NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000

Social Science in Eastern Europe

NEWSLETTER

July 2000

SPECIAL ISSUE

Publisher Social Science Information Centre, Member of the German Social Science Infrastructure Ser- vices, Bonn Editors Department Information Transfer Eastern Europe at the German Social Science Infrastructure Services (GESIS) Branch Office Becker, U.; Schleinstein, N.; Sucker, D.; Schwefel, E.; Hausstein, B. Layout Mallock, W. Frequency Minimum 4 issues per year; presently free of charge Print Printed in Germany Distribution Social Science Information Centre, Department Information Transfer Eastern Europe at the GESIS Branch Office Schiffbauerdamm 19, 10117 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49-30-308 74-246, Fax: +49-30-28 23 692 e-mail: [email protected]

This publication is financed by the German Social Science Infrastructure Services (GESIS) which is jointly funded by the Federal and State governments.

ISSN 1615-5459

Social Science Information Centre (IZ) of the Association of Social Science Institutes (ASI) Lennéstr. 30 • 53113 Bonn Telephone: +49-228-2281-0 The Social Science Information Centre, Hotline: +49-228-2281-100 the Central Archive for Empirical Social Fax: +49-228-2281-120 Research at the University of Cologne e-mail: [email protected] (ZA) and the Centre for Survey Research and Methodology (ZUMA) are institutional Department members of Information Transfer Eastern Europe at the GESIS Branch Office GESIS Schiffbauerdamm 19 • 10117 Berlin German Social Science Telephone: +49-30-308 74 246 Infrastructure Services, Fax: +49-30-28 23 692 member of the Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft e-mail: [email protected] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (WGL) Editorial...... 3 Editorial

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON EASTERN Almost two years ago, the Social Science In- EUROPE: formation Centre published a special issue of COUNTRY REPORTS our Newsletter (1998, No. 3) on the occasion of the 29th German Congress of Sociology in Austria which ten articles on different aspects of Ger- Christian Haerpfer, Institute for Advanced man social science research on Eastern Europe Studies ...... 4 were presented. The purpose of this undertak- Belgium ing was to highlight the main research issues in Katlijn Malfliet, Institute for European the frame of transformation research, which Policy, Catholic University Leuven...... 9 stood in the center of attention of German so- Denmark cial scientists after the fall of the Berlin wall. Ole Nørgaard, Department of Political The September 1998 issue is available via Science, University of Aarhus...... 13 Internet at Finland http://www.berlin.iz- Markku Kivinen, Finnish Centre for Russian soz.de/publications/en/newsletter/socsci- and East European Studies, University of eastern-europe/nl983/ Helsinki or can be ordered free of charge1. Pekka Sutela, Institute for Economies in The present issue is designed for the Sixth Transition...... 17 World Congress of the International Council for France Central and East European Studies (ICCEES) Georges Mink, Centre National de la to be held in Tampere, Finland, July 29 to Au- Recherche Scientifique...... 22 gust 3, 2000. This time we have addressed well Italy known and recommended researchers2 in a Daniel Spizzo; Alessia Vatta, Department number of North, West and South European of Political, University of Trieste countries with the invitation to report on the Science ...... 27 situation of social science research on Central Norway and Eastern Europe in their countries. As far as Anton Steen, The Norwegian Institute of we know, a similar review still does not exist Foreign Affairs (NUPI)...... 33 anywhere. Our aim is to encourage and support Sweden mutual information, networking and cooperation Kerstin Nyström, Department of East between social scientists from different parts of European Studies, Uppsala University ....36 Europe. Switzerland Christian Giordano, Daniel Henseler, Although we had started our call for papers Andreas Künzli, Interfaculty Institute of rather late our request was accepted very posi- East and Central European Studies, tively. The invited authors were asked to deal University of Fribourg...... 38 with research topics, list outstanding research Spain centres/institutions, name leading researchers Francisco Veiga, Departamento de Historia in the field, describe institutions offering special Contemporánea, Universidad Autónoma de information in the field, data sources and ar- Barcelona...... 42 chives, list research networks as well as recent United Kingdom publications, important research projects, par- George Kolankiewicz, School of Slavonic ticipation in international research projects, na- and East European Studies - SSEES -, tional funding sources/programmes. This was a University College London...... 45 very ambitious call for the time left for the con- tributors to prepare their articles was very short. We would like to thank the authors for their na- RECENT PUBLICATIONS...... 50 tional reports, which allow an insight into the

framework of social science research in the dif- CONFERENCES ...... 50 ferent countries.

We are proud to present articles on the following eleven countries: Austria, Belgium, Den- mark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Spain,

1 Requests can be sent by mail to Social Science Informa- tion Centre, Schiffbauerdamm 19, D-10117 Berlin, Germany or by e-mail to [email protected]. 2 Our thanks go to all those colleagues who helped us find the right persons for the contributions.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 3 Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON Countries missing will get a chance in later issues of this Newsletter. EASTERN EUROPE: COUNTRY REPORTS Almost all contributions report on recent trends in research on Eastern Europe. Frequent pat- terns are the reorganization of or reduced fund- Austria ing for the traditional area studies institutes (viewed upon as children of the Cold War) and the increasing interest of social scientists in fo- Christian Haerpfer, Institute for Advanced Stud- 3 cusing their research on Central and Eastern ies Europe. New sources of funding have been Research on Social and Political Transfor- opened especially with regard to comparative mations in Post-Communist Eastern Euro- research involving mixed research teams. In pe: The Case of Austria countries like Italy and Spain with very weak traditional interests in the area, the political In Austria, three research institutes have done events aroused some enthusiasm for such en- extensive research on the dynamics of social gagement, which could be stabilized only in It- and political change from the perspective of so- aly. Of all the countries presented the United ciology and political science in the period 1990 Kingdom has the most elaborate tradition of re- until 2000. These specialised institutes are the search on Eastern Europe, which has been 'Institute for Advanced Studies', the 'Austrian successfully restructured during the past dec- Institute for East and Southeast European Stud- ade to meet the new demand for scholarly in- ies' and the 'Institute for Human Sciences'. All formation on Central and Eastern Europe. three institutes are located in the capital of Aus- Since the political bifocal division of Europe tria, Vienna. There is also some research on came to an end and the post-Communist coun- social and political transformations taking place tries were relieved from the political restrictions in several Austrian Universities, but these activi- being imposed on them by the Soviet Union, ties are less focused and specialised. the specificities of the individual countries in the A. Institute for Advanced Studies - IAS4 area of Central and Eastern Europe have reap- The Institute for Advanced Studies is the big- peared and had a chance to develop. Thus, gest Austrian research institute in the social some of the real or interpreted similarities be- sciences with a staff of 110 research fellows tween the countries have disappeared and and 30 administrative and technical personnel. have lead to the prediction that in a not too dis- The Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna tant future most research on Central and East- has had a special research focus dealing with ern European countries will be conducted within post-Communist Eastern Europe. The research the frame of the different social science disci- programme in Sociology of Eastern European plines or will get integrated into the newly de- transformation is directed by Prof. Claire Wal- veloping field of European studies. But even if it lace from the Department of Sociology, who is should be the case, we are of the opinion that also Professor of Social Research at the Uni- there will be permanent demand for special in- versity of Derby (UK). The research programme formation from and about the countries in tran- in Political Science of Eastern European trans- sition. formation is directed by Prof. Christian Haer- pfer. Christian Haerpfer is Head of the 'New We kindly ask our readers to comment on the Europe Centre' at the Institute for Advanced articles offered and invite further remarks on the Studies and Visiting Professor of the Centre for topic. Please feel free to submit articles from the Study of Public Policy at the University of countries that have not been included so far. Strathclyde (Glasgow, UK). The data base for the comparative research programme consists Yours editorial board of survey data from the Austrian 'New Democ- racies Barometer', directed by Christian Haer- pfer, the 'World Values Survey' (1990, 1995) on the one hand and aggregate data from the Vi- enna Institute for International Economic Stud-

3 Stumpergasse 56, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected], phone: ++-43-1-59 99 1-111, fax: ++43-1-59 70 635 4 Institut für Höhere Studien – IHS, Internet: http://www.his.ac.at

4 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 ies5 and the European Bank for Reconstruction Komunistyczne Polonie (Ksiazka I Wiedza: and Development (EBRD, London) on the other Warszawa). hand. Another important data source are quali- • Claire Wallace & Sijka Kovacheva (1994): tative data from the Eastern European House- "Why do youth revolt?" In: Youth and Policy hold Strategy Study, directed by Claire Wallace. No. 44: 7-20. Publications on Social Change: • Claire Wallace (1993): "Youth, Citizenship • Claire Wallace & Christian Haerpfer (1998): and Social Change in East and West Some Characteristics of the New Middle Europe", International Bulletin of Youth Class in Central and Eastern Europe: A 10 Research, No. 6, pp 7-23, RC 34 Nation Study, In: Nikolai Tilkidjiev (ed.): The International Sociological Association. Middle Class as a Precondition of a Sus- Publications on Migration tainable Society (Sofia: AMCD Press), 158- • Claire Wallace & Dariusz Stola (2000): 168. Central Europe: New Migration Space • Claire Wallace & Christian Haerpfer (1998), (Macmillans: London). Three Paths of Transformation in Post- • Claire Wallace (1999): “Crossing borders: the Communist Central Europe (Institute for mobility of goods, capital and people in the Advanced Studies, Sociological Series, No. Central European Region”, in: Brah, A., 28). Hickman, M. and Macan Ghaill (eds.), Future • Claire Wallace & Stein Ringen (1994): Worlds: migration and globalisation Societies in Transition: East-Central Europe (Macmillans: London). Today. Prague Papers in Social Transition, • Claire Wallace (1999): Economic Hardship, Volume 1, Avebury/Gower. Migration and Survival Strategies in East- • Claire Wallace & Stein Ringen (1994): Social Central Europe (Institute for Advanced Reform in the Czech Republic. Prague Studies, Sociology Series, No. 35). Papers in Social Transition, Volume 2, • Claire Wallace (with V. Bedzir, O. Chmouliar Central European University, Prague, 1994. and E. Sidorenko) (1998): “Some • Claire Wallace & Stein Ringen (1995): New Characteristics of Labour Migration in the Trends in Social Transformation. Prague Central European Buffer Zone” (Institute for Papers in Social Transition, Volume 3. Advanced Studies, Working Papers Series, • Claire Wallace (1995a): "The family and Sociology No. 25). social transition in Poland", Journal of • Claire Wallace (1998): Migration Potential in European Social Policy, (1995) 5 (2), 97-109. Eastern and Central Europe (International • Claire Wallace (1995b): "Citizenship and Organisation for Migration, Geneva). Social Policy in East-Central Europe" (1995) • Claire Wallace & Andrii Palyanistsya (1995): in Mendell, M. and Nielsen, K. (eds.) Europe "East-West Migration in the Czech Republic", Central and East, Black Rose Books, Journal of Public Policy 15 (1): 89-109. London, Montreal and New York. • Claire Wallace (1995): “The Eastern Frontier Publications on Youth of Western Europe: mobility in the buffer • Claire Wallace & Helena Helve (2000): zone”, New Community 22 (2): 259-286. Youth, Citizenship and Empowerment, Publications on Xenophobia Ashgate, Gower. • Christian Haerpfer & Claire Wallace (1998): • Claire Wallace & Sijka Kovacheva (1998): Xenophobic Attitudes Towards Migrants and Youth and Society. The Construction and Ethnic Minorities in Central and Eastern Deconstruction of Youth in Europe, Europe, in: Frank H. Columbus (ed.), Cen- Macmillan: London and St. Martin's Press: tral and Eastern Europe in Transition, Vol- New York). ume 1 (New York: Nova Science Publish- • Claire Wallace (1998): „Youth, Work and ers), pp.183-213. Education in Postcommunist Europe“ in • Claire Wallace (1999): „Xenophobie in Korunk (in Hungarian). Zentral- und Osteuropa“, in: Fassmann, • Claire Wallace & Sijka Kovacheva (1996): Heinz; Matuschek, Helga and Menasse, "Youth Cultures and Consumption East and Elisabeth (Hg.), Abgrenzen, Ausgrenzen, West: an overview" Youth and Society, Vol. Aufnehmen. Empirische Befunde zu 28 (2): 189-214. Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Integration Drava • Claire Wallace (1995): Young People, Social Verlag/BMWV: Klagenfurt. Change and the Labour Market in Poland • Claire Wallace (1999): Xenophobia. Austria (with Ken Roberts, Bohdan Jung, Tadeusz and Eastern Europe compared Project Szlumlicz, Adam Kurzynowski), Avebury Report. Gower. Polish edition 1995 Post- Publications on Economic Sociology • Christian Haerpfer (1995): Micro-Economic Behaviour of Households in Post- 5 Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche – Communist Societies. A Seven-Nation- WIIW, Internet: http://www.wiiw.ac.at/

