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WBVINDEX 6/27/03 11:39 PM Page 428 Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures, those in bold refer to tables. Illustrations in the Plate Section are indicated by Plate number. acetylcholine receptors 61 AIDS 5, 40, 89 Fc region 168, 172, 173, 174, acid blob activator 321 development 332 175–6 acquired immune deficiency enabling factors for disease 386 measurement of antiviral 91–5 syndrome see AIDS immune dysfunction 86–7 structure 167–8 actin fibers, HSV-induced changes impact 383, 384–5 antibody–antigen complexes 93–4 134, 135 Kaposi’s sarcoma 332 bacterial proteins for detection/ acycloguanosine (acG) 107, 108 protease inhibitors 235 isolation 173–4, 174–5 acyclovir 107, 108 T cell destruction 372 antigen(s), viral 18, 39, 77 adeno-associated virus (AAV) see also HIV antibodies bound to 172–3 305–6 alfalfa looper virus (AcNPV) 333, internalization 85 gene delivery 388 334 processing 82–3, 83–4 latent infection 306, 389 algal viruses 351–2 vaccine production 101 cyclic adenosine monophosphate Alzheimer’s disease, gene therapy antigen presentation (cAMP) 199 389 to immune reactive cells 80–6 adenovirus 23, 38 amantadine 108–9 local immunity 82 capsid amino acid epitopes 78, 79, 81 antigen presenting cells (APCs) 77, proteins 149, 150, 151 aminopterin 170 78 structure 301 cAMP receptor protein (CRP) immune response initiation DNA 287 199 82–5 replication 301–3 amplification, viral 24 professional 83 E1A gene 301, 302 aneuploidy 129 antigenic determinants 78, 81 E1B protein 301, 302 animal cells 11, 12 antigenic drift 88 E2 region 301, 302 culture 128–31 influenza A 270 gene delivery 388 surface 62 antigenic shift, influenza A genome 301, 302 transformation 11, 13 271 host interactions 303 animal models antisense oligonucleotides 110 polyadenylation site use changes herpes simplex virus 33–4 antiserum 167 303 parameters 27 antiviral antibody measurement replication 135, 299, 301–3, pathogenesis 25–34 91–5 304 poxvirus 27–8 antiviral drugs 106–10 serotypes 88 rabies 30–1, 31–2 antisense 110 transformation of nonpermissive reovirus 28–30 HIV protease targeting 73 cells 303 animal pathogens 7 precise targeting 110 tumor suppressor gene function animal viruses, entry into cells 61, resistance reduction/elimination blocking 371 62, 63–4 109–10 VA RNA 301, 303 antibiotic resistance 90 targeting to virus replication cycle adjuvants 101 antibodies 77 106–10 aerosol, viral 19, 21, 24 antigen-bound 172–3 therapeutic index 106 agnoproteins 294, 295 Fab region 167 toxicity 106 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 429 INDEX 429 antiviral effector molecules (AVEMs) genome 348 replication 272, 273, 274–5 104, 105 size 157, 158 ribonucleoproteins 273, 274 apathogenic strains 4 host cell lysis/lysogeny 346, 348, structure 272, 273 apoptosis 38, 104, 370 349, 350 vectors 272 adenovirus 303 decision in E. coli 350–1 buoyant density differences 145–6 arboviruses 42–3, 57 latency 346, 348–50 buried determinants 79 see also arthropod vectors; promoters 348–9, 350–1 Burkitt’s lymphoma 332, 371 bunyaviruses; togaviruses prophage generation 350 burst size 11 arenaviruses 275–6 reactivation 346, 348–50 arthropod vectors 22, 24, 57 replication 346, 348–50 C-proteases 235 bunyaviruses 272, 275 termination signals 349 Cadang-Cadang viroid 7, 23, 281 spread 386 bacteriophage P22 72–3 cAMP receptor protein (CRP) 199 togaviruses 247 bacteriophage Qb 253–5 cancer 19, 370–1 arthropods, viral infections 333 bacteriophage T4 343–6, 347 cervical carcinoma 370 atomic force microscopy 123–4 assembly 347 hepatocellular carcinoma 19, attachment, viral 60 capsid maturation/release 346, 371, 380 attenuation 98, 100 347 human gamma herpesviruses 312 viral genome 219 DNA genome 151, 152, 343–4, oncornavirus transformation 370 autoimmune disease 87–8 345 persistent infections 39 persistent infections 39 genome 343–5 retrovirus-induced 371 avian influenza replication 345–6, 347 see also carcinogenesis; oncogenes; in chickens 7 structure 344 oncogenesis transmission to humans 272, 384 bacteriophage T7 342–3 cancer cells 11, 13 avian leukosis virus 361 baculovirus 333–4 primary cell transformation 131 avirulent strains 4 RNA polymerase encoding 200 canine distemper 264 azidothymidine (AZT) 108, 109 Baltimore classification 57, 58, 232 cap-binding protein (CBP1) 202 biochemical processes 9 cap site 188, 190, 191, 192 B-cell immunity see humoral biological activity, viral, cap snatching/stealing 268, 269 immunity measurement 136–42 capillary electrophoresis 152 B cells 17, 83 biological control, baculovirus 334 capsid proteins antibody production 77 biological weapons testing by US differing molar amounts 149, clonal selection 85, 86 387 150, 151 effector 19 biotechnology, baculovirus 334 poliovirus 148–9, 150 Epstein–Barr virus 18, 331 bioterrorism 7, 386–7 