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Macro Report August 23, 2004

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Macro Report August 23, 2004 Prepared by: Gábor Tóka Date: October 2004 Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 2: Macro Report August 23, 2004 Country: Hungary Date of Election: 7 and 21 April 2002 NOTE TO COLLABORATORS: The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. Part I: Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1. Report the number of portfolios (cabinet posts) held by each party in cabinet, prior to the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all".) Name of Political Party Number of Portfolios Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Party (Fidesz-MPP) Prime Minister and 12 other cabinet members Independent Small Holders Party (FKGP) 4 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) 1 1a. What was the size of the cabinet before the election? Prime Minister + 17 ministers 2. Report the number of portfolios (cabinet posts) held by each party in cabinet, after the most recent election. (If one party holds all cabinet posts, simply write "all"). Name of Political Party Number of Portfolios Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) Prime Minister and 11 other cabinet members Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) 4 2a. What was the size of the cabinet after the election? Prime Minister + 15 ministers Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 2: Macro Report 3. Political Parties (most active during the election in which the module was administered and receiving at least 3% of the vote): Party Name/Label Year Party Ideological European Parliament International Party Founded Family Political Group Organizational (where applicable) Membership A. 2000 Christian None Center Party Dem. (ÖMC) B. Fidesz- 1988 Conservative European Hungarian Civic People's P. Party (Fidesz-MPP) C. Hungarian 1988 Christian European Democratic Forum Dem. People's P. (MDF) D. Party of 1993 Nationalist None Hungarian Justice and Life MIÉP E. Hungarian 1989 Socialist Socialist Socialist Party International MSZP F. Alliance of Free 1988 Liberal Liberal Democrats International SZDSZ Ideological Party Families: (These are suggestions only. If a party does not fit well into this classification scheme, please provide an alternative and some explanation). (A) Ecology Parties (G) Liberal Parties (M) Agrarian Parties (B) Communist Parties (H) Right Liberal Parties (N) Ethnic Parties (C) Socialist Parties (I) Christian Democratic Parties (O) Regional Parties (D) Social Democratic Parties (J) National Parties (P) Other Parties (E) Conservative Parties (K) Independents (F) Left Liberal Parties (L) Single Issue Parties The following lists provide examples of political groups and organizations to which a particular party might belong. Please report any and all international affiliations for each party. European Parliament Political Groups: (3) Party of European Socialists (1) European People’s Party (4) European Liberal, Democrat and Reform (2) European Democrats Party Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 3 Module 2: Macro Report (5) Confederal Group of European United Left (14) Christian Democratic Organization of (6) Nordic Green Left America (7) Greens (15) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (8) European Free Alliance (16) Democratic Union of Africa (9) Europe for the Nations (17) Eastern European Social Democratic (10) Europe of Democracies and Diversities Forum (00) Not Applicable (18) Green Movement (98) Don't Know (19) Humanist Party (20) International Communist Union (21) International Democrat Union (22) International League of Democratic Socialists (23) Liberal International (24) Natural Law Party (25) Pacific Democratic Union International Party Organizations: (26) Organization of African Liberal Parties (11) Asia Pacific Socialist Organization (27) Socialist International (12) Caribbean Democratic Union (28) Socialist Inter-Africa (13) Christian Democratic International (00) Not Applicable (98) Don't Know 3a. Were there any significant parties not represented in parliament before the election? There was one that was not represented in parliament either before or after the election – see 3c. 3b. Were there any significant parties not represented in parliament after the election? MIÉP and FKGP were represented in parliament before the election but not after. On MIÉP see above, FGP was founded in 1930, but suspended all activities under the communist regime from 1948 to 1988 except for a brief revival during the 1956 uprising; part of the governmental coalition between the 1998 and 2002 elections; agrarian orientation; member of the European People's P. 3c. Were there any other non-represented parties or independent actors whom you believe to have had a significant effect on the election? Alliance for Hungary – Center Party (ÖMC) was not represented in parliament either before or after the election. They picked up roughly 4 percent of the vote and the party leader only narrowly lost the single-member district seat that he won in the previous parliamentary elections as an independent candidate. The ÖMC (called “Centrum Párt” in Hungarian political parlance) was registered as a separate political party, but was essentially an alliance between several smaller center-right parties (Christian Democratic People’s Party; Hungarian Democratic Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 4 Module 2: Macro Report People’s Party; Party of Entrepreneurs; etc.) that contested previous elections on their own. Most but not all of the ÖMC supported the center-left opposition Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) candidates in the second round against the center-right candidates, which might have had a decisive impact on the election outcome. