tucci; "Ninth Street Abbey," by George Mabe.

St. Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1993: "Blood on the Barroom Floor, The 1855 [Robert] O'Blenis Murder Trial," by Marshall D. Hier.

St. Louis Commerce April, 1993: "103 Years of Community Service," an article on the St. Louis Countian and St. Louis Daily Record. Saline County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1993: "The Life and Times of Jacob Ish (Part Two)," by C. W. Kennedy.

Seeking W Searching Ancestors February, 1993: "Miller Countian Had Wyatt Earp as a Neighbor....," by Peggy Smith Hake.

Springfield! Magazine February, 1993: "Third Generation on the Way: Care & Compassion Mark of Grove Family Pharmacy Since 1952," by Sarah E. Smith; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XLVI—The Lucas-Reiter House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Central High School Celebrates a Century," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Ozark Jubilee Saga: Ferlin Husky," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "When TV Was Young: Classroom Telecasts Get National Awards"; "Settled Here After Vacation in Area 37 Years Ago: Ken & Loy Swanson Have Brought Much Music to Springfield," by Beth Heironimus; "Peggy Thomas: Leading Missouri H, PE, R & D," by Jeanette Brownell. 460 Missouri Historical Review

March, 1993: "The Thrill of Seeing a Loyal Church Organist Get Her Just Due," featured Nathalee Halbert Cross; Sho-Me "Statesmen Mark 44th Anniversary of Founding with New Show"; "Larry Wallis Moves Up: Economy with Quality Goal of New Cox [Medical Centers] Head," by Jack A. Jillson; "They Married Young: Jim & Jeri Lee," by Charlene Purvis; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XLVII—The Harrison House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Ozark Jubilee Saga: Billy Walker," by Reta Spears-Stewart. April, 1993: "The Vanishing Hobo," by Lloyd Purves; "Don Sylvester: Senior Citizen Disc Jockey," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "When TV was Young: McGregor Pupils Bring Literature to Life on Channel 10 Series"; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: The Philharmonics," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XLVIII—The Lydy-Handle House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. May, 1993: "After 159 Years of Postal Service, City Welcomes 30th Postmaster," John Stec, by Bob Glazier; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: Bob White (Part I)," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "A Nostalgic Look Back to When The Square Was Round," by Lloyd Purves; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XLIX—The McCauley-Shipe-Townsend House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "When TV Was Young: Television Classroom Series Helped Introduce Newcomers to Class." Waterways Journal April 12, 1993: "New Mv. [Motor Vessel] Mississippi Recalls Steamers." April 19, 1993: "Oregon Trail Travel Began 150 Years Ago." April 26, 1993: "The Ferry Albatross Became the Admiral." This and the articles above by James V Swift. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1993: "Morrow's Service Station on Route 66," by Lynn Morrow.

Amazing New Idea Hannibal Western Union, November 7, 1850. An invention has been patented, called the Autographic Press, by which a letter written on prepared paper can be transferred by a short process to a metallic plate, from which any number of copies may be taken afterwards on common paper, and by ordinary pressure.

The Perfect Match Macon Republican, May 23, 1871. Eve was the only woman who never threatened to go and live with mamma. Adam was the only man who never tantalized his wife about "the way mother used to cook."

A New Tax Bill Maysville Weekly Western Register, July 2, 1868. For wearing hoops larger than eight feet in circumference, eight cents for each hoop. . . . For any unfair device for entrapping young men into matrimony, five dollars. Old bachelors over thirty are taxed ten dollars and sentenced to banishment to Utah. . . . Families having more than eight babies are not to be taxed, and for twins a premium of forty dollars will be paid out of the funds accruing from the tax on old bachelors. . . . Historical Notes and Comments 461

IN MEMORIAM JAMES W. BROWN, JR. RAYMOND A. YOUNG James W. Brown, Jr., community leader, Raymond A. Young, well-known former publisher of the Cass County Columbia civic leader and former president Democrat-Missourian and former trustee of of MFA Oil Co., died March 2, 1993. Born the State Historical Society of Missouri, September 14, 1912, in Hurley to Arthur and died March 2, 1993, in Harrisonville. The Ellen Steele Young, he graduated from son of James W. and Clara Elizabeth Hurley High School in 1930 and from (Thompson) Brown, Sr., he was born March Southwest Missouri State University, 22, 1910, in Verona, Missouri. Brown Springfield, in 1933. On June 18, 1940, in graduated from Marionville High School, Dallas, he married Virginia Garton. Young attended Central College in Fayette and spent his entire business career with MFA received a degree in 1931 from the Univer­ companies, beginning in 1933 with Produc­ sity of Missouri School of Journalism. He ers Produce Co. in Springfield. He moved to purchased the newspaper in Willow Springs Columbia and was an auditor for Missouri and also served as postmaster of the com­ Farmers Association from 1935 to 1938. munity from 1940 to 1955. During his After serving as assistant manager for MFA tenure in the latter position, he served five Oil Co., 1938 to 1939, Young became presi­ years in the Army in World War II, attain­ dent and general manager, a position he held ing the rank of captain. He married Wanda until his retirement in 1981. From 1968 to Ray Alston on June 14, 1946, in Rogers, 1981 he also served as executive vice presi­ Arkansas. dent of Missouri Farmers Association. Brown spent most of his life in the Active in community affairs, Young was a newspaper business. After owning the member of over thirty boards of directors, Willow Springs News for nineteen years, he including the Stephens College Board of moved to Harrisonville and published the Curators, 1972-1992, the Columbia 2000 Cass County Democrat-Missourian from Committee, the Round Table and Downtown 1955 until his retirement in 1985. He also Rotary. He received numerous awards served as publisher of newspapers in Lee's including the Outstanding Alumnus Award Summit, Mt. Vernon, Butler and Belton. A from Southwest Missouri State University. past president of the Missouri Press Survivors in addition to his wife, Virginia Association, he became a trustee of the G. Young, third vice president of the State State Historical Society in 1971, serving Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, until 1992. In 1973 he received the Honor include one son, David Young of Houston; Award for Distinguished Service to one sister, Fern Young of Crane, Missouri; Journalism from the University of Missouri. and two grandsons. A member of civic, service and press orga­ nizations, the American Legion, the Harrisonville United Methodist Church, the Cass County Historical Society and the BRAND, DANIEL A., Carrollton: Missouri Chapter, General Society of May­ December 26, 1907-December 4, 1992. flower Descendants, Brown also earned community awards and recognition. In BUSHNELL, RICHARD B., St. Louis: 1992 he was inducted into the Missouri September 15, 1914-January 10, 1993. Newspaper Hall of Fame. ELLIOTT, GARLAND, Gladstone: Survivors include his wife, Wanda A. November 26, 1909-September 2, 1992. Brown; two daughters, Jean B. Snider and Mary L. James; and four grandchildren, all GARBEE, ROGER L., Billings: of Harrisonville. December 16, 1926-March4, 1993. 462 Missouri Historical Review

GIVEN, CHARLES T, Independence: MAYNE, WINFIELD SWIFT, Fort Lauder­ January 30, 1907-March 31, 1993. dale, Florida: October 31, 1915-January 11, 1993. INGRAM, FOREST, Independence: February 3, 1908-March9, 1992. PHILLIPS, DARLENE, Richards: February 21, 1933-February 10, 1993. KEATHLEY, ERNEST L., St. Louis: June 27, 1903-February 16, 1993. PRICE, WILLIAM MARMADUKE, Cool, Cali­ fornia: February 17, 1903-December 16, 1992. KNIPMEYER, WILLIAM J., Kansas City: May 15, 1906-December 22, 1992. SEE, MRS. LEWIS E., Louisburg: June 18, 1912-February 22, 1993. LANGSFORD, GUY L., Woodland Hills, California: September 11, 1932-September SHELTON, MARVIN, Brentwood: 7, 1992. August 11, 1911-September 19, 1992. Historical Notes and Comments 463

BOOK REVIEWS Stalking Louis Curtiss. By Wilda Sandy with Larry K. Hancks, technical editor. (Kansas City: Ward Parkway Press, 1991). 115 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Histories of American architecture rarely look beyond major centers in the East and Chicago in the Middle West. Major books about Missouri architectural history are few, and most focus on a city or a regional theme. As a result, figures such as Louis Curtiss who deserve a place in histories of American architecture remain unknown outside a few devotees. Born in Ontario in 1865, Curtiss reportedly studied engineering at the University of Toronto and architecture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He arrived in Kansas City in 1887. From 1890 to 1899 he practiced in part­ nership with Frederick C. Gunn, and during this period he traveled and stud­ ied again in Europe. After the firm of Gunn and Curtiss dissolved, Curtiss practiced independently until his death in 1924. Curtiss enjoyed a busy career, designing all types of buildings—resi­ dences, apartments, hotels, theaters, public and commercial buildings and strings of depots and other projects for several railway companies. Not only was he a competent professional of service to his own community, but a major innovator in several important aspects of architecture that make him a figure of national significance. He designed the pioneering caisson footings of the Kansas City, Missouri, City Hall in 1890, a system that became stan­ dard for skyscrapers thereafter. He was one of the innovators in the use of steel reinforced concrete, which he incorporated into several of his depots. Curtiss pioneered glass and metal curtain walls for commercial buildings in his Boley Building in Kansas City of 1908-1909. He was a consummate designer in the eclectic styles of the period, as seen in the Standard or Folly Theater in Kansas City of 1899-1900. Later he became one of the most sophisticated designers in the United States in a European modern style associated with the Viennese Secession, as in one of his masterpieces, the Corrigan house in Kansas City of 1912-1913. In Stalking Louis Curtiss, Wilda Sandy, a free-lance writer with an emphasis on historical topics, and Larry K. Hancks, a city planner and a writer on architecture, have done just that. The book includes all the known information about Curtiss and his career from published and archival sources, many of them obscure, and the authors interviewed eight individu­ als who knew Curtiss personally or had special ties to his buildings. Following a twenty-page biography that traces Curtiss's colorful life and ill- starred romance with Grace Griffin as well as his architectural development, there is a Curtiss family tree, a chronology of his life, a listing of thirty-six surviving buildings, transcriptions of the interviews, a comprehensive inventory of projects associated with Curtiss and a complete bibliography. 464 Missouri Historical Review

There are over 120 photographs and drawings (one annoyance is that they are not keyed to the text and the reader must keep turning to the index to find illustrations of the work under discussion). This volume offers an absorbing introduction to one of Missouri's major architects for the general reader and gives architectural historians a wealth of information with which they can assess Curtiss's place in American architecture.

University of Missouri-Columbia Osmund Overby

St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and its People, 1764-1865. By Charles van Ravenswaay and edited by Candace O'Connor (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1991). 568 pp. Illustrations. Sources. Index. $49.95. Born in Boonville, Missouri, in 1911, Charles van Ravenswaay played an important part in the preservation of his native state's history. He studied at St. Louis's Washington University, where he earned two degrees. As state super­ intendent of the Federal Writer's Project, beginning in 1938, he traveled throughout Missouri gathering its history. Part of his research appeared in the 1941 Missouri: A Guide to the Show Me State, a book that van Ravenswaay co-wrote and co-edited. After service in World War H he was appointed the director of the Missouri Historical Society, a position he held until he resigned in 1962. He gained further prominence in the years after his stay in St. Louis through the guidance he provided Old Sturbridge Village and the Winterthur Museum. After retiring from the Winterthur in 1976, his monumental Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri was published a year later. Van Ravenswaay completed the research for this informal history of St. Louis's first hundred years while he directed the Missouri Historical Society. Before his retirement he began drafting the text for this volume and sent it to the Missouri Historical Society in 1989, a year before his death. Candace O'Connor worked on the narrative with van Ravenswaay and completed this edition after he died. The results are easily read chapters that bring to life the people and events of St. Louis from its founding in 1764 until the end of the Civil War. The story developed by van Ravenswaay included all the major players and the key events in the one hundred-year period. Readers will find the Chouteau family, James Wilkinson, Joseph Charless, Rose Philippine Duchesne, Thomas Hart Benton, Dred Scott, Francis P. Blair, Jr., and John C. Fremont, to name a few. Descriptions of the attack on St. Louis during the American Revolution, the duels fought at Bloody Island, the cholera epi­ demics, the early temperance movements, the "Great Fire of 1849" and the Camp Jackson Affair find a place in the story. In addition, van Ravenswaay set the people and events in a larger national or world context when appropriate. Historical Notes and Comments 465

Complementing van Ravenswaay's text are some four hundred illustra­ tions, many of them in color, including the art of Anna Maria Von Phul, Mat Hastings and lithographer J. C. Wild. The volume is lavishly illustrated, as the author wanted and directed. Perhaps because van Ravenswaay classified his story as an informal history, the editors and publishers saw fit not to include endnotes. Less than a half-dozen footnotes exist. This is unfortunate because some of the author's observations cannot be traced through the sources. For example, van Ravenswaay suggested that the flamboyant, irascible, energetic fur trad­ er, Manuel Lisa, died "apparently" after a physical altercation (p. 112). Most historians report that the reason for Lisa's death remains unknown. The reader is provided with a judicious selection of further readings, plus the list of primary sources that the author in his lively style used to develop the text. All in all, Charles van Ravenswaay would have been as proud of this publication as we should be pleased to have it available for ref­ erence and good reading.

The State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

News From the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home. By Walter D. Kamphoefner, Wolfgang Helbich and Ulrike Sommer. Translated by Susan Carter Vogel (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991). ix + 645 pp. Notes. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $35.00. "I have never regretted that I came here, and never! never! again shall I bow my head under the yoke of despotism and folly," wrote August Blumner in an April 3, 1838 letter from Warren County, Missouri, where he had settled five years earlier on land purchased from Louis Eversmann, the traveling com­ panion of Gottfried Duden. Although the editors of this fine edition of letters from German immigrants in America believe Duden's influence on emigration to Missouri has been overstated in previous works, Duden's Report, first pub­ lished in Eberfeld in 1829, prompted a number of his freedom-loving country­ men to seek new homes in the Far West. The Blumner group chose the area near Duden's cabin, about fifty miles west of St. Louis, for their settlement. News from the Land of Freedom, first published as Briefe aus Amerika: Deutsche Auswanderer schreiben aus der Neuen Welt, 1830-1930 (1988), is the product of a team of scholars associated with the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany, who have collected and studied thousands of letters from German immigrants. From this collection, some 350 letters, covering a period of over a century and representing immigrants in eleven states, have been selected. A sixty-one-page introduction by Professors Kamphoefner and Helbich reviews German immigration to the United States, provides an overall view of the letters and explains the selection methods used and the organization of the material. 466 Missouri Historical Review

There are twenty series of letters, and the editors have provided valuable intro­ ductory material for each series. There are also introductory essays for the three occupational groupings represented: farmers, workers and domestic ser­ vants. Considerable scholarly work is further reflected in the inclusion of bio­ graphical data on the letter-writers and their families, footnotes documenting historical events and references to sources cited and used. There is an excellent bibliography and index. The editors chose only entire series of letters in order to offer "a more com­ prehensive picture of people and living conditions" than could be gotten from individual letters without context or continuity. This decision and the organiza­ tional plan developed give the book a power and a coherence that probably would not have been possible from the use of single letters from a larger num­ ber of individuals: the organization also provides ample evidence of the dynamics of chain migration. Often friends or relatives who had preceded them urged the writers to emigrate and then helped the newcomers overcome initial problems as well as alleviate the loneliness resulting from their separa­ tion from home and their inability to communicate in English. They in turn wrote to their relatives and friends at home of conditions in America, some pro­ viding substantial assistance to sisters and brothers who wanted to follow them. Thus the editors' theory that promotional material and agents abroad were less effective than personal letters in influencing emigration is supported by the many examples of carefully presented arguments and objective discussions of the criteria to be weighed, both social and economic, to those contemplating emigration. Johann Bauer, writing from Adair County, Missouri, in 1867, com­ ments that "even if my progress to prosperity is slow and connected with great effort, I can still assure you that every year I have come a step forward." Students of Missouri history will be especially interested in several series of letters that either originate in Missouri or link Missouri German settlements to similar enclaves in other states. The Blumner letters and the introductory essay provide welcome information on Johann Wilhelm Bock, known in Missouri as the "Baron von Bock," and his sons-in-law Friedrich Morsey and Friedrich Rathje, as well as outline Blumner's troublesome dealings with the von Martels family, which deeply affected letter-writer August Blumner. Many of the letters, though lacking in writing skills, achieve eloquence as the writers struggle to report their experiences. Family ties remain strong, and the welfare of family members still at home is of continuing concern. Reports of family events in America are faithfully sent home. Although no political leaders are to be found here, the views of the writers on working conditions and the economic, political and social climate in their new land are remarkably per­ ceptive. News from the Land of Freedom is not only a substantial contribution to immigration history but to American cultural and social history.