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 5 Study 1993-1994, in: Towards a Market Since 1991, Christian Haerpfer has served as Economy: Beyond the Point of No Return Principal Investigator of a comparative research (Amsterdam: ESOMAR), 21-37. programme to analyse social, economic and • Claire Wallace & Christian Haerpfer (2000): political change in 17 post-Communist coun- Democratisation, Economic Development tries. The Austrian research programme is and Corruption in East-Central Europe. An called 'New Democracies Barometer' (NDB) 11-Nation-study (Institute for Advanced and was conducted 5 times since 1991 (see ta- Studies, Sociological Series, forthcoming). ble). Christian Haerpfer organised and co- • Claire Wallace, Christian Haerpfer & Martin ordinated 49 cross-sectional representative Raiser (2000): Formal Economy, Informal sample surveys in the period between 1991 and Economy and Economic Well-Being 1998 (see: cspp.strath.ac.uk/SEEC). Prof. (EBRD-Working Paper, forthcoming). Richard Rose from the Centre for the Study of • Claire Wallace & Endre Sik (1999): The Public Policy (CSPP) at the University of development of open-air markets in East- Strathclyde is International Scientific Advisor of Central Europe, International Journal of NDB since 1991. Richard Rose is Principal In- Urban and Regional Research 23 (4): 697- vestigator of the 'New Russia Barometer' and 714. the 'New Baltic Barometer', which are both or- • Claire Wallace (1997): “Work and Education ganised from the University of Strathclyde. The in Poland and Ukraine”, in: Heinz, W. and New Democracies Barometer was financially Rabe-Kleburg, U. (eds.): Jahrbuch Bildung supported by the Austrian Ministry of Research und Arbeit ’97, Leske and Budrich: Opladen. and by the Austrian National Bank between Contact person: Prof. Dr. Claire Wallace, Depart- 1991 and 1998. The New Democracies Ba- ment of Sociology, Institute for Advanced Stud- rometer 6 in 2001, which will include 17 post- ies, Stumpergasse 56, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, Communist nations, is financed by the Euro- e-mail: [email protected], phone: ++43-1-59 99 pean Union. 1-213, fax: ++/43-1-59 99 1-191 Democratisation and Transformation Towards a Market Economy

New Democracies Barometer. An Austrian Research Programme in Political Science, Political Sociology and Economic Sociology. Principal Investigator: Christian Haerpfer

Country 1991 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 A. Central Europe NDB 1 NDB 2 NDB 3 NDB 4 NDB 5 NDB 6 1. Czech Republic 660(1) 1.408(8) 1.167(18) 978(29) 1.017(39) 2.000 2. Hungary 1.019(2) 970(9) 1.060(19) 1.067(30) 1.017(40) 2.000 3. Poland 1.193(3) 1.113(10) 1.057(20) 1.057(31) 1.141(41) 2.000 4. Slovakia 291(4) 625(11) 574(21) 1.117(32) 1.011(42) 2.000 5. Slovenia 1.049(5) 1.013(12) 1.023(22) 1.000(33) 1.000(43) 2.000 B. Southern Europe 6. Bulgaria 1.002(6) 1.164(13) 1.139(23) 1.184(34) 1.007(44) 2.000 7. Croatia * 1.000(14) 1.000(24) 1.000(35) 1.000(45) 2.000 8. FR Yugoslavia * * * * 1.000(46) 2.000 9. Moldova * * * * * 2.000 10. Romania 1.000(7) 1.000(15) 1.000(25) 1.038(36) 1.241(47) 2.000 C. Eastern Europe 11. Belarus * 1.225(16) 2.067(26) 1.000(37) 1.000(48) 2.000 12. Russia * * 3.535(27) * * 4.000 13. Ukraine * 1.000(17) 1.000(28) 1.000(38) 1.161(49) 2.500 D. Caucasus+Central Asia 14. Armenia * * * * * 2.000 15. Georgia * * * * * 2.000 16. Kazakhstan * * * * * 2.000 17. Kyrgystan * * * * * 2.000

(The numbers in cells are the number of face-to-face-interviews in a given country)

6 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 • Christian Haerpfer (2000): Post- Accession in some CEE-Countries, In: Communism and Democracy (Harwood Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter 46/1-2: pp. 95- Academic Publishers: Amsterdam, forth- 105. coming). • Christian Haerpfer (1998): New Democra- • Christian Haerpfer & Claire Wallace (1999): cies Barometer: Attitudes towards EU- Attitudes towards democratization and mar- Accession in the Czech Republic, Hungary, ketization in the Czech Republic, in: Martin Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, in: Zdenka Potucek (ed.): Ceska Spolecnost na Konci Mansfeldova & Michal Klima (eds.): The Tisicileti (Prague: Charles University). Role of the Central European Parliaments • Richard Rose, William Mishler & Christian in the Process of European Integration Haerpfer (1998): Democracy and Its (Czech Academy of Sciences: Prague), pp. Alternatives: Understanding Post- 183-198. Communist Societies (Cambridge: Polity • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1995): Press) and (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Democracy and Enlargement in the Euro- University Press). pean Union, in: Journal of Common Market • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1998a): Studies 33/3: 427-450. Reprinted in: Euro- Trends in Democracies and Markets: New pean University Institute Working Papers Democracies Barometer, 1991-1998 (Stud- No. 95/12. Robert Schuman Centre (EUI - ies in Public Policy No. 308, University of European University Institute: Florence). Strathclyde, Glasgow). Publications on Subjective Security and Military • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1998b): Integration • New Democracies Barometer V. A 12- Christian Haerpfer, Cezary Milosinksi & Nation Survey (Studies in Public Policy No. Claire Wallace (1999): Old and New Secu- 306, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow). rity Issues in Post-Communist Eastern • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1996): Europe: Results of an 11 Nation Study, in: New Democracies Barometer IV: A 10- Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. Nation-Survey (Studies in Public Policy No. 989-1011. • 262, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow). Christian Haerpfer & Claire Wallace (1997): • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1994a): Internal and External Security in Post- New Democracies Barometer III: Learning Communist Eastern Europe. Results of a from What is Happening (Studies in Public 10-Nation Study (Institute for Advanced Policy No. 230, University of Strathclyde, Studies, Vienna, Sociological Series, No. Glasgow 1994). 20). • • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1994b): Christian Haerpfer, Claire Wallace & Rich- Mass Response to Transformation in Post- ard Rose (1997): Public Perceptions of communist Societies, in: Europe-Asia Stud- Threats to Security in Post-Communist ies 46/1: pp. 3-28. Europe (Studies in Public Policy No. 293, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow). • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1994c): Publications on Social Capital New Russia Barometer III: The Results • Christian Haerpfer, Claire Wallace & Martin (Studies in Public Policy No. 228, University Raiser (2000): Social Capital and Economic of Strathclyde, Glasgow 1994). Performance (EBRD-Working Paper). • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1994d): • Richard Rose, William Mishler & Christian Eastern Europe’s Great Transition: Endors- Haerpfer (1997): Getting Real: Social Capi- ing the Churchill Hypothesis, in: The Public tal in post-Communist Societies (Studies in Perspective. A Roper Center Review of Public Policy No. 278, University of Strath- Public Opinion and Polling 5/6: 5-11. clyde, Glasgow). • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1993): • Claire Wallace (1999): Investing in social Adapting to Transformation in Eastern capital. The case of small traders in Central Europe. New Democracies Barometer II and Eastern Europe, in: International Journal (Studies in Public Policy No. 212, University of Urban and Regional Research 23 (4): 751- of Strathclyde, Glasgow 1993). • 770. Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1992): Publications on Comparison GDR - Eastern Eu- New Democracies between State and Mar- rope ket. New Democracies Barometer I (Studies • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1997): in Public Policy No. 204, University of The Impact of a Ready-Made State: East Strathclyde, Glasgow 1992). Germans in Comparative Perspective, in: Publications on European Integration and En- German Politics 6/1: pp. 100-121. largement of the European Union • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1996a): • Christian Haerpfer (1999): New Democra- The Impact of a Ready-Made State. Die pri- cies Barometer: Attitudes towards EU- vilegierte Position Ostdeutschlands in der

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 7 postkommunistischen Transformation, in: • Liebhart, Karin; Dejanovic, Sonja: Der Os- Helmut Wiesenthal (Hg.): Einheit als Privi- ten als Bedrohung. Anmerkungen zur me- leg. Vergleichende Perspektiven auf die dialen Berichterstattung über grenznahe Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frank- Atomkraftwerke, in: SWS-Rundschau furt/New York: Campus Verlag), 105-140. 1999/4, 39. Jg. (Wien 1999) S. 221 – 241. • Richard Rose & Christian Haerpfer (1996b): • „Grenzen und Grenzüberschreitungen. Die The Impact of a Ready-Made State: Advan- Bedeutung der Grenze für die staatliche tages of East Germans (Studies in Public und soziale Entwicklung des Habsburger- Policy No. 268, University of Strathclyde, reiches von der Mitte des 18. bis zur Mitte Glasgow). des 19. Jahrhunderts“ (Principal Investiga- Contact person: Prof. Dr. Christian Haerpfer, New tors: Prof. Waltraud Heindl, Prof. Edith Europe Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Saurer) Stumpergasse 56 A-1060 Vienna, Austria, e- • „Gesellschaft und Konfession in Südosteu- mail: [email protected], phone: ++-43-1-59 99 ropa 1989-1997“. Strukturwandel und 1-111, fax: ++43-1-59 70 635 Transformationsprozess am Beispiel des Is- B. Austrian Institute of East and Southeast Euro- lam“ (Principal Investigator: Prof. Arnold pean Studies6 Suppan) The research program of the Department for • „Migrationen im 18. Jahrhundert. Das Bei- Social Sciences of the Austrian Institute of East spiel der Migrationen aus den österreichi- and Southeast European Studies focuses on schen Niederlanden nach Wien, Linz, the development of the political cultures in the Brünn, Prag, Pressburg“ (Principal Investi- east-central and southeast European regions gator: Prof. Waltraud Heindl) since 1989. The main program-lines are the Publications on Social and Political Change in construction of mental borders between west- Hungary ern and eastern Europe and a (east/west) com- • Grosser, Cornelia; Liebhart, Karin; Kurtán, parative view on national and European identity Sándor; Pribersky, Andreas (2000): Genug concepts in the process of European integra- von Europa. Ein Reisejournal aus Ungarn tion. Another topic of research is the conflict be- und Österreich. Wien. tween gender-politics and family-politics during • Liebhart, Karin; Kurtán, Sándor; Pribersky, transition. Finally, we aim to build up a know- Andreas (1999): Ungarn. München (Beck' ledge base in the process of European integra- sche Reihe Länder). tion. • Pribersky, Andreas (Hg.) (1992): Das Publications on the Political Culture of Transition Mehrparteiensystem in Ungarn. Wien • Brezovszky, Ernst-Peter; Suppan, Arnold; (Schriftenreihe des Renner Instituts, Heft Vyslonzil, Elisabeth (Hg.) (1999): Multikultu- 14). ralität und Multiethnizität in Mittel-, Ost- und • Pribersky, Andreas; Forray, Katalin (Hg.) Südosteuropa. Wien, Frankfurt am Main (1992): Grenzüberschreitende Zusammen- u.a., 342 S. arbeit und Bildung. Budapest (Oktatás Ku- • Heuberger, Valeria (Hg.) (1999): Islam in tató Intézet). Europa. Frankfurt am Main u.a., 131 S., Publication and Research Project on Regional Wiener Osteuropastudien, 9. Studies • Leube, Kurt, Pribersky, Andreas (Hg.) • Transcarpathia - a regional socio-economic (1995): Krise und Exodus. Österreichische study (Principal Investigator: Prof. Peter Sozialwissenschaften in Mitteleuropa. Wien: Jordan) WUV. • Polzer, Miroslav; Klopčič, Vera (Hg.) (1999): • Plasser, Fritz, Pribersky, Andreas (eds.) Wege zur Verbesserung der Lage der (1996): Political Culture in East Central Roma in Mittel- und Osteuropa – Beiträge Europe. Avebury: Aldershot etc. aus Österreich und Slowenien. Wien: Eth- • Pribersky, Andreas, Unfried, Berthold (Hg.): nos, 54, 138 S. Symbole und Rituale des Politischen. Ost- Contact Persons: Prof. Peter Jordan, Deputy Di- und Westeuropa im Vergleich. Frankfurt/M. rector, e-mail: [email protected] and Dr. etc.: Peter Lang Verlag, 1999. Andreas Pribersky, Österreichisches Ost- und Publications and Research Projects on Borders Südosteuropa-Institut, Head, Department for and Mental Borders Social Sciences, A-1010 Wien, Josefsplatz 6, • Haslinger, Peter (Hg.): Grenze im Kopf. phone: ++43-1-512 18 95/48, fax: ++43-1-512 Frankfurt am Main u.a. 1999. 208 S., Wie- 18 53, e-mail: [email protected] ner Osteuropastudien, 11. C. Institute for Human Sciences7