stoichiometry 147–8 immune response 80 smallpox research 98 capsids 51, 52, 53, 55 internalizing 85 threats 98, 341 assembly 69, 71–3, 74, 75 maturation 80 BK virus 38, 288–9, 291 budding 75 monoclonal antibodies 168, 169, blood empty 72, 132, 239, 240 170 hepatitis C virus transmission 43 formation 60 bacterial antiviral systems 110–11 pooled fractions 5 helical 69, 71 bacterial cells 11, 12 titers of virus 19 icosahedral 71–3 cultures 127–8 blood products 5, 6 symmetry 52, 55 viral infections 14 hepatitis C virus transmission 43 capsomer 52 bacterial restriction 14, 110–11 blood transfusions 5, 6 self-assembly 71 bacterial transposons 373 blood–brain barrier 41 carcinogenesis 370–1 bacterial viruses 276 bluetongue virus 279 catabolite repression 199 bacteriophage 6 bornaviruses 258, 259, 266–7 cattle prion disease see bovine DNA injection into E. coli 67, 68, bovine spongiform encephalopathy spongiform encephalopathy 69 (BSE) 10, 282, 283 (BSE) large DNA-containing 342–6, brome mosaic virus 66 cauliflower mosaic virus 380–1 347, 348–51 replication 252–3 CCR5 63, 372 mRNA regulated translation BstEII restriction endonuclease 157, CD4+ 18 253–5 158 CD4 receptor 390 RNA genome replication 253–5 bunyaviruses 23 CD4+ T cells 61, 63, 83, 372 bacteriophage FX174 307–9 ambisense genomes 274 CD8+ T cells 82 bacteriophage l encephalitis 275 cell(s) cro protein 349, 350 gene products 273, 274 antigenicity change 134 DNA integration 350 hemorrhagic fever 275 biochemical property changes gene expression 348–50 pathogenesis 275 135–6 WBVINDEX 6/27/03 4:16 PM Page 430 430 INDEX cell(s) (cont’d ) coconut palm loss 7 developing world contact inhibition of growth 130 cold virus 19, 21, 37, 241 AIDS spread 5 fusion 134 isolated communities 24–5 vaccines 100, 102 immortal 170 Colorado tick fever virus 279 diabetes mellitus 19 infection outcome 131–6 Coltivirus 279 dideoxycytidine (ddC) 109 lysis 61 communications, disease spread 386 dideoxyinosine (ddI) 109 complement-mediated 85–6, complement cascade 85–6, 87 differential display analysis 136 87 complement fixation 93–5 dilution endpoint methods 140, morphology change 134, 135 complementary DNA (cDNA) 136, 141–2 nonpermissive 131–2 159–60 disease 14 physical appearance change fluorescent-tagged molecules 183 acute infections 36–7 133–4, 135 sequence analysis 195–6 animal models 26–7 transformed foci generation 137, complementation, mutations 216, bunyavirus 275 138 217 causes 385–6 tropism 40 confocal microscopy 170–1, 172, coronavirus 251 viral entry 60 Plates 7 and 8 elimination 387 animal viruses 61, 62, 63–4 contact inhibition of growth 130 emerging 383–7 enveloped 64–5 coronavirus 23, 37 enabling factors 385–6 nonenveloped 64 cytopathology 251 etiology 59 plant viruses 65–7 replication/transcription 248–50 human history impact 6–7 viral genome introduction 69, 70 cowpea mosaic virus replication 252 long incubation periods 39–40 cell culture techniques 127–31 cowpox 97–8, 338, 341 modes of spread of human viruses cell lines coxsackievirus 241 21, 22 continuous 128–9, 130, 131 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 10, 282 novel virus strain evolution 385 primary 129–30, 131 variant 10, 283 picornavirus 239–41 transformed 130, 131 cro protein 349, 350 poliovirus 239–41 cell-mediated immunity 77 cryo-electron microscopy 121, 122 rhabdoviruses 264 measurement 90–1 CXCR4 63, 372, 390 sources 385–6 central nervous system (CNS) 177, cytochalasin B 234 subviral 39–40 178 cytokines 103, 370 symptoms 17–18, 19 herpes simplex virus 30 see also interferon (IFN) togavirus 246–8 infection target 40, 41 cytolysis 61 viral destruction of other viruses microglial cells 18 cytomegalovirus (CMV) see human 390 polyomavirus 291 cytomegalovirus (HCMV) distemper 264, 265 rabies virus 30–1, 31–2 cytopathic effect (CPE) 141 DNA 51 viral spread 17 cytopathology 61 amplification with PCR 160–3 centrifugation, rate zonal 146, biochemical properties of cells automated sequencing 153–4, 156–7 135–6 155, Plate 5 cervical carcinoma 370 coronavirus 251 bacterial chromosome 186 chemokines 18, 63 picornavirus 239–41 base polarity 186 receptors 372 plaque formation 136, 137 chemical sequencing 152–3 chicken pox 19, 23, 24, 312 poliovirus 239–41 cleavage with restriction see also varicella zoster virus rhabdoviruses 264 endonuclease 208–10 Chlorella viruses 8, 351–2 togavirus 246–8 complexity measurement 158–60 chloroplast 8 virus-mediated 133–4, 135 denatured bubble 186–7 chorioallantoic membrane, plaque cytotoxic T cells 370 duplex 186 formation 136 enzymatic sequencing 153, chromosomal translocation, Dane particles 377 154–5 virus-induced 371 defective interfering (DI) particles eukaryotic 186 cI protein 351 223 fragment cloning 212–13, circulatory system, viral spread 17 see also virus particles, defective 214–15 cirrhosis 44, 385
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