University of Missouri-Columbia Adolf E. Schroeder Historical Notes and Comments 467

BOOK NOTES A Window Through Time: Pictorial History of Warren County. By Dorris Keeven (Warrenton, Mo.: Warren County Tribune, 1992). 128 pp. Illustra­ tions. Index. $30.00, plus $2.00 for shipping. Hundreds of illustrations and photographs record the heritage of Warren County in this attractive volume. The short written history chronicles the early inhabitants and their exploration of the area, from the Daniel Boone family's settlement in 1799 to the experiences of the German immigrants who formed the county in 1833. Images of educational institutions, churches, people, spe­ cial events and other scenes are presented in chronological order; captions pro­ vide the historical context to accompany the illustrations and enhance the book. It can be ordered from Dorris Keeven, 401 Oak Street, Warrenton, MO 63383.

Pictorial History of Wayne County, Missouri: "Mother of Southern Missouri Counties." (Piedmont, Mo.: Wayne County Journal-Banner, 1992). 128 pp. Illustrations. $38.45. This volume opens with a brief written history of Wayne County, located in the eastern Missouri Ozarks, followed by numerous historical photographs. For those with a genealogical interest in the area, this pictorial history will be of great interest. Most of the 122 pages of photographs are devoted to individ­ uals and families. Other subjects represented include houses, family reunions, local businesses, school classes and various nostalgic views. The volume can be ordered from the Wayne County Journal-Banner, P.O. Box 97, Piedmont, MO 63957.

Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman: A Documentary History. Edited by Timothy Walch and Dwight M. Miller (Worland, Wyo.: High Plains Publishing Company, 1992). 278 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Index. $29.50. This history documents the professional partnership and personal friend­ ship of an unlikely pair: Herbert Hoover, a conservative Republican and self- made millionaire, and Harry Truman, a staunch Democrat and "common man" from the nation's heartland. Despite the fact that Hoover had been rejected by the American people and blamed for the Great Depression, Truman called upon him for foreign policy advice soon after assuming the presidency. The editors make good use of primary source material to support the growth of this friendship over a twenty-year period. Each of the letters, diary entries and memoranda notes is preceded by a short introductory explanation to put the source into historical context. The book can be ordered from High Plains Publishing Company, Inc., P.O. Box 1860, Worland, WY 82401. 468 Missouri Historical Review

Hannibal Yesterdays: Historic Stories of Events, People, Landmarks and Happenings in and near Hannibal. By J. Hurley and Roberta Roland Hagood (Marceline, Mo.: Jostens, 1992). 241 pp. Illustrations. Index. $26.95, plus $3.50 for shipping. More than a history of Hannibal and its vicinity, this handsome volume is a compilation of forty unusual historical episodes that truly characterize the community. The authors have recorded these important stories for future gen­ erations by researching wills, diaries, old letters, abstracts, books, newspapers and court records. Each chapter represents an individual story (five to ten pages in length) and is enhanced by illustrations and an attractive layout. Some chapters have been previously published as special features in the Han­ nibal Courier-Post. A must-have for anyone interested in Hannibal history, the volume may be ordered from "Hannibal Yesterdays," Jostens, 1500 North Kansas Street, Marceline, MO 64658.

Mark Twain and the Starchy Boys. By Edgar M. Branch (Elmira, N.Y.: Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies at Quarry Farm, 1992). 97 pp. Notes. Bibliography. $10.50, paper, plus $1.50 for shipping. The second work in the Quarry Farm Volume series, this book expands on Mark Twain's writings that referred to the Western Boatman's Benevolent Association (WBBA) in "Old Times on the Mississippi" and Life on the Mississippi. Branch, the nation's leading authority on Twain's river years, examines the WBBA (a union composed of the pilots and engineers of steam­ boats) in an effort to document the union's origin, growth and eventual decline and also its influence on Twain's development as both a pilot and a writer. For those interested in either subject, the book provides useful notes and a selected bibliography for further research. It can be ordered from the publisher at Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies at Quarry Farm, Box EC 900, Elmira, NY 14901.

This Far By Faith, A popular history of the Catholic people of west and north­ west Missouri. Volumes I and II. By Dorothy Brandt Marra, Colette Doering, Bill R. Beemont and Charles M. Coleman (Kansas City, Mo.: Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph, 1992). Vol. I, 398 pp. and Vol. II, 690 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Appendixes. Index. $50.00 per set, plus $5.00 for shipping. Together, these two volumes present a thorough historical overview of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph. Volume I is divided into three parts: "The Story," "The Art" and "The Clergy." The first section documents how the Catholic faith arrived in western Missouri and developed through the years. Arranged in a three-column format, the outside column serves as a time line to highlight significant dates. This narrative is followed by "The Art," which Historical Notes and Comments 469 displays hundreds of extraordinary full-color photographs depicting the archi­ tectural development and related decorative details of parishes throughout the diocese. The final section contains brief biographical entries on the diocesan clergy, early missionaries and some religious clergy. Volume n is more focused. It presents the histories of the parishes, institu­ tions and organizations and religious orders of the Catholic church in the Kansas City-St. Joseph area. Arranged by subject, this volume contains more detailed information than the first one. Two addenda at the back of the book cite the locations of sacramental, academic and baptismal records from the early days of the diocese. This comprehensive set is available from the Archives of the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph, P.O. Box 419037, Kansas City, MO 64141-6037.

Portrait of Phelps County, Missouri. Edited by Gerald Leonard Cohen (Rolla, Mo.: The Rolla Daily News, 1992). 128 pp. Illustrations. $39.50, plus $3.50 for shipping. The editor of this pictorial history supplements a rich photographic record with a brief but informative narrative that introduces Phelps County. It covers such diverse topics as the early establishment of the county and the importance of the railroad to its growth. The volume also provides a short written account of ten prominent towns in the county before displaying a variety of pictures. One hundred pages of interesting photographs portray people, places, build­ ings, churches and other county treasures. It can be ordered from the Rolla Daily News, 101 West 7th Street, Rolla, MO 65401.

Portraits of the Past: A Pictorial History of Reynolds County. (Ellington, Mo.: Reynolds County Courier, 1992). 128 pp. Illustrations. $34.95, plus $3.50 for shipping. Presented in a scrapbook-type format, this volume provides an interesting look at the history of Reynolds County. Although the county is probably most known for its beautiful terrain and the popular Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park, this book focuses almost exclusively on the people who have inhabited the area over the past 150 years. The captions contain a wealth of information, includ­ ing birth and death dates, marriages and descendants, which should make the book an important resource for area genealogists. The book can be ordered from the Reynolds County Courier, P.O. Box 130, Ellington, MO 63638.

River City: The Story ofFenton, Missouri. By Delia Lang (Fenton, Mo.: City ofFenton). 111pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $29.95, plus shipping. Numerous photographs, maps and sketches accompany the text to provide 470 Missouri Historical Review a look at the history of Fenton and the impact of the Meramec River on its development and growth. The author presents factual historical material inter­ spersed with engaging anecdotes about familiar people, places and events. This illustrated, well-documented volume can be ordered from The City of Fenton, Attention: City Clerk, 625 New Smizers Mill Road, Fenton, MO 63026.

Down The Wire Road In The Missouri Ozarks. By Fern Angus (Marionville, Mo., 1992). 157 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. $10.00, plus $2.50 for shipping.

For all practical purposes, the Wire Road, or Telegraph Road, no longer exists. The trail, which wound through southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, has been absorbed into the fields and forest lands of the states, with hardly a trace of its prior existence. The author seeks to preserve the history of the old road by piecing together fragments of information from newspapers and manuscripts and interviewing old-timers in the area. Angus details the different uses the road endured. It was the Trail of Tears to the Cherokee Indians, an early mail route (Butterfield Overland Mail) to people living in southern Missouri and, during the Civil War, a military project to help improve communication to soldiers. The volume is richly illustrated, and the creative organization of the material makes for interesting reading. The book can be ordered from Fern Angus, P.O. Box 305, Marionville, MO 65705.

Boonville: Historic Rivertown. Edited by Lauren Lantos (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri School of Journalism, 1992). 150 pp. Illustrations. Map. $19.95, plus $3.00 for shipping.

This engaging collection of photographs, accompanied by well-written stories, brings Boonville in the 1990s to life. The book is the sixth in a series of photographic portraits of Missouri River towns photographed and published by journalism students at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Because these students became a part of Boonville for a period of time, the candid, artistic photographs reveal an unusual sensitivity to the community and its residents. Regardless of personal ties to, or interest in, Boonville, this aesthetically pleasing book makes an important statement on contempo­ rary small-town life to any reader. The book can be ordered from the University of Missouri, School of Journalism, Attention: Boonville Book, Ninth and Elm Streets, Columbia, MO 65201. Historical Notes and Comments 471

ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS The State Historical Society will offer three workshops on Saturday, September 18, 1993, to coincide with the annual meeting.

•A Great Idea, But No Cash? Maryellen H. McVicker, owner of Memories of Missouri and Tour Tyme, Inc., Columbia, and a Missouri Humanities Council board member, will discuss how individuals and small organizations can plan, fund and carry out historically accurate and entertaining community events.

• Textile Conservation Techniques for the Non-Conservator. Laurel E. Wilson, associate professor in the Textile and Apparel Management Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia, will focus on methods of cleaning, storing and displaying textiles that can be done by those who do not have special training in textile conservation.

• The Care, Description and Exhibition of Photographs. Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia staff members Randy Roberts, senior manuscript specialist, and Claudia Powell, document conservation assistant, will lead this workshop on his­ toric and contemporary photographs. They will demonstrate basic photograph preservation and exhibition techniques and discuss the collection and organization of photographs.

The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus. The registration for each workshop is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required. To reserve a place in a workshop send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to:

The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201 472 Missouri Historical Review

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in the State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Individual Annual Membership $10.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help the State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a member­ ship benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for fed­ eral income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concerning mem­ berships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201

Phone (314) 882-7083 Historical Notes and Comments 473

SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS The State Historical Society has recently published the second volume of Selected Union Burials—Missouri Units, compiled by Edward Parker. This thirty-three page, spiral- bound book is an alphabetical index created from the U.S. Quartermaster's Department Roll of Honor and lists Civil War Union soldiers who served with Missouri units and died during, or as a result, of the war. Information on each ser­ viceman includes name, burial site, death date, regiment, company, rank and Roll of Honor volume and page number. Interments are listed in this volume for the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota Territory, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah Territory, Virginia and Wisconsin. This volume is available from the Society for $5.00, postpaid. Volume one of Selected Union Burials—Missouri Units, published in 1988, also can be purchased for $5.00. The related Missouri Union Burials—Missouri Units is available for $6.00. Both prices are postpaid. Other volumes published recently by the Society include the third volume of the Missouri Historical Review Cumula­ tive Index, which provides name and subject access to volumes 46 through 70 (1951-1976), and the Directory of Local Historical, Museum and Genealogical Agencies in Missouri, 1992-1993. The Index costs $27.00, postpaid, and the Directory sells for $6.00, postpaid. To order any of these volumes, send a check or money order made payable to The State Historical Society of Missouri to

The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 474 Missouri Historical Review

A MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

The State Historical Society of Missouri is charged by statute to collect, preserve, disseminate and make accessible the history of the state and Western America. To accomplish these missions, the Society, over the years, has become the second largest specialized research library in Missouri. It operates reference and newspaper departments, engages in a publications program, houses a fine arts collection and participates in a joint manuscript collection with the University of Missouri. Although the State Historical Society receives a state appropria­ tion each year, it must augment that appropriation to carry out its work. In view of the state's present economic condition, nonappro­ priated funds available through memberships, gifts and bequests become even more important. If you believe in the missions of the Society, one way that you can insure its continued success is to make a tax deductible contribution. Such gifts in the past, for exam­ ple, have allowed the Society to obtain more historical and genealogical materials for its reference and newspaper libraries. Recent additions to these libraries include The American Indian: The First Americans, Black Americans in Congress . . . 1870-1989, St. Francois County Looking Back and the 1920 federal census of Missouri. An alternative to a current monetary contribution is a gift through a will or a trust made to "The State Historical Society of Missouri." The Society has greatly benefited from such gifts in the past, including the addition of a George Caleb Bingham portrait to the fine arts collection. While the State Historical Society does appreciate and need its governmental support, it depends on the largess of its friends to sup­ ply additional funds. With this type of aid the State Historical Society can further enhance the quality of its collections. If you need further information on how to make such a gift, please contact James W. Goodrich, Executive Director of the Society, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201; telephone number (314) 882-7083. INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXVII COMPILED BY HIROKO SOMERS

Arapaho Indians, 283 Aberdeen (plantation), 254, 256, 387, 388, 394, Archaeology 401 Pettis County, 91 Abraham, William, 86 St. Louis, 91 Abrahams, Roger, 429 Archibald, Robert R., 425, 435 Absher family, 92 Architecture, 463-464; Kansas City, 104-105 Academy of the Sacred Heart, St. Charles, 93 Arganbright, Ed, barn, Adrian, 82 Ackermann, John, 239 Arnhold family, 220 Adair County Historical Society, 70,202, 310,430 Arnold, Claude, 303 Adair County, Lewis, George, house, 85 Arrow Rock, Mo., 456; Lyceum Theatre, 89 Adams, James E., 330 Artz, John, Sr., family, 454 "Administrative Treatment of Women Students Ash Grove, Mo., 88; Chandler, W. T, house, 88 at Missouri State University, 1868-1899," by Ashburton (plantation), 388, 396, 401 Janice Lee, 372-386 Ashby, Daniel, 456 Admiral (boat), 460 Ashland, Mo., 325 Adolphus (railroad car), 223 Atchison County Historical Society, 70, 328,430 Aeschliman, Jonathan Ellsworth, 156 Athens, Mo., 338 Aeschliman, Mabel, 155, 156, 158 Athens Hotel, Columbia, 215 Affton Historical Society, 202, 310, 430 Atkinson, Eric and Debbie, 223 Agriculture, 18-35; Lincoln County, 387-402 Audrain County Historical Society, 310 Albany Ledger-Headlight (newspaper), 449 Augusta, Mo., 455, 457 Albatross (ferryboat), 460 Autzen, Chris, 220 Albermatla (yacht), 95 Ava, Mo., 90; post office, 90 Alcott, Louisa Mae, 116 Ava/Douglas County Railroad, 90 Alexander, J. B„ 279 Avery, Robert W., 215 Alexander, Joy Crane, family, 93 Ayers, Eben A., diary, 344-345 Algermissen, S. C, obit., 96 Allen, James K., 286 B Allen, Walter E., 308 Babbitt, Dennis, 17 Alley Roller Mill, 86 Bailey, Elizabeth, 67 Allured, Janet L., 425 Baker, Sam A., 151 Almond, William, 330 Bakersfield, Mo., 224 Ambrose, Henrietta, 192 Baldwin, Joseph, 92 American Legion Auxiliary Post #88, Pemiscot Ballet, A., 247 County, 458 Balltown, Mo., 89 American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville, 99-100 Baptist General Association of Missouri, inside American School Sisters of Notre Dame, 88 July back cover American Workers' Union, 363, 365 "Barak Mattingly and the Failure of the Missouri Ammerman family, 332 Republicans," by Thomas F. Soapes, 168-187 Anders, Leslie, "Preserving Our Civil War Barclay, Mary V, 281 Battle Flags," 1-17 Barnard Community Historical Society, 430 Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 330 Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 17, 194, 195 Anderson, George, 268 Barnett, Delia Whittle, 329 Andres, Adolph, 265, 266 Barrett, Dave and Patti, 94 Andrew County Barrett, Jesse, 179, 180, 182 Howard, Abraham, log cabin, 455 Barry, John K., 93 Reporter building, 455 Barth, Joe, saloon, Boonville, 325 Andrew County Historical Society, 202, 430 Barth, Moses M., house, Rocheport, 450 Andrew Taylor Still, 1828-1917, by Carol Bartleson, John, 95 Trowbridge, 227-228 Barton County Historical Society, 70, 202, 430 Angus, Fern, Down The Wire Road In The Barton, Willie, 303 Missouri Ozarks, 470 Baseball, St. Louis Browns, 350, 458 Anheuser-Busch Clydesdales, 334 Basketball Apache Indians, 286, 287 Normandy High School, invitational tourna­ Arabia (steamboat), 86 ment, 333