7 Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen – IWM, Di- 6 Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut – OSI, rector: Prof. Krystof Michalski, Internet: Internet: http://www.osi.ac.at http://univie.ac.at/iwm/

8 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 Research Field: Political and Social Transfor- to discuss the most crucial issues of post- mation in Central and Eastern Europe8 communist transformation. The Institute for Human Sciences’ research The Institute's long-term comparative pro- program on transformation is multidisciplinary gramme on the Social Consequences of Eco- (involving economists, political scientists, soci- nomic Transformation in East-Central Europe ologists and historians from both the East and (SOCO, Director: Don Kalb) has always paid at- the West), comparative (with an emphasis on tention to the institutional transformations in the East-East comparison) and - despite its history welfare systems of the ex-communist countries of ideas approach - policy-related. of the region. There, a new mix of voluntarism, Special attention is given to the fact that indige- state regulation and market forces is in the nous historical values, norms, attitudes and making, from which new principles of social en- theories, as well as the exchange of ideas be- titlement are emerging. The SOCO programme tween East and West, all play a crucial role in has accumulated a fair amount of knowledge post-Communist transformations. Given that about the basic three components of that mix. Western societies are currently undergoing far- The comparative household survey on the so- reaching changes as well, the Institute’s trans- cial consequences of the transformation, which formation studies focus on the problems com- were conducted in five transforming countries of mon to both former blocs. While assisting the the region during 1995/96, resulted in a large reintegration of academics of the former East- database that allows for testing theories or poli- ern Europe in Western scholarship, Western cies of any welfare reform. In the following experts are invited to reinterpret their own ap- phase of the research program, special atten- proaches and paradigms in light of the results tion was paid to grassroots initiatives in the so- of the Institute's transformation research. cial sphere: to the new NGO sector, the privati- During 1998/99, the research activities of the sation and "communalisation" of welfare, the Transformation Program focused on the histori- implementation of social policy at the level of cal results and future consequences of the local governments, the invisible social assis- 1989 Revolutions in Central and Eastern tance in the informal economy, the coping Europe. The Program culminated in a confer- strategies of families, etc ence Ten Years After 1989: Politics, Ideology The SOCO programme of the Institute for Hu- and the International Order held in June 1999. man Sciences provides adequate conditions to Transformation research in 2000 will continue to study the Eastern versions of welfare state re- analyse the new roles the state in ex- form. During the past couple of years, many communist countries may play in a global con- dozen-research projects on institutional change text; the Seminars on State and Globalisation: in social policy in selected countries of Eastern Eastern Europe’s Two Transformations will be Europe have been completed. In the course of carried on. The project is pursued in coopera- the next year, a comparative study of welfare tion with a research program led by Peter Ber- reform in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Re- ger and Samuel Huntington on Cultural Global- public in the 1990s will be finished. isation, which examines the encounter of eco- Contact person: Dr. Anita Traninger, IWM- nomic and political cultures from an interna- Programmkoordination, Institute for Human tional comparative perspective. The develop- Sciences, Spittelauer Lände 3, A-1090 Vienna, ments in Central and Eastern Europe are inter- Austria, e-mail: [email protected], Phone: ++43- preted as a mix of US-style cultural imports, the 1-313-58-352, Fax: ++43-1-313-58-30 effects of European integration, emerging Asian cultures in the region, remnants of the Soviet culture and specifics of national cultures. This Belgium program will lead into an international conference scheduled for 2001, which will highlight Katlijn Malfliet, Institute for European Policy, the Central and Eastern European specifics of Catholic University Leuven9 cultural globalisation. Recomposing Eastern Social Sciences Research in the Area of Europe, a joint workshop of the Institute and the Central and Eastern Europe: the Belgian New Europe College, will be organized in Bu- Case charest in October 2000. The Institute for Human Sciences’ transforma- Introduction tion studies provide an intellectual background The Belgian universities’ map does not speak for its policy-related programme on the reform for itself, where it concerns area studies in Cen- of social policy in the region (SOCO), and for the Central European Fora, which offer an opportunity for leading scholars and policymakers 9 Professor, Research Director Central and Eastern Europe, Institute for European Policy, Catholic University Leuven, Van Evenstraat 2B, B-3000 Leuven, e-mail: 8 Director of this research field is Janos Matyas Kovacs. [email protected]

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 9 tral and Eastern Europe10. It is indeed not an René Dekkers, a well-known specialist in civil easy task to “discover” where exactly out- and comparative law, at the end of his career standing research centres or institutions, spe- became fascinated by Russian law and East cialised in “East European studies” (Osteuropa- European policies during communism. He esta- kunde), and in particular in social sciences, are blished a “Centre des Pays de l’Est” at the Insti- located. One could argue that research institut de Sociologie (Institut Solvay) at the Univer- tutes, specialised in Central and East European sité Libre de Bruxelles. This centre disposes studies as a rule have “low profiles” in Belgium. (the collection is still there) of some rare Often they operate under a broader umbrella of sources dating from the forties and fifties of the a faculty, a department or an institute with a communist regime in the field of social sciences more general name. in all Central and East European countries. Dur- This picture did not really change after the col- ing the communist period, China was included lapse of communism. On the contrary, some as well. specialised institutes on Central and Eastern Post-communist transition brought some fun- Europe were merged into European institutes, damental changes in the ULB-concept of Cen- with a broader pan-European scope or were in- tral and East European studies. The Sociology tegrated in a faculty and lost their multidiscipli- Institute of ULB currently hosts a “Multidiscipli- nary character. Often, one has to look for spe- nary Research Centre on the Transition of East cific persons, fascinated by this area or for insti- European Countries to the Market Economies tutes with more general names. There are (CRITEME)”11. On the other hand, the Univer- some exceptions: rare institutes profiling them- sité Libre de Bruxelles has developed a Faculty selves as involved in the study of the region, Centre for International Research, which is re- such as the “Russian Institute” in Gent and the lated to its program of International Relations “Leuven Institute for Central and East European (Centre Facultaire de Recherches Internation- Studies”. Both institutes however are not focus- ales: CERIS)12. Central and Eastern Europe is ing on social sciences but more on transition one of the favourite research fields as some of economics and (for the Russian Institute in the professors involved are specialised in Cen- Gent) on Russian language. tral and East European policies (for example The fact that Belgium has quite some research Prof. Mario Telo). The research topics are as activity going on in the discipline of social sci- diverse as the interests of the participating ences related to Central and Eastern Europe is scholars, ranging from “Democratic Transition in not the result of a focused policy of the gov- Eastern and Central Europe” and “Cold War ernments (the Belgian, the Flemish and the and Civil Society” to “The Exile of Central Euro- French speaking) nor of the universities to cre- pean Intellectuals since 1945” and “Frontier ate some centers of excellence in area studies Towns at the Turn of the 21st Century”. or in social sciences related to Central and Some publications, published by Editions de Eastern Europe. Instead of a result of a well- l’université de Bruxelles: “Repenser l’Europe”, balanced policy, we can talk about “the survival edited by Mario Telo and P. Magnette, 1996; “La of the fittest” on the one hand and (fortunately) gauche face aux mutations en Europe”, edited about interesting examples of interuniversity by P. Delwit and J. -M. De Waele, 1993; J.M. cooperation in a differentiated and divided De Waele, “L’émergence des partis politiques framework. en Europe centrale”, 1999. Area studies In the Flemish part of the country, the university Area studies remain a difficult field, especially of Ghent hosts a Russian Institute, which is cur- for research in Belgium. Research funding rently organising an educational programme in sources, such as the Fund for Scientific Re- Russian Studies. In 1990, the State University search, do not recognize area studies as a spe- of Ghent and the steel concern Sidmar founded cific field of research. This implies that re- this institute that by means of courses in history, searchers have to apply trough the (discipline- literature, economics, law, politics, art etc. oriented) faculties. This structural problem wants to contribute to the development of makes inter-disciplinary cooperation more diffi- Belgo-Russian commercial relations. It is linked cult. to both the Slavonic Department and the Centre At the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB: the for Central and East European Economies of French speaking Free University), one discov- ers several centres involved in Central and East 11 Centre de Recherches Pluridisciplinaires sur la Transi- European studies. The ULB can rely on a tradition des Pays de l’Est vers l’Economie de Marché tion of several decennia of multidisciplinary re- (CRITEME), Institut de Sociologie, ULB, av. F.D. Roosevelt, search in Central and Eastern Europe. Prof. 1050 Brussels. 12 Université Libre de Bruxelles. Sciences Politiques. Li- cence en Sciences Politiques, orientation relations interna- 10 I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Wim Coude- tionales. Module de specialisation Europe Centrale et de nys (Slavonic Studies at K.U.Leuven) for the many pieces l’Est (Centre facultaire de recherches internationales of information he kindly passed to me. (CERIS) ULB, avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels.

