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WBVINDEX 6/27/03 11:39 PM Page 428

Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures, those in bold refer to tables. Illustrations in the Plate Section are indicated by Plate number.

acetylcholine receptors 61 AIDS 5, 40, 89 Fc region 168, 172, 173, 174, acid blob activator 321 development 332 175–6 acquired immune deficiency enabling factors for disease 386 measurement of antiviral 91–5 syndrome see AIDS immune dysfunction 86–7 structure 167–8 actin fibers, HSV-induced changes impact 383, 384–5 –antigen complexes 93–4 134, 135 Kaposi’s sarcoma 332 bacterial for detection/ acycloguanosine (acG) 107, 108 protease inhibitors 235 isolation 173–4, 174–5 acyclovir 107, 108 T cell destruction 372 antigen(s), viral 18, 39, 77 adeno-associated (AAV) see also HIV bound to 172–3 305–6 alfalfa looper virus (AcNPV) 333, internalization 85 gene delivery 388 334 processing 82–3, 83–4 latent infection 306, 389 algal 351–2 vaccine production 101 cyclic adenosine monophosphate Alzheimer’s disease, gene therapy antigen presentation (cAMP) 199 389 to immune reactive cells 80–6 adenovirus 23, 38 amantadine 108–9 local immunity 82 amino acid epitopes 78, 79, 81 antigen presenting cells (APCs) 77, proteins 149, 150, 151 aminopterin 170 78 structure 301 cAMP receptor (CRP) immune response initiation DNA 287 199 82–5 replication 301–3 amplification, viral 24 professional 83 E1A gene 301, 302 aneuploidy 129 antigenic determinants 78, 81 E1B protein 301, 302 cells 11, 12 antigenic drift 88 E2 region 301, 302 culture 128–31 influenza A 270 gene delivery 388 surface 62 antigenic shift, influenza A 301, 302 transformation 11, 13 271 host interactions 303 animal models antisense oligonucleotides 110 polyadenylation site use changes virus 33–4 antiserum 167 303 parameters 27 antiviral antibody measurement replication 135, 299, 301–3, pathogenesis 25–34 91–5 304 poxvirus 27–8 antiviral drugs 106–10 serotypes 88 rabies 30–1, 31–2 antisense 110 transformation of nonpermissive reovirus 28–30 HIV protease targeting 73 cells 303 animal pathogens 7 precise targeting 110 tumor suppressor gene function animal viruses, entry into cells 61, resistance reduction/elimination blocking 371 62, 63–4 109–10 VA RNA 301, 303 antibiotic resistance 90 targeting to virus replication cycle adjuvants 101 antibodies 77 106–10 aerosol, viral 19, 21, 24 antigen-bound 172–3 therapeutic index 106 agnoproteins 294, 295 Fab region 167 toxicity 106 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 429

INDEX 429

antiviral effector molecules (AVEMs) genome 348 replication 272, 273, 274–5 104, 105 size 157, 158 ribonucleoproteins 273, 274 apathogenic strains 4 host cell lysis/lysogeny 346, 348, structure 272, 273 38, 104, 370 349, 350 vectors 272 adenovirus 303 decision in E. coli 350–1 buoyant density differences 145–6 arboviruses 42–3, 57 latency 346, 348–50 buried determinants 79 see also arthropod vectors; promoters 348–9, 350–1 Burkitt’s lymphoma 332, 371 bunyaviruses; togaviruses prophage generation 350 burst size 11 275–6 reactivation 346, 348–50 arthropod vectors 22, 24, 57 replication 346, 348–50 C-proteases 235 bunyaviruses 272, 275 termination signals 349 Cadang-Cadang 7, 23, 281 spread 386 bacteriophage P22 72–3 cAMP receptor protein (CRP) 199 togaviruses 247 bacteriophage Qb 253–5 cancer 19, 370–1 arthropods, viral infections 333 bacteriophage T4 343–6, 347 cervical carcinoma 370 atomic force microscopy 123–4 assembly 347 hepatocellular carcinoma 19, attachment, viral 60 capsid maturation/release 346, 371, 380 attenuation 98, 100 347 human gamma herpesviruses 312 viral genome 219 DNA genome 151, 152, 343–4, oncornavirus transformation 370 autoimmune disease 87–8 345 persistent infections 39 persistent infections 39 genome 343–5 -induced 371 avian influenza replication 345–6, 347 see also carcinogenesis; oncogenes; in chickens 7 structure 344 oncogenesis transmission to humans 272, 384 bacteriophage T7 342–3 cancer cells 11, 13 avian leukosis virus 361 baculovirus 333–4 primary cell transformation 131 avirulent strains 4 RNA polymerase encoding 200 canine distemper 264 azidothymidine (AZT) 108, 109 Baltimore classification 57, 58, 232 cap-binding protein (CBP1) 202 biochemical processes 9 cap site 188, 190, 191, 192 B-cell immunity see humoral biological activity, viral, cap snatching/stealing 268, 269 immunity measurement 136–42 capillary electrophoresis 152 B cells 17, 83 biological control, baculovirus 334 capsid proteins antibody production 77 biological weapons testing by US differing molar amounts 149, clonal selection 85, 86 387 150, 151 effector 19 biotechnology, baculovirus 334 poliovirus 148–9, 150 Epstein–Barr virus 18, 331 bioterrorism 7, 386–7 stoichiometry 147–8 immune response 80 smallpox research 98 51, 52, 53, 55 internalizing 85 threats 98, 341 assembly 69, 71–3, 74, 75 maturation 80 BK virus 38, 288–9, 291 budding 75 monoclonal antibodies 168, 169, blood empty 72, 132, 239, 240 170 virus transmission 43 formation 60 bacterial antiviral systems 110–11 pooled fractions 5 helical 69, 71 bacterial cells 11, 12 titers of virus 19 icosahedral 71–3 cultures 127–8 blood products 5, 6 symmetry 52, 55 viral infections 14 hepatitis C virus transmission 43 capsomer 52 bacterial restriction 14, 110–11 blood transfusions 5, 6 self-assembly 71 bacterial transposons 373 blood–brain barrier 41 carcinogenesis 370–1 bacterial viruses 276 bluetongue virus 279 catabolite repression 199 bacteriophage 6 bornaviruses 258, 259, 266–7 cattle disease see bovine DNA injection into E. coli 67, 68, bovine spongiform encephalopathy spongiform encephalopathy 69 (BSE) 10, 282, 283 (BSE) large DNA-containing 342–6, brome mosaic virus 66 cauliflower mosaic virus 380–1 347, 348–51 replication 252–3 CCR5 63, 372 mRNA regulated translation BstEII restriction endonuclease 157, CD4+ 18 253–5 158 CD4 receptor 390 RNA genome replication 253–5 bunyaviruses 23 CD4+ T cells 61, 63, 83, 372 bacteriophage FX174 307–9 ambisense 274 CD8+ T cells 82 bacteriophage l encephalitis 275 cell(s) cro protein 349, 350 gene products 273, 274 antigenicity change 134 DNA integration 350 hemorrhagic fever 275 biochemical property changes gene expression 348–50 pathogenesis 275 135–6 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 430