475 476 Index

women's, Southeast Missouri State University, political figures, 100-101 338 St. Joseph, 453 Bass, Lawrence-Ellis, Abraham, house, Boone Springfield, 453 County, 450 Blair, Frank P., 94 Bates, Thomas H., 425 Blair, James T, Jr., 298, 300 The Battle of Belmont: Grant Strikes South, by Bland, Mo., 82 Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr., 341-342 Blaylock, Lillie Shrum, 93 Bay Mercantile, Gasconade County, 90 Block, Alice Meriwether, 389, 393 Bayless, Anna, 218 Block, George, 256, 267, 268, 391, 392, 397,400 Beasely, Jane, 269 Block, Henry, 267, 270, 387-388, 391-394, Beaufort, Mo., 327; St. John's Lutheran Church, 397-402 217 Blodgett, Norman Lee, 296, 297 Becker, William Dee, 171, 172 Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Bedford, George Nicholas and Bertha Irene Massacre, by Thomas Goodrich, 98-99 (Foster), 215 Blue Springs Historical Society, 70, 202, 310,431 Beecher, Henry Ward, 144, 145 Blunt, James G., 5 Beemont, Bill R., co-auth., This Far By Faith, A Blunt, Roy D., 192; co-auth., "The 1954 popular history of the Catholic people of west Missouri Prison Riot and the Image of the and northwest Missouri. Volumes I and II, Highway Patrol," 293-305 468-469 Boats and boating Behne, Charles, 235, 236 excursion, 82 Behne, Dave, 237 Mississippi River, 82 Behrens, Charles R., obit., 96 Bock, Baron von, 455 Bell, John, 262, 263 Bock, H. Riley, 188, 189 Belle Fontaine (fort), 451 Bode, C. H., grocery, Carrollton, 214 Bellflower, Mo., schools, 452 Boeckman, Laurel, 308 Bellflower Cemetery Association, 452 Boeing, Francis, 239 Belton Historical Society, 70, 202, 310, 430 Bolivar, Mo., 82; Southwest Baptist College, 459 Belton Star-Herald (newspaper), 82 Bollinger County Historical Society, 70 Benecke, Louis, 13 Bolt, Robert S., "President Harry S. Truman: Benham Indian Trading Company, 284 Independent Baptist From Independence," Benham, J. W., 284-286 36-47 Benson, Ezra Taft, 163 Bond family, Perry County, 86 Benton, Mo., 332 Bonfils, Eugene, 388 Benton, Maecenus E., 457 Bonne Terre, Mo., 84 Benton, Thomas Hart, 452, 455, 457 Bonniebrook Historical Society, 431 Berry, John, 93 Book Notes, 102-105, 229, 347-352, 467-470 The Best of Jim Fisher, by Jim J. Fisher, 347 Book Reviews, 97-101, 226-228, 340-346, 463- Bethel Methodist Church, Franklin County, 453 466 Beverly, Mo., 222 Boone County, 326, 372, 450 Big Lake, 86 alcohol industry, 326 Billings, Mo., depot, 455 Bass, Lawrence-Ellis, Abraham, house, 450 Bingham family, Jackson County, 455 courthouse, Columbia, 326 Bingham, George Caleb, 97-98, 455, 457; New Liberty Primitive Baptist Church, 325 Mountain Landscape, 1878, 63 towns, 214 Bissell, Josiah W., 16 Boone County Historical Society, 70, 202, 310, 431 Black History Month, 428-429 Boone County Lumber, Columbia, 215 Blackburn Historical Society, 310 Boone, Daniel, 92, 220, 332, 456 Blacks Boone, Daniel, County-City Building, Columbia, Camden County, 220 83 Civil War, 455 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 70, 202, 311, 431 Johnson County, 454 Boone Electric Company, 89 Lincoln County, 390-394, 396-403 Boone family, 223 Newton County, 457 Boone, John "Blind," 219 Pike County, 388, 390-394, 396-402 Boone, Nathan, 92, 214 Index All

Boone's Lick, 92 Bruce, William Bailey, 93 Booneslick trail, 215 Brumley Christian Church, 91 Boonslick country, 221 Brumley Hall Joint Stock Company, 331 Boonslick Historical Society, 202, 431 Brummall, Lemuel David, 93 Boonville, Mo., 103 Brummall School, Chariton County, 328 Farmer's Hotel, 214 Brunot, Mo. Gross Hotel, 325 Russell, Charles Jackson, store, 86 Phoenix (saloon), 325 Stevenson, C. L., house, 86 Thespian Hall, 215 Brunswick, Mo., 330, 449; mayors, 449 Boonville: Historic Rivertown, ed. by Lauren Brunswick Brunswicker (newspaper), 333 Lantos, 470 Brunswick Central City (newspaper), 333 Booth, Acena, house, Columbia, 83, 450 Brunswick Militia, 449 Booth, E. B., 369 Brush and Palette Club, Inc., 69, 70, 202, 311 Borst, Bill, Still Last in the American League: Buffalo, Mo., 458 The St. Louis Browns Revisited, 350 Bunker Hill Resort, 94 Bortko, Stanley J., obit., 337 Burbridge, Clint, 265, 266 Borum, Jesse B., 93 Burbridge, John Q., 2, 264 Bourbon, Mo., 214 Burks, Judge, 87 Bowlin, Zania May, 160, 161, 167 Burnes, Robert L., 224 Bowman, Welbern, 38-40, 45 Burns, Charles J., 164 Boyer, Eli, 9 Burns, Lulu W, 155, 156, 158, 160, 166, 167 Bradley, Omar N., 452 Burns, Reba K., 164, 165,167 Bradshaw, Jean Paul, 174-176 Burns, Will E., 155 Bragg, Braxton, 115 Burruss School, Platte County, 458 Branch, Edgar M., Mark Twain and the Starchy Burton, Charles E., 287 Boys, 468 Burton family, Stone County, 85 Brand, Daniel A., obit., 461 Busch, George, 244, 247 Branson, Mo., 93, 214, 350, 458 Bushnell, Richard B., obit., 461 Branson-Kelley, Mamie Ann, obit., 96 Bushwhackers, 91, 330 Brawner, Milton H., 4 Businesses, 92; See also individual business names Brazeau Historical Society, 202 general stores, 329 Breckinridge, John C, 262 toy tractor, 93 Brennan, Robert H., obit., 225 Butler County Historical Society, 70 Bridges Bynumville, Mo., 87 Frisco, Memphis, 89 Greenville, 452 Highway 115,329 Cabins, 25 railroad, Ellington, 84 Cabool History Society, 202 railroad, St. Charles, 93, 333 Cainsville and Community History, by the Y, Galena, 83 Cainsville Historical Book Committee, 349 Y, Ozarks, 214 Caldwell County Historical Society, 70 Briggs, Frank P., 180; obit., 225 Caleb's Creek, 458 Briggs, Thomas Frank, obit., 335 California, Mo., Hooper Institute, 82 Brigham, H. D., 298, 300, 301, 303 Callaway County, 450; See also Kingdom of Brite, Mrs. G. B., obit., 225 Callaway Brookfield, Mo., 411, 412 Calvary Assembly of God Church, Walnut Brooks, Gerald, 94 Grove, 449 Brooks, John W., 412 Camden County Brooks, Robert, 83 black pioneer families, 220 Brown County Historical Association of Sweet Osage Iron Works Company, 220 Springs, 70; History of Sweet Springs, 1818 post offices, 220 to 1992, 348 postmasters, 220 Brown, Egbert B., 223 rural schools, 220 Brown, James W., Jr., obit., 461 Camp-Horner house, Springfield, 223 Brown, Jo Ann, St. Charles Borromeo: 200 Campbell House Foundation, St. Louis, 70, Years of Faith, 229 203, 309 478 Index

Campbell, John, 330 Charleston, Mo., 93 Canton, Mo., 449; Christian University, 214 Charmley, John, 67 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 82, 214, 222, 449, 455 "Child Labor in the Tiff Mines of Washington Carleton College. See Carleton Institute County, Missouri," by George G. Suggs, Jr., Carleton, Eliza Ann, inside October back cover 357-371 Carleton Institute, Farmington, inside October Child labor, Missouri, 357-371, July cover back cover Childress, Lewis E., 161 Carleton, William and Mary Frances, 83 Chinn, Jennie, 161-163, 165-167 Carlock, Helen, obit., 225 Chippewa Indians, 278 Carnegie Library, Mexico, 91 Chopin, Kate, 330 Carondelet, Mo., Schmitt, Anton, house, 91 Christensen, Lawrence O., 191; co-auth., Carondelet Historical Society, 71, 203, 431 Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, 102-103 Carr, Lydia Laurie, 264, 267, 388 Christian College, Columbia, 373, 374 Carr, O. A., 381 Christian County, 220 Carr, Peter, 255,257, 258, 261 Christian County Museum and Historical Society, Carroll County, 449 311 Carrollton, Mo., Bode, C. H., grocery, 214 Christian University, Canton, 214 Carter Pool Room, Wayne County, 86 Christmas, 326, 332 Carter's Mill, Reynolds County, 216 Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Carterville United Methodist Church, 215 Mary, Vienna, 88 Carthage, Mo., 83, 215 Churches First Baptist Church, 325 Bethel Methodist Church, Franklin County, 453 First Church of the Nazarene, 325 Brumley Christian, 91 Grant Street Church of Christ, 325 Calvary Assembly of God, Walnut Grove, 449 Knell Mortuary, 151 Carterville United Methodist, 215 Mark Twain School, 325 Catholic Diocese of Kansas City-St. Pleasant Valley School, 454 Joseph, 468-469 Carthage Ministerial Alliance, 325 Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Carver, George Washington, 332; Monument, 215 Virgin Mary, Vienna, 88 Cason, John M., 93 Ebenezer United Methodist, 216 Cass County Historical Society, 71, 203, 311, 432 First Baptist, Carthage, 325 Cassidy, Terence W., obit., 337 First Baptist, Grandview, 38, 39, 46 Caves, 218 First Baptist, Mexico, 85 Cedar County Historical Society, 71, 203, 311, 432 First Baptist, Washington, 40, 41 Celia, A Slave, by Melton A. McLaurin, 345-346 First Christian, Columbia, 450 Census, federal, 1920, 65-66 First Church of the Nazarene, Carthage, 325 Central High School, Springfield, 459 German Lutheran, LaGrange, 82 Central Missouri State University, 92, 338, 432 Grant Street Church of Christ, Carthage, 325 newspapers, 92 Green Castle United Methodist, 85 student health center, 92 Harwood United Methodist, 86 Central Missouri State University High School, 92 Hayward Methodist, 327 Centralia Fireside Guard (newspaper), 326, 332, Holy Cross Lutheran, 83, 87 449 Hopewell Baptist, 82 Centralia Historical Society, 71 Leesville Methodist, 450 Champlin-Lenoir house, Columbia, 326 Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, 89 Chandler house, Springfield, 223 Miller Methodist Episcopal, Lawrence Chandler, W. T, house, Ash Grove, 88 County, 91 Chaonia, Mo., 86 Mount Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian, 458 Chapel Hill College, 331 Mount Olive Baptist, 83 Chariton County, 214 Mount Zion Lutheran, Rockville, 452 Brummall School, 328 New Liberty Primitive Baptist, Boone County, Page School, 455 325 slaves, 458 New Salem Baptist, 452 Chariton County Historical Society, 71, 203, Ninth Street Abbey, St. Louis, 459 311,432 Oak Grove, Greene County, 325 Index 479

Oak Ridge Baptist, Lentner, 215 Clark County Historical Society, 203, 433 Olive Branch, Syracuse, 219 Clark, Eliza, 19 Orchid Christian, DeKalb County, 89 Clark, Jonathan, 334 Oronogo United Methodist, Webb City, 219 Clark, William, letters, 334 Paris Presbyterian, 327 Clay County, 332; historic sites, 426 Plattin United Methodist, Festus, 84 Clay County Archives and Historical Library, Plevna Christian, 215 Inc., 69, 200, 433 Queen of Apostles, St. Joseph, 85 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of 71,312,433 Latter Day Saints, DeKalb County, 89 Clayton, Mo., St. Joseph's Parish, 218 Rothville Baptist, 214 Clearwater Dam, 452 St. Agnes Parish, St. Louis, 87 Click Cemetery, Vernon County, 330 St. Aloysius Gonzaga Parish, 87 Clifford, Clark, 47 St. Alphonsus Liguori "Rock" Parish, St. Clinton, Mo., 83, 215 Louis, 218 Clinton, Clay, obit., 225 St. Andrew's Parish, Tipton, 219 Clinton County Historical Society, 71, 433 St. Ann Parish, 87 Clinton High School, 450 St. Charles Borromeo, 229 Clover Bottom, Franklin County, 452 St. Eustachius Parish, 327 Clydesdales (horses), 334 St. George Catholic, Linn, 85 Cochran, Andrew, 264 St. John's Lutheran, Beaufort, 217 Cochran, Joshua D., 88 St. John's Lutheran, Westboro, 328 Cockrell, Francis M., 3, 114 St. Joseph's Parish, Clayton, 218 Coffeyton, Mo., 82 St. Liborius Catholic, St. Louis, 87 Cohen, Gerald Leonard, ed., Portrait of Phelps St. Mary's, Salisbury, 218 County, Missouri, 469 St. Paul, Bay, 216 Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 71,312, 433 Ste. Genevieve, 89 Cole County Historical Society, 203, 312, 433 Sinner's Union, 84 Cole, Margaret, 67 Triplett Methodist, 214 Coleman, Charles M., co-auth., This Far By Union Baptist, 458 Faith, A popular history of the Catholic peo­ Warsaw Christian, 88 ple of west and northwest Missouri. Volumes Churchill, Winston, 48, 121 I and II, 468-469 Civil War, 90, 91, 93, 103-104, 109-130, 218, College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, 333 327, 330, 349, 455, 457 "Colonel Donan, Mark Twain and a Campaign Battle of Belmont, 341-342 That Failed," by Lewis O. Saum, 131-149 Battle of Carthage, 83 Columbia, Mo., 450 Battle of Franklin, Tenn., January cover Athens Hotel, 215 Battle of Gettysburg, 126 Boone County courthouses, 326 Battle of Wilson's Creek, 93, 103-104 Boone County Lumber, 215 blacks, 455 Boone, Daniel, County-City Building, 83 Boone County, 223 Booth, Acena, house, 83, 450 Chariton County, 325 Champlin-Lenoir house, 326 Crawford County, 325 Conley, Sanford E, house, 450 First Missouri Brigade, CSA, 226-227 First Christian Church, 450 flags, battle, 1-17 Hickam, Ezekiel C, house, 83, 326 Franklin County, 452 Hudson Mansion, 378-380 Iron County, 332 MKT railroad station, 215 Lawrence, Kan., massacre, 98-99 police department, 215 slavery, 263-273 public library, 326 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 71, 203, Rollins, George Bingham, house, 326, 450 311,432 Columbia Baptist Female College. See Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 71, 203, Stephens College 312,432 Columbia College, 215 Clalin, Frances, 458 Columbia Theater, Columbia, 326 Clark, Bennett C, 170 Concannon, Marie, 67 480 Index