10 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 the Faculty of Economics and Business Ad- ing the 2000-2001 academic year the chair will ministration (which provides the director of the sponsor a series of lectures. Russian Institute). The president of the Russian At the Free University of Brussels, the Flemish Institute is Prof. Hugo de Maegd, specialised in counterpart of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Russian economy. The director is Prof. Koen Prof. Erik Franckx is an expert on East Euro- Schoors. Its functioning is currently under re- pean law systems within the Center for Interna- consideration, but it will resume its work from tional Law15. Prof. Franckx is the successor of September 2000 onwards13. professor Frits Gorlé, who founded the Centre The Leuven Institute for Central and East Euro- for the Study of East European Socialist Law pean Studies (LICOS) was founded in 1990 as Systems (the so called “Centrum Oost”), at the a multidisciplinary center, bringing together re- end of the seventies. searchers of different disciplines who were wor- The recently founded Baltic, Central and East king on Russia and her former satellite states. European network, situated in the heart of Soon afterwards, this institute was formally Brussels, is a non-profit organisation that offers incorporated into the Faculty of Economics. It a meeting place to anyone interested in Central became a centre for Transition economics, and Eastern Europe, as well as the Baltic re- focusing on labour market implications of gion, whether from official (governmental), pri- developments in transition economies. It is no vate (corporate) or scientific origin16. longer confining itself to Central and Eastern European institutes Europe, but tries to study China as a transition At Louvain-la-Neuve, the study of Central and economy as well14. Eastern Europe is integrated in the Institut Some publications: Alan Mayhew (1998), “Rec- d’études européennes. The institute gathered reating Europe. The European Union’s Policy quite some knowledge on Central Europe, with towards Central and Eastern Europe”, Cam- Prof. Reszohazy (a specialist in Hungary) and bridge University Press. Prof. Bernard, who studies, among others, the Jozef Konings (jointly with F. Abraham), “Does social policy of some countries of Central and the opening of Central and Eastern Europe de- South-eastern Europe. The institute is primarily stroy Jobs in the West?“ Leuven European involved in the study of the European enlarge- standpoint 1, 1997. ment. It is also the stake of ECSA Belgium Some publications: K. Malfliet and P. Ver- (European Community Studies Association - meersch, “Labour Market and Social Policy in Belgian Branch. The director of the institute is Poland”, Garant, Leuven, 1998; A. Krekeler- Prof. Michel Dumoulin (a well known historian). Joris, “Turkey: A Bridge to Central Asia?” IEP At Leuven University (the Flemish counterpart Working paper, 1998, 34p; K. Malfliet and R. of Louvain-la-Neuve), the Institute for European Laenen, “Minority Policy in Central Europe. The Policy (IEP) aims at the multidisciplinary study Link between Domestic Policy, Foreign Policy of institutional system transformations on the and European Integration, 1999. European continent. The IEP’s realm of study Last March, both the Institute for European includes the European Union countries as well Studies at the Catholic University Leuven and as those of Central and Eastern Europe and the the Institute for European Policy at the Catholic former Soviet Union. The institute consists of University Leuven were engaged in a project to two research groups: “Institutions and Policy of create a chair “Baillet-Latour” on the relations the European Union” (Prof. Delmartino) and between Russia and the European Union. This “Institutions and Policy of Central and East project will not only focus on the economic and European Countries” (Prof. K. Malfliet)17. Each political aspects of this relationship, but it will group has its own profile and approaches the also take into account the specific historical di- European issues from its distinct point of view. mensions of the problem. At the same time, it is Both groups have a coordinated policy, take a careful attempt to develop Slavic and East joint initiatives and have common research pro- European Studies as a real Area Study, refuting jects. Concrete projects of the research group the splitting up of disciplines. Both institutes will “Institutions and Policy of the Central and East organise teaching and research in this field, European Countries” are for example: The fed- they will cooperate to analyse the new relation eral concept of Russia; Russian foreign Policy, between Russia and the European Union. The Russian minorities in the Near Abroad, Institu- chair aims to foster studies on Russian identity, Russian self-definition, throughout time as well as today. Likewise, The Chair will support the 15 Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Vakgroep Internationaal Recht, study of European policy towards Russia. Dur- Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel http://www.vub.ac.be/INTR/ 16 BCE Network, De Warande, Zinnerstraat 1, 1000 Brus- sel, http://www.bce-network.org/ 17 13 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Instituut voor Europees Russisch Instituut, Sint-Pietersplein 4, 9000 Gent Beleid, Van Evenstraat 2B, 3000 Leuven 14 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LICOS, DeBériotstraat http://cwisdb.cc.kuleuven.ac.be./onderzoek/T/groep 34, 3000 Leuven http://www.econ.kuleuven.ac.be/licos/ 151115.htm.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 11 tional development in the CIS, Health Policy in European Policy Studies Association). This in- Bulgaria, Roma minorities in Central Europe, dependent network promotes international re- Hungarian minorities in Central Europe, Political search on European integration in order to and social implications of EU-enlargement, EU- stimulate discussion on policies and political op- Russia relations. tions for Europe. TEPSA projects include re- At the European Institute of Ghent University, search and studies commissioned by the Euro- Prof. Marc Maresceau has made some major pean institutions (Parliament, Commission, So- contributions - both in theory and practice, to cial and Economic Committee), foundations and the constitutional reforms in several countries of national public and private authorities. These Central and Eastern Europe18. Legal aspects of studies address the functioning of the political EU-enlargement towards the countries of Cen- system of the Community and its institutions tral and Eastern Europe are in the focus of in- and relations with national and regional struc- terest of this institute. Prof. Maresceau organ- tures. Research is also carried out on several ised several conferences on this theme, the last Community policies such as: the economic and one in February of this year on the problem of monetary union, Economic and Social Cohe- borders and enlargement in Europe. On the sion, Common Foreign and Security Policy, other hand, the Institute for European Studies is Justice and Home Affairs, Economic and Social doing research in the field of enlargement of the Policy in the Perspective of Enlargement. European Union towards Central and Eastern Some publications: Jacques Vandamme (ed.) Europe. The institute hosts a well-organised li- “Dialogue social et fonction consultative profes- brary and a documentation centre with a com- sionnelle dans la communauté européenne”, plete collection of official documents of the Presses universitaires européennes, 1993; Paul European Union. van den Bempt and Greet Theelen “From Eu- The “Institut d’études européennes” at the uni- rope Agreements to Accession. The Integration versité Libre de Bruxelles coordinates the dis- of the Central and Eastern European Countries persed knowledge of Europe, spread over dif- into the European Union”, Presses Universi- ferent faculties of the university. Several sub- taires européennes, Brussels 1996; Achille centers created a distinct profile in specific Hannequart, “Economic and Social Cohesion in fields or disciplines. Besides ECARE (European Europe. A New Objective for Integration, Centre for Advanced Research in Economics), Routledge, London and New York, 1992. there is CEVIPOL, Centre d’étude de la vie The “Observatoire Social Européen” (OSE), politique, a cooperation between the Institut founded in 1984 is an information and research d’études européennes and the Faculty of So- centre focussing on the social aspects of Euro- cial, Political and Economic Sciences. pean integration20. Its aim is to provide - espe- CEVIPOL is involved in the study of political cially trade unionists, researchers, politicians, parties, party programs and ideologies on the officials, journalists and students - with analyti- (pan) European continent19. cal data and critical comment relating to the Eu- Some publications: “De la question albanaise ropean Union’s activities and policies. The OSE au Kosovo” (J.M. De Waele and Kolë Gjeloshaj, works in three areas in particular: institutional (eds.), Brussels, 1999; “La démocratisation en matters generally, social policy and citizenship, Europe centrale. La coopération paneuro- economic and monetary Union (EMU). An péenne des partis politiques” (P. Delwit and academic scientific committee carefully J.M. De Waele, Paris, 1998. monitors the quality of the work of OSE. The Besides these university institutes, Brussels Observatoire Social Européen’s monthly four- harbours some European centers, which estab- page e-letter, focussing on European social lished themselves close to the European institu- news is available on the Web. Recently, OSE tions and which have European officials and published a working paper on social policy im- diplomats as their target public. The Centre for plications of the enlargement: Cécile BARBIER, European Policy Studies (CEPS) is a typical “L’élargissement de l’Union européenne aux example of a research institute, specialising in pays d’Europe centrale et orientale”, 1999, 28p. policy studies and bringing together diplomats The Royal Institute for International Relations and European officials. SEP stands for the (Koninlijk Instituut voor Internationale Betrek- Study Group for European Policy and although kingen) is involved in European and interna- it generally focuses on EU-matters, it turned in tional studies and publishes the review “Studia the last years to enlargement problems as well. Diplomatica”21. This review publishes regularly SEP is a member of an international network of European institutes and centers: TEPSA (Trans 20 Observatoire Social Européen: Rue PE Janson, 1050 Brussels (http://www.ose.be) 18 Universiteit Gent, Europees Instituut, Universiteitsstraat 21 Koninklijk Instituut voor Internationale Betrekkingen 4, 9000 Gent http://www.law.rug.ac.be/europe/index.html (Royal Institute for International Relations), Liefdadigheids- 19 Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre d’étude de la vie straat 13, 1210 Brussels. Tel. 02/223.41.14; fax: politique (CEVIPOL), http://www.ulb.ac.be/soco/sevipol/ 02/223.41.16.

12 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 on Central and Eastern Europe, related to in- European Studies. This graduate programme, ternational relations and diplomatic issues. organised with the financing of the National Individual research in the faculties Fund of Scientific Research, offers a rich inter- Individual expertise in Central and Eastern disciplinary programme of courses in Central Europe can be found at different faculties of the and East European affairs in the Flemish uni- Belgian universities. versities of the country. The group publishes a At the Free University of Brussels, the Flemish “Contactblad Oost-Europakunde”. Research be- counterpart of the Université libre de Bruxelles tween the universities resulted in a book, hon- (VUB) Prof. Bruno Coppieters of the Depart- ouring Prof. Frits Gorlé: P. de Meyere, E. ment of Political Sciences is a specialist in the Franckx, J. -M. Henckaerst and K. Malfliet, Caucasus region, especially in problems of na- “Oost-Europa in Europa. Eenheid en Verschei- tionalism, state building, secessionism and fed- denheid” (Eastern Europe in Europe. Unity and eralism22. He published several books on this Diversity), 1998, VUBpress, Brussels, 368p. issue. Both initiatives will have to prove their viability In Slavonic studies, the knowledge of the Bal- in the future. However, for the time being they kan countries is quite developed owing to the are the only sustainable ways of bringing to- special expertise of Prof. R. Detrez, a specialist gether knowledge, people and means in the in the languages and cultures of South-eastern field of Central and East European Studies. Europe 23. Problems of defence and security related to Denmark Central and Eastern Europe are intensively studied by the ‘Koninklijk Hoger Instituut voor defensie” (KHID) with its Defensie Studiecen- Ole Nørgaard, Department of Political Science, trum and at the royal military academy. One University of Aarhus25 PhD student (M. Van Bladel) is for example Social Science on Central and Eastern preparing a study on the Russian army. Europe in Denmark Prof. Yvan Vanden Berghe of the Faculty of Po- litical and Social Sciences at the University of Since the Second World War Denmark has Antwerp has a solid reputation in the field of the been politically and culturally oriented toward history of the cold war. At the same university, the Anglo-American world. This point of refer- L. Tasmowski is leading a centre for Romanian ence has had its definite impact on cultural and studies, focussing on linguistics24. scientific developments. In Soviet and East Prof. Bergmans, professor of sociology at European Studies, the dividing between pro- K.U.Leuven is the Belgian representative in the Western and pro-Eastern scientists was obvi- Observatoire Social Européen, which focuses ously reinforced, as the approach to and inter- on social policy in Europe. This research group pretation of their object of study had wide- published a paper on the implication for social ranging moral and political connotations. Being policy of European Union enlargement. a small country with but a handful of people Interuniversitary initiatives working in the field, the divide was at times rein- Notwithstanding the general lack of governmen- forced by professional, institutional and even tal support and the catastrophic dispersal of personal factors. After the fall of communism, people and funds, there are some remarkable Soviet and East European Studies in Denmark inter-university initiatives. The Belgian Centre are, as in other countries, gradually loosing for Slavonic Studies, grouping some 20 schol- their professional isolation, becoming gradually ars, is no longer merely philological and opened integrated into the general social sciences. up to a broader field of disciplines. The Belgian Soviet and East European Studies in Denmark in Slavonic journal, “Slavica Gandensia”, which is the 1980s closely related to this center, publishes articles Soviet Studies were a product of the political in the field of languages and literature, with ex- needs generated by the cold war. Whether seen ceptionally some articles related to other disci- from the pro-Soviet left or from the anti- plines. Communist and Western oriented right, the un- The interuniversitary Centre for East European derstanding of the Central and East European Studies organises since 1978 an MA in East societies, up till the very collapse of communism, provided ammunition for the political and ideological disputes about the virtues of capital- 22 Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Politieke Wetenschappen, ism versus socialism. Various professional and Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel (http://poli.vub.ac.be/) 23 institutional perspectives were added to this di- http://www.slavnet.com/ vide. 24 Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, Departement Politie- ke en Sociale Wetenschappen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk; Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, Centrum voor Roemeense Studies (CERES), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 25 e-mail: [email protected], Tel.: +45-89-42 1334; fax: +45-86- Wilrijk (http://www.ua.ac.be/nl/onderzoek/index.html). 13 9839

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 13 Until the mid-1970s East European Studies (or Among these especially the Department of Po- Soviet Studies, the terms of that time) in Den- litical Science at the University of Aarhus,26 has mark were concentrated in the Slavic Depart- hosted a sizeable number of major research ments at the universities of Copenhagen, Aar- programs related to developments in the former hus, and Odense. Led by a few classical histo- communist block. This development was initi- rians, among them in particular the late profes- ated with the appointment of a few junior schol- sor Noerretranders at the University of Copen- ars specializing in Soviet Studies in the mid- hagen, they emphasized traditional area stud- 1990s, and further augmented by a deep in- ies. The ambition was primarily to understand volvement in a number of bilateral and EU the logic and functioning of the communist funded technical assistance programs on edu- countries - and definitely not to engage in cation and research in former communist coun- broader theory building. In mainstream social tries. The research resulted in a number of ma- sciences remained the exception at the political, jor research publications: on socio-political economic and social science departments for development in Central Europe (Curt and Lene East European Studies. Impeded by linguistic Sørensen); on Baltic Politics and Society (Ole barriers, by political sensitivities and in particu- Nørgaard and Lars Johannsen); on Russian lar the absence of hard data during the heyday Foreign Policy (Mette Skak); on Russian legal of behavioralism, social scientists avoided this development (Karin Hilmer Petersen); on envi- region. ronmental policies in the Baltic States (Ole The challenge to the area study approach came Nørgaard and Karin Hilmer Pedersen); on con- from a new generation of scholars with a dual stitutional development in post-communist competence in a social science discipline and a countries (Lars Johannsen), and on the inter- Slavic (mostly Russian) language. While few in play between economic and political reforms number, this new generation also benefited (Ole Nørgaard). This research is being contin- from the deténte of the early 1970s, which ued in two major programs. One program man- partly revived social sciences in a number of aged by Curt Sørensen, on nation building, the communist countries, partly provided oppor- mass politics, and cleavage structures in Cen- tunities for travel and scientific exchange pro- tral Europe, applies a historical-sociological ap- grams. Yet, it was not until the early 1980s that proach in an effort to improve our understand- this new generation of scholars had reached an ing of politics in post-Communist Central academic age that opened positions at major Europe. Another program, 'Democracy, the social science departments. This new trend be- State and Administrative Reforms' managed by came institutionalized particularly at the De- Ole Nørgaard, explores the function and role of partment of Political Science at the University of the state and state administration in fostering Aarhus, and at the University Center of South democracy and economic development in the Jutland. Here a small group of people attached post-communist world.27 The program com- to the 'Institute of East-West Studies', had bines statistical analyses with macro-insti- worked since the early 1970s on economic and tutional and case studies. The comparative political issues related to the East-West division case studies focus on the capacity of state ad- and especially the deténte process. The Co- ministrations in the privatization of telecommu- penhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI), nications and agriculture. established as an independent institute by the During the 1990s the 'Institute of East-West Danish Parliament in 1985, also aimed at sup- Studies' at the University Center of South Jut- porting and strengthening multidisciplinary re- land maintained its focus on Central and East- search on Peace and Security, contributed sig- ern Europe, and made a number of important nificantly to East European Studies in their as- contributions in the field: on Russian domestic signed field. Yet, when communism collapsed, politics (Jens-Jørgen Jensen and Märta-Lisa East European Studies in Denmark remained Magnusson); on Eastern Europe and the EU largely monopolized by the Slavonic depart- (Finn Laursen and Søren Riishøj). In addition ments. This was to change radically in the Märta-Lisa Magnusson achieved international 1990s. standing as a major expert in Russian regional East European Studies in the 1990s politics, in Caucasian politics and in particular in The 1990s marked a significant shift in Danish developments related to the conflict in Chech- East European Studies. While the Slavonic de- nya. However, at the turn of the century the Uni- partments maintained their area study focus, a versity Center of South Jutland merged with the number of social science research institutions University of Odense to become the new allocated substantial resources to the study of University of South Denmark. In that process Central and East European politics, societies the 'Institute of East-West Studies' was dis- and economies.