430 INDEX

cell(s) (cont’d ) coconut palm loss 7 developing world contact inhibition of growth 130 cold virus 19, 21, 37, 241 AIDS spread 5 fusion 134 isolated communities 24–5 vaccines 100, 102 immortal 170 Colorado tick fever virus 279 diabetes mellitus 19 infection outcome 131–6 279 dideoxycytidine (ddC) 109 lysis 61 communications, disease spread 386 dideoxyinosine (ddI) 109 complement-mediated 85–6, complement cascade 85–6, 87 differential display analysis 136 87 complement fixation 93–5 dilution endpoint methods 140, morphology change 134, 135 complementary DNA (cDNA) 136, 141–2 nonpermissive 131–2 159–60 disease 14 physical appearance change fluorescent-tagged molecules 183 acute infections 36–7 133–4, 135 sequence analysis 195–6 animal models 26–7 transformed foci generation 137, complementation, mutations 216, bunyavirus 275 138 217 causes 385–6 tropism 40 confocal microscopy 170–1, 172, coronavirus 251 viral entry 60 Plates 7 and 8 elimination 387 animal viruses 61, 62, 63–4 contact inhibition of growth 130 emerging 383–7 enveloped 64–5 coronavirus 23, 37 enabling factors 385–6 nonenveloped 64 cytopathology 251 etiology 59 viruses 65–7 replication/ 248–50 human history impact 6–7 viral genome introduction 69, 70 cowpea mosaic virus replication 252 long incubation periods 39–40 cell culture techniques 127–31 cowpox 97–8, 338, 341 modes of spread of human viruses cell lines coxsackievirus 241 21, 22 continuous 128–9, 130, 131 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 10, 282 novel virus strain evolution 385 primary 129–30, 131 variant 10, 283 239–41 transformed 130, 131 cro protein 349, 350 poliovirus 239–41 cell-mediated immunity 77 cryo-electron microscopy 121, 122 rhabdoviruses 264 measurement 90–1 CXCR4 63, 372, 390 sources 385–6 central nervous system (CNS) 177, cytochalasin B 234 subviral 39–40 178 cytokines 103, 370 symptoms 17–18, 19 30 see also (IFN) togavirus 246–8 infection target 40, 41 cytolysis 61 viral destruction of other viruses microglial cells 18 (CMV) see human 390 polyomavirus 291 cytomegalovirus (HCMV) distemper 264, 265 rabies virus 30–1, 31–2 cytopathic effect (CPE) 141 DNA 51 viral spread 17 cytopathology 61 amplification with PCR 160–3 centrifugation, rate zonal 146, biochemical properties of cells automated sequencing 153–4, 156–7 135–6 155, Plate 5 cervical carcinoma 370 coronavirus 251 bacterial chromosome 186 chemokines 18, 63 picornavirus 239–41 base polarity 186 receptors 372 plaque formation 136, 137 chemical sequencing 152–3 chicken pox 19, 23, 24, 312 poliovirus 239–41 cleavage with restriction see also varicella zoster virus rhabdoviruses 264 endonuclease 208–10 Chlorella viruses 8, 351–2 togavirus 246–8 complexity measurement 158–60 chloroplast 8 virus-mediated 133–4, 135 denatured bubble 186–7 chorioallantoic membrane, plaque cytotoxic T cells 370 duplex 186 formation 136 enzymatic sequencing 153, chromosomal translocation, Dane particles 377 154–5 virus-induced 371 defective interfering (DI) particles eukaryotic 186 cI protein 351 223 fragment cloning 212–13, circulatory system, viral spread 17 see also virus particles, defective 214–15 cirrhosis 44, 385 denaturation temperature 158 genome length measurement 156 classification schemes 55–7, 58, 59, dendritic cells 83 hybridization to RNA 179–81 232 dengue fever 7, 22, 241, 333 lagging strand synthesis 187–8 disease-based 57, 59 virus replication 24 microchips 182, 183 clearance, viral 19 dense bodies 74, 75 origin of replication (ori) site 186, clonal selection 85, 86 dependovirus 305–6 189 co-carcinogens 39, 332–3 Desmodium yellow mottle virus 55, prokaryotic 186 co-receptors 63 Plate 2 renaturation rates 158–60 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 431