Concordia, Mo., 83; telephone system, 450 Curtiss, Louis, 463-464 Concordia Area Heritage Society, 204, 312 Concordia Historical Institute, St. Louis, 204, D 312,433 Dade County Historical Society, 204 Concordia Seminary, 220 Dains, Mary K., "Forty Years in the House: A Conley, Sanford F, house, Columbia, 450 Composite Portrait of Missouri Women Conrad, Joseph, 10 Legislators," 150-167 Cook, Fannie Frank, 338 Dallas County Historical Society, 71, 204, 312, Cookingham, L. P., 85 434 Cookson, Otto, obit., 337 The Dalton Gang Story: Lawmen to Outlaws, Cooper County, 449 by Nancy B. Samuelson, 350-351 Fairview School, 449 Dalton, Grover, 169, 172, 173, 183 Helmreich Rockshelter site, 221 Daniel, Margaret Truman, 325, 331 lumber industry, 449 Darnell, Dave, St. Francois County Looking Cooper County Historical Society, 71, 204, 312, Back, 229 434 Daughters of Old Westport, 204, 434 Corning, Erastus, 413 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Corriston, Mark, 195 Julia Dent Grant, Tent #16, St. Louis, 68, Cotton Exchange Bank, Kennett, 451 199-200,308,425 Cotton, Phillip, 308 Davidson, Allene, 422 County Seat Paper, by Joe Snyder, 229 Daviess County Historical Society, 216 Covert, Maurice W., obit., 225 Davis, AlbertG., 414, 415 Covey, Eugene W., 295 Davis, Alice, 388, 396, 401 Cowgill, William W., obit., 96 Davis Cemetery, Oregon County, 219 Cox, Lester E., 348 Davis, Edwin, 388, 396 Cox Medical Centers, Springfield, 348, 460 Davis family, 103 Coyote bounty, 91 Davis, Jefferson, 124 Crabill School, DeKalb County, 455 Davis, John Winn, 254, 260, 261, 263, 388, 401 Crabtree, Synthia Ann Huffman, 86 Davis, Manvel H., 184 Crandall, C. J., 281 Davis, Murray, 456 Craven, Henry, 333 Davis, Robert Murray, Mid-Lands: A Family Crawford County, 88 Album, 103 Creach, O. J., 295 Davis, William, 388 Creason, Anderson, 455 Dawt School, 457 Crocker, Mo., 454 Day's Cafe, Higginsville, 451 Cropp, Alexander Knox, 93 De Lassus, Carlos de Hault, 90 Cropp, Howard Hunter, 93 De Soto Historical Society, 313, 434-435 Cropp, James Ernest, 93 De Soto, Missouri, A Pictorial History: Cropp, James Thomas, 93 Through The Years With Photographs, by De Cross, James Thomas, 222 Soto Historical Society, 348-349 Cross, John and Elizabeth, family, 454 De Voto, Bernard, 118 Cross, Nathalee Halbert, 460 Declaration of Independence, 49, 51 Cross Timbers, Mo., 84 Dedrick, Edith, obit., 225 Cross, William Blyth, 222 Deimling, Francis C, 7, 9 Crouse, C. W., 286 DeKalb County, 89, 455 Cruzen, Mary Edna, 368-370 Crabill School, 455 Crystal City Historical Society, 434 Orchid Christian Church, 89 Cuivre River, 454 pioneers, 330 Cuivre River State Park, 219 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Cunningham, Noble, 188, 189 Latter Day Saints, 89 Curtis, Arthur M., 170 DeKalb County Historical Society, 72, 312, 434 Curtis, C. H. "Skip," Why 'd They Name It That? DeLapp, Don, 295, 296 A Look At Some ''Peculiar" Missouri Towns, Denoya family, 88 351-352 Desloge family, 459 Curtis, Thomas B., obit., 335 Desloge, Joseph, house, 87 Index 481

Detweiler, Charles, farm, 83 Draper, Edwin, 19 Deutschheim State Historic Site, Hermann, 457 Draper, Maurice L., The Founding Prophet: An Devine, Dan, 221 Administrative Biography of Joseph Smith, Jr., Dewey, Thomas, 183-187 104 Dewitt School, 453 Draper, Philander, 18-35 Dexter, Mo., 450 Draper, Sarah Fentem, 19, 20 Dietzel, Clarence, 295, 303 A Dream Remembered: The Story of Old Siloam, Dixon, Mo., 215 Gentry County, Missouri, by Margaret J. Dixon, Clay, 199 Wooderson, 102 Doctors, 457; rural, 214 Duff, John, 410-412, 414, 416-418 Dodson, Albert L., obit., 225 Duncan, Harry W., 301 Doering, Colette, co-auth., This Far By Faith, A Dunklin County, 217 popular history of the Catholic people of Dunstan, William, farm and house, 450 west and northwest Missouri. Volumes I and Dutzow, Mo., 455 II, 468-469 E Doll, Frederick, family, 449 E. & F. Steam Laundry, Monett, 327 Donan, Peter, 142, 144 Earp, Wyatt, 459 Donan, Peter, 131-149; A Scream From the East Prairie, Mo., 83 American Eagle in Dakota, 145-146, 149 Ebenezer United Methodist Church, 216 Donnan, G. W., 144 Eckert, Conrad L., obit., 96 Donnell, Forrest C, 170-176, 178, 179 Eddington, W. R., 455 Donnelly, Phil, 294, 298, 299, 302 Edgerton, Mo., 333 Donoho, Mary Dodson, 340-341 Education, 48-62 Doolittle, C. W, obit., 96 Ehrlich, George, Kansas City, Missouri. An Dorchester (boat), 89 Architectural History, 1826-1990, 104-105 Dorsey, Michael Arthur, 455 Eidson, Ralph, 293, 295-300 Dorsey, Susanna, 268 Eighteenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 12-13 Dotson, J. O., 300, 301 Eighth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Doty, Charles E., 84 5-6, 300; flag, October cover Douglas, Abram, 392 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 186 Douglas County Historical and Genealogical El Dorado Springs, Mo., grain elevator, 450 Society, 72, 313 Elections, 1954, 325 Douglas, Evy, 399 Eleventh Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 9-10 Douglas, Lucinda, 398 Elk Spring, Mo., post office, 449 Douglas, Nancy, 391 Elkins, Stephen Benton, 459 Douglas, Napoleon Bonaparte, 392, 393 Ellington, Mo. Douglas, Polly, 256, 391 railroad bridge, 84 Douglas, Powhattan, 399 Tedder, Ozzle, barber shop, 216 Douglas, Robert, 399 Ellington, Samuel D., 93 Douglas School, Maryville, 85 Elliott, Garland, obit., 461 Douglas, Shelton, 400 Ellis, Calvin, 4 Douglas, Stephen, 399, 400 Elmwood (plantation), 389, 394, 401, 402 Douglas, Stephen A., 407 Elsberry, Mo., 450 Douglas, William D., 257, 398, 399 Entertainment, 325 Douglass School, Hannibal, 451 Erwin, Eugene, 2, 3 Douglasville School, Hannibal, 451 Evans, Jesse, 222 Down the Wire Road In The Missouri Ozarks, Ewart, James, 220 by Fern Angus, 470 Excelsior-Hinton School, Rosebud, 331 Down Turnback Trails: A Sketch Book of Lawrence County, Missouri, 1845-1955, ed. F by Kathy Seneker Fairchild, 352 Fair, Boone County, 83 Draper, Arthur G., ed., "Farming on the Missouri Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938, 357, 358, 370 Frontier: Essays by Philander Draper," 18-35 Fairchild, Kathy Seneker, ed., Down Turnback Draper, Charles, 20 Trails: A Sketch Book of Lawrence County, Draper, Daniel and Susanna Gibbs, 18 Missouri, 1845-1955, 352 482 Index

Fairmont, Mo., 217 Flournoy, Peter C, 3 Fairview School, Cooper County, 449 Foard, Josephine, 279, 280 Faragher, John Mack, 427 Foley, William E., 191; co-auth., Missouri Then Farmer's Hotel, Boonville, 214 and Now, 349-350 "Farming on the Missouri Frontier: Essays by Foote, Henry S., 135 Philander Draper," ed. by Arthur G. Draper, Forbes, John Murray, 408-411, 413, 416, 417, 18-35 421 Farmington, Mo., Carleton Institute, inside "Forty Years in the House: A Composite October back cover Portrait of Missouri Women Legislators," by Farms, Springfield, 94 Mary K. Dains, 150-167 Farnham, David Porter, family, 329 The Founding Prophet: An Administrative Farragut, David, 125 Biography of Joseph Smith, Jr., by Maurice Fayette, Mo., 84, 326 L. Draper, 104 Fayette Area Heritage Association, 435 Francis, John, 89 Felknor, Peter S., The Tri-State Tornado: The Franklin, Mo., 215 Story of America's Greatest Tornado Franklin County, 86, 221, 327, 452 Disaster, 104 Frick farm, 452 Fels, John D., 295 Old Bethel Methodist Church, 453 Fences, 28, 29 Rethemeyer Brickyard, 217 Fenton, Mo., 469-470 Franklin County Historical Society, 72, 204, Ferguson, Charles, 170, 172-175, 180 313,435 Ferguson Historical Society, 204, 313, 435 Franklin or Bust, 435 Ferrell, John, 200 Franklin, Tenn., battle of, January cover Ferrell, Robert H., 425; ed., Truman in the White Frazier, John T, 456 House: The Diary of Eben A. Ayers, 344-345 Freedom Township, Lafayette County, 83 Fifteenth Missouri Infantry, 10-11 Fremont, John, 223 Fillmore, Millard, 407 Frenchman's Bluff, Cuivre River, 454 First Baptist Church, Carthage, 85 Frick farm, Franklin County, 452 First Baptist Church, Grandview, 38, 39, 46 Fricke, Fred, 243, 247 First Baptist Church, Mexico, 85 Friends of Arrow Rock, 64, 72, 425, 435 First Baptist Church, Washington, 40, 41 Friends of Historic Boonville, 72, 436 First Christian Church, Columbia, 450 Friends of Historic Fort Osage, 313, 435 First Church of the Nazarene, Carthage, 325 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 72, 204, 436 First Iowa Infantry Regiment, 103-104 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 72, 313, 436 First Missouri Brigade, CSA, 226-227 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, 313 First Missouri Engineers, 16 Friends of Rocheport, 204, 314, 436 First Missouri Home Guard Regiment, 13-14 Friends of the Missouri State Archives, Inc., 199 First Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, 4-5 Frisco Bridge, Memphis, 89 Fish, Charles W., 222 Frisco Railroad, Lawrence County, 221 Fisher, Jim J., The Best of Jim Fisher, 346 Frontier Doctor-Medical Pioneer: The Life Fitzgerald, Alice Irene, collection, 197-198 and Times of A. T Still and His Family, by Flags Charles E. Still, Jr., 99-100 Civil War, battle, 1-17 Fugger, Jacob, 234 Eighth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, October Fur trade, 331 cover Future Farmers of America, Keytesville chapter, Missouri, 68 451 Flanders, Frances, 220 Flat Branch, Boone County, 326 Flat River, Mo., 450 Gageville Cemetery, Miller County, 88 Fleming, Robert N., obit., 225 Gainesville School, 457 Fleming, Sharon, 429 Galbraith, Thomas Arthur, obit., 336 Flint Hill, Mo., St. Theodore Parish School, 87 Galena, Mo., 333; Y-bridge, 83 Floods, 86; Canton, 82 Gallatin, Mo., 229 Florence, Mo., 88 Ganz, Felix, 452 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 435 Garbee, Roger L., obit., 461 Index 483

Gardner, Frederick, 150 Gould, Jay, 453 Gardner, James A., obit., 225 Gourley, Georgia, 94 Garret, James, 93 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, Garrett, Martha Marie Huffman, 458 338-339 Garrison, Mo., 330 Grady, Calvin, 216 Gasconade County Historical Society, 72, 313, Graham, Mo., 217 436 Grain Valley Historical Society, 314, 436 Gasconade County, New Salem Baptist Church, Granada, Mo., 90 452 Granada Theater, St. Louis, 218 Gascondy resort, 93 Granby, Mo., 84 Gateway Mall, St. Louis, 331 Granby Historical Society, 72 Gaylord, Clifford W., 173 Grand Republic (steamboat), 87 Gayoso City, Mo., 217 Grand River, 454 Geiger, Washington R, 5 Grand River Historical Society and Museum, Gentry County, 102 72, 436 Gentry, Eliza, 376 Grandview, Mo., First Baptist Church, 38, 39,46 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 425 Grandview Historical Society, 72, 314, 437 George, Gerald W., 425 Grant Street Church of Christ, Carthage, 325 Gephardt, Richard, 94 Grant, Ulysses S., 341-342 Gerald Telephone Company, 86 Graves-Lind-Garbee house, Springfield, 334 German Americans, 91, 333, 457 Great Depression, 327, 331, 333; St. Charles, 459 German immigrants, letters of, 465-466 Greater American Colonial Exposition, Omaha, 275 German Lutheran Church, LaGrange, 82 Greeley, Horace, 418 German Settlement Society of Philadelphia, 233 Green Castle United Methodist Church, 85 Geronimo, 276, 286-288 Green/Catherwood family, 92 Gibson, Sara and Thomas, house, Lincoln Green, Mrs. Harry C, obit., 96 County, 219 Greene County Historical Society, 72,204, 314,437 Gifts, 78-81, 210-213, 322-324, 445-448 Greene County, Oak Grove Church, 325 Giglio, James N., 191, 192 Greenfield, Mo., lynching, 216 Given, Charles T., obit., 462 Greenville, Mo., 452 Glasgow, A. W., 249, 250 board of education, 452 Glasgow and Co., St. Louis, 251 bridge, 452 Glendale, Mo., 90, 221, 456 Greenville High School, 327 Glendale Historical Society, 204, 314, 331 jail, 452 Glidewell Pharmacy, St. Joseph, 328 Johnson, Oscar, house, 452 Goebel, Gert, 234, 239, 240 Old Mill Restaurant, 218 Goins, John, inside July back cover railroad and depot, 327 Golden Eagle River Museum, St. Louis County, Greer Mill, 328 72,204,314,466 Greer Spring, 328, 458 Goldenrod (showboat), 91 Griffey, A. E., obit., 96 Good Shepherd Church, Springfield, 223 Gross Hotel, Boonville, 325 Goodman, L. O., obit., 225 Grove Pharmacy, Springfield, 459 Goodrich, James W., 67, 68, 188-191, 196, 425, Grundy County Historical Society and Museum, 426 72, 437 Goodrich, Thomas, Bloody Dawn: The Story of Grundy County, Kilburn-Hurst farm, 456 the Lawrence Massacre, 98-99 Guffey, Don Carlos, 90 Goose Town, Washington, 86 Gordon, George, 220 H Gorrell, Amos, diary, 456 Hager family, 459 Gosen, Don, 86 Hagood, J. Hurley and Roberta Roland, Gosnell, Harold E, 46 Hannibal Yesterdays: Historic Stories of Gospel Missionary Union, Smithville, 328 Events, People, Landmarks and Happenings Gottschalk, Phil, 199; In Deadly Earnest: The in and near Hannibal, 468 History of the First Missouri Brigade, CSA, Hahn, Jeffie, 93 226-227 Hale, Edward Everett, 118 484 Index

Hale Rifles (military unit), 83 Heck, Ernst, 244 Hall, Frederick Leonard, obit., 336 Hedger, Marion G., 165 Hall, Jacob, 331 Helbich, Wolfgang, co-auth., News From the Hall, Willard P., 407 Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Halleck, Henry, 116 Write Home, 465-466 Halmer, Susan, 390, 399 Helffrich, William, 239 Hamby, Alonzo, 425 Helmers, Vernon J., obit., 337 Hamilton, Mo., 84, 414, 415 Helmreich Rockshelter, Cooper County, 221 Hamilton, Alexander, 415 Henderson, John, 269 Hamilton, Charles V, 429 Henry County, courthouse, 83 Hamilton, Herbert, 454 Henry County Historical Society, 73, 205, 314 Hamilton, Jean Tyree, 425 Hensen, Joyce B., 195 Hamilton, Joseph, 415 Heppermann, Emma, 459 Hamilton Town Company, 415 Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman: A Hammack, J. A. "Jim," 218 Documentary History, ed. by Timothy Walch Hammer, Harry, 390, 398, 399 and Dwight M. Miller, 467 Hancks, Larry K., co-auth., Stalking Louis Heritage League of Greater Kansas City, 73, Curtiss, 463-464 205,314,437 Hanks, David, 426 Heritage Seekers, 437 Hannibal, Mo., 84, 216,417 Hermann, Mo., 457 Douglas School, 451 Rommel, Jacob, house, 247 Douglasville School, 451 Stone Hill Winery, 252, April cover Mark Twain Lighthouse, 456 winegrowing, 233-252 Pettibone, W. B., house, 326 Hermanner Wochenblatt (newspaper), 235-238, police station, 326 243, 245-248, 250-252 "The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, Hertzberg, Hazel W., 55 Government and Town Founding, 1846- Herzog, Paul, 86 1861," by Donald B. Oster, 403-421 Hickam, Ezekiel C, house, Columbia, 83, 326 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, shops and Hickerson, Joseph C, 429 roundhouse, Hannibal, 417 Hickory County Historical Society, 73, 205, 314 Hannibal Yesterdays: Historic Stories of Hicks (towboat), 95 Events, People, Landmarks and Happenings Higginsville, Mo., 84, 216 in and near Hannibal, by J. Hurley and Day's Cafe, 451 Roberta Roland Hagood, 468 Hotel Merchants, 451 Harding, Chester, Jr., 7, 16 Higginsville Advance (newspaper), 216, 451 Hardy, Clyde, 162 Highways, 214 Hardy, Helen Coleman, 162, 163, 165, 167 Missouri 94, 92 Harmony School, Moniteau County, 214, 216 Missouri 100, 222 Harper's Weekly (magazine), 120, 122 U.S. 66, 86, 91,92, 215, 329 Harris, GeorgeS., 412,413 Historic Bethel German Colony, 73, 205, 314 Harrison County Historical Society, 73 Historic Florissant, Inc., 315 Harrison house, Springfield, 460 Historic Hermann, Inc., 315 Harvey, Fred, Company, 279, 286, 290 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 437 Harvey, Marie Turner, 455 Historic Missouri Colleges Harwood United Methodist Church, 86 Carleton Institute, Farmington, inside Haseltine Orchard, Springfield, 223 October back cover Hatch, Aileen, 459 Kidder Institute, inside January back cover Hawn-Hahn, Marie, 93 Marionville College, inside April back Hayes, Rutherford B., 132, 133, 146, 400 cover Hayward Methodist Church, 327 Western College, Macon, inside July back Hazelwood (plantation), 388 cover Head, C. W., 88 Historical Association of Greater Cape Heady, Ray, 222 Girardeau, 205, 315,437 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, 456 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, 73, Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Society, 314,437 438 Index 485