26 http://www.ps.au.dk/ 27 http://www.demstar.dk/

14 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 solved and the staff integrated into the newly Danish research, analysis and information ac- established Department of Political Sciences at tivities on international relations and Danish the new university.28 Yet, the research focus of foreign policy. In that context, Central and East- the staff remains on Central and Eastern ern Europe obviously occupy a central position. Europe, and in particular on Russian European Research at the institute is ordinarily under- policy (Jens-Jørgen Jensen), Central European taken upon governmental or parliamentary re- politics and society (Lene Bøgh Søresen), po- quest if they require a thorough analysis of a litical parties (Søren Riishøj), and center- specific topic. The focus is presently laid on periphery conflicts and federalism in Russia three main areas of research: the New World (Märtha-Lisa Magnusson). order, the organization of Europe, and finally, Turning to economic research, economists at Denmark's place in a new regional and interna- Roskilde University Center29 have made impor- tional context. The Copenhagen Peace Re- tant contributions in the field of political econ- search Institute (COPRI)35 was established by omy (Klaus Nielsen), environmental economy the Danish Parliament in 1985 for the purpose (Hans Aage), and environmental law, regula- of supporting and strengthening multidiscipli- tion, and policy (Børge Klemmensen). A signifi- nary research on Peace and Security. Also here cant development in Danish East European research on Central and Eastern Europe has economic research was the establishment of had an important position, and at present the the Center for East European Studies (CEES)30 program on Security in the Nordic and Baltic in 1996. Since the beginning of 2000 it has Sea Area (NORD) in particular provides impor- been affiliated with the Department of Interna- tant insights into the dynamics of the post- tional Business and Management. Directed by communist countries in the Baltic region. Niels Mygind, the Center focuses its activities in Concluding observations particular on governance and enterprise re- Studies on Central and Eastern Europe (or So- structuring, on management in transition, and viet Studies) in Denmark were born out of the foreign investments in Eastern Europe. political necessities generated by the cold war. Also the Slavonic Institutes maintain islands of These needs defined the research agenda and social science research. The Slavonic Depart- politics, framed the alternative perspectives on ment, University of Aarhus, hosts the leading the communist system - and the ensuing con- Danish expert on Czech politics (Peter Bugge) flicts. In addition, during the 1980s a new gen- and a Ph.D. program comparing political cul- eration of researchers had made their way into tures in the Czech and Slovak republics.31 At academia, challenging the traditional area stud- the University of South Denmark, the Center for ies tradition. All, of course, changed with the collapse of the communist systems. With the Russian and East European Studies32 (Bent disappearance of the old systems, however, the Jensen and Erik Kulvig) concentrates on Dan- expertise on those systems was outdated too. ish-Russian relations and on internal develop- Some scholars continued passionately to fight ments in the former Soviet Union, taking advan- the battles of yesteryear - who had been right tage of the newly opened archives. At the East 33 about what and when. However, the field be- European Institute of the University of Co- came open to a new cohort of social scientists penhagen Niels Erik Rosenfelt has made impor- who used new and generally broader compara- tant contributions to our understanding of the tive methods and had theoretically based perpower structures in the Soviet system, and spectives on Central and Eastern Europe. In younger scholars are engaged in research on this process the traditional strongholds of Cen- church-state relationships in Eastern Europe tral and Eastern European Studies (the Sla- and on Russia-EU relations. vonic departments) returned to cultural studies, Finally, two major research institutions are con- to history or to languages, and only a few main- tinuously engaged in research related to do- tained a social sciences based perspective on mestic and international developments in Cen- the region. This role was instead taken over by tral and Eastern Europe, but each with their major social science institutions, where a grow- own focus. The Danish Institute of International ing group of younger scholars became engaged 34 Affairs (DUPI) is an independent government in 'transitionalogy', or whatever became the la- funded research institution established by stat- bel for those engaged in the study of the grand ute in 1995. The institute's aim is to strengthen transformation in post-communist countries. All the general social scientists that have or are in 28 http://www.sam.sdu.dk/eindex.htm the process of including Central and Eastern 29 http://www.ruc.dk/ Europe into broader comparative ventures are 30 http://www.econ.cbs.dk/institutes/cees/sider/object.html beyond the scope of this article. From a Danish 31 http://www.au.dk/en/hum/slavisk/ perspective, this seems, however, to be the 32 http://www.ou.dk/hum/studier/slavisk/index.html general trend. The days of the East European 33 http://www.hum.ku.dk/osteuro/ 34 http://www.dupi.dk/ 35 http://www.copri.dk/

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 15 specialist are over. In the future, we will see Sept. 28th- 30th, 1998. Published in Tom East European Studies becoming a 'normal' Trier & Lars Fuch, (eds.) Conflict and part of the social sciences - just as we hope Forced Displacement in the Caucasus. and believe that the post-Communist countries Copenhagen, Danish Refugee Council, themselves will become normal societies. 1999, pp. 62-71. Selected list of recent publications on Central • Meyer, Klaus: Institutions, Transaction and Eastern Europe by Danish scholars36 Costs and Entry Mode Choice in Eastern • Aage, Hans: Environmental transition in Europe, working paper, electronic version: Nordic and Baltic countries, Cheltenham: www.econ.cbs.dk/institutes/cees/pub/downl Edward Elgar, 1998. oad1.html, 2000. • Bugge, Peter: ‘Democracy and Parliament • Mygind, Niels: Societies in Transition, elec- in Czech Politics’, pp. 161-177 in Lene tronic version: Bogh Sorensen and Leslie E. Eliason www.econ.cbs.dk/institutes/cees/pub/sit/p1. (eds.): Forward to the Past: Continuity and html, 2000. Change in Political Development in Hun- • Nielsen, Klaus: The Transformation Proc- gary, Austria and the Czech and Slovak ess in Eastern Europe. Economic Reform, Republics, Aarhus: Aarhus University Social Conflict and Institutional Change, Press, 1997. Research Report, 1997 (in the process of • Bugge, Peter: Czech Perceptions of the extension and revision, to be published by Perspective of EU Membership: Havel vs. Routledge, 2000). Klaus, San Domenico di Fiesole,: European • Nielsen, Klaus: Industrial Restructuring and University Institute Working Paper, RSC No. Industrial Policy. The Dynamics of Change 2000/10, 55 p., 2000. of Industrial Policy in Central and Eastern • Faurby, Ib in co-operation with Märta-Lisa Europe in Response to Domestic Needs Magnusson, ‘The battle (s) of Groznyj’, in: and External Requirements, Working Pa- Baltic Defence Review, no. 2, 1989, pp. 75- pers on European Integration and Regime 87, Baltic Defence College, Tartu. Formation, TKI, SUC, 42/98. • Friis, Lykke and Anna Murphy: EU Govern- • Nørgaard, Ole and Lars Johannsen: The ance and Central and Eastern Europe - Baltic States after Independence, Chelten- Where are the Boundaries? HCM Occa- ham: Edwin Elgar, 1999. sional Paper 35, October 1997, from the • Nørgaard, Ole: Economic Institutions and Danish Institute of International Affairs: Democratic Reform. A Comparative Analy- www.dupi.dk. sis of Post-Communist Countries, Chelten- • Friis, Lykke: Eastern Enlargement - A com- ham: Edwin Elgar, 2000. plex juggle (with Anna Murphy) in M.G. • Pedersen, Karin Hilmer: Rusland mod årtu- Cowles and M. Smith (red.): Risks, Re- sindskiftet. Feudalstat, retsstat, forms, Resistance or Revival: The State of velfærdsstat, eller ...? [Russia towards the the European Union (forthcoming 2000), millennium: Feudal State, Constitutional from the Danish Institute of International Af- State, Welfare State or…?] Jurist- og Øko- fairs: www.dupi.dk. nomforbundets forlag, København, 1998. • Hansen, Birthe and Bertel Heurlin, (red.), • Petersen, Karin Hilmer: ’Political Parties in The Baltic States in World Politics, Birthe the Decision Making of the Russian Federa- Hansen, Bertel Heurlin, (red.), Surrey, Cur- tion’ and "Postscriptum" in: Eckerberg and zon, 1998 Pedersen (eds.), Democracy's Dawn: Par- • Johannsen, Lars The Constitution and De- liamentary Elections in North West Russia, mocracy: The Choice and Consequence of Umeå University, Research Report 1998. the Constitution in Post-Communist Coun- • Riishøj, Søren and Finn Laursen: The EU tries, Aarhus: Politica, 2000 forthcoming. and Central Europe – Status and Pros- • Loees-Beck, Michael S. and Martin Paldam: pects, Esbjerg: South Jutland University Electoral Studies – Economics and Elec- Press, 1996. tions, vol. 19, no. 2-3, June-Sept., 2000. • Rosenfeldt, Niels Erik: „By the Grace of His- • Magnusson, Märta-Lisa: “The Failure of tory - Political Language, Ideology, and Le- Conflict Prevention and Management: The gitimacy in Communist Regimes", En slavist Case of Chechnya. Part 1: Conflict As- i humanismens tegn. Festskrift til Kristine sessment and Pre-war Escalation.” Paper Heltberg, Copenhagen 1994, pp. 155-67, presented at a Conference on ‘Conflict and from the East European Institute (University Forced Displacement in the Caucasus - of Copenhagen): Perspectives, Challenges and Responses’, http://www.hum.ku.dk/osteuro/medarb/rose Danish Refugee Council, Copenhagen nfeldt.html. • Rosenfeldt, Niels Erik: Stalin's Secret Chancellery and the Comintern, Copenha- 36 Compiled by Luise Pape Møller.