INDEX 431

replication grave prognosis 41–2 transposable elements 373–4 of cellular 186–8, 189 herpes 42 viral replication defenses 102–4, vegetative 323 mosquito-borne 241, 247 105 RNA virus replication 232 neonatal herpes simplex virus 89 exocytotic vesicles 75 sequence analysis 151–4, 155 virus replication 24 exons 191, 192 size measurement 158–60 encephalopathies exonuclease 188, 195 synthesis detection 177, 178 prion-induced 40, 283 Expanded Program on transfection 220, 221–2 transmissible 283 Immunization (WHO) 102 vaccines 101 endocytosis 64, 65, 66 extremophiles 158 Watson–Crick base-pairing rules receptor-mediated 83, 238 158, 186, 232 endonucleases 195 feline panleukopenia 305, 386 see also double-stranded DNA endoplasmic reticulum 75 fibroblasts 129, 130 (dsDNA); single-stranded 41 filoviruses 258, 259 DNA (ssDNA) protein 358, 359, 360, 361, pathogenesis 265–6 DNA-binding proteins 196 364 finger nuclease 157 DNA-containing viruses 8 envelope, lipid 54, 55 flavivirus 241, 242 DNA ligase 188 formation 73, 74, 75 fusion, viral membrane 65 DNA methylases 110 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay DNA polymerase 8, 187, 189 (ELISA) 91, 92 G proteins 367, 369 DNA tumor viruses 135 enzymes, virus particle counting Gag protein 358, 359, 360 DNA viruses 51, 53, 56, 286–8 125 variants 366 concatamers 287 epidemiology 4–5 Gag–Pol 358 cytoplasmic 336–8, 339, 340–1 epidermis 19 Gag:Prot:Pol proteins 360 large genomes 311 epinephrine 329, 330 b-galactosidase 212, 220 -long association with host 287 episomes 132 gene 220, 222, Plate 9 linear 287, 295 epitopes 78, 79, 81 galactosyl ceramide (GalC) 18 replication 286–8 conformational 79, 85 gel electrophoresis 147, 148 RNA polymerase encoding 200 sequential 79 viral genome size 157, 158 vascular plant infections 307 epizoology 4 Geminivirus 66, 307 DNA–RNA hybrids 192, 194 Epstein–Barr-encoded RNAs gene therapy, viral vectors 388–90 domestic 7 (EBERs) 331 genes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) 58 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 18, 23, delivery by viruses 388–90 baculovirus virion 333 312, 371 developmental and selective genome length measurement 156 immune evasion 303 switching 370 rate zonal sedimentation 157 infectious mononucleosis 59 expression of viral 13, 60 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 28, latent infection 38–9, 330–1 transposition 372–4 56, 57, 58, 233 malaria coinfection 332 see also viral genome IFN antiviral state trigger 104 neoplasms 39 genetic elements IFN induction 103 equine encephalitis 7, 22, 386 cis-acting 185 renaturation rates 159 error frequency 232–3 trans-acting 185–6 drugs see antiviral drugs Escherichia coli genetic variation 9 dsRNA-dependent protein kinase bacteriophage DNA injection 67, genetics, virus origins 8–9 104, 105 68, 69 genital papillomas 6 bacteriophage receptors 67, 68 genomic fragments, random virus 7, 23, 259, 266, 386 lac operon 196, 197 reassortment 29 echoviruses 241 lytic/lysogenic infection decision genotype 4 eclipse period 182 350–1 German 23, 38 EcoRI restriction enzyme 212, 213 210, 211, 212–13, see also efavirenz 109 214–15 C (gC) 64

effective dose, median (ED50) 104 ethics of experiments 26–7 glycoprotein E (gE) 171, 172 Egyptian mummies 6 etiology, viral 19 61 electron microscopy 119–23 eukaryotic cells herpes simplex virus 65 DNA genome length gene transposition 373 membrane-associated 64–5, 66 measurement 156 splices in transcripts 192, 194–6 formation 73, 75 encephalitis 7, 41 transcription 188, 190–2, 193, Golgi apparatus 75 bunyaviruses 275 194–6 granulosis viruses (GVs) 333 coxsackievirus 241 enhancers 190 growth factors favorable prognosis 42–3 promoters 188, 190 receptors 367, 369 flavivirus 241 translation 202–4 variola virus 37 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 432

432 INDEX

growth hormones 367 hepatocellular carcinoma 19, 371, reactivation 34, 39, 322, 326, growth regulators 367–8, 369 380 328–30 Guanarito virus 276 herd immunity 4 HIV activation 332 gut-associated lymphatic tissue herpes simplex virus (HSV) 23, recombinant 220, 222 17 Plate 8 recombination 217–18 acid blob activator 321 release 323, 325 habitat disruption 386 animal models 33–4 replication 313–15, 319–21, Hantaan virus 275 assembly 323, 325 322, 323, 324, 325 Hantavirus 7, 22, 275, 386 capsid 121, 122, 123, 124, Plate replication-deficient 389, Plate 9 see also Sin Nombre virus 4 spread 18, 24 hantavirus adult respiratory distress maturation 325, 326–7 syncytia 63 syndrome (HARDS) 275 proteins 151 tegument proteins 325, 326–7 helicases 186, 189 cell morphology change 134, 135 thymidine kinase gene 218–19 helper viruses 306 DNA transcriptional regulators 321, hemadsorption 134 detection 177, 178 322, 323, 326 hemagglutination 134 genome length measurement virion 313, 314, 325, 326–7 inhibition 92–3, 94 156 herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) 32, virus particle counting 124, 125 PCR techniques 161–2 41, 312 hemorrhagic fever 259, 265–6 replication 189 capsid Plate 4 bioterrorism use 386 encapsidation 323, 324, 325 genome 208 bunyaviruses 275 encephalitis 42 latent infection 326 hepadnaviruses 377–81 gene delivery 388, 389 herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) 32, see also ; hepatitis gene expression 34, 312 C virus early 323 genital 41 heparan sulfate 65 immediate early 320–1, 322, latent infection 326 hepatitis 43–4 323 herpes zoster virus 19 chronic 380 late 323 herpesvirus hepatitis A virus 21, 23, 43, 241 gene reactivation accommodation acyclovir 107 hepatitis B virus 10, 19, 23, 43 329–30 co-carcinogens 332–3 cDNA 379 genetic map 314, 315, 316–18 envelopment 74, 75 fulminant 43 genome 313–15, 319 genetic complexity 312 genetic map 378–9 detection by PCR 161 latent infection 19, 25, 38–9, genome 377–9 replication 322, 323 133, 313, 325–33 hepatic carcinoma 371 size measurement 159 neonatal 332 hepatitis delta virus dependence transcription 26 neurotropic 312, 326 on 279, 281 glycoprotein C 176, 177 pathology of infections 331–3 hepatocellular carcinoma 380 glycoproteins 65 reactivation 25, 326 mRNA 379 host defense countering 329, 330 replication 312–33 neoplasms 39, 43 host entry 319–20 transcription changes 199 oncogenesis 380 immune tolerance 89 alpha-herpesvirus 312 pathogenesis 379–80 immunoaffinity chromatography beta-herpesvirus 312 replication cycle 379 176–7 gamma-herpesvirus 312 virion 377–9 infection HflA protease 351 hepatitis C virus 23, 43–4, 385 latent 13, 32–4, 38–9, 83–4, highly active antiretroviral therapy hepatic carcinoma 371, 380 88–9, 322, 326, 328–30 (HAART) 109 hepatitis delta virus 10, 23, 44, productive 319–21, 322, 323, hit-and-run mechanism of 279–81 324, 325 carcinogenesis 371 delta antigen 280 IUdR treatment 110 HIV 5, 21, 22 disease 281 keratitis 332 activation 332 genome 279–80 MHCI antigen presentation antiviral drugs 109 hepatitis B virus dependence 279, blocking 90, 135–6 CD4+ T lymphocytes 61 281 microchip analysis 183 chemokines 63 host cell RNA polymerase use mRNA characterization 178–9, co-receptors 63, 372, 390 280 181, 182 enabling factors for disease 386 pathology 281 nucleocapsid transport 319 engineered viral therapy 390 replication 280 plaque assays 138–9 genetic map 362 RNA editing 201 pulse labeling of infected cells transcription 280 166, 167 destruction 371–2 hepatitis E virus 23, 44 quantal assay 140, 141 target 40 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 433

