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A Historical Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Promoter Activation in Vivo Reveals Distinct Populations of Latently Infected Neurones
Journal of General Virology (2008), 89, 2965–2974 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.2008/005066-0 A historical analysis of herpes simplex virus promoter activation in vivo reveals distinct populations of latently infected neurones Joa˜o T. Proenc¸a,1 Heather M. Coleman,1 Viv Connor,1 Douglas J. Winton2 and Stacey Efstathiou1 Correspondence 1Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, S. Efstathiou Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK [email protected] 2Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has the capacity to establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurones and also to periodically reactivate from these cells. Since mutant viruses defective for immediate-early (IE) expression retain the capacity for latency establishment it is widely assumed that latency is the consequence of a block in IE gene expression. However, it is not clear whether viral gene expression can precede latency establishment following wild-type virus infection. In order to address this question we have utilized a reporter mouse model system to facilitate a historical analysis of viral promoter activation in vivo. This system utilizes recombinant viruses expressing Cre recombinase under the control of different viral promoters and the Cre reporter mouse strain ROSA26R. In this model, viral promoter-driven Cre recombinase mediates a permanent genetic change, resulting in reporter gene activation and permanent marking of latently infected cells. The analyses of HSV-1 recombinants containing human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early, ICP0, gC or latency-associated transcript Received 20 June 2008 promoters linked to Cre recombinase in this system have revealed the existence of a population of Accepted 4 September 2008 neurones that have experienced IE promoter activation prior to the establishment of latency. -
Metagenomic Analysis Indicates That Stressors Induce Production of Herpes-Like Viruses in the Coral Porites Compressa
Metagenomic analysis indicates that stressors induce production of herpes-like viruses in the coral Porites compressa Rebecca L. Vega Thurbera,b,1, Katie L. Barotta, Dana Halla, Hong Liua, Beltran Rodriguez-Muellera, Christelle Desnuesa,c, Robert A. Edwardsa,d,e,f, Matthew Haynesa, Florent E. Anglya, Linda Wegleya, and Forest L. Rohwera,e aDepartment of Biology, dComputational Sciences Research Center, and eCenter for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 North East 151st, North Miami, FL 33181; cUnite´des Rickettsies, Unite Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6020. Faculte´deMe´ decine de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France; and fMathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 Communicated by Baruch S. Blumberg, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, September 11, 2008 (received for review April 25, 2008) During the last several decades corals have been in decline and at least established, an increase in viral particles within dinoflagellates has one-third of all coral species are now threatened with extinction. been hypothesized to be responsible for symbiont loss during Coral disease has been a major contributor to this threat, but little is bleaching (25–27). VLPs also have been identified visually on known about the responsible pathogens. To date most research has several species of scleractinian corals, specifically: Acropora muri- focused on bacterial and fungal diseases; however, viruses may also cata, Porites lobata, Porites lutea, and Porites australiensis (28). Based be important for coral health. Using a combination of empirical viral on morphological characteristics, these VLPs belong to several viral metagenomics and real-time PCR, we show that Porites compressa families including: tailed phages, large filamentous, and small corals contain a suite of eukaryotic viruses, many related to the (30–80 nm) to large (Ͼ100 nm) polyhedral viruses (29). -
On the Biological Success of Viruses
MI67CH25-Turner ARI 19 June 2013 8:14 V I E E W R S Review in Advance first posted online on June 28, 2013. (Changes may still occur before final publication E online and in print.) I N C N A D V A On the Biological Success of Viruses Brian R. Wasik and Paul E. Turner Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2013. 67:519–41 Keywords The Annual Review of Microbiology is online at adaptation, biodiversity, environmental change, evolvability, extinction, micro.annualreviews.org robustness This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102833 Abstract Copyright c 2013 by Annual Reviews. Are viruses more biologically successful than cellular life? Here we exam- All rights reserved ine many ways of gauging biological success, including numerical abun- dance, environmental tolerance, type biodiversity, reproductive potential, and widespread impact on other organisms. We especially focus on suc- cessful ability to evolutionarily adapt in the face of environmental change. Viruses are often challenged by dynamic environments, such as host immune function and evolved resistance as well as abiotic fluctuations in temperature, moisture, and other stressors that reduce virion stability. Despite these chal- lenges, our experimental evolution studies show that viruses can often readily adapt, and novel virus emergence in humans and other hosts is increasingly problematic. We additionally consider whether viruses are advantaged in evolvability—the capacity to evolve—and in avoidance of extinction. On the basis of these different ways of gauging biological success, we conclude that viruses are the most successful inhabitants of the biosphere. -