16 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 gen 1991, at the East European Institute tual Assistance” with the Soviet Union. In other (University of Copenhagen): Scandinavian countries, several institutes ex- http://www.hum.ku.dk/osteuro/medarb/rose isted during Soviet times. Finland was a rare nfeldt.html. exception: there were no organised Soviet stud- • Semjonov, Aleksei: Estonia: Nation Building ies to speak of. One really cannot point out any and Integration. Political and Legal Aspects, major Finnish academic experts on the Soviet 8/2000, from the Copenhagen Peace Re- world, at least not outside of Russian language search Institute: and literature studies. Why was this the case? www.copri.dk/menu/pumenu.htm. What was the Finnish relationship to the big • Skak, Mette, From Empire to Anarchy: neighbour in intellectual terms? Postcommunist Foreign Policy and Interna- One of the main explanations for the scarcity of tional Relations, London: Hurst , 1996 Soviet studies was plainly the lack of genuine • Sørensen, Curt: ’The European Participa- intellectual interest. It should be noted in this tion Crises: The Problem of Democracy’ in context that Finnish social sciences and hu- Erik Beukel et al. (eds.), Elites, Parties and manities were more generally concentrated on Democracy, Odense University Press, national issues. Not much interest in American 1999. society or even in European societies existed. • Sørensen, Lene Bøgh and Leslie B. Eli- One could almost claim that social and cultural ason: Forward to the past: continuity and studies were seen as an aspect of state build- change in political development in Hungary, ing. Austria, and the Czech and Slovak Repub- It would be misleading, however, to argue that lics. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1997. there were no Soviet studies whatsoever in • Sørensen, Lene Bøgh and Leslie B. Eliason Finland before the 1990’s. Some major contri- (eds.): Facism, Liberalism and Totalitarian butions were published as dissertations in eco- Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, nomics (Sutela 1984) and in political science Aarhus: Aarhus University Press (forthcom- (Susiluoto 1982, Iivonen 1990). Issues of Soviet ing). trade were also analysed (Salminen 1981). • Zlatko, Isakovic: Democratization, Democ- Many books were published concerning the his- racy and Ethnic Conflicts in the Balkans, tory of relations between Finland and Russia. 9/2000, from the Copenhagen Peace Re- Many important works were produced within the search Institute: departments of Russian languages and litera- www.copri.dk/menu/pumenu.htm. ture. Altogether, by the mid 1990’s, the total number of doctoral dissertations concerning Russia was more than fifty. Even in those fields Finland of study where general interest in Soviet issues was very marginal, prominent individual re- Markku Kivinen Finnish Centre for Russian and searchers were following their own way. This East European Studies, University of Hel- was the case, for example, with Juha Tolonen in sinkii37, legal theory (see e.g. Tolonen 1976). It is char- Pekka Sutela, Institute of Economies in Transi- acteristic of the Finnish case that these and other scholars of the period are fundamentally tion38 self-taught. No Finnish university offered Social science research on Eastern Europe courses or seminars in Soviet and East Euro- in Finland39 pean studies at the time. As international links were also almost totally lacking, this research Although Russia is Finland’s largest neighbour, has many of the hallmarks of individual effort. Russian studies have traditionally not been One existing institutional basis for Soviet stud- deemed as a major field of the Finnish social ies in Finland was the Finnish-Soviet Commit- sciences and humanities. This has been the tee for Scientific and Technological Co- case in spite of the fact that Finnish-Soviet operation. This committee had working groups trade was very significant for both sides and in several disciplines both in the natural sci- Finnish neutrality in foreign policy was based on ences and in the social sciences and humani- the agreement on “Treaty of Friendship and Mu- ties. And it was in this framework that Finnish scholars had the opportunity to get to know their Russian colleagues. In the beginning, con- 37 P.O. Box 59, FIN-00114 University of Helsinki. Tel.: tacts were restricted mainly to Moscow but dur- +358-9-19122787; fax: +358-9-19123822, e-mail: ing the Perestroika years, they already had en- [email protected] joyed a broader geographical coverage. Al- 38 Bank of Finnland, PB 160, 00101 Helsinki though in many cases the joint empirical re- 39 This article is an abbreviated version of the „Introduction“ search done was not at an international state- in: Russia: More Different Than Most, Markku Kangaspuro (ed.) forthcoming in Kikimora Publications, series B, July of-the-art level, this co-operation did make initial 2000 empirical data collection possible. Even if theo-

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 17 retical discussions were not always convincing, In 1995, Finland became a member of the they opened up new relations and possibilities, European Union (EU). The Finnish membership which could be used when times were changing of the EU implied that the relationship with Rus- and ideological restrictions became increasingly sia was no longer a relationship between a su- obsolete. perpower and a small country. Finland is quite For example, in the working group on sociology determined in seeing its own situation as a part in the 1980’s, there was active joint research of a broader constellation between the Euro- and discussion on the following topics: pean Union and Russia. In this context, a • gender issues; comparative analysis of so- search for Finnish expertise on Russian issues cial structure; time budgets; was inevitable, not only for Finland, but also for • the media and images of the Soviet Union Europe in more general terms. That partly ex- in the Finnish press and vice versa; plains the recent upsurge of Russian and East • working life and conditions of work; and so- European studies in Finland. cial problems, especially alcohol policy. In the middle of the 1990’s, the Finnish Ministry Many issues were dealt within a comparative of Education started two comprehensive efforts context. Research groups produced joint re- to promote Russian studies in Finland. The first ports. Although they were not theoretically so- initiative was to launch a distinctive research phisticated, they produced valuable data for programme at the Academy of Finland. The ongoing discussions. Within Finnish sociology, second initiative was to establish the Alek- a specific relationship with Polish sociologists santeri Institute40 as a special institution at the had been established already before (Allardt University of Helsinki. The institute is working and Wesolovsky, 1978) on a more equal pro- as a nation-wide network for Russian and East fessional basis. Cooperation with the Estonians European studies. The networking of the Fin- had also started already in the 1960’s. nish universities was regarded as inevitable be- Multi-disciplinary co-operation had been going cause of the need for job sharing and the lim- on within the Nordic countries on studying Rus- ited resources in individual universities. Finland sian and East European issues. In the years of has a highly dispersed set of universities, most Perestroika, some enthusiastic efforts were of which have been founded within the last few made to develop this co-operation on a more decades, often as regional policy measures. organised basis. A jointly compiled journal was Almost all of them have at least some activities published in English and the Nordic Committee in Russian and East European studies. for Research on Eastern States (Nordisk ko- The Aleksanteri Institute has good connections mitet för öststatsforskning) worked as a forum to the administration and to economic life. The for discussion. This interest however, though Ministry of Education provides its basic funding. genuine, was not on a sufficiently firm footing The various research and development projects and after a few years such formal Nordic co- are financed with national and EU project fund- operation faded away. Research communities ing consortia. In 1999, total funding was over 10 in different countries were too small and diverse mill. Finnish marks, in 2000, the budget is about to maintain the necessary degree of cohesion. the same. Its staff comprises about 20 persons The collapse of the Soviet Union was, among and is directed by Professor Markku Kivinen. other things, a huge intellectual challenge. It The mission statement of the Institute is to had several important implications for Western • promote research on Russian and Eastern institutes of Soviet studies. Originally, only few Europe could see the true complexity of the transition. • promote and coordinate academic studies Expertise in Russia, her history, culture, and the and continuing education on Russia and Soviet system seemed no longer necessary. Eastern Europe Even worse, it could be a handicap. An econo- • maintain databases and information ser- mist versatile in the Russian language had to vices be a specialist of the planned system. There- • offer expert services concerning research fore, he had the wrong mindset for the tasks of on contemporary issues in the region transition. So, ignorance of a country perversely • promote networking in the academic com- became a benefit. Interest in Russian studies munity with actors in business, politics and diminished and, above all, the political interest public administration in financing specific institutions for this purpose • promote Finnish expertise abroad was not nearly as compelling as it had been • offer consulting services particularly in during the cold war period. Several institutes connection with the EU funding of academic were reorganised. The tendency to integrate projects Russian and East European studies within a • publish research results in Kikimora Publi- broader framework of European studies was cation series. rather strong.

40 http://www.halvi.helsinki.fi/aleksanteri/English/

18 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 In 1998, the Institute started both an M.A. pro- The recently founded Finnish polytechnics have gramme and a Ph.D. programme for the field. also been activating their teaching and even About 25 young scholars are currently enrolled been conducting some research on Russian in the doctoral programme of the Aleksanteri and East European issues. Institute. The programme is based on multidis- The research programme of the Finnish Acad- ciplinary courses and it is assumed that all new emy was started with a comprehensive discus- scholars in the field have a rather thorough sion of its focus. For example, the following is- knowledge of transition, Russian culture and sues were raised in the discussion: history and also of Finnish-Russian political and To what extent should the programme concen- economic relations. The doctoral programme trate on current political and economic issues? involves co-operation with leading Western and The Ministry of Education, which provides fund- Russian specialists. The M.A. programme has a ing for the programme, was keen to point out similar kind of multidisciplinary profile. Each of the priority of economic, political and adminis- the Finnish Universities has developed a profile trative topics. On the other hand, it was argued of its own in teaching Russian and East Euro- by many in the Academy that the present could pean issues. For example, the University of be understood and analysed only on the basis Lapland is active in arctic issues, while the Uni- of fundamental research on Russian culture versity of Joensuu, which is geographically lo- and history. cated near the Eastern border, is concentrating • To what extent should the development of on the problems of Karelia and other border re- Finnish research and expertise be focused gions. The University of Jyväskylä is active in on those regions of Russia, which geo- intercultural communication and the University graphically are most attractive for practical of Tampere has a long tradition in analysing the interests , that is, mainly on northwest Rus- working life and social structure of Russia. Of sia? course, Russian culture and history is taught in • Should the funding be concentrated on the several universities and the University of Hel- already existing strong fields, or should it sinki has several strong departments in different especially generate interests in new disci- faculties. Such division of labour is, of course, plines, especially those that would be rele- not determined from above, and it is all the time vant for contemporary change? changing according to the interests of the re- • Should the programme support rather large searchers and students. Several universities research groups or individual researchers? have also launched their own M.A. courses and Given the fact that many universities and disci- have even established a few professorships, al- plines are represented in the decision-making though only on a temporary basis so far. research councils of the Academy of Finland Specific units for studying East-West trade have the result seems to be a compromise allowing long been working at the Turku School of Eco- many kinds of approaches and emphasising the nomics and Business Administration and more fact that the focus should not be too restrictively recently also at the Technological University of defined. In the actual programme, strong fields Lappeenranta. The Helsinki School of Econom- of study appeared to be social sciences (seven ics and Business Administration has recently projects) and history (six). Culture and lan- established a new institute for Russian and Bal- guage were represented by several projects, al- tic issues. together five. Four projects dealt with economic In addition to the universities, several research issues while only one project had a politological institutes are working in the field. The Bank of profile. Only one project dealt with change in Finland has an internationally renowned Insti- the legal system. The relative quantitative tute for Economies in Transition (BOFIT), and weakness of political and legal studies in the an important body of Russian expertise has programme is a clear problem, and presumably been groomed at the Finnish Institute of For- reflects the small amount of interest in these eign Affairs. Many Finnish ministries have been disciplines. Due to the lack of sufficiently strong active in funding more practically oriented re- proposals from the research community, the search and several development projects, fi- original priorities of the Ministry could not be nanced by regional councils and the EU, have a fully implemented. research component in their approach. Worth As the discussion above should make clear, the mentioning here is the Finnish Institute for Rus- interest in Eastern and Central Europe in sian and East European Studies (FIREES), Finland is primarily a matter of interest in Rus- which concentrates its activities on support ser- sia. However, there are intensive connections vices, such as library supply and conference with Estonia which result in a wide range of re- organisation41. seach projects. Since co-operation with Estonia is regarded as mainly problem-free, it needs much less co-ordination than its bigger neighbour Russia. At Aleksanteri Institute, there 41 http://www.rusin.fi