INDEX 433

immunity evasion 358 human papilloma virus (HPV) 299, to reinfection 6 immunosuppression 89, 90 300 systemic 81–2, 83 impact 383, 384–5 carcinogenesis 371 immunoaffinity chromatography incubation period 40 human papilloma virus 16 (HPV-16) 175–7 lymphocyte infection 85 298, 299, 370 immunofluorescence detection multiple drug therapy 109–10 human T-cell lymphotropic virus methods 170–1, 172–3, pathogenesis 372, 373 (HTLV) 23, 361, 362 Plate 1 PCR techniques 161 neoplasms 39 immunologically naive individuals 4 protease inhibitors 235 oncogenesis 369–70 immunosuppression 89–90 proteases 73 humoral immune system 79 drug-induced 90 receptors 63 humoral immunity 77, 78 HSV infection 331–2 spread 17, 18, 24 hybridoma cells, monoclonal proto-retrovirus 7 tissue tropism 18 antibody generation 169, viral infections 90 treatment 385 170 in situ hybridization 179–80, 181 see also AIDS hyperimmune responses 86 incubation period 15–17 HIV 389 hypoxanthine-guanine a-trans-inducing factor (a-TIF) HIV protease inhibition 109 phosphoribosyltransferase 319, 320, 321, 325 holoenzymes 197, 198 (HGPRT) 170 infections host(s) abortive 131, 132 adenovirus interactions 303 immune evasion, virus-mediated accidental target tissue 37–8 DNA virus life-long association 303 acute 19, 36–7 287 immune memory 82–3, 85, 87 asymptomatic 14 fate 19 immune reaction measurement bacterial cells 14 viral DNA integration 296, 297 90–5 cell fate 133–6 viral spread 15–17 immune reagents, cellular specificity 9 virus infections 3–5 studies 167–8, 169, 170–7 complementing 216, 217 virus interactions 5–6 immune response 18–19 control by virus titers 137–41 animal models 26 assays 26 cytocidal 61 evolutionary impact 7–8 B cells 80 cytolytic 61 host defense, HSV countering 329, conformational epitopes 85 dilution endpoint methods 140, 330 cytokines 370 141–2 host factors 17 immune memory effect 85, 87 eclipse period 182 host immunity 88 initiation by APCs 82–5 focus 136 host range 61 innate 16 host organism effects 3–5 function in SV40 virus 292 systemic 77 immunosuppression see also tissue tropism T cells 80 consequences 90 human(s) viral counter response 88 inappropriate 64 experimentation 26 virus passage 64 initiation 232, 233 lymphatic system 77, 78–9 immune serum 167 internal sanctuaries 88–9 modes of spread of viruses 21, immune system 370 late events 69, 71–3, 74, 75 22 destruction by HIV 371–2 latent 13, 19 virus entry modes 15, 16 development 7 liver 43–4 human cell culture 128–31 HIV target 40 microarray technology 182–3 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) host 135–6 mixed 29 312, Plate 7 infected cell interactions 135–6 mRNA characterization 178–81, envelopment 74, 75 see also humoral immune system 182 immunofluorescence detection immune tolerance 89 multiplicity of (MOI) 138, methods 171, 172–3 immunity 4 140–1 immunosuppression 90 active evasion 89–90 nerve tissue 41 infectious mononucleosis 59 adaptive 15 nonproductive 131–2 neonatal 89 cell-mediated 77, 90–1 novel 64 uterine infection 89 control 86–90 organ system targets 40–4 human herpesvirus 312 dysfunction 86–90 outcome in cells 131–6 human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) 312 evasion 358 pathogenesis 4, 13–19 human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) 312 passive 88–9 persistent 38–9 human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) 312, host 88 population effects 3–5 332 humoral 77, 78 poxvirus 340–1 human immunodeficiency virus see lasting 25 prevention 96, 97–102 HIV local 80–1, 82 prodromal period 41–2 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 434

434 INDEX

infections (cont’d ) viruses 333–4 transcription changes 199 productive 11, 13 integrase 358, 359 see also HIV

respiratory 37 interferon (IFN) 14 lethal dose, median (LD50) 141 semipermissive 132 activity measurement 104 Leviviridae 253 sequelae 7 antitumor activity 103, 104 liver stages 14–19 antiviral proteins 104, 106 cirrhosis 44, 385 statistical analysis 139–41 antiviral response 7, 16, 102–4, see also hepatitis stochastic 14 105 lopinavir 109 suppression 244 antiviral state 104 lymph nodes 77, 78 treatment 96 expression 104, 105 lymphatic system 16–17 viral detection/ induction 103, 233 human 77, 78–9 characterization 177–83 toxic effects 104 lymphocytes viral protein characterization in types I and II 103 clonal selection of immune cell 165–8, 169, 170–7 a-interferon (IFN-a) 103 reactive 85, 86 see also reservoir of infection b-interferon (IFN-b) 103 HIV infection 85