The Complete Genome of an Endogenous Nimavirus (Nimav-1 Lva) from the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) Vannamei
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article The Complete Genome of an Endogenous Nimavirus (Nimav-1_LVa) From the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) Vannamei Weidong Bao 1,* , Kathy F. J. Tang 2 and Acacia Alcivar-Warren 3,4,* 1 Genetic Information Research Institute, 20380 Town Center Lane, Suite 240, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA 2 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; [email protected] 3 Fundación para la Conservation de la Biodiversidad Acuática y Terrestre (FUCOBI), Quito EC1701, Ecuador 4 Environmental Genomics Inc., ONE HEALTH Epigenomics Educational Initiative, P.O. Box 196, Southborough, MA 01772, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.B.); [email protected] (A.A.-W.) Received: 17 December 2019; Accepted: 9 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the lone virus of the genus Whispovirus under the family Nimaviridae, is one of the most devastating viruses affecting the shrimp farming industry. Knowledge about this virus, in particular, its evolution history, has been limited, partly due to its large genome and the lack of other closely related free-living viruses for comparative studies. In this study, we reconstructed a full-length endogenous nimavirus consensus genome, Nimav-1_LVa (279,905 bp), in the genome sequence of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei breed Kehai No. 1 (ASM378908v1). This endogenous virus seemed to insert exclusively into the telomeric pentanucleotide microsatellite (TAACC/GGTTA)n. It encoded 117 putative genes, with some containing introns, such as g012 (inhibitor of apoptosis, IAP), g046 (crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, CHH), g155 (innexin), g158 (Bax inhibitor 1 like). -
JOURNAL of VIROLOGY VOLUME 57 * MARCH 1986 * NUMBER 3 Arnold J
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY VOLUME 57 * MARCH 1986 * NUMBER 3 Arnold J. Levine, Editor in Chief Michael B. A. Oldstone, Editor (1988) (1989) Scripps Clinic & Research Foundation Princeton University La Jolla, Calif. Princeton, N.J. Thomas E. Shenk, Editor (1989) David T. Denhardt, Editor (1987) Princeton University University of Western Ontario Princeton, N.J. London, Ontario, Canada Anna Marie Skalka, Editor (1989) Bernard N. Fields, Editor (1988) Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Harvard Medical School Nutley, N.J. Boston, Mass. Robert A. Weisberg, Editor (1988) Robert M. Krug, Editor (1987) National Institute of Child Health Sloan-Kettering Institute and Human Development New York, N.Y. Bethesda, Md. EDITORIAL BOARD James Alwine (1988) Hidesaburo Hanafusa (1986) Lois K. Miller (1988) Priscilla A. Schaffer (1987) David Baltimore (1987) William S. Hayward (1987) Peter Model (1986) Sondra Schlesinger (1986) Tamar Ben-Porat (1987) Roger Hendrix (1987) Bernard Moss (1986) Manfred Schubert (1988) Kenneth I. Berns (1988) Martin Hirsch (1986) Fred Murphy (1986) June R. Scott (1986) Michael Botchan (1986) John J. Holland (1987) Opendra Narayan (1988) Bart Sefton (1988) Thomas J. Braciale (1988) Ian H. Holmes (1986) Joseph R. Nevins (1988) Charles J. Sherr (1987) Joan Brugge (1988) Robert W. Honess (1986) Nancy G. Nossal (1987) Saul J. Silverstein Barrie J. Carter (1987) Nancy Hopkins (1986) Abner Notkins (1986) (1988) John M. Coffin (1986) Peter M. Howley (1987) J. Thomas Parsons (1986) Patricia G. Spear (1987) Geoffrey M. Cooper (1987) Alice S. Huang (1987) Ulf G. Pettersson (1986) Nat Sternberg (1986) Donald Court (1987) Steve Hughes (1988) Lennart Philipson (1987) Bruce Stillman (1988) Richard Courtney (1986) Tony Hunter (1986) Lewis I. -
A Novel RNA Virus in the Parasitoid Wasp Lysiphlebus Fabarum: Genomic Structure, Prevalence, and Transmission
viruses Article A Novel RNA Virus in the Parasitoid Wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum: Genomic Structure, Prevalence, and Transmission 1,2, , 1,2 1,2, Martina N. Lüthi * y , Christoph Vorburger and Alice B. Dennis z 1 Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; [email protected] (C.V.); [email protected] (A.B.D.) 2 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] Current address: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland. y Current address: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse z 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. Received: 17 November 2019; Accepted: 31 December 2019; Published: 3 January 2020 Abstract: We report on a novel RNA virus infecting the wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum, a parasitoid of aphids. This virus, tentatively named “Lysiphlebus fabarum virus” (LysV), was discovered in transcriptome sequences of wasps from an experimental evolution study in which the parasitoids were allowed to adapt to aphid hosts (Aphis fabae) with or without resistance-conferring endosymbionts. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), LysV belongs to the Iflaviridae family in the order of the Picornavirales, with the closest known relatives all being parasitoid wasp-infecting viruses. We developed an endpoint PCR and a more sensitive qPCR assay to screen for LysV in field samples and laboratory lines. These screens verified the occurrence of LysV in wild parasitoids and identified the likely wild-source population for lab infections in Western Switzerland. Three viral haplotypes could be distinguished in wild populations, of which two were found in the laboratory. -