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 19 are eg. research projects conducted on: „Accul- create any comprehensive research group thus turation and Identity of Ingrian-Finns. Estonians far, let alone a Finnish School on these issues. and Russians in Finland“ (by Eve Kyntäjä), However, individual contributions were of a high „Everyday Life and Coping Strategies of the Ru- quality. Within the programme, Christer Pursiai- ral Population in Estonia“ (Anna Kokko), and nen (1998) produced a very fundamental analy- „The Estonian Orthodox Church in Soviet For- sis of the “End of Sovietology”, analysing the eign Policy 1917-1923“. Poland, Hungary, and change of the paradigm concerning Russian other post-socialist Central Europan countries foreign policy. He used the first war in Chech- are of interest also, but the number of Finnish nya as the basis for his empirical case study. research projects targeted at Central Europe, is Some important individual contributions have small. For example, the contacts with Hungary been presented outside of the programme. are still tight, especially in the field of Finno- Marja Nissinen (1999) analysed the political as- Ugric studies. The programme of the Finnish pect of Latvia in transition whereas Timo Aarre- Academy of Sciences also concentrates heavily vaara (1999) made an empirical analysis on on Russia. There were several projects on the change in the Ukrainian administration. Baltic countries but only two dealing mainly with The fact that economics was not as strong in Eastern Europe in more general terms. At the the programme as might have been expected, original launching of the programme some em- is probably explained by the specifics of Finnish phasis was put on the nearby regions, but it is a academic economics, which tends to be more matter of conjecture as to whether this priority theoretically than country oriented. Among the was actually carried through. As far as the or- economics projects, two approaches seem to ganisation was concerned, many projects were dominate. There was much research on trade fairly large and in many cases umbrella projects and particularly investment, but also network- with a somewhat dispersed focus. It should be based studies on empirical topics. no surprise, given the background outlined History, as mentioned above, was a strong as- above, that most projects did not really have a pect of the programme. Here, as might have strong leader. Much of the output consists of li- been expected, the emphasis was on the utili- centiate and doctoral dissertations rather than sation of newly available Russian archives, in of work of well-established senior scholars. particular concerning Soviet-Finnish relations That, naturally, also raises the issue of continu- and the influence of Soviet authorities on ity in research funding. Finland. Books on such issues by Ohto Man- All in all, the programme seemed to be a mix of ninen, Hannu Rautkallio, and Kimmo Rentola compromises between different orientations have been major best sellers. Antti Laine and and disciplines. Social sciences were actively others also did path-breaking work on the politi- involved. The programme clearly enforced Rus- cal history of Soviet Karelia. Cultural studies, sian studies in that field. The scope of the pro- spanning Russian language to art and litera- jects was large and the orientation mainly em- ture, were another major priority in the pro- pirical. It might be asked whether this is due to gramme at the time. the empiricist nature of current sociology in The research programme includes 28 projects, general or whether it is simply a wise approach which present the great variety of disciplines, in the circumstances, where not very many approaches and of universities. The project by theories on a social sphere in transition can be Ritta Kosonen and Asta Salmi (both at the Hel- found anywhere. In any case, Finland is now sinki School of Economics and Business Ad- one of those rather few countries where lots of ministration) utilises a network-based approach sociologists are collecting and analysing em- to empirical material. But, the materials utilised pirical data on Russia. There can be no doubt are quite different, and so are the theoretical that the professional level of empirical analysis approaches. Markku Lonkila (University of Hel- has been improving. Jukka Gronow (1997) and sinki) comes from a different discipline and Markku Kivinen (1998) made efforts to bring makes use of different material - everyday life in forth some new theoretical openings. Gronow St. Petersburg - but comes close to Kosonen analysed much neglected issues on Soviet pat- and Salmi in utilising a network-based ap- terns of consumption whereas Kivinen made an proach. Altogether, the research of Lonkila and effort to conceptualise the Soviet system based others on everyday life in Russia is an impor- on the basic cultural code of the Bolshevik revo- tant part of the whole programme. Erkki lution. Kaukonen, Joan Löfgren and Gerd Schienstock The relative lack of politological analysis is an (University of Tampere) tread a path between obvious defect of the programme. Civil society, economics, industrial organisation, manage- democracy and the law-based state are still the ment and sociology. Their topic, industrial and key political issues in Eastern Europe. With the technological modernisation, is a key issue for exception of Juha Tolonen and his junior col- Russia’s future. This project is also a product of leagues dealing with civil law, (e.g. Lehtinen long-term co-operation between Finnish, Rus- 1997) Finnish research has not been able to sian and other scholars.

20 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 Ilari Karppi, 0lli Kultalahti and Heikki Rantala Some things will depend on the future devel- (University of Tampere) base their research on opment of the countries involved, but in all the labour flow aspects of the European Union probability the old wisecrack will remain rele- enlargement on the empirical work they have vant: all nations, all countries, all states, all conducted together with local researchers in people are different, but Russia is more differ- Central Europe. Mikko Kivikoski (University of ent than most. Turku) is a historian with the approach of a cur- References rent Woorian. The relation between pre- • Aarrevaara, T. (1998), Councillors and Civil revolutionary dissident thought and post- Servants in the Ukrainian Self-government. revolutionary realities will continue to offer food Kyiv: Naukova dumka. for thought for a long time to come. Markku • Allardt, E., Wesolowski, W. (eds) (1978), Tykkyläinen (University of Joensuu) is a geog- Social Structure and Change: Finland and rapher of rural change; he takes a comparative Poland in Comparative Perspective. War- approach, looking at survival in the rural com- saw: Polish Scientific Publishers. munities of Russian Karelia and Hungary. • Gronow, J. (1997), The Sociology of Taste. The programme was rich in social and cultural New York: Routledge. projects. Three of them highlight different as- • Iivonen, J. (1990), Independence or Incor- pects of this field. Marianne Liljeström’s (Swed- poration? – the Idea of Poland's National ish University of Abo) research is the happy Self-determination and Independence within product of a coincidence of Russian studies, the Russian and Soviet Socialism from the women’s studies and the autobiographical re- 1870s to the 1920s. Helsinki: The Finnish search approach in modern sociology. The work Institute of International Affairs. of Sirkka Laihiala-Kankainen (University of Jy- • Kivinen, M (1998), Sosiologia ja Venäjä. väskylä) focuses on a relatively neglected but Helsinki: Tammi surely crucial topic, Russian education. Finally, • Lehtinen, L. (1997), Venäläinen osakeyhtiö. the research by Tomi Huttunen, Pekka Pe- oikeudellisen perustan kehittyminen suunni- sonen, Sanna Turoma et al. is perhaps the telmataloudesta markkinatalouteen siirty- largest of all the projects in the programme, vässä valtiossa yritysmuotojen ja erityisesti studying different aspects of modernity and osakeyhtiön oikeudellisen aseman kannalta modernism in Russian culture. tarkasteltuna. Helsinki: Lakimiesliiton The programme of the Academy of Finland on kustannus. Russian and East European studies has been • Nissinen, M, (1999), Latvia's Transition to a completed. As mentioned, this was an excep- Market Economy. Political Determinants of tionally large programme in social and cultural Economic Reform Policy, Basingstoke: studies by Finnish standards. Priorities by defi- Macmillan, New York: St. Martin's Press. nition must be temporary, but the Academy has • Pursiainen, C. (1998), Beyond Sovietology: an intention to finance high-quality Russian and International Relations Theory and the East European research in the future as well. Study of Soviet I Russian Foreign and Se- From the very beginning, science policy plan- curity Policy. Helsinki: Ulkopoliittinen insti- ning in Finland has opted for the discipline- tuutti. based as opposed to an area-based approach. • Salminen, A. (1981), Idänkauppa ja hallinto: The scholars involved in this programme - like tutkimus Suomen idänkaupan rakenteesta, all researchers funded by the Academy of sopimusjärjestelmästä ja hallin- Finland - were based in research institutes and to-organisaatiosta esimerkkinä sosialisti- university departments, maintaining close con- maiden ja markkinatalousmaiden talousyh- tacts with their disciplines. In the Ph.D. and teistyöistä. Tampere: Finnpublishers. M.A. programme of the Aleksanteri Institute as • well, students must have a disciplinary compe- Susiluoto, I. (1982), The Origins and Devel- tence first and become Russian and East Euro- opment of Systems Thinking in the Soviet pean experts thereafter. Union: Political and Philosophical Contro- The decision made by the Ministry of Education versies from Bogdanov and Bukharin to in the early 1990’s to make Russian and East Present-day Re-evaluations. Helsinki: So- European studies a science policy priority was, cietas scientiarum Fennica. (Annales Aca- as pointed out above, in some sense an anom- demiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Dissertatio- aly. By now a firm basis has been created for nes humanarum litterarum; 30). • the future of the field in Finland. There will be Sutela, P. (1984), Socialism, Planning and an outside assessment of the programme, but Optimality - a Study in Soviet Economic the final assessment will be made by the inter- Thought. Helsinki: Societas scientiarum national research community in the years to Fennica. (Commentationes scientiarum so- come. The Finns may not have always been cialium; 25) • there, but they have come, and will not go Tolonen, J. (1976), Neuvostoliiton talousjär- away. Much, naturally, remains to be done. jestelmä ja sen oikeudelliset perusteet.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 21 Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto, yhteiskunta- with European Union’s funding. However, as tieteiden tutkimuslaitos. (Yhteiskuntatietei- regards financial resources, British research den. tutkimuslaitos, Tampereen yliopisto, A: has an advantage over the French one as it has Tutkimuksia; 48) better foothold in Brussels, whereas German research has another advantage, that of enjoy- ing better funding thanks to half private half France public foundations. 1. A short history Georges Mink, Centre National de la Recher- Before 1989, as regards the development of che Scientifique42 studies on Soviet Russia, the USSR and East- ern Europe, different periods can be distin- French Research on Eastern Europe guished. The first period goes from the 1917 revolution to the creation of the Soviet bloc in French social science research on Russia and the wake of the World War II. So, in 1917, the Eastern Europe is bearing marks of its origin. review Le Monde slave was started in Paris, French visitors and social scientists have al- which permitted Ernest Denis to bring together ways had a strong fascination for Russia people for whom the Russian upheavals were (among the best known the Marquis de Custine worthy of scientific investigation. This period or Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, but also Durkheim’s was marked by two kinds of empirical re- followers Marcel Mauss and Célestin Bouglé sources: evidence produced by émigrés and and even occasionally Emile Durkheim himself 44. 43 visitors back from the USSR In both cases, ). After 1917, the Soviet Union, and after- suspicion about partiality of analyses caused wards, from 1945-1948 on, the whole Soviet their audience to be limited. As for the émigrés, bloc gave rise to lots of divisions about just in- “wrapped up in their personal tragedies, over- terpretation, with strong ideological contents come by their bitterness, paralysed by the re- (aggravated by lack of information), motivated cent date of the event, haunted by the hope of a by partisan purposes, involving often political possible about-turn, (they) were only rarely able exiles. to go beyond plea and passion and achieve But an upsurge of research marked the turn of scientific objectiveness”45. The evidence pre- the 60s and 70s. Three sets of facts caused the sented by French intellectuals (Jacques Sa- scholars’ interests to change: first, the arrival of doul), as well as the Russian-born ones (like new generations of social scientists who were Victor Serge or Boris Souvarine) was suspected able to get their inquiries free of certain inher- of being partial and in consequence rejected, ited ideological burdens; second, increased because “passion – be it admiring or horrified – transparency in East European countries; and outweighs objectiveness and the science has finally, entering into the field, beside linguistic 46 studies and classical studies of civilisations, nothing to gain by it” Let us note for that pe- both related to area studies, of social science riod the strong intellectual ascendancy of approaches which, instead of emphasizing the somebody like Pierre Pascal, a Bolsheviks’ specificity of this part of the world, applied to it friend, who reportedly “deliberately chose to 47 their own paradigms and methods. Thus, keep silent” . economists, sociologists, historians, demogra- In the aftermath of the 1939-1945 war a new phers, political scientists have contested the va- state of political affairs marked the beginning of lidity of culturalist paradigms or more simply a new period, but France, in spite of its tradition culturalist hypotheses. This modernised ap- showed little interest in East European studies. proach has questioned explanations grounded Yet the stabilization of the Soviet regime, its ex- on the uniqueness of political systems or on tension to Eastern Europe, followed by the cold ethno-historical causalities. Since the 1980s, war, provided sufficient reason not only for sci- the scientists that have been studying this area entific studies but also for public support of have become increasingly aware of its such an undertaking. By contrast such supports complexity and diversity, as well as of the were largely provided to scientists in the United necessity to place their hypotheses into States and Germany, while their French col- particular contexts. Moreover, French scientific work has gone international and French 44 See the introduction by Hélène Carrère d’Encausse to scholars, often invested with leadership roles, the research guidebook L’Union Soviétique, by Lilly Marcou, have become involved in multinational teams, Armand Colin, 1971, pp. 11-29. particularly those with European Union’s 45 Idem, p. 13. 46 Idem, p. 14. In fact, these statements also reveal how 42 E-mail : [email protected] demanding the political arena was in the sixties as to care- 43 See « Sociologues et politistes français face aux révolu- fully chosen words, the major argument being that of tions russes », ed. by Dominique Colas, Cahiers A. Leroy- positivism, for those who aspired to become specialists of Beaulieu, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, Pa- the Soviet Union. ris, Cahiers nb. 1, 1998, p. 80. 47 Idem, p. 14.