Historical Society of Maries County, 315, 438 Jeffries, Monett, 86 Historical Society of Oregon County, 205, 438 Johnson, Oscar, Greenville, 452 Historical Society of Polk County, 73, 205, 315, Johnston, Springfield, 95 438 Joplin, Scott, St. Louis, 92 Historical Society of University City, 438 Keiser-Dimmit, Rocheport, 450 The History Museum for Springfield-Greene King-Gilbert, Springfield, 334 County, 200, 425 Lewis, George, Adair County, 85 History of LaGrange, Missouri, 1832-1992, 351 Lucas-Reiter, Springfield, 459 History of Sweet Springs, 1818 to 1992, by Lydy-Handle, Springfield, 460 Brown County Historical Association, 348 Lyle, St. Louis, 453 History, use in teaching, 48-62 McCauley-Shipe-Townsend, Springfield, 460 Hobbs, Roscoe C, 181-183 McGannon, James, 332 Hobson, Mo., 222 Murrill, Ruble, 84 Hockaday, C. Fritz, obit., 225 Pettibone, W. B., Hannibal, 326 Hockaday, E. I. "Mike," 294, 296, 303 Rhodes-Silsby-Skidmore-Vanderford, Hofmann, Fred Bootnose, 223 Springfield, 223 Holidays, 328 Rivercene, Howard County, 93 Hollister, Mo., post office, 82 Robertson-Cox, Springfield, 94 Holloway, Charles S., 456 Rollins, George Bingham, Columbia, 326,450 Holmes family, 218 Rommel, Jacob, Hermann, 247 Holt, Abner and Elizabeth, family, 450 row, Lucas Place, St. Louis, 221 Holt County Historical Society, 315 Schars,H. K.,219 Holt, Nancy Elizabeth, 95 Schmitt, Anton, Carondelet, 91 Holy Cross Lutheran Church, 83, 87 Stevenson, C. L., Brunot, 86 Hombs, Robert, 93 stone, St. Louis, 218 Hombs, Silas, 93 Truman, Harry S., Jackson County, 85 Hood, John Bell, 10, 11, 14 Victorian, St. Louis, 90 Hooks, Sidney, 109 Watt-Freeman, Springfield, 94 Hooper Institute, California, Mo., 82 Williams-Lewis, Springfield, 94 Hoover, Herbert, 467 Howard, Abraham, log cabin, Savannah, 455 Hopewell Baptist Church, 82 Howard County Hopi Indians, 287 courthouse, 84 Hornersville School, 87 Rivercene mansion, 83 Horton Hotel, 88 Howard County Genealogical Society, 428 Hotel Merchants, Higginsville, 451 Howe, Julia Ward, 119, 125 House, William C. and Margaret, family, 454 Hubbell, Lorenzo, 286, 290 Houses Hudson Mansion, Columbia, 378-380 Barth, Moses M., Rocheport, 450 Huett, Esau, 218 Bass, Lawrence-Ellis, Abraham, Boone Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs, Jr., The Battle of County, 450 Belmont: Grant Strikes South, 341-342 Booth, Acena, Columbia, 83, 450 Hughes, Rupert, 223 Camp-Horner, Springfield, 223 Hughes, Stephen, 400 Champlin-Lenoir, Columbia, 326 Hulston, John K., Lester E. Cox, 1895-1968, He Chandler, Springfield, 223 Found Needs and Filled Them, 348 Chandler, W. T, Ash Grove, 88 Hulston Mill, 84 Conley, Sanford F, Columbia, 450 Humboldt, Mo., 454 Desloge, Joseph, 87 Humphreys, Millie, 192 Dunstan, William, 450 Hunt, Josiah, 412, 420, 421 Gibson, Sara and Thomas, Lincoln County, 219 Husky, Ferlin, 459 Graves-Lind-Garbee, Springfield, 334 Husmann, George, 234 Harrison, Springfield, 460 Husmann, Martin, 234 Hickam, Ezekiel C, Columbia, 83, 326 Howard, Abraham, Savannah, 455 I Hudson Mansion, Columbia, 378-389 Icarian Community, St. Louis, 90 James, Frank, 89 Ichord, Richard H., obit., 336-337 486 Index

Illinois Central Railroad, 407-411 Jasper County, 83, 326 Immken, Caroline Mary, 158, 159, 167 Jasper County Historical Society, 73, 205, 316, 438 Immken, Herman John, 158 Jasper Farmers Exchange, 84 In Deadly Earnest: The History of the First Jayhawkers, 330 Missouri Brigade, CSA, by Phil Gottschalk, Jeans' Regiment Missouri Confederate Cavalry, 226-227 Company E, 457 In the Heart of Ozark Mountain Country: A Jefferson Barracks, 221, 456 Popular History of Stone and Taney Counties, Jefferson City, Mo., Lincoln University, 93 including Branson, Missouri, ed. by Frank Jefferson County, 331 Reuter, 350 Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, 73, Independence (steamboat), 404 205,316,438 Independence, Mo., 331; National Frontier Jeffries, Edman, 88 Trails Center, 200 Jeffries house, Monett, 86 Indians Jenkins. Franklin, 93 Apache, 286, 287 Jenkins, R. B., 299 Arapaho, 283 Jennings Historical Society, 73 artifacts, 86 Jepson, Walter C, 167 arts and crafts, 274-292 Jesse, Mrs. Claude E., obit., 337 Boone County, 450 Jesse, Richard, 385 Chippewa, 278 Johns, John Jay, 93 Hopi, 287 Johnson County Navajo, 279-281 black history, 454 Osage, 327 quarries, 455 Pueblo, 280-281 Johnson County Historical Society, 205, 438 St. Louis, 223 Johnson, K. K., 294, 298 Sioux, 288 Johnson, Oscar, mansion, Greenville, 452 Inglish, John W., 294 Johnson, Willie. 120 Ingram, Forest, obit., 462 Johnson's Drug Store, Thayer, 454 International Shoe Company, 84 Johnston Auction Center, Madison, 452 Iron County, Civil War, 332 Johnston house, Springfield, 95 Iron County Historical Society, 73, 205, 315, 438 Johnston, James Lee, 452 Irontown, 220 Joliat, Francis, 10 Irvine, Ernest A., 157 Jones, Charles T, Jr., co-auth., Missouri: The Irvine, Georgia Daniel, 156-158, 160, 165 Heart of the Nation, 102-103 Ish, Jacob, 459 Jones, F. A., 299 Ivie Cemetery, Newton County. 457 Jones. William A., 275, 284 Ivie family, Newton County, 457 Joplin Historical Society, 205 Joplin, Scott, House, State Historic Site, 92 J Joseph Pulitzer II and the Post-Dispatch: A Jackson, Mo., 216 Newspaperman s Life, by Daniel W. Pfaff, Jackson Cash-Book Journal (newspaper), 216 342-343 Jackson Cemetery, Randolph County, 222 Jackson County, 90, 455 K Jackson County Historical Society, 73, 205. 315 Kahoka, Mo., Old Settler's Celebration, 217 Jackson, Henry Clay, 216 Kamphoefner, Walter D., co-auth., News From Jackson, Stonewall, 115, 119, 124 the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Jacobson, A., 270 Write Home, 465-466 Jacoby, Katherine, obit., 337 Kansas City, Mo., 221. 330, 331 James, Frank, 94; house, 89 architecture, 104-105 James gang, bank robberies, 94 famous citizens, 451 James, Jesse, 87, 217, 221,450 gambling, 327 James Milton Turner and the Promise of parks, 90, 458 America, by Gary R. Kremer, 100-101 pioneers, 220 James, T. M., 220 police department, 456 James, William, family, 456 Scarritt School, 221 Index 487

school desegregation, 339 James Milton Turner and the Promise of stockyards, 217 America, 100-101 Union Cemetery, 455 Ku Klux Klan, 393; St. Charles, 459 women, 217 Kansas City Fire Brigade, 73, 205, 316, 439 Kansas City, Missouri, An Architectural History, 1826-1990, by George Ehrlich, 104-105 La Belle's Historical Collection, by Mary Jane Kansas City Westerners, 73, 205, 316, 439 Pinson Ott, 351 Katy Railroad, 215 La Plata Home Press (newspaper), 85 Katy Trail, 215 Labor, 217, 338; child, 357-371, July cover Kaufmann, Aloys P., 173, 175-179, 183, 184 Laclede County Historical Society, 439 Kayser, Alexander, 241-244, 246, 250 Lafayette County, Freedom Township, 83 Kaysinger Bluff Reservoir, 215 Lafayette County Historical Society, 74, 439 Keam, Thomas V, 287 LaGrange, Mo., 82, 214, 351 Kearney, Mo., drugstore, 217 depot, 449 Keathley, Clarence, 457 German Lutheran Church, 82 Keathley, Ernest L., obit., 462 Windy Hill, 214 Keeven, Dorris, A Window Through Time: Lake Placid, Morgan County, 85 Pictorial History of Warren County, 467 Lamont, Neil, 425 Keiser-Dimmit house, Rocheport, 450 Land survey systems, 93 Kem, James P., 180 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc., 440 Kennedy, Jon, 54 Lane, Rose Wilder, 458 Kennett, Mo., Cotton Exchange Bank, 451 Lang, Delia, River City: The Story ofFenton, Kenton, Joseph, 192 Missouri, 469-470 Keown, Jim, 215 Langsdorf, Alexander S., 157 Kerpash Mill, Moscow, 454 Langsdorf, Elsie H, 156-158, 167 Keytesville, Mo., 455 Langsford, Guy L., obit., 462 Kidder, Mo., 412-414 Lanier, Sidney, 116 Kidder, H. P., 413 Lanser, Roland Louis, obit., 96 Kidder Institute, inside January back cover Lantos, Lauren, ed., Boonville: Historic Kidder Land Company, 413 Rivertown, 470 Kilburn-Hurst farm, Grundy County, 456 Lapp, Toni, co-ed., A Pictorial History of Kimmswick Historical Society, 74, 206, 439 Smithville, Missouri, 348 Kincaide, Reese, 279, 288 Larson, Sid, 188 King-Gilbert house, Springfield, 334 Lassiter, Rollie, 302 King, James, 93 Lathrop, John L., 411 King, Lon, 220 Lawrence County, 352 Kingdom of Callaway, 102 Miller Methodist Episcopal Church, 91 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 439 Woods, John B., homestead, 331 King's Barber Shop, St. Clair, 453 Lawrence County Historical Society, 74, 286, Kirkwood, Mo., 91 316,440 Kirkwood High School, 456 Lawrence County Teachers Association, inside Kirkwood Historical Society, 74, 315, 439 April back cover Kneeshaw, Steve, 59 Lawrence, Josephine R., obit., 225 Knell, Emma, 151, 152, 166, 167 Lawrence, Kan., massacre, 98-99 Knell Mortuary, Carthage, 151 Laws, Samuel Spahr, 380-385 Knight, Albion A., 93 Lee,J.F, 151 Knipmeyer, William J., obit., 462 Lee, Janice, "Administrative Treatment of Knox County Historical Society, 206 Women Students at Missouri State University, Koch, Frederick William, 452 1868-1899," 372-386 Konnyu, Leslie, obit., 225 Lee, Jim and Jeri, 460 Konzelman, Ethel, obit., 225 Lee, Robert E., 115-118, 124 Kremer, Gary R., 191 Leesville Methodist Church, 450 co-auth., "The 1954 Missouri Prison Riot and Leimer, August, 246 the Image of the Highway Patrol," 293-305 Lessel, Joseph, 235 488 Index

Lester E. Cox, 1895-1968, He Found Needs Luther, Martin, High School, St. Charles and Filled Them, by John K. Hulston, 348 County, 333 Lesterville General Store, 84 Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, archives Letterman, Ira, 294, 298 and history, 89 Leupold, Julius, 237 Lyceum Theatre, Arrow Rock, 89 Levasy, Mo., 328 Lydy-Handle house, Springfield, 459 Lewin, Jacqueline A., co-auth., The St. Joe Lyle Mansion, Carondelet Park, St. Louis, 453 Road, 347 Lynching, 456 Lewis, Abraham, 396, 397 Lynde, Georgia Cronhardt, 454 Lewis, Alice, 254 The Lyon Campaign in Missouri: Being a Lewis and Clark Expedition, 214, 218 History of the First Iowa Infantry, by Lewis, Ann, 396, 397 Eugene F. Ware, 103-104 Lewis, Elizabeth Meriwether, 255, 257, 261, 398 Lyon, Nathaniel, 94, 103-104 Lewis, George, house, Adair County, 85 Lewis, Mary, 398 M Lewis, Nicholas H., 255 McCandless, Perry, co-auth., Missouri Then Lewis, Thomas M., 255, 256, 260, 395, 401 and Now, 349-350 Lewis, Thomas W., 260, 388-390, 395 McCauley-Shipe-Townsend house, Springfield, Lewis, William J., 257, 395, 397-398 460 Liberty, Mo., 217 McClure, Margaret, 267 Lichtfreund Press (newspaper), 334 McCowan, Emma, 289 Liley, O. S., 299 McCowan, Samuel M., 275-277, 279-282, 284- Lincoln, Abraham, 115, 117-119, 124-126,269, 290, 292 270 McCoy, Donald, 425 Lincoln County, 253-273, 387-402, 454 McCune, Emmett L., obit., 96 courthouse, 454 McDonald County, 222 Gibson, Sara and Thomas, house, 219 McDougal, Henry Clay, 216 Lincoln County Herald (newspaper), 390, 393, Mace, Lee, 214 396 McGannon, James, house, Newton County, 332 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological McGee, W. J., 281,285 Society, 316-317,440 McGlaughlin, Elizabeth T. Sisney, 92 Lincoln High School, Louisiana, 449 McGuire, Olive Hedger, 165, 167 Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 93 McGuire, Osa, 165 Linn, Mo., St. George Catholic Church, 84 McKaughan, Chester J., 158 Linn County Historical Society, 206, 317, 440 McKaughan, Edna Margaret, 158, 159, 167 Little, Jack, 294, 301,302 Mackay, Resin, 259 Local Historical Societies, 70-77, 202-209, McKenzie Creek, 452 310-321,430-444 McKinin, Katharine, 199 Locker, Joseph Samuel, 451 McKinin, Lawrence, 199 Lohnes, Claire Shane, 188, 191 McKinin, Nicholas, 199 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 118, 121 McKinzie, Richard, 195 Longworth, Nicholas, 236, 242, 244, 247-248, McKittrick, Roy, 369 251 McLaurin, Melton A., Celia, A Slave, 345-346 Loose Creek, Mo., 215 McNary, Patrick, 451 Lord, Bobby, 223 McNeal, Arthur, 458 Loretto Sisters, Florissant, 90 Macon County Historical Society, 206, 440 Louisiana, Mo., Lincoln High School, 449 McQueen, Andrew D., 83 Louisiana Journal (newspaper), 268, 269, 272, McReynolds, Rial, 152 273, 394 McReynolds, Ruby, 152 Louisiana Mine, 222 Madison, Mo., Johnston Auction Center, 452 Louisiana Purchase, 56 Mahan, George A., 90 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 218, 221; Maitland, Mo., 86 native arts and crafts, 274-292 Maiden, Mo., 451 Lucas Place, St. Louis, 221 Mallory, Arthur Lee, 334 Lucas-Reiter house, Springfield, 459 Maness, Howard R., 154 Index 489