infectious dose, median (ID50) 141, g-interferon (IFN-g) 341, 370 see also B cells; T cells 142 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infectious mononucleosis 59 235, 239 (LCMV) 89, 275–6 influenza intracellular adhesion molecules lymphotropic viruses 89 antigenic drift 88 (ICAMs) 61 lyophilization 100 epidemics 270–2, 385 intracellular trafficking proteins 64 lysogeny 11, 346, 348, 349, 350 impact 383–4 191, 192 pandemic of 1918-1920 7, 37, iodouridinedeoxyriboside (IUdR) Machupo virus 276, 386 163, 383–4 110 macromolecule migration rate 147 see also avian influenza iontophoresis 34 macrophages, HIV internalization influenza A 267 85, 372 antigenic drift 270 JC virus 38, 288–9, 291 “mad cow” disease see bovine antigenic shift 271 Jenner, Edward 97–8, 341 spongiform encephalopathy epidemics 270–2 Junin virus 276 (BSE) influenza A virus maize streak virus 307 amantadine 108–9 Kaposi’s sarcoma 332 major histocompatibility complex maturation 268, 269, 270 Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus 312 (MHC) 82 nucleocapsid generation 268, Koch’s rules 25–6 antigen presentation blocking 90 269, 270 Korean hemorrhagic fever 275 type I 82, 83 replication 268 Kozak sequence 202, 203 inhibition 135–6 ribonucleoproteins 270 kuru 10, 282 type II 83 influenza B 267 malaria, EBV coinfection 332 influenza C 267 La Crosse encephalitis virus 22, 272, Marburg virus 259, 265–6, 386 influenza virus 19, 23, 37, 267–8, 273, 275, 333 measles 19, 22, 97, 259, 264 269, 270–2 lac operon 196, 197, 198 antigens 39 avian 7, 272 large T antigen 292, 294, 296, 297 persistence 87–8 budding 75 Lassa fever virus 276, 386 eradication 387 cap snatching/stealing 268, Last Universal Common Ancestor virgin populations 39 269 (LUCA) 9 membrane envelope, viral 54, 55 hemagglutination 124, 125 latency 13, 19 meningitis 41 maturation 268, 269, 270 adeno-associated virus 306, 389 echovirus in infants 241 mRNA synthesis 268, 269, 270 bacteriophage l 346, 348–50 mental illness 267 Mx protein 104 Epstein–Barr virus 38–9, 330–1 messenger RNA (mRNA) 57 novel chicken 64 herpes simplex virus 13, 32–4, abundance estimation 159–60 nucleocapsid generation 268, 38–9, 83–4, 88–9, 326, characterization during infection 269, 270 328–30 178–81, 182 replication 267–8, 269, 270 cycle 322 coronavirus 248–50 ribonucleoproteins 268, 269, herpesvirus 19, 25, 38–9, 133, 191, 192, 193 270, 271–2 313, 325–33 exons 191, 192 sialic acid residues 61 latency-associated transcripts (LATs) herpes simplex virus 178–9, 181, variants 25 180, 322, 329, 330 182 informed consent 26 lentiviruses 358, 359 introns 191, 192 initiation factors (IFs) 202, 203, cDNA migration 362, 363, 364 maturation 191, 193 204–5 genetic map 362 polyadenylation signals 191, 192 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 435

INDEX 435

polycistronic 204 c-myc gene 371 operators 196, 197 posttranscriptional modification myelitis 41 operons 196–7, 198 of precursor 191, 192 myeloma cells 170 organelles, eukaryotic 8 processing 191, 193 myxoma virus 9, 23 origin binding protein 186 RNA virus biological control 27 origin of replication (ori) site 186, genome expression 232 189 production 242–4 natural killer (NK) cells 370 97, 337 sense strand 191 Nazi Germany 26 276, 279 splicing 191, 192, 193 neoplasms 39 subgenomic 244, 246 neural tissues p53 tumor suppressor gene 296, transcription 185 herpesvirus infection 312, 326 299, 370 translation termination 240, 241 packaging signal (pac) 71 suppression 205 neurotropic viruses 17, 89 palindromic sequences of nucleotides truncated 244 neutralization tests 91–2, 93 110 viral genome type 207 Northern blot 174 palliative treatment 6 metastasis 299 nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) papillomavirus 21, 23 microarray technology, infected cell 333 neoplasms 39 182–3 nucleic acids replication 296, 298–9, 300 microarrays 136 annealing 158–9, 160 serotypes 88 microchip analysis 136, 182–3 characterization in infected cells warts 21, 38, 299, 300 microglial cells 18 178–83 papovaviruses 371 microscopy complementary strands 158 replication 135, 288–99 atomic force 123–4 complexity measurement 158–60 parainfluenza 259 confocal 170–1, 172, Plates 7 and detection in infected cells 177, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella-1 8 178 virus (PBCV-1) 351–2 cryo-electron 121, 122 hybrid generation 158, 160 paramyxovirus 258, 259 electron 119–23, 156 hybridization 178 pathogenesis 264–5 8 reannealing 158–9, 160 parvovirus molecular mimicry 88 renaturation rates 158–60 canine 21, 386 monoclonal antibodies 168, 169, size measurement 158–60 genome 287 170 see also DNA; RNA potential therapeutic applications monocytes 17 306 Montague, Lady Mary Wortley 97 helix 52, 54 replication 305–6 264 icosahedral 52, 53–4 passages, multiple 31 mosaicism 13 nucleotides, palindromic sequences Pasteur, Louis 98 mouse mammary tumor virus 361, 110 pathogenesis 4, 13–19 362 animal models 25–34 multiple cloning sites (MCSs) 212 octamer-binding protein 1 (oct1) pathogens 7, 9 multiple sclerosis 19 320 drug-resistant 90 persistent infections 39 2¢,5¢-oligoA synthetase 104, 105 pBR322 genetic map 210, 211, viral infection 87–8 oligonucleotide polymers, short 110 212–13, 214–15 multiplicity of infection (MOI) v-onc 361, 362, 367, 371 peripheral nervous system, viral 138, 140–1 oncogenes 39, 296, 367, 368, 370, spread 17 259, 264 371 peroxidase tags 172–3 361, 368 oncogenesis 370–1, 380 Peyer’s patches 17 mutations 4 oncogenic transformation 299 pGEM genetic map 210, 211, analysis 216–18 oncornaviruses 358, 359 212 back 99 cDNA migration 362, 363, 364 phenotype 29 complementation 216, 217 genetic map 361–2 phleboviruses 274–5 frame shift 216 growth regulation transcriptional picornaviruses 38 isolation 218 control alteration 368 cytopathology 239–41 protein changes 214–18 oncogenes 371 neural tissues 240, 241 recombination 216–18 transformation replication 234–5, 236, 237, 238, replication prevention 132 growth stimulation of 239–41 screening 219 neighboring cells 369–70 pilot protein 69, 73 selection 218 through viral oncogene actions placebo 26 SV40 capsid protein 64 367–8 plant cells 11, 12, 13 virulence alteration 219 open reading frame (ORF) 234 cultures 128 Mx protein 104 translational 202–3 plant pathogens 7 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 436