Monoclonal Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
INIS-mf—8650 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 C.S.McLean-Piaper .-.- i Promotor: dr. A. van Kannen hoogleraar in de moleculaire biologie Co-promotor: dr. A.C. Minson hoogleraar in de virologie aan de University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Engeland C.S. McLean-Pieper MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.C. Oosterlee, hoogleraar in de veeteeltwetenschap in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 3 september 1982 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thank the following people for their help during the various stages of the work described in this thesis. Without them it would never have been written. First of all, Tony Minson, whose support and encouragement as my supervisor have been invaluable. He was always available to give advice and practical help when problems, arose. I have learned much form his critical supervision, both in the practical work and in the writing of this thesis. Ab van Kammen, especially for his help and comments during the writing. Tony Nash, for his invaluable help with the animal experiments, and for his discussion and comments on many aspects of the work. David Hancock, for his excellent technical assistance during the later stages of the project. Anne Buckmaster, who provided the data involving the antibodies AP7 and AP12, and was always available for friendly discussion. Professor P. Wildy, who made it possible for me to work in the department of pathology. -
ICP8 Self Interactions Are Essential for HSV-1 Replication Compartment Formation Anthar Darwish University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-9-2018 ICP8 Self Interactions are Essential for HSV-1 Replication Compartment Formation Anthar Darwish University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Darwish, Anthar, "ICP8 Self Interactions are Essential for HSV-1 Replication Compartment Formation" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1940. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1940 ICP8 Self Interactions are Essential for HSV-1 Replication Compartment Formation Anthar S. Darwish, PhD University of Connecticut, 2018 ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis was to understand the ICP8 protein interactions involved during the formation of HSV-1 replication compartments. We focused our efforts on mapping the ICP8-ICP8 self-interactions that are involved in the formation of DNA independent filaments. We report here that the FNF motif (F1142, N1143 and F1144) and the FW motif (F843 and W844) are essential for ICP8 filament formation. Furthermore we observed a positive correlation between ICP8 filamentation and the formation of replication compartments. Mammalian expression plasmids bearing mutations in these motifs (FNF and FW) were unable to complement an ICP8 null virus for growth and replication compartment formation. We propose that filaments or other higher order structures of ICP8 may provide a scaffold onto which other proteins are recruited to form prereplicative sites and replication compartments. In an attempt to broaden our understanding of ICP8 self-interactions and its interactions with other essential viral proteins we searched for potential protein interaction sites on the surface of ICP8. Using the structural information of ICP8 and sequence comparison with homologous proteins, we identified conserved residues in the shoulder region (R262, H266, D270, E271, E274, Q706 and F707) of ICP8 that might function as protein interaction sites. -
MINUTES of the SIXTH MEETING of the ICTV, SENDAI, 5Th SEPTEMBER 1984
MINUTES OF THE SIXTH MEETING OF THE ICTV, SENDAI, 5th SEPTEMBER 1984 6/1 - NUMBER OF MEMBERS PRESENT: 19 6/2 - ELECTION OF OFFICERS The following were elected or re-elected: President: F. BROWN Vice-President: H.W. ACKERMANN Committee: B.M. GORMAN Australia D.PETERS Holland J.VLAK Holland Life Member: J.L. MELNICK U.S.A. 6/3 - THE FOLLOWING TAXONOMIC PROPOSALS WERE MADE AND APPROVED FROM THE BACTERIAL VIRUS SUB-COMMITTEE Taxonomic proposal no. 1 The group of bacteriophages with long non-contractile tails should be named Siphoviridae. FROM THE VERTEBRATE VIRUS SUB-COMMITTEE Taxonomic proposal no. 2 The designation of two species a and b of the Influenzavirus genus. Taxonomic proposal no. 3 Creation of the Flaviviridae, a new family of enveloped RNA viruses, based on the present genus Flavivirus. Taxonomic proposal no. 4 That yellow fever virus, strain Asibi, should be the type species of the Flavivirus genus. Taxonomic proposal no. 5 That a genus Arterivirus belonging to the family Togaviridae should be created. Taxonomic proposal no. 6 That equine arteritis virus should be the type species of the genus Arterivirus. Taxonomic proposal no. 7 That a genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae family Herpesviridae, should be formed. Taxonomic proposal no. 8 That the type species of the Simplexvirus genus should be human herpes simplex virus 1. Taxonomic proposal no. 9 That human herpesvirus 1 and 2 and bovine herpesvirus 2 are recognized members of Simplexvirus genus and that cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 and 2 be candidate species. Taxonomic proposal no. 10 1 That the type species of the Poikilovirus (This name has not been approved and remains unofficial) genus is suid herpesvirus 1 (pseudorabies virus). -