Maness, Macye, 154, 155, 166 Meriwether, Isaac, 400 Mannen, Stephen B., 93 Meriwether, Jane, 254, 388 Maramec Spring Park, 222 Meriwether, Joe, 400 Marionville, Mo., 221 Meriwether, Louisa R., 267 Marionville College, inside April back cover Meriwether, Mary C, 261, 389, 396, 401 Marionville Collegiate Institute. See Meriwether, Scotland, 256, 391, 399 Marionville College Meriwether, Thomas, 400 Mark Twain and the Starchy Boys, by Edgar M. Meriwether, Walker G., 256, 387, 388 Branch, 468 Meriwether, Warren, 400 Mark Twain Lighthouse, Hannibal, 456 Meriwether, William, 396 Mark Twain School, Carthage, 325 Mexico, Mo. Marmaduke, John S., 5 Carnegie Library, 91 Marquand, Mo., depot, 216 First Baptist Church, 85 Marra, Dorothy Brandt, co-auth., This Far By Morris Brothers Shoe Factory, 217 Faith, A popular history of the Catholic peo­ Meyer, Marian, Mary Donoho: New First Lady ple of west and northwest Missouri. Volumes of the Santa Fe Trail, 340-341 land 77,468-469 Middlebrook, Mo., railroad depot, 222 Marshall, Mo., 85 Mid-Lands: A Family Album, by Robert Marshall, Robert Melville, family, 454 Murray Davis, 103 Marshall, Thomas Riley, 214 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 206, The Marshfield Mail (newspaper), 85 317,440 Martin, Charles F, 92 Milan, Mo., Poole's Dry Goods store, 85 Martin, Marian, family, 93 Miller County, 88 Martin, Zed, 218 Miller County Historical Society, 74, 206, 440 Mary Donoho: New First Lady of the Santa Fe Miller County School for the Blind, 91 Trail, by Marian Meyer, 340-341 Miller, Dwight M., co-ed., Herbert Hoover and Maryville, Mo., 452 Harry S. Truman: A Documentary History, Douglas School, 85 467 Washington School, 217 Miller, Madison, 12 Massey, John, 222 Miller, Merrill A., obit., 225 Massie, Gerald, 216, 334; photograph collection, Miller Methodist Episcopal Church, Lawrence 458 County, 91 Mathis, William R., family, Poplar Bluff, 327 Miller, Richard Lawrence, 45, 46 Mattingly, Barak, 168-187 Millersburg, Mo., 326 Maxwell and Crouch Mule Company, St. Louis, Mills, 22 218 Alley Roller, 86 Mayhall, Jefferson, 270, 271 Boone County, 450 Mayne, Winfield Swift, obit., 462 Carter's, 216 Maysville, Mo., 330 Greer, 328 Meisner, Lewis, 167 hand, 23 Melton, Emory, 190, 194, 195 horse, 25 Melton, Jean, 190 Kerpash, Moscow, 454 Memphis, Mo., Frisco bridge, 89 Munger, Reynolds County, 326 Meramec Station Historical Society, 206 Noser's, 328 Mercyville, Mo., 451 Quaker, 329 Meriwether, Adeline, 255, 258, 267, 389, 401 Watkins, 459 Meriwether, Alice, 267 Worth Gravel, Hickory Creek, 217 Meriwether, Charles, 258, 266 Mills, Robert A., obit., 225 Meriwether, Elizabeth, 401, 402 Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 206, 317 Meriwether, Fontaine, 254-256, 263, 267, 395 Mines and mining, 325 Meriwether, Francis, 396 Flat River, 450 Meriwether, George D., 254, 260-264, 389, tiff, 357-371 394,395,397-399,401,402 Minor, Nicholas, 389-390 Meriwether, Heath, 267, 389, 392, 395, 396, Missionary Baptist State Convention, inside 398, 401 July back cover 490 Index

Mississippi (motor vessel), 460 Missouri Public Service (company), 327 Mississippi River, 82 Missouri River, 332 Missouri, 220, 222, 328 Missouri State Teachers Association, 450 capital punishment, 339 Missouri State University. See University of Capitol, Jefferson City, 95 Missouri child labor in, 353-371 Missouri Synod. See Lutheran Church— Civil War, 330 Missouri Synod early history, 87, 89, 330 Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, by William farming on frontier, 18-35 E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., and folklore, 334 Lawrence O. Christensen, 102-103 fur trade, 331 Missouri Then and Now, by Perry McCandless General Assembly, 360, 418; women in, and William E. Foley, 349-350 150-167 Mitchell, Aaron, 269 geographic names, 339 Mitchell, Margaret, 119 German heritage, 91 Mitchell, Mary, 257 Governor's Mansion, 459 Mitchell, Steven E., 195 Highway Patrol, 91, 93, 222, 333, 458; Mitscher, O. A., 278 prison riot, 1954,293-305 Mokane, Mo., 457 history, 87, 102-103, 218, 328, 349-350 Monett, Mo. inaugural festivities, 326 E. & F. Steam Laundry, 327 judicial system, 332 Jeffries house, 86 land speculation, frontier, 331 Moniteau County, Harmony School, 216 lottery system, 339 Moniteau County Historical Society, 74, 206, Penitentiarv, Jefferson City, 221; riot, 1954, 317,441 293-305 * Monroe City, Mo., 414 place names, 351-352 Monser, J. W., 383 railroad towns, 403, 411-421 Montevallo area history, 327 State Museum, 2, 17,95 Montgomery County Historical Society, 207, 317 State Parks, 332 Montreal School, Camden County, 220 wine industry, 223 Montserrat, Mo., 455 women legislators, 150-167 Moore, Agnes, 163-167 Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, 69, Moore, Clement, 120 308 Moore, David, 13, 14 Missouri City, Mo., 328; floods, 218 Moore, Isaac and Elizabeth, 82 Missouri Civil War Battle Flags, Inc., 17 Moore, James J., Jr., 164 Missouri Conference on History, 425 Moore, Sarah Schnelle, 94 Missouri Folklore Society, 200, 426 Morgan County, 85 Missouri Historical Society, 74, 200, 206, 317, Morgan County Historical Society, 74 440-441 Morgan, William J., 12 Missouri History in Magazines, 89-95, 220- Mormon Choir, 84 224, 330-334, 455-460 Morris, Ann, 192 Missouri History in Newspapers, 82-88, 214- Morris Brothers Shoe Factory, Mexico, 217 219,325-329,449-454 Morrow's Service Station, 460 Missouri, Kansas and Eastern Railroad, 95 Morse, Margaret, obit., 225 Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, depot, Moscow, Mo., Kerpash Mill, 454 Columbia, 215 Moseby, Y. W., 259 Missouri Land Company, 411, 414, 417 Mount Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc., 201 Church, Platte County, 458 Missouri Meerschaum Company, Washington, Mount Olive Baptist Church, 83 87,456 Mount Sterling, Mo., 449, 451, 452 Missouri Museums Association, 428 Mount Zion Lutheran Church, Rockville, 452 Missouri National Guard, 220, 304 Mower, Joseph A., 9 Missouri Pacific Railroad, depot, Middlebrook, Mudd, Joseph A., With Porter in North 222 Missouri: A Chapter in the History of the Missouri Press Association, 92 War Between the States, 349 Index 491

Muehl, Eduard, 237, 252 New Year's Eve, 328 Muehl, Siegmar, "Winegrowing in the Newburg, Mo., 89 Hermann Area: Early Years' Chronicle," News From the Land of Freedom: German 233-252 Immigrants Write Home, by Walter D. Muench, Friedrich, 234, 244-246 Kamphoefner, Wolfgang Helbich and Ulrike Mumford, Frederick Blackmar, 90 Sommer, trans, by Susan Carter Vogel, 465- Munger Mill, Reynolds County, 326 466 Murray family, 103 News in Brief, 67-69, 199-201, 308-309, 425- Murray-Rundall family, Cross Keys, 330 429 Murrill house, Ruble, 84 Newspapers Murrill Spring, Reynolds County, 326 Central Missouri State University, 92 St. Louis, 339 N Newton County, 92, 332, 457 Nagel, Paul C, 404 Ivie Cemetery, 457 Naglich, Dennis Ivie family, 457 "Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction," McGannon, James, house, 332 387-402 Wela Park, 92 "The Slave System and the Civil War in Newton County Historical Society, 207 Rural Prairieville," 253-273 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 87 Names "The 1954 Missouri Prison Riot and the Image geographical, 339 of the Highway Patrol," by Roy D. Blunt and place, 351-352 Gary R. Kremer, 293-305 Nast, Thomas, 120, 121 Ninth Street Abbey, St. Louis, 459 National Archives, 48-62, 199; Central Plains Noble, Jack, 303 Region, Kansas City, 57, 58, 199, 222 Nodaway County, 217; courthouses, 327 National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), 358, Nodaway County Historical Society, 74 360,361,363,365-370 Normandy Area Historical Association, 441 National Endowment for the Humanities, 426 Normandy High School, invitational basketball National Frontier Trails Center, Independence, tournament, 333 200 Norris, Jewett, Library, Trenton, 457 National Lead Company, 362, 363 North Gifford, Mo., 327 National Pigments and Chemical Company, North Missouri Railroad, 334, 405 362 North Twin Drive-In Theater, St. Louis, 94 Navajo Indians, 279-281 North view School, Ozark County, 92 Neel, Annie Frances, 160, 161, 165, 166 Noser's Mill, 328 Neel, Fred A., 160 Nunn, Beulah C, 152, 167 Neelys Landing, 330 Nunn, Walter W., 152 Neely ville Area Historical Society, 74 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, 74, O 207,317,441 Oak Grove, Mo., 457; livery barn, 217 Nelda (barge), 220 Oak Grove Church, Greene County, 325 Nelson, Richard Oldfield, obit., 96 Oak Grove School, 219 Neosho, Mo., 86, 332 Oak Hill School, Ralls County, 216 streets, 457 Oak Ridge Baptist Church, Lentner, 215 telephone, 217 Oaks (tree), 221 Nevada, Mo., 89, 327 Obituaries, 96, 225, 335-337, 461-462 Nevins, Allan, 116 O'Blenis, Robert, 459 New England Land Company, inside January O'Connor, Candace, ed., St. Louis: An back cover Informal History of the City and its People, New Haven, Mo., 457 1764-1865,464-465 New Liberty Primitive Baptist Church, Boone O'Donnell, Menomen, 10 County, 325 Old Bethpage, Newton County, 332 New Madrid earthquakes, 92 Old Mill Restaurant, Greenville, 218 New Salem Baptist Church, Gasconade County, Old Salt Trail, 90 452 Old Siloam, Gentry County, 102 492 Index

Old Trails Historical Society, 75, 207, 318, 441 Park College Historical Society, 75, 441 Olive Branch Church, Syracuse, 219 Park College, Parkville, Mackay Hall, 453 Oliver, William S., 6 Park, Guy, 152 Olson, James C. and Vera, 189 Park, Vera McMillen, 451 Olympics, 1936, U.S. women's track and field Parker, Maurice, 294, 298, 299 team, 218 Parks O'Meara, Frances, 173, 174 Kansas City, 90, 458 Orchid Christian Church, DeKalb County, 89 Missouri State, 90, 92, 457 Order No. 11,333 Parks, James W., 10 Oregon California Trails Association, Trails Parkville, Mo., Park College, 453 Head Chapter, 318 Parrish, William E., co-auth., Missouri: The Oregon County, Davis Cemetery, 219 Heart of the Nation, 102-103 Oregon Trail, 95, 455 Parsons, Hartwell, 82 Oronogo United Methodist Church, 219 Patterson, Thad, obit., 96 Orwigtown, Mo., 220 Pattiesville, Mo., baseball diamond, 214 Osage County, 327; rural schools, 457 Payton, Roy C, obit., 337 Osage County Historical Society, 75, 207, 318, Peabody, Everett, 16 441 Pearcy, Betty and J. L., 334 Osage Indians, 278, 327 Pemiscot County, 93, 458 Osage Iron Works Company, Camden County, Pemiscot County Historical Society, 75, 207, 220 318,441-442 Osage River, 332, 456 Penick, Joel Johns, 93 Osteopathy, 99-100, 227-228 Penny, Sylvester, 264, 265 Oster, Donald B., "The Hannibal and St. Joseph Perkinson, John, 93 Railroad, Government and Town Founding, Perry, Mo., 84 1846-1861," 403-421 Perry County Historical Society, 442 Ott, Mary Jane Pinson, La Belle's Historical Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 207, Collection, 351 318,442 Ould, Mattie, 146 Pershing, John Fletcher, 12 Outlaws, 350-351 Pershing, John J., 12 Overland Historical Society, 318, 441 Petrofsky's Bakery, St. Louis, 223 Owen Boat Line, 92 Pettibone, W. B., house, Hannibal, 326 Ozark County, 95; Northview School, 92 Pettis County, archaeological site, 91 Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Pettit, Kay, 69, 199,308 Society, 318 Petty, Solomon K., 92 Ozark Wesleyan College. See Marionville Petzold, Julius Augustus, 89 College Pfaff, Daniel W., Joseph Pulitzer II and the Ozarks, 92, 93, 94, 95, 222, 332, 333, 458, 460 Post-Dispatch: A Newspaperman's Life, entertainment industry, 350 342-343 folksongs, 333, 457 Pharis, Donald, 87 Great Depression, 331 Phelps County, 469 medicine, 90 Phelps County Historical Society, 442 Wire Road, 470 Phelps, John S., 5 Y bridge, 214 Phelps, Richard K., 152 Phenix, Mo., 82, 89 Philharmonics (musical group), 460 Pace, Jonathan, 223 Phillips, Claud, 85 Pacific Railroad of Missouri, 404, 405 Phillips, Darlene, obit., 462 Page School, Chariton County, 455 Phillips, Grace C, obit., 96 The Painting and Politics of George Caleb Philpott, Horatio, 93 Bingham, by Nancy Rash, 97-98 Phoenix (saloon), Boonville, 325 Panhorst Store, St. Clair, 219 Photographs, collections, 333, 423-424, 458 Papinville, Mo., schoolhouse, 82 Pickett, David H, 222 Pare, James, obit., 96 A Pictorial History of Smithville, Missouri, ed. Paris Presbyterian Church, 327 by Toni Lapp and Donna Whitham, 348 Index 493

A Pictorial History of the Kingdom of Presnell Hospital, 85 Callaway, 102 Price, Albert, 188 Pictorial History of Wayne County, Missouri: Price, Pauline E., obit., 225 "Mother of Southern Missouri Counties," 467 Price, Sterling, 95, 273 Pictorial History of Webster Groves, 103 Price, William Marmaduke, obit., 462 Pigman, John Gilmore, 93 Primm, Wilson, 333 Pike County, 253-273, 387-402 "The Private History of a Campaign That Pike County Historical Society, 75, 207, 442 Failed," by Mark Twain, 138-149 Pike, Zebulon, 56 Proebstel, John, 244 Pine Valley, Reynolds County, 326 Prologue (magazine), 53 Platte County Provident Bank, St. Joseph, 453 Burruss School, 458 Pruden, Edward H., 38, 40-42 Mount Bethel Cumberland Presbyterian Pueblo Indians, 280-281 Church, 458 Pulaski County, 329 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Pulitzer, Joseph, I, 342-343 Society, 75, 318, 442 Pulitzer, Joseph, II, 342-343 Plattin United Methodist Church, 84 Pulliam, J. Drury, 267-269 Pleasant Green Plantation, 87 Pumpkin Center, Mo., 217 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 75, 319 Purcell, Mo., Sunny Side School, 454 Pleasant Valley School, Carthage, 454 Putnam family, 87, 94 Plevna Christian Church, 215 Putnam Phalanx, 137 Ploeser, Walter C, 181, 182 Puxico Hotel, 218 Plummer, Joseph B., 9 Poeschel, Michael, 239, 243, 247, 252 Poirey, B. J., 300 Quaker Mill, 329 Politics, 97-98; Missouri, 168-187 Quantrill, William Clarke, 93, 215, 216, 222, 332 Polk, Trusten, 418 Queen Apostle Church, St. Joseph, 85 Pollard, Henry, 256, 258, 261 Queen City Motel, 83 Pony Express, 453 Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, 169-171, 173-175 Pony Express Historical Association, 319, 442 Pony Express Museum, St. Joseph, 75, 428 Poole's Dry Goods store, Milan, 85 Radar, 89 Pope family, 331 Radio, 452 Pope, Icie Mae, 161, 163, 165, 167 Railroads, 95, 224, 327 Popko,John, 199 Ava/Douglas County, 90 Poplar Bluff, Mo., 86, 452 branch lines, 450 Porter, Joseph C, 264, 349 Frisco, 221 Porter School, 455 Hannibal and St. Joseph, 403-421 Portland, Mo., 326 Illinois Central, 407-411 Portrait of Phelps County, Missouri, ed. by Katy, 215 Gerald Leonard Cohen, 469 Marcyville, 451 Portrait of the Past: A Pictorial History of Missouri, Kansas and Eastern, 95 Reynolds County, 469 Missouri, Kansas and Texas, depot, Possum Trot Road, Ozarks, 458 Columbia, 215 Powell, Scylla Courtright, 452 Missouri Pacific, depot, Middlebrook, 222 Poynor, Ripley County, 450 North Missouri, 334, 405 Prairie Fire: An Autobiography, by Olive Pacific Railroad of Missouri, 404, 405 Conran Westhues, 347 St. Louis and Iron Mountain, 405 Prairie Lawn Farm, 83 Terminal, 334 Prairieville, Mo., area, 253-273, 387-402 Wabash, 334 Pratt, Richard Henry, 285 Ralls County Historical Society, 207 "Preserving Our Civil War Battle Flags," by Ralls County, Oak Hill School, 216 Leslie Anders, 1-17 Randolph County Historical Society, 319, 442 "President Harry S. Truman: Independent Baptist Randolph County, Jackson Cemetery, 222 From Independence," by Robert S. Bolt, 36-47 Rasche, Heinrich, 244 494 Index