436 INDEX

plant viruses vaccine 234, 240–1 termination 199, 200, 201 cauliflower mosaic virus 380–1 Sabin strains 99, 100 translation 204–5 cell entry 65–7 Salk 100 propagation of viruses 4 DNA viruses 307 VPg protein 236, 237, 238, 239 prophage 346, 350 plaque formation 136, 137 polyadenylation signals 191, 192 protease 358, 359 replicase 252 8 maturational 71 RNA genome replication 251–3 immunosuppression 89–90 protease inhibitor drugs 109, 235 vectors 66, 307 polyhedrin protein 334 protein kinases 368, 369 plaque assays 128, 136, 137, 138–9 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) proteins, viral 13, 17 replica plating 217–18 136 antigenic 101 plaque-forming units (PFUs) 136, viral genome detection/ antigenic determinants 78, 81 137 characterization 160–3 antigenic responses 85 particle ratio 137–8 polyomavirus buoyant density differences statistical analysis 139, 140 genetic map 289–90 145–6 plasmids, viral genome fragment replication 288–9, 290, 291–3, capsid 147–8 cloning 210, 211, 212–13, 294, 295–6, 297 differing molar amounts 149, 214–15 in situ hybridization 180, 181 150, 151 plasmodesmata 67 transcription 289–90 poliovirus 148–9, 150 pneumoviruses 264 populations, virus infections 3–5, cell surface changes 134 Poisson analysis 139–40 24–5 characterization in infected cell polarity, opposite 232 posttranscriptional processing 165–8, 169, 170–7 poliomyelitis 239–41 199–201 immune reagents 167–8, 169, Egyptian mummies 6 potato spindle tuber viroid 281 170–7 eradication 102, 241, 387 poxvirus 19 immunoaffinity chromatography paralytic 18, 38, 240 cellular proliferation induction 175–7 poliovirus 22, 38, 239 338 immunofluorescence detection amino acid analogues 237 core particles 338, 339 methods 170–1, 172–3 assembly 239, 240 DNA replication 340 immunological structure 78–9, capsid proteins 148–9, 150, 235, growth factor 340–1 81 236, 237, 238, 239 infections 340–1 mutation effects 214–18 clearance 19 mode of spread 340 non-structural 144 cytopathology 239–41 mortality 340 poliovirus 235, 236, 237 disease 239–41 mouse model 27–8 pulse labeling 165–7 empty capsid formation 72 mRNA transcription 340 structural 51, 144–9, 150, 151 genetic map 235, 236, 237 partial uncoating 338, 339 isolation 145–6 internal ribosome entry site pathogenesis 340–1 size fractionation 147–9, 150, (IRES) 235, 239 replication 337–8, 339, 340–1 151 intracellular adhesion molecules transcription enzymes 337–8 synthesis mechanisms 201–5 61 virion 337–8, 340 tegument 75 mode of spread 16–17 pregnancy transfection 69, 70 nucleus removal 234 hepatitis E virus 44 viral-encoded 9, 71 ORF 236, 237 rubella 38, 248 proteosomes 82 polyA tail 235 Pribnow box 197 proto-oncogenes 367, 368 procapsid 239, 240 primary cells 129–30, 131 proto-retrovirus 7 proteases 235, 236 primase 186, 189 prototropy 127 proteins 235, 236, 237 prion diseases 282–3 provirus 357–8 precursor 235, 236, 237, 238, incubation period 40 pseudorabies virus 65 239, 240 prion proteins (PrPs) 282, 283 exocytosis 74, 75 pulse-chase experiment 237 10, 23, 282–3 public health measures, breakdown pulse labeling of infected cells procapsid 71 386 166–7 progressive multifocal pUC19 genetic map 210, 211, receptor 18, 38, 61, 63, 239–40 leukencephalopathy (PML) 212 receptor-mediated endocytosis 291 pulse-chase experiment, poliovirus 238 prokaryotic cells 237 replicase 236, 237, 238, 239 inducible genes 198 pulse labeling of viral proteins replication 234–5, 236, 237, 238, promoter 197–8 165–7 239, 240 RNA polymerase 197, 198, 199 RNA 235, 236, 238, 239 transcription 196–9, 200, 201 quantal assay 140, 141 serotypes 88 initiation 197–9, 200, 201 quasi-species swarm 234 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 437

INDEX 437

R-loop mapping 192 bacteriophages with RNA genome respiratory syncytial virus 264–5 rabbits, myxoma virus 9 253–5 Reston virus 266 rabies baculovirus 333–4 restriction endonucleases 110–11, dumb form 42 brome mosaic virus 252–3 157, 158 furious form 41–2 continual 15 cleavage sites 208–10 grave prognosis 41–2 coronavirus 248–50 restriction mapping 208–10 incubation period 40 cowpea mosaic virus 252 reticulocytes, rabbit 181 pathogenesis 264 cycle 60–75 retroelements 374 spread 264 DNA viruses 286–8 retrointrons 374 vaccine 98 drug targeting 106–10 374 rabies virus 7, 18, 23, 24, 259 eukaryotic cell-based defenses retrotransposons 374–5 acetylcholine receptors 61 102–4, 105 8, 356–7 animal models 30–1, 31–2 flavivirus 241, 242 antiviral drugs 109 immunofluorescent detection hepatitis B virus 379 cancer induction 371 Plate 1 hepatitis delta virus 280 capsid assembly/maturation 363, replication 264 herpes simplex virus 313–15, 364, 366 virulence 31 319–21, 322, 323, 324, 325 cDNA rate zonal sedimentation 156–7 herpesvirus 312–33 generation 362, 363 Rb tumor suppressor gene 296, 299, impediments 132 migration 362, 363, 364 370 papillomavirus 296, 298–9, 300 synthesis 364–6 reactivation (recrudescence) 13 papovaviruses 288–9, 290, cellular genetic elements 372–5 bacteriophage l 346, 348–50 291–3, 294, 295–6, 297, classification 357 herpes simplex virus 34, 39, 322, 298–9 Env protein 358, 359, 360, 361, 326, 328–30 parvovirus 305–6 364 herpesvirus 25, 326 picornavirus 234–5, 236, 237, Gag protein 358, 359, 360 reannealing 158–9 238, 239, 240 variants 366 recA protease 351 plant viruses with RNA genome gene delivery 388, 389 receptor-mediated endocytosis 83, 251–3 genetic map 360–2 238 -like 299 genome 359–60 receptors 18 poliovirus 234–5, 236, 237, 238, genomic RNA conversion to cellular 61, 62, 63–4 239, 240 cellular DNA 357 recognition, virus 60 polyomavirus 288–9, 290, immunosuppression 89 recombinant DNA technology 343 291–3, 294, 295–6, 297 infection initiation 362, 363, recombinant virus 98, 100 rabies virus 264 364 generation 219–22 reovirus 276, 278–9 long terminal repeats 362, 363, recombination retroviruses 357–8, 362, 363, 366, 368 herpes simplex virus 217–18 364–6 generation 364–6 homologous DNA 220, 221–2 RNA viruses 232–4 matrix protein 366 live vaccine with viral genome positive sense 234–55 molecular biology 358–62 99 Sindbis virus 243–4, 245, 246, mRNA transcription/translation mutations 216–18 246–7 366 vaccines 100 SV40 virus 288–9, 290, 291–3, oncogene activation 367, 368 refrigeration of vaccines 99–100, 294, 295–6, 297 proteases 73 102 tobacco mosaic virus 252 proto-oncogenes 367, 368 reovirus 276, 277, 278–9 togavirus 243–4, 245, 246–8 replication 362, 363, 364–6 genotypes 30 vesicular stomatitis virus 259–60, strategies 357–8 mouse infections 28–30 261, 262–4 assays 125 pathogenesis 279 yellow fever virus 24, 241, 242 structural proteins 358, 359 replication cycle 276, 278–9 see also RNA viruses, negative transcription 366 structure 276, 277 (-)-sense; RNA viruses, transformation 366–71 replicase positive (+)-sense viral oncogene actions 367–8 bacteriophage Qb 254, 255 replication fork 186, 187 translation 366 coronavirus 250 replicative intermediates (RIs) 232, termination suppression 205 plant viruses 252 233 reverse transcriptase 125 poliovirus 236, 237, 238, 239 repressors 196, 197 mRNA conversion to cDNA replication 11, 13, 17 reservoir of infection 15, 19, 21 159–60 adenovirus 299, 301–3, 304 human 21, 24 reverse transcriptase Pol 357, 358, bacteriophage T4 345–6, 347 vertebrate animal 24 359 bacteriophage T7 342–3 resolvase gene 373 cDNA synthesis 364–6 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 438