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 5 Module 2: Macro Report 4a. Ideological Positions of Parties: Please indicate Parties A-F's positions on a left-right dimension (in the expert judgment of the CSES Collaborator). If this dimension is not appropriate, please provide an explanation of the salient cleavages, and parties' relative positions. Party Name Left Right 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x A. ÖMC x B. Fidesz-MPP x C. MDF x D. MIÉP x E. MSZP X F. SZDSZ 4aa. Do you believe there would be general consensus on these placements among informed observers in your country? Yes, largely. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 6 Module 2: Macro Report 4b. If you have asked respondents to rank political parties on an alternative dimension, other than the left-right dimension, please also provide your own rankings of the parties on this dimension. Name of dimension: Label for left hand position: Label for right hand position: Party Name Left Right 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A. B. C. D. E. F. 4bb. Do you believe there would be general consensus about these placements among informed observers in your country? 5. In your view, what are the five most salient factors that affected the outcome of the election (e.g. major scandals; economic events; the presence of an independent actor; specific issues)? 1. Under the very firm leadership of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (formally or informally the number one leader of the Fidesz-MPP ever since 1990) the 1998-2002 government was perceived by the public as relatively efficient, albeit many of the government’s policies were controversial and divisive. Economic growth was fairly high throughout the entire term of the Orbán-government, and the income position of the bulk of the population improved in the last two years of the government. It remained disputed though to what extent the strong growth of the period was the result of the policies of the previous (socialist-liberal) governmental coalition, and to what extent the Orbán-government allowed growth to transform into income increases for the many. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 7 Module 2: Macro Report 2. The FKGP’s record in the 1998-2002 government was perceived dismal in terms of competence, nepotism, sleaze, and policies. Meanwhile Fidesz-MPP developed credible commitments on all issues traditionally associated with support for the FKGP, and the better part of the 1998 FKGP-electorate switched to Fidesz-MPP. 3. Since 1997, Fidesz-MPP developed a range of controversial (though with the larger part of the electorate rather popular) policy commitments in fields like housing, family policy, government relations with foreign investors, and policies regarding the Hungarian minorities living in the neighboring countries. These initiatives solidified support for the party among the potential electorate of the more traditional, Christian- and moderately or radically nationalist right-wing parties, and also extended the support basis for the right beyond its traditional electorate. 4. Most of the socialist-liberal opposition to the Fidesz-led government focused on questioning the commitment of Fidesz, Orbán, and the right-wing general to democratic procedures, and associating them with sleaze, corruption, abuse of power, unproductive nationalist stances in foreign policy rhetoric, and a social policy which neglected the interest of the pensioners and the poor in favor of supporting middle to high income families. 5. Throughout the 2002 campaign it was widely accepted that Fidesz-MPP would easily win the election and stay in power. In retrospect many observers and participants thought that this impression led to a probably less intense campaigning by the center-right than would have been possible and necessary. In any case, after the opposition parties took a clear lead in the first round of the election, a very energetic, assertive, and negative campaign by Viktor Orbán led to a significant surge of the right-wing vote (as well as turnout) in the second round of the election, which nearly turned around the final outcome of the election. Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 8 Module 2: Macro Report 5a. Do you believe there would be general consensus about the importance of these factors among informed observers in your country? To a considerable extent yes.
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