Rash, Nancy, The Painting and Politics of Robertson, Elizabeth, 194 George Caleb Bingham, 97-98 Robertson, James I., Jr., 193, 194; "Why the Ray County Civil War Still Lives," 109-130 businesses, 452 Robinson, Laura, 308 schools, 223 Rocheport, Mo. Ray County Historical Society, 207, 319, 442 banks, 215 Raytown Historical Society, 75, 207, 319, 442 Barth, Moses M., house, 450 Read, Daniel, 374, 378, 381 Keiser-Dimmit house, 450 Reavis, John R., 148 Rockford, Mo., 330 Reed, Barnabas, family, 326 Rockville, Mo., Mt. Zion Lutheran Church, 452 Reed, Ruth, 94 Rockywood Trail, Ozarks, 458 Reid, A. J., 262, 263 Rodemyre, Adam, 93 Religious of the Cenacle, 87 Roe School, St. Louis, 334 Remley, Myrrl, 173 Rogers, Benjamin F. "Hot," 458 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Roi family, 88 Day Saints, DeKalb County, 89 Rollins Field, University of Missouri, Republican party, in Missouri, 168-187 Columbia, 83 "A Resurrection of Native Arts and Crafts: The Rollins, George Bingham, house, Columbia, St. Louis World's Fair, 1904," by Robert A. 326, 450 Trennert, 274-292 Rollins, James S., 418 Rethemeyer Brickyard, Franklin County, 217 Rommel, Jacob, 242-244, 247, 250; house, Rethemeyer, William, 217 Hermann, 247 Reuter, Frank, ed., In the Heart of Ozark Roosevelt, Franklin D., 176, 177, 456 Mountain Country: A Popular History of Rorvig, Paul, 193 Stone and Taney Counties, including Rosati, Mo., 224 Branson, Missouri, 350 Rosebud, Mo., Excelsior-Hinton School, 331 Reynolds County, 326, 450, 469 Rosecrans, William S., 13 Carter's Mill, 216 Ross Building, Unionville, 88 Munger's Mill, 326 Ross-Frazer Supply Company, St. Joseph, 453 Murrill Spring, 326 Rothville Baptist Church, 214 Rhoads, J. O., 299 Route 66, 86, 91,92, 215, 329 Rhodes-Silsby-Skidmore-Vanderford house, Rozier, Elizabeth, 308 Springfield, 223 Ruble, Mo., Murrill house, 84 Rickets Farm Service, Salisbury, 218 Rucker, Booker, 428 Ricks, Albert and Estelle, family, 219 Rundell, Walter, 60 Ridenbaugh, William, 406 Runge, G. Andy, papers, 199 Riefenstahl, George, 237-239 Runge, Winifred Y, 199 Riesenberg, Peter, 425 "Rural Prairieville During Reconstruction," by Ringo, L. C, Store, Wolf Island, 449 Dennis Naglich, 387-402 Ripley County Historical Society, 75, 208,442-443 Rush, John A., 83 Ripley, E. L., 377, 378 Russell, Charles Jackson, store. Brunot, 86 Ripley, Julia, 376 Ruth, Mo., 451 Ritter, John F, 4 Ryan, Ora B., obit., 225 River City: The Story of Fenton, Missouri, by Ryman, Eleanor Bowling, obit., 225 Delia Lang, 469-470 Rivercene Mansion, Howard County, 83 Roads, wagon, 214 St. Agnes Parish, St. Louis, 87 Roaring River State Park, 91 St. Aloysius Gonzaga Parish, 87 Robards, John L., 141, 143 St. Alphonsus Liguori "Rock" Parish, St. Louis, Roberts, Harry, 325 218 Roberts, Randy, 308, 428 St. Andrew's Parish, 219 Roberts, Scott, 325 St. Ann Parish, 87 Roberts, Terry, 325 St. Charles, Mo., 92, 223, 457. 459 Robertson, Beverly, 134-136 auto show, 1924,459 Robertson-Cox house, Springfield, 94 federal works programs, 459 Index 495

Ku Klux Klan, 459 St. Agnes Parish, 87 railroad bridge, 93, 333 St. Alphonsus Liguori "Rock" Parish, 218 waterworks, 459 St. Liborius Catholic Church, 87 St. Charles Borromeo Church, 229 South Side National Bank, 453 St. Charles Borromeo: 200 Years of Faith, by Southwestern Bell Corporation, 218 Jo Ann Brown, 229 Swekosky photo collection, 333 St. Charles College, 93 tombstones, 459 St. Charles Community College, 333 transportation, 453 St. Charles County Tunnel Railroad Company, 331 Great Depression, 333 Victorian houses, 90 Luther, Martin, High School, 333 Wainwright Building, 328 St. Charles County Historical Society, 207, 319, Washington Avenue, 328 443 Washington Terrace gatehouse, 456 St. Charles Military Academy, 93 World War II, 331 St. Clair, Mo. St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and King's Barber Shop, 453 its People, 1764-1865, by Charles van Panhorst Store, 219 Ravenswaay and ed. by Candace O'Connor, St. Elizabeth, Mo., 88 464-465 St. Eustachius Parish, 327 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 405 St. Francois County Historical Society, 75, 443 St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens (newspaper), St. Francois County Looking Back, by Dave 235-237,251 Darnell, 229 St. Louis Browns (baseball team), 350, 458 St. George Catholic Church, 85 St. Louis Browns Fan Club, 76 St. James, Mo., 457 St. Louis Cardinals (baseball team), 87 The St. Joe Road, by Jacqueline A. Lewin and St. Louis Countian (newspaper), 459 Marilyn S. Taylor, 347 St. Louis Daily Record (newspaper), 459 St. John's Lutheran Church, Beaufort, 217 St. Louis Die Deutsche Tribuene (newspaper), 235 St. John's Lutheran Church, Westboro, 328 St. Louis Genealogical Society, 94 St. Joseph, Mo., 87, 91, 327, 453 St. Louis Holocaust Museum, 459 blacks, 453 St. Louis Horticultural Society, 240 Glidewell Pharmacy, 328 St. Louis Post-Dispatch (newspaper), 342-343 Queen of Apostles Church, 85 St. Louis Symphony, 333 Ross-Frazer Supply Company, 453 St. Louis University, 223 St. Joseph Historical Society, 75-76, 208, 319 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904. See Louisiana St. Joseph Museum, 76, 428 Purchase Exposition St. Joseph's Parish, Clayton, 218 St. Mary's Church, Salisbury, 218 St. Liborius Catholic Church, St. Louis, 87 St. Mary's Oil Engine Company, 459 St. Louis, Mo., 87, 90, 92, 94, 218, 328, 453 St. Patrick, Mo., 459 clock, St. Louis Dairy Co. Building, 218 St. Paul Church, Bay, 216 endangered buildings, 331 St. Theodore Parish School, Flint Hill, 87 Gateway Mall, 331 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 89, 457 Glasgow and Co., 251 Saline County Historical Society, 319, 443 Granada Theater, 218 Salisbury, Mo., 87, 218; Rickets Farm Service, Joplin, Scott, house, 92 218 juvenile reform school, 94 Salish Christianity, 338 Lucas Place, 221 Samuelson, Nancy B., The Dalton Gang Story: Lyle Mansion, Carondelet Park, 453 Lawmen to Outlaws, 350-351 Maxwell and Crouch Mule Company, 218 Sandy, Wilda, co-auth., Stalking Louis Curtiss, movie censorship, 339 463-464 newspapers, 339 Santa Fe, Mo., bank, 85 Ninth Street Abbey, 459 Santa Fe Trail, 95, 215; women on, 340-341 Petrofsky's Bakery, 223 Sarcoxie, Mo., 325 pollution, 453 Sass, Christian and Rosa (Schenkel), 219 river traffic, 224 Saum, Lewis O., "Colonel Donan, Mark Twain Roe School, 334 and a Campaign That Failed," 131-149 496 Index

Savannah, Mo., Howard, Abraham, log cabin, Shepherd, George W., 457 455 Sheppard, A. D., 298 Sayre, Farrand, 278 Sherman, William T., 11 Scarritt School, Kansas City, 221 Shirley, John "Bud," 91 Schaperkotter, H. H., 301 Shoal Creek Association, 457 Schars, H. K„ house, Webb City, 219 Shrader, Dorothy Heckmann, 88 Schmitt, Anton, house, Carondelet, 91 Siedler, John, 239 Schneiderhahn, Edward V P., 221 Sierra Club, Eastern Missouri Group, 91 Scholes family, Granby, 326 Sigel, Franz, 94 School Sisters of Notre Dame, 85 Siloam, Mo., 102 Schools, 82,91,94, 331 Simmons, William T, 10 Camden County, 220 Sinner's Union Church, 84 desegregation, Kansas City, 339 Sioux Indians, 288 early, 32-34 Sisters of St. Francis of the Holy Eucharist, 451 Papinville, 82 Sixth Missouri Confederate Infantry, 2 Ray County, 223 Sixty-fifth U.S. Colored Infantry, 271 rural, 457 Sixty-seventh U.S. Colored Infantry, 271, 272 Springfield, 94 Skiff, Frederick J. V, 282 Taney County, 224 Slattery, Joe, 223 Schowengerdt Mausoleum, 452 "The Slave System and the Civil War in Rural Schroeder, Adolf E. and Rebecca, 193 Prairieville," by Dennis Naglich, 253-273 Schultehenrich, Herman, 94 Slavery, 345-346 Schuyler County Historical Society, 76, 208 Chariton County, 458 Schwartz, Charles, 222 Prairieville, 253-273 Schwartz, Libby, 221 Smart, Edwin, 265, 266 Scotia Blast Furnace, 82 Smith, Andrew J., 10 Scotland County, courthouse, 452 Smith, Carl, 334 Scotland County Genealogical Society, 428 Smith, Edward T, 150 Scotland County Historical Society, 76, 443 Smith, Elisah, 83 Scott County Historical Society, 76, 320, 443 Smith, Forrest, 185 A Scream From the American Eagle in Dakota, Smith, J. C, 299 by Peter Donan, 145-146, 149 Smith, Jean, 194 Second Missouri Confederate Infantry, 2, 3 Smith, Jeffrey, 223 Second/Sixth Missouri Confederate Infantry Smith, Joseph, Jr., 104 Regiment, 2-4 Smith, Mellcene Thurman, 150 Sedalia, Mo., 453 Smith, Robert C, 188, 190-194 See, Mrs. Lewis E., obit., 462 Smithville, Mo., 222, 348; Spelman Hospital, 328 Seeley, Charlotte Palmer, 199 Snapp, Mo., 449 Seger, John H., 278, 279 Snyder, Joe, County Seat Paper, 229 Semsrott, William H, obit., 337 Soapes, Thomas F, "Barak Mattingly and the Senate Grove, Mo., 86 Failure of the Missouri Republicans," 168-187 Senath School, 87 Sommer, Ulrike, co-auth., News From the Land Senteny, Pembroke S., 3 of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Seventh Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 6-7 Home, 465-466 Shabert, N. F, 276 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray, 76, Shackelford, Pat, 195 208, 320, 443 Shane, Fred, 64 Sosebee, Tommy, 223 Shaw, George W., inside January back cover South Central Missouri Genealogical Society, 69 Shaw, Robert Gould, 115, 116 South East Missouri Civil War Round Table, Shaw, Webb, 272 76, 320 Shearin, Ken and Heather, 453 South Gifford, Mo., 327 Shelby, Joseph O., 2 South Howard County Historical Society, 443 "Shelby's Mule" (song), 457 South Side National Bank, St. Louis, 453 Sheldon, Charles S., 13 Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Shelton, Marvin, obit., 462 Girardeau, 68; women's basketball, 338 Index 497

Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar, 459 Stephens, Howard V, 173, 175, 181-183 Southwestern Bell Corporation, St. Louis, 218 Sterrett, Joseph B., 87 Sparks, Samuel Preston, 219 Stevenson, Adlai E., 325 Speer, Clara Aiken, 160-163, 165, 167 Stevenson, C. L., house, Brunot, 86 Speer, Newton C, 160 Stevenson, John Dunlap, 6 Spelman Hospital, Smithville, 328 Stewart, Fred, 154 Springfield, Mo., 87, 94, 95, 218, 223, 453, Stewart, Gladys B., 153-156, 158, 166, 167 459, 460 Stewart, Hannah Boone, 90 black community, 453 Stewart, James, 269 Camp-Horner house, 223 Stewart, Robert M., 406,407,410,418,420,421 Central High School, 459 Still, Andrew Taylor, 99-100, 227-228 Chandler house, 223 Still, Charles E., Jr., Frontier Doctor-Medical Cox Medical Centers, 348, 460 Pioneer: The Life and Times of A. T. Still farms, 94 and His Family, 99-100 Good Shepherd Church, 223 Still Last in the American League: The St. Graves-Lind-Garbee house, 334 Louis Browns Revisited, by Bill Borst, 350 Grove Pharmacy, 459 Stilley folk song collection, 457 Harrison house, 460 Stockton, Mo„ courthouse, 218 Haseltine Orchard, 223 Stone County, 350 Johnston house, 95 Stone County Historical Society, 76, 208, 320, King-Gilbert house, 334 443 Lucas-Reiter house, 459 Stone, Evelyn G., 163-167 Lydy-Handle house, 460 Stone Hill Winery, Hermann, 252, April cover McCauley-Shipe-Townsend house, 460 Stone, William J., 163 Rhodes-Silsby-Skidmore-Vanderford house, Stover, Mo., 88 223 Streetcars, 328 Robertson-Cox house, 94 Strickland, Arvarh and Willie, 189 scouting, 94 Suggs, George G., Jr., "Child Labor in the Tiff television, educational, 334, 459, 460 Mines of Washington County, Missouri," Watt-Freeman house, 94 357-371 Williams-Lewis house, 94 Sumner, Charles, 145 Springhill (plantation), 389, 395, 396, 401 Sunny Side School, Purcell, 454 Spurgeon, Mo., black community, 457 Sverdrup Corporation, 94 Stalking Louis Curtiss, by Wilda Sandy with Swackhamer, Robert, 294, 299 Larry K. Hancks, 463-464 Swanson, Ken and Loy, 459 Stark, George Thomas and Elizabeth Houston, 88 Swedeborg, Mo., 454 Stark, Lloyd C, 368-370 Sweet Canaan (plantation), 389, 396, 401 State Historical Society of Missouri, 332 Sweet Springs, Mo., 348 annual meeting, 188-196 Sweetwater Cemetery, 84 book prize, 306 Swekosky photo collection, St. Louis, 333 Newspaper Library, 65-66 Switzer family, 459 Reference Library, 197-198 Sylvester, Don, 460 Trefts, Charles, photograph collection, 423- 424 Steamboats Talcott, Edward B., 411 Arabia, 86 Taney County, 350; rural schools, 224 Grand Republic, 87 Tanner, Alice Jeanne, 160, 166, 167 Independence, 404 Taylor, Herman, family, 84 Missouri River, 88, 89 Taylor, Marilyn S., co-auth., The St. Joe Road, Zebulon M. Pike, 404 347 Stec, John, 460 "Teaching for the Future By Reaching into the Stegeman, Gerrit, 14 Past," by Don W. Wilson, 48-62 Stepenoff, Bonnie, 191, 192 Tedder, Ozzle, barber shop, Ellington, 216 Stephens College, Columbia, 373, 374; Senior Television, educational, Springfield, 334, 459, Hall, 450 460 498 Index