Genetically Modified Plants for Food Use
September 1998 Ref: 1/98 (summary) 2/98 (full report) GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS FOR FOOD USE Contents Page Summary 1 Introduction 4 Outline 4 1. What is genetic modification? 5 2. Is genetic modification regulated? 6 3. Will genes transfer from GM plants? 7 3.1 Transfer of genes from GM crop plants to wild plant species 7 3.2 Transfer of genes from GM crops to non-GM crops 8 3.3 Ways to minimise or prevent gene transfer 9 3.4 Uptake of genes via the food chain 10 3.5 Antibiotic resistance genes in GM food 11 4. Will GM crops harm the environment? 12 4.1 Insect tolerant crops 12 4.1.1 Effects on non-target species 12 4.1.2 Pest resistance to insect tolerant GM crops 13 4.2 Herbicide tolerant crops 14 4.2.1 Transfer of genes to wild relatives 14 4.2.2 Transfer of genes to non-GM crops 15 4.2.3 Will use of the herbicide affect other plants and animals?16 4.3 Virus resistant crops 16 5. Specific issues related to GM plants for food use 17 5.1 Labelling and segregation 17 5.2 Toxic and allergenic effects as a result of the inserted gene 18 5.3 GM crops containing non-food genes 19 5.4 Phenotypic/genotypic stability of GM crops 19 5.5 Pleiotropic effects of genes 20 Summary of recommendations 20 Annex I - Historical developments of plant breeding Annex II - Membership of Advisory Committee on Genetic Modification Annex III - Membership of Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment Annex IV - Membership of Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes Annex V - Membership of Food Advisory Committee Annex VI - Segregation and Labelling Summary 1. -
Genome-Wide Engineering of an Infectious Clone of Herpes Simplex
Genome-wide engineering of an infectious clone of PNAS PLUS herpes simplex virus type 1 using synthetic genomics assembly methods Lauren M. Oldfielda,1, Peter Grzesikb,1, Alexander A. Voorhiesc, Nina Alperovicha, Derek MacMathb, Claudia D. Najeraa, Diya Sabrina Chandrab, Sanjana Prasadb, Vladimir N. Noskova, Michael G. Montaguea,2, Robert M. Friedmand, Prashant J. Desaib,3, and Sanjay Vasheea,3 aDepartment of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; bDepartment of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231; cDepartment of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; and dPolicy Center, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Edited by Jef D. Boeke, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, and approved August 25, 2017 (received for review January 11, 2017) Here, we present a transformational approach to genome engineer- single modification with the BAC-based system takes weeks to ing of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which has a large DNA complete. If multiple changes in the genome are desired, each genome, using synthetic genomics tools. We believe this method will must be made sequentially, greatly increasing the timeframe of enable more rapid and complex modifications of HSV-1 and other making mutant viruses. large DNA viruses than previous technologies, facilitating many The synthetic genomics assembly method described herein has useful applications. Yeast transformation-associated recombination many potential advantages over the BAC-based system (9). It is an was used to clone 11 fragments comprising the HSV-1 strain KOS application of existing tools to engineer large virus genomes and 152 kb genome. -
Production, Purification and Evaluation of Insect Cell-Expressed Proteins with Diagnostic Potential
JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 192 Patrik Michel Production, Purification and Evaluation of Insect Cell-expressed Proteins with Diagnostic Potential JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 192 Patrik Michel Production, Purification and Evaluation of Insect Cell-expressed Proteins with Diagnostic Potential Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ambiotica-rakennuksen salissa YAA303 lokakuun 17. päivänä 2008 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in the Building Ambiotica, Auditorium YAA303, on October 17, 2008 at 12 o'clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2008 Production, Purification and Evaluation of Insect Cell-expressed Proteins with Diagnostic Potential JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 192 Patrik Michel Production, Purification and Evaluation of Insect Cell-expressed Proteins with Diagnostic Potential UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2008 Editors Varpu Marjomäki Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science Editorial Board Jari Haimi, Anssi Lensu, Timo Marjomäki, Varpu Marjomäki Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-3365-4