438 INDEX

rhabdoviruses 258–9 multipartite 258, 267–8, 269, schizophrenia 19 cytopathology 264 270–2, 273, 274–6 scrapie 10, 282, 283 disease 264 open reading frame 234 Sendai virus 264, 265 plant 23, 251, 259 quasi-species swarm 234 senescence 129 see also rabies virus replication Serratia marcescens biological weapon rheumatic fever, group A DNA as intermediate 232 387 streptococcus 88 error rate in genome 233 severe acute respiratory syndrome see rheumatoid arthritis 19 RNA-directed 232–4 SARS 21, 23, 37, 241 ribonucleoprotein complex 232 severe combined immunodeficiency ribonuclease 156–7 translation termination (SCID), mouse 30 ribonucleoprotein(s) 262 suppression 205 sex pilus 67 bunyavirus 273, 274 RNA viruses, negative (-)-sense 57, sexually transmitted disease 5–6, influenza virus 268, 269, 270, 58, 258 371, 386 271–2 replication Shine–Dalgarno sequence 205 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex arenaviruses 275–6 shingles 312 232, 259, 261 bunyaviruses 272, 273, 274–5 sialic acid residues, influenza virus ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 186 double-stranded RNA genomes 61 ribosomes 254 276, 277, 278–9 Sin Nombre virus 275, 386 280 influenza virus 267–8, 269, Sindbis virus Rift Valley Fever 7, 275 270–2 gene expression 244 rimantadine 108, 109 monopartite genome 258–60, replication 244, 245, 246, 246–7 rinderpest 264, 265 261, 262–7 viral genome 243 ritonavir 109 multipartite genome 258, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) 58 RNA 51 267–8, 269, 270–2, 273, gene compression 307, 308 complementary strand 232 274–6 rate zonal sedimentation 157 complexity measurement 158–60 RNA-dependent transcriptase restriction mapping 210 editing 201 258 unhybridized loop 192 hybridization from DNA 179–81 RNA viruses, positive (+)-sense 57, single-stranded DNA bacteriophage PCR techniques 162–3 58 307–9 renaturation rates 158–60 encapsidation 239, 240, 241, 242 single-stranded DNA viruses 287 size measurement 158–60 genomic structure 251 plant infections 307 splicing patterns 163 mRNA production 242–4 replication 305–9 synthesis detection 177 replication 234–55 single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) 56, tobacco mosaic virus 71 encoding more than one ORF 58 VA 301, 303 242–4, 245, 246–51 rate zonal sedimentation 156–7 virion 234 encoding single large ORF replication 232–4 Watson–Crick base-pairing rules 234–5, 236, 237, 238, restriction mapping 210 232, 233 239–41, 242 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) 191, see also double-stranded RNA multiple translational reading 192 (dsRNA); messenger RNA frames 248–51 small t antigen 292, 294 (mRNA); ribosomal RNA viral protein translation 234 smallpox 6–7, 23, 37 (rRNA); single-stranded RNase H 364, 365, 379 animal models 27 RNA (ssRNA); small nuclear rodents biological terrorism potential RNA (snRNA) carriers 276 341, 387 RNA polymerase hantavirus spread 386 replication genes 337 encoding by DNA viruses 200 279 terrorism threats 98 host cell use by hepatitis delta virus 361, 362 vaccination 97–8 280 rubella vaccination 248 vaccines 338, 341, 387 prokaryotic 197, 198, 199 rubella virus 23, 38, 247–8 variola 97, 340 RNA polymerase II ( II) 188, immune tolerance 89 virgin populations 39 190 Rubulavirus 264 SOS repair system 351 RNA polymerase III (pol III) 301 Southern blot 174, 177 RNA viruses 51, 54, 56, 231–2 Sabin polio vaccine 99, 100 Spanish influenza pandemic 7, 37, antigenic drift 88 Sal I restriction enzyme 213, 163, 383–4 genome 214–15 ssDNA-binding proteins 186, 189 detection 177 Salk polio vaccine 99 St Louis encephalitis 241 expression 232 Saquinovir 109 staphylococcus A proteins 173–4, monopartite 258–60, 261, SARS (severe acute respiratory 174–5 262–7 syndrome) 7, 251, 424 stem cells 370 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 439