Tenth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 7-9 Triplett Methodist Church, 214 Terminal Railroad, 334 Trowbridge, Carol, Andrew Taylor Still, 1828- Texas County, 457 79/7,227-228 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Truck, Virgil "Fireball," 333 Historical Society, 76, 208, 320, 433 Truman, Bess, 36, 43, 44 Thanksgiving, 325 Truman Dam and Lake, 215 Thayer, Mo., 416; Johnson's Drug Store, 454 Truman, Harry S., 36-47, 48, 49, 89, 95, 177, Thayer College, Kidder, inside January back cover 180, 181, 185,221,334,458,467 Thayer, John E., and Brother (banking firm), house, Jackson County, 85 Boston, 413, 420, 421 Library, 56, 59, 427 Thayer, Nathaniel, 413 presidency, 36-47, 339, 344-345 Thayer Oregon County Times (newspaper), 88 Truman, Harry S, Independence 76 Fire Thespian Hall, Boonville, 215 Company, 76, 208, 320, 444 Thilenius, George Christian, 455 Truman in the White House: The Diary of Eben Thirteenth Missouri Infantry, 14 A. Ayers, ed. by Robert H. Ferrell, 344-345 This Far By Faith, A popular history of the Truman, Margaret, 44, 90; See also Daniel, Catholic people of west and northwest Margaret Truman Missouri. Volumes I and II, by Dorothy Tucker, Avis, 188, 189,332 Brandt Marra, Colette Doering, Bill R. Tucker, Edward, 391 Beemont and Charles M. Coleman, 468-469 Tunnel Railroad Company, St. Louis, 331 Thomas, George H., 11 Turner, James Milton, 12, 100-101 Thomas, H. C, 84 Turner, Sarah Lucille, 150, 151, 166, 167 Thomas, Mark, 199,308 Turner, Thomas, 266 Thomas, Peggy, 459 Turney Historical Society, 208 Thompson, Murray, 183-185 Tuscumbia, Mo., 219 Thompson, Robert Butler, family, 329 Twain, Mark, 131-149, 221, 468 Thong trees, 330 Twenty-fifth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 14-16 Thornton, William Taylor, 88 Twenty-first Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 13-15, Tiff Miners, Haulers and Mill Workers Union, 449 365, 366 Two hundred-third Coast Artillery "Hound Tiff mines, Washington County, 357-371 Dog" Regiment, 85 Tillman, Paul, 95 Tipton, Mo., St. Andrew's Parish, 87 U Tobin, W. Maurice, 282 Underwood, Marguerite, 156, 157, 167 Tobin's Cliff Dwellers, 287, 290, 291 Union Baptist Church, 458 Tombstones, St. Louis, 459 Union Cemetery Historical Society, 76, 208, Toombs, Robert, 109, 110 320, 444 Tornadoes, 104 Union Cemetery, Jackson County, 455 Poplar Bluff, 86 Union High School, 217 Reynolds County, 450 Unionville, Mo., 88 Trail of Tears, 221,470 United States Trails, 215 Army Engineer Museum, Fort Leonard Missouri wildlife, 457 Wood, 89 ox, 214 Congress, 357-359, 408 Trefts, Charles, photograph collection, State Office of Indian Affairs, 274, 275, 282, 284, Historical Society of Missouri, 423-424 285 Trennert, Robert A., "A Resurrection of Native Supreme Court, 357, 370 Arts and Crafts: The St. Louis World's Fair, War Department, 93 1904,"274-292 University of Missouri Trent, G. L., obit., 225 Academic Hall, fire, 331, 372 Trenton, Mo., Norris, Jewett, Library, 457 homecoming, 215 Trewett, Leiter D., 458 Ladies' Department, 381 The Tri-State Tornado: The Story of America's Normal College, 374-377 Greatest Tornado Disaster, by Peter S. Read Hall, 380 Felknor, 104 School of Medicine, 91 Index 499

sex questionnaire, 339 Walsh, Jennie Spindler, 158-161, 163, 167 women students, 326, 372-386 Walsh, Michael L., 158 University of Missouri-Columbia, 90 Walters, Levi, family, 93 Chancellor's Residence, 215 Walton, Sam M., 90, 91 dormitories, 326 Wappapello, Mo., post office, 86 Jesse Hall, 215 Ware, Anna, 376, 377 Rollins Field, 83,215 Ware, Eugene F, The Lyon Campaign in University of Missouri-Kansas City, 199 Missouri: Being a History of the First Iowa Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis, 453 Infantry, 103-104 Usher, R. J., 301 Warren County, 467 U.S.S. Missouri (battleship), 222 Warren County Historical Society, 77, 209, 320 Warrenton, Mo., 88 Warsaw Catholic Church, 88 Valles Mines, Mo., post office, 222 Washington, Mo., 88, 95, 224, 457 Van Horn's Tavern, 215 Goose Town, 86 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, St. Louis: An Missouri Meerschaum Company, 87, 456 Informal History of the City and its People, Washington County, tiff mines, 357-371 1764-1865,464-465 Washington Historical Society, 77, 209, 320, 444 Vandiver, Willard Duncan, 49 Washington Hotel, Dade County, 84 Varsity Theater, Columbia, 83 Washington School, Maryville, 217, 452 Veiled Prophet Organization, St. Louis, 339 Washington Terrace gatehouse, St. Louis, 456 Vernon County Watkins, Waltus L., 331; woolen mill, 459 Click Cemetery, 330 Watson, Peter Thomas, 93 youth fair, 89 Watt-Freeman house, Springfield, 94 Vernon County Historical Society, 77, 208, 320, Wayne County, 86, 452, 467 444 Wayne County Historical Society, 77, 320 Vernon, James Harvey, 91, 331 Waynesville, Mo., 89, 220, 454, 458 Veterans, Civil War, reunion, 1911, Branson, 82 Webb City, Mo., 325, 331, 454; Schars, H. K., Veterans Day, 325 house, 219 Veterans of 1812, 333 Webb City Sentinel (newspaper), 219 Victorian Carthage, Inc., 308 Webb Creek, 326 Vogel, Susan Carter, trans., News From the Webber, Joseph, 428 Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Webber, Joseph and Joie, 190 Write Home, 465-466 Webster Groves, Mo., 88, 103 Vogt, Henry C, obit., 337 Webster Groves Historical Society, 77 Webster Park, Webster Groves, 88 W Weems, Robert, 429 Wabash Railroad, 334 Weiss, Conley, 94 Waggoner, Hugh, 298-300, 302 Wela Park, Newton County, 92 Wagon trains, 93 Welch, George W., 10 Wagons, logging, 216 Welsh, in Missouri, 457 Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 328 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 444 Walbert, Mo., 452 Wesselhoeft, John, 251,252 Walch, Timothy, co-ed., Herbert Hoover and Harry Westboro, Mo., St. John's Lutheran Church, 328 S. Truman: A Documentary History, 467 Western College, Macon, inside July back Walker, Mo., 216 cover Walker, Billy, 460 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 306- Walker, Ellen, 398 307, 429 Walker family, Stone County, 85 The Western Journal, 241, 252 Walker, Henry, 398 Westhues, Olive Conran, Prairie Fire: An Walker, Lucinda, 257 Autobiography, 347 Wallis, Larry, 460 Westminster College, Fulton, Churchill Wal-Mart Stores, 90 Memorial and Library, 95 Walnut Grove, Mo., Calvary Assembly of God Weston Historical Museum, 321, 444 Church, 449 Westphalia Historical Society, 209 500 Index

Westphalian Heritage Society, Inc., 321 Witherspoon, John and Rowena Garland, 215 Westport Historical Society, 77, 209, 321, 444 Witte, Melba, 218 Westville, Mo., 220 Wittenberg, Mo., 333, 458 White, Bob, 460 Wolf Island, Mo. White, John, 220 flood, 1937,449 White River, 221 Ringo, L. C, store, 449 White River Valley Historical Society, 77, 209, Women 321,444 Kansas City, 217 Whitecotton, Thomas E., 295, 296 legislators, 150-167 Whitham, Donna, co-ed., A Pictorial History of 19th-century Missouri, 339 Smithville, Missouri, 348 Santa Fe Trail, 340-341 Whitman, Walt, 118 slaves, 345-346 "Why the Civil War Still Lives," by James I. students at University of Missouri, 1868- Robertson, Jr., 109-130 1899,372-386 Why 'd They Name It That? A Look At Some U.S. track and field team, 1936 Olympics, "Peculiar" Missouri Towns, by C. H. "Skip" 218 Curtis, 351-352 Wood, Ken, 223 Widersprecher, D., 236, 244 Wood, Rolla F, 92 Wiggins, Harry, 194, 195 Wooderson, Margaret J., A Dream Remembered: Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 91, 325 The Story of Old Siloam, Gentry1 County1, Wiley, Hew and Nancy, 94 Missouri, 102 Williams-Lewis house, Springfield, 94 Woodlawn Institute, St. Charles, 93 Williamsville, Mo., railroad and depot, 327 Woods, John B., homestead, Lawrence County, Willis, Resa, 94 331 Willkie, Wendell, 170 Wool, spinning, 334 Willow Springs, Mo., 219 World War I, 330, 338; memorial, Kansas City, Wilson, Don W., "Teaching for the Future By 456 Reaching into the Past," 48-62 World War II, 52-54, 58, 60, 83, 218, 328, 331, Wilson, Richard B. and Marion Vickers, 215 456 Wilson's Creek Worth Gravel Mill, Hickory Creek, 217 battle of, 93 Wright County Historical Society, 209 battlefield, 94 Wright, John, 453 A Window Through Time: Pictorial History of Wyneken 's Appeal (journal), 89 Warren County, by Dorris Keeven, 467 Windsor, Mo., 88 Wine and wine industry Y-bridge, Galena, 83 Hermann, 233-252 Y-bridge, Ozarks, 214 Missouri, 223, 457 Yamnitz, Everett, 93 "Winegrowing in the Hermann Area: Early Young,John, 237 Years' Chronicle," by Siegmar Muehl, 233-252 Young, Larry, 194 Winston Historical Society, 77, 321 Young, Raymond A., obit., 461 Wire Road, Ozarks, 470 Younger gang, 94, 456 Wirz, Henry, 127 The Youth's Companion (magazine), 134 Wirzburger, Emma, 369 Wise, Hal, 219 With Porter in North Missouri: A Chapter in Zebulon M. Pike (steamboat), 404 the History of the War Between the States, by Zimmermann, John, 247, 248, 251 Joseph A. Mudd, 349 Zumwalt, Harding Ross, 220 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright ® 1993 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXXXVII LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT OCTOBER, 1992- ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1993 CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXXXVII, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

ANDERS, LESLIE, professor emeritus, Central Missouri State University, Warrens­ burg.

BLUNT, ROY D., president, Southwest Baptist University, Bolivar.

BOLT, ROBERT S., professor, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

DAINS, MARY K., free-lance writer, Schell City.

DRAPER, ARTHUR G., director of school curriculum, Hermann.

KREMER, GARY R., professor, William Woods College, Fulton.

LEE, JANICE, project archivist, Kansas City, Missouri, Parks and Recreation Depart­ ment.

MUEHL, SIEGMAR, professor emeritus, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

NAGLICH, DENNIS, archaeologist, National Park Service.

OSTER, DONALD B., associate professor, University of Missouri-Rolla.

ROBERTSON, JAMES L, JR., professor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer­ sity, Blacksburg.

SAUM, LEWIS O., professor, University of Washington, Seattle.

SOAPES, THOMAS K, supervisory iMvhivist, National Air and Space Museum, Smith­ sonian Institution.

SUGGS, GEORGE G,, JR., professr •:, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape

Girardeau.

TRENNERT, ROBERT A,, professor, Arizona State University, Tempe.

WILSON, DON W., archivist of the United States, Washington, D.C. CONTENTS VOLUME LXXXVII, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

ADMINISTRATIVE TREATMENT OF WOMEN STUDENTS AT MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1868-1899. By Janice Lee 372

BARAK MATTINGLY AND THE FAILURE OF THE MISSOURI REPUBLICANS. By Thomas F. Soapes 168

CHILD LABOR IN THE TIFF MINES OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSOURI. By George G. Suggs, Jr. 357

COLONEL DONAN, MARK TWAIN AND A CAMPAIGN THAT FAILED. By Lewis O. Saum 131

FARMING ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER: ESSAYS BY PHILANDER DRAPER. Edited by Arthur G. Draper 18

FORTY YEARS IN THE HOUSE: A COMPOSITE PORTRAIT OF MISSOURI WOMEN LEGISLATORS. By Mary K. Dains 150

THE HANNIBAL AND ST. JOSEPH RAILROAD, GOVERNMENT AND TOWN FOUNDING, 1846-1861. By DonaldB. Oster 403

THE 1954 MISSOURI PRISON RIOT AND THE IMAGE OF THE HIGHWAY PATROL. By Roy D. Blunt and Gary R. Kremer 293

PRESERVING OUR CIVIL WAR BATTLE FLAGS. By Leslie Anders 1

PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN: INDEPENDENT BAPTIST FROM INDEPENDENCE. By Robert S. Bolt 36 A RESURRECTION OF NATIVE ARTS AND CRAFTS: THE ST. LOUIS WORLD'S FAIR, 1904. By Robert A. Trennert 274

RURAL PRAIRIEVILLE DURING RECONSTRUCTION. By Dennis Naglich 387

THE SLAVE SYSTEM AND THE CIVIL WAR IN RURAL PRAIRIEVILLE. By Dennis Naglich 253

TEACHING FOR THE FUTURE BY REACHING INTO THE PAST. By Don W. Wilson 48

WHY THE CIVIL WAR STILL LIVES. By James I. Robertson, Jr. 109

WINEGROWING IN THE HERMANN AREA: EARLY YEARS' CHRONICLE. By Siegmar Muehl 233

State Historical Society of Missouri

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES WESTERN COLLEGE

Shortly after New Year's Day, 1892, a new educational institution opened its doors in the north central Missouri town of Macon. Located on twelve acres in the northern part of town, Western College was founded by the Baptist General Association of Missouri (later the Missionary Baptist State Convention) to provide a "Christian-influenced" education for black children and youths and to train young black men for the ministry. For the next twenty-nine years, until its removal to Kansas City in 1921, the school struggled to fulfill its mission. The college had first opened in Independence on January 13, 1890, with two faculty members and fourteen students. By mid-1891 the facilities had become inadequate, and many association leaders believed that the institution needed a location more central in the state. In September 1891 the Macon site, which included a two-story brick building, was chosen. The college erected a sec­ ond structure in 1892. Western College offered several courses of study, from elementary classes through college- level work. By the late 1890s students could enroll in an Elementary Department, a College Preparatory Department, a Normal Department, a College Department (leading to a bachelor of arts degree) or a Theological Department (leading to a bachelor of divinity degree). In conjunction with academic classes, Western College promoted vocational instruction. All girls took classes in cook­ ing and sewing, and by the first decade of the twentieth century, the college offered practical courses in printing, shoemaking, dressmaking, business and millinery. Vocal music and piano and organ classes also were part of the curriculum. Although Missouri residents comprised the majority of Western's enrollment, the college drew students from the surrounding states and from as far away as Minnesota, Colorado and Texas. Once at the school, students followed a rigid set of rules that mandated attendance at Sunday school and church, forbade visiting on the Sabbath and required uniforms to be worn to classes. Extracurricular activities included a literary society, a missionary society, the YMCA and YWCA and, during the 1910s, athletic teams. School officials kept tuition and boarding fees to a minimum to encourage attendance by as many students as possible. Boarding students could work in the dining room and thus decrease their costs; all students were expected to assist with maintaining the school's grounds. Baptist churches helped support the school through apportionments, and women's circles raised funds to help pay teachers' salaries or supplied canned goods and food for the dining hall. The Reverend John Goins, an alumni of Western and the associational state missionary, worked tirelessly in both black and white Baptist churches to secure funds for the college. Despite these efforts, funding problems haunted Western throughout its years in Macon. Western College's physical facilities included the original brick building, which housed the girls' dormitory and the dining hall, and the frame building erected in 1892. The latter contained the boys' dormitory, classrooms and the chapel. A smaller frame structure housed a second boys' dor­ mitory. By 1920 all the buildings were inadequate and in need of extensive repairs. As early as 1908, members of the association and college boards had considered moving Western from Macon. Negotiations to buy property in Bolivar ended when it became known that blacks were interested in purchasing the building and it was destroyed by fire. Finally, in 1920 a committee of the association purchased a six-acre tract on Woodland Avenue in Kansas City. After educating over two thousand students, Western College moved to its new location in 1921.