INDEX 439

stimulation index 90 TATA box 188, 190, 191 transfer RNA (tRNA) 186 streptococcus G proteins 173–4 SV40 virus 291 initiator 204–5 streptococcus group A, rheumatic 3TC 109 transformation 11 fever 88 tegument proteins 75 animal cells 11, 13 structure of viruses 51–2, 53–4, 55 telomers 130 focus 137, 138 subacute sclerosing panencephalitis tenofovir 109 nonpermissive cells 296, 297, (SSPE) 39, 87 termination factor 199, 201 303 subviral pathogens 279–83 terrorism see bioterrorism oncornaviruses 367–70 suppression, genetic 244 therapeutic agents 9, 388–90 retroviruses 366–71 SV40 virus 64 therapeutic index 106 transitory 296, 297 294, 295 thymidine kinase 107, 218–19 translation attachment 293, 294 tissue culture infectious dose, median bacteriophage mRNA 253–5

early gene expression 290, 293 (TCID50) 141, 142 eukaryotic 202–4 early transcription unit 290, tissue tropism 18, 40, 61 initiation factors 202 291–2 entry-mediated 63 open reading frame 202–3 entry 293, 294 neural 89 prokaryotic 204–5 genetic map 289–90, 291–2 see also host range retroviruses 366 genome 208, 289, 291–2 tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 69, 71, virus-induced changes 205 host–range function 292 251 translocation 64 infection plaque formation 137 transmissible encephalopathy 283 abortive 295–6, 297 replication 252 transmission of viruses 22 pattern 291 RNA 71 transporter proteins (TAPs) 82, 83 productive 292–3, 294, 295 togaviruses transposable elements 373–5 late transcription unit 290, 292 cytopathology 246–8 transposase gene 373 mRNA 292–3 disease 246–8 transposons 373 nonpermissive cell transformation replication 243–4, 245, 246–8 tropism 17 296, 297 transmission 247 tuberculosis, antibiotic-resistance polio vaccine contamination 100 tomato golden mosaic virus 307 90 polyadenylation region 292 tomato spotted wilt 23 tulip color variation 13 replication 288–9, 290, 291–3, topoisomerases 186 tumor antigens 77 294, 295–6, 297 tospoviruses 251, 274–5 tumor cells, primary cell T antigen 292, 293, 294, 295, a-trans-inducing factor (a-TIF) transformation 131 296, 297 319, 320, 321, 325 tumor suppressor genes 39, 135, TATA box 291 transcriptase, viral 232 296 transcription 289–90 coronavirus 250 function blocking 371 viral DNA integration in host cell RNA-dependent 258 tumour necrosis factor (TNF) 341 296, 297 transcription 185 Tuskegee syphilis study (USA) 26 swine influenza 384 bacteriophage T7 342–3 , host–virus relationship 8, coronavirus 248–50 ubiquitins 82 352 discontinuous 248–9, 250 United Kingdom, BSE and beef syncytia, herpes simplex virus 63 eukaryotic 188, 190–2, 193, industry 10, 283 syndromes 19 194–6 United States syphilis, Tuskegee study (USA) 26 hepatitis delta virus 280 biological weapons testing 387 leader-primed 248–9, 250 Tuskegee syphilis study 26 T-cell immunity see cell-mediated polyomavirus 289–90 immunity prokaryotic 196–9, 200, 201 vaccination/vaccines 4, 97–102 T cells 17, 18 retroviruses 366 adjuvants 101 antigen-binding sites 77–8 SV40 virus 289–90 antigenic proteins 101 clonal selection 85 termination factor 199, 201 antiviral 97 effector 18–19 virus-induced changes 199–201 design 101 immune response 80 transcription factors 188, 190, 368, developing world 100 proliferation 370 369 development 101 see also CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells transcription/translation, coupled DNA 101

TC cells 85 204 freeze drying 100 TH cells 85 transcriptional regulators for HSV hepatitis C virus 385 TS cells 85, 86 321, 322, 323 influenza virus 25 target tissue/organ 16, 17 transfection 69, 70, 101 Jennerian 98 accidental 37–8 DNA 220, 221–2 killed-virus 98, 100 receptors 18 transfer blots 174 live-virus 98, 99–101 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 440

440 INDEX

vaccination/vaccines (cont’d ) negative-sense virion RNA molecular ratio of structural poliovirus 234, 240–1 260–2, 263 proteins 147–8 production 98–101, 102 polyA tails 260 release 69, 71–3, 74, 75 prophylactic 9, 98 polyadenylation 259–60, 261 10 recombinant virus 98, 100 recombinant 390 plant 281–2 refrigeration 99–100, 102 replication 259–60, 261, 262–4 virology 6 rubella 38, 248 ribonucleoproteins 259, 261, 262 virulence 4 smallpox 97–8, 338, 341, 387 virion 259, 260 mutation alterations 219 socioeconomic problems 102 viral coat proteins 13 rabies virus 31 subunit 99, 101 viral genome 3, 51, 208 Spanish influenza pandemic 7 use 102 alterations in laboratory viral genome 219 virus 18, 98 replication 219–23 virus origins 8–9 replication 338, 339, 340 ambisense 274 virus particles replication genes 337 attenuation 219 coating 119–20, 121 varicella zoster virus 23, 312 characterization techniques 26, defective 10, 75, 132–3, 222–3 glycoprotein E 171, 172 151–4, 155, 156–63 disruption 147 immunofluorescence detection fragment cloning with bacterial enumeration 122–3, 125 methods 171, 172–3 plasmids 210, 211, 212–13, enzyme techniques 125 immunosuppression 90 214–15 hemagglutination titration 124, latent infection 38 gel electrophoresis 157, 158 125 spread 24 genetic manipulation 9, 214–19 PFU ratio 137–8 transfection 70, Plate 3 infections 11 shadowing 120, 121 see also chicken pox; herpes zoster introduction into cells 69, 70 staining 119–20 virus latency-associated transcripts 180 visualization 119–24 variola major 97, 340 map units 208 VPg protein 236, 237 variola minor 97, 340 mRNA generation 207 variola virus see smallpox mutations 214–18 warts 21 variolation 97 PCR techniques 160–3 formation 299, 300 vectors 15 rate zonal sedimentation keratinized tissue 38 gene therapy 388–90 156–7 , parasitic 7–8, 89–90 human infections 21, 22 replication 13, 60 Watson–Crick base-pairing rules pathogenic viruses 22–3 restriction endonuclease cleavage 158, 186, 232, 233 plant viruses 66, 307 sites 208–10 weather patterns 386 see also arthropod vectors sequence analysis 151–4 West Nile virus 241, 386 vesicles 19 Sindbis virus 243 Western blot 174 vesicular stomatitis virus size measurement 155, 155 World Health Organization (WHO) budding 75 synthesis detection 177, 178 102 capping 259–60, 261 vesicular stomatitis virus 259, in cattle 7, 264 260 x-ray crystallography 55, 56, 123–4, defective genome 223 virulence 219 Plate 2 generation 259–60, 261 see also genes genome 259, 260 viremia 16 yellow fever 7, 22, 333 host shut-off mechanism 263 virion 51 replication 24, 241, 242 lesions 264 assembly 60 Mx protein 104 envelope generation 75 zoonosis 22, 24