22 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 leagues had to wait for changes that occurred search team which studied Solidarity (Ecole des in the sixties when De Gaulle’s particular politi- Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales). cal views on the question (based on the con- But some weaknesses inherited from that pe- vergence theory) made French foreign policy riod had consequences for the state of mind of independent of its American ally. But intellectual scholars and their readiness to undertake re- curiosity appeared before, maybe with the first search work after 1989. Among teachers and big crisis of the Soviet bloc in 1956 that in a inside the French educational system there has roundabout hit the pro-communist French elites. been little interest in the outside world, a ten- It was after the revelations at the 20th Soviet dency that only recently began to be reversed communist party congress and their conse- thanks to European challenges and educational quences for the satellite countries that the pressures of globalisation. Another reason for stranglehold on the French research studies this state of affairs was a double-ideologisation and university work got relaxed, so that the of the Sovietology research field, mostly turned availability of new documentary resources to the study of the political system to the detri- (spreading of Soviet documents, liberalization ment of the observation of particular national of scientific exchanges, increasing numbers of societies, while the political elites in power were personal accounts, and, since the beginning of convinced that the Soviet empire was immuta- the sixties, proliferation of dissident literature) ble. As a result for the research policy, there opened new avenues to studies of the Soviet was a lack of interest on the part of institutions world. From that moment, historical studies and therefore a lack of funding for studies fo- made much progress in France (Georges cused on national specificities and breakdown Haupt, Marc Ferro, Michel Heller), as well as dynamics. the studies of ethnic groups in the Soviet Union 2. After 1989-1991: Actors and scientific activity (Alexandre Bennigsen, Chantal Quelquejay, There are several actors in France dedicated to Hélène Carrère d’Encausse), of the social, po- and implied in studying and doing research litical and juridical system, even of geostrategy work on Central and Eastern Europe, in teach- (Basile Kerblay, René Girault, Michel Lesage, ing about and specializing in it. They can be di- Henri Chambre, Jean Laloy, Pierre Hassner, vided in two categories: Moshe Lewin before his leaving for the United • institutional actors (universities, public re- States), of the economic system (Eugène Zale- search institutions, government’s institu- ski, Georges Sokolof, Marie Lavigne, Pierre tions) Naville), of the cultural activity (Georges Nivat, • non-governmental institutions, actors com- Jean Bonamour), of the satellite countries (Pi- ing from civil society (associations ruled by erre Kende, François Fejtö, Georges Mond, the 1901 law, as for example the Associa- Pavel Tigrid, Zdenek Strmiska, Thomas Lowit), tion of Slavists at the Institut d’Etudes of the international communism (Annie Kriegel, Slaves (founded in 1919 by Ernest Denis), Ylios Yananakis)48. Transitions – a grouping of former students The seventies and eighties brought about vari- of Central and Eastern Europe, the ex- ous incentives for research work, such as: the USSR included, from the Paris Institut appearance of democratic opposition leading to d’Etudes Politiques49). the epic Solidarity upsurge (that produced a The first category includes more or less impor- major impact on French public opinion and the tant actors (for their human potential, the scope elites), the regime liberalization in countries of their activity, their impetus capability, their fi- such as Hungary and Poland, after attempts nancial resources, the latter determining all the made at openings which had resulted in the rest). Helsinki Conference, and a contrario, the Bre- Universities: zhnevian stagnation that reached its highest Many French universities have Slavic lan- point with the invasion of Afghanistan, the guages or Slavonic studies departments, cou- Ceaucescu regime, the Czech and German pled sometimes with civilisation studies. At gerontocracies. This is the period when certain some of them teaching staff has created re- institutions, such as French government agen- search teams. In our field, certain universities cies condescended to grant some additional have assumed leading parts. In Paris, these are funding to research groups, as for example P. University Paris IV, the Institut National des Kende’s and Z. Strmiska’s Group for Inequality

Studies, or Sociological Observatory for the 49 USSR and Eastern Europe (Z. Strmiska and G. The relative weakness of professional association activity prevents me from speaking about it in this paper; it will Mink) inside the Centre National de la Recher- be enough to mention that, though a Slavists’ association che Scientifique, or yet the Alain Touraine’s re- exists inside the Institut d’Etudes Slaves, there is no global unifying association like the AAASS in the United-States or other European countries that could bring together all social sciences disciplines dedicated to that geo-cultural area and could, for example, take responsibility for organizing na- 48 This enumeration, of course, is not exhaustive. tional congresses etc.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 23 Langues Orientales (INALCO), the Ecole des cial mobility), Victor Karady (sociological theory, Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), anti-Semitism), Patrick Michel (sociology of re- and similarly, in all university towns there are ligion), and also Krzysztof Pomian, Marie- universities that have developed area studies Elisabeth Ducreux (of the Centre d’Etudes His- (as, for example, Polish studies at Lille Univer- toriques), or Ewa Bérard and many others. sity). Particularly worth mentioning is a doctoral Certain very active scholars have been working degree course at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques at research centres linked to provincial universi- in Paris, now in charge of Dominique Colas (af- ties (François Bafoil in Grenoble, Gilles ter Hélène Carrère d’Encausse), comprising Lepesant in Bordeaux, Frédéric Sawicki or Mi- multidisciplinary teaching covering the whole of chel Maslowski in Lille, Joanna Nowicki and the geo-political space of the former Soviet Paul Gradhvol, Dominique Redor at Marne-la bloc. Vallée, and so on). The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi- State administration que (CNRS) Three research centres have distinguished This is an institution completely and exclusively themselves by their results and/or knowledge dedicated to scientific research. Though it pos- they have acquired of Eastern Europe. The sesses its own research teams, its present pol- most important beyond any doubt is the icy tends to co-finance joint teams. CEDUCEE (Le Centre d'études et de documen- Interface teams tation sur l'ex-URSS, la Chine et l'Europe de It is common practice in universities to house l'Est at the Documentation Française) that was research units (called joint or associated units founded in 1962 by Françoise Barry, at French when they are backed by funds and personell- government’s special request, in accordance coming from the Centre National de la Recher- with General De Gaulle’s policy and placed che Scientifique). Among the best known, doing close to the Prime Minister (Edith Lhomel, scientific work on Russia and/or Eastern Marie-Agnès Crosnier, Michèle Kahn, Alain Europe, is the Centre d’Etudes des Relations Giroux, Jaroslava Blaha, Daniela Heimerl, Cé- Internationales (CERI), a part of the Fondation line Bayou are the centre’s outstanding mem- Nationale des Sciences Politiques, that is spe- bers). Marked by the political climate of the time cialized in international relations and area stud- of its creation (war threats from the “opposing ies (P. Hassner, Anne de Tinguy, Jacques Rup- bloc” in the sixties and seventies), the centre nik, Marie Mendras, Kathy Rousselet among developed economic analyses based on sec- others). A laboratory associated with Nanterre ondary sources. Its financial means, however University Paris X, the Laboratoire d’Analyse superior to those of universities, were nonethe- des Systèmes Politiques (LASP) has brought less inferior to those American scientists had at together a number of sociologists and political their disposal, whose works, published by the scientists interested in Central Europe’s devel- Joint Economic Committee, were taken as a opments (Michel Dobry, Aleksander Smolar, model. Apart from this centre, intended for Georges Mink, Jean-Charles Szurek, Myrianna documentary purposes, there is the CEPII Morokvasic, Mihnea Berindae). As for the (Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'informations economists, one of the most important laborato- Internationales), an organism embodied in the ries is ROSES at University Paris I (founded by Commissariat Français du Plan, grouping some M. Lavigne, headed afterwards by Wladimir very good economists, specialists of Russian Andreef, Xavier Richet and now Gérard and Chinese economies (G. Sokolof, Gérard Duchêne). At the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Wild, Françoise Lemoine, among others). In Sciences Sociales (EHESS) there is a unit spe- both cases, the resources at the scholars’ dis- cialized in historical, demographic and socio- posal were their good knowledge of centrally logical research on the ex-USSR, the Centre administrated economies, as well as of Russe, headed by historian Wladimir Bere- accounting tools necessary for correcting lowitch and demographer Alain Blum, with, “official” data through cross-national among other associates, Nicolas Werth. When comparisons, and the construction of Industrial necessary, other specialists may be invited to ExchangesLater on (after Tables. 1989), another group was estab- join the activity of the centre, such as econo- lished inside the Administration. Expertise activ- mists Jacques Sapir or Bernard Chavance, or ity of the Regional Development (Aménage- sociologist Alexis Berelowitch. Other research ment du territoire – DATAR), needed coopera- units have some activity sectors focused on that tion of specialists suited for initiating work in part of the world, such as CADIS (Centre d'Ana- Eastern Europe under transition, in the domain lyse et d'Intervention Sociologiques), special- of industrial conversion, a domain in which ized in studies of social movements, headed by France possesses rich experience. The centre Michel Wieviorka. Other researchers, members had a team that worked from 1990 to 1996 un- of different centres of the EHESS, have been der the leadership of geo-politician Michel working on various East European regions, as, Foucher and the region’s specialist Jean-Yves for example, Daniel Bertaux (life stories and so- Potel. This centre has now been taking part in

24 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 various consortiums funded by the European Perron, Catherine Goussef, Jean-François Rav- Union, but its expertise activity has been given iot). priority over its research tasks. The Institut d’Etudes Slaves publishes the Re- It is worth noting, as a sign of a late recognition vue d’Etudes Slaves. The Institut also issues of the expertise ability of the specialists in this the Bibliographie européenne des travaux sur geo-cultural area, but also of their more ex- l’ex-URSS et l’Europe de l’Est, and it carries out tended scientific basis that Michel Foucher has policy of publishing works such as foreign lan- been appointed head of the Centre d’Analyse et guage handbooks or proceedings of scientific de Prévision (CAP) at the Ministry of Foreign meetings. It is also in charge of an editorial se- Affairs in 1999, while this function is usually carries Cultures et Sociétés de l’Est. The Russian ried out by a diplomat, and that Prof Marie- centre, mentioned above, at the EHEES, pub- Claude Maurel, a renown specialist in agrarian lishes the Cahiers du Monde Russe. Two inde- issues in Russia and Eastern Europe, has been pendent reviews that had their moments of appointed director of the Département des Sci- glory during the eighties, the Nouvelle Alterna- ences de l’Homme et de la Société (in 1997) at tive and the Autre Europe, are now striving to the Centre National de la Recherche Scienti- survive. fique50. However, certain general matter publishers are Between private and public spheres, there is showing some more interest in East European the Institut Français des Relations Internation- subjects these days. The main issues seem to ales (with geo-politicians like Dominique Moisi be the years 1989 and 1991, the wars in former or Thierry de Montbrial and an economist Yugoslavia, the extension of the European Un- specialist of the ex-USSR, Anita Tiraspolsky), ion, the consequences of the archive openings, as well as some smaller units such as that of the emergent economies, the Russian circum- Pascal Boniface (IRSIS). stances. Paper media 3. Expansion of the research after 1989 Two main reviews have been in charge of pub- The process of breaking up of the Soviet-type lishing multidisciplinary works in that field. system and almost general opening of research First of all, Le Courrier des Pays de l’Est (editor and observation fields, that previously had not in chief, Marie-Agnès Crosnier), a monthly re- been easily accessible if not completely forbid- view - a periodicity that makes it rather an in- den, on the one hand, and demand for more or formation and trend review - published under less basic expertise and knowledge concerning the care of the CEDUCEE, a unit of the Docu- certain socio-economic reality undergoing revo- mentation Française, with a public funding, lutionary transformation, on the other hand, put though it has a quite satisfactory subscriber ba- pressure on the authorities to grant substantial sis (about 800). The Documentation Française funding, as they never had in the past, for stud- has been issuing now and then, in the series ies of Central and Eastern Europe. A program Problèmes Politiques et Sociaux, special issues valid for a number of years, given the title “Intel- on Eastern Europe, made up of selected papers ligence of Europe”, a part of which was entitled on a given subject. Up to the year 2000, every “Transition processes in Central and Eastern year since the seventies, the Documentation Europe”, was launched on July 20, 1989 by two Française published a yearbook on Central and major institutions, the Scientific Research Minis- Eastern Europe. try and the CNRS. The program, which was in The Revue d’Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest operation until 1994, was endowed with impor- (directors A. Blum and G. Mink, and editor in tant financial resources. In 1991 and 1992, 202 chief K. Rousselet) is the reference journal for projects were presented, 66 of which were ap- academic circles. With a less large circulation, proved with grants amounting to 11 million the review is multidisciplinary and all social sci- francs. In 1992, as a response to a second call ence disciplines are represented in its editorial for proposals, 115 projects were submitted and board. Anonymity principle as well as a double 40 were accepted, but with diminished funding referees system serve as guarantees of scien- (3.5 million francs, to which 1.2 million was tific quality of the published articles. The review added for researches on enterprises, technol- is financed by the CNRS. It has been able to ogy and work problems). According to the gather some representative members of young evaluation report requested by the Scientific generation scientists (Anne Gazier, Catherine Research Ministry51, these programs permitted to identify 27 CNRS research units, 20 units from universities and 8 units coming from other bodies, all of which having proved their capabil- 50 It is more or less common that specialists of this geo- cultural area apply for positions connected with scientific diplomacy, as for example A. Berelowitch who was appointed to be cultural attaché in Moscow, or historian Antoine Mares 51 Report on the science teaching and research, Central appointed director of the Centre Français des recherches and Eastern Europe, to the Mission scientifique et tech- en Sciences Sociales in Prague. nique (DSPT 6), March 1995.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 25 ity to quickly come up to expectations of the au- in future Russian studies be separated from thorities. those of Central Europe as from those of South- It is certain that this exceptional institutional eastern Europe? What kind of unity in the real support gave a momentum to French social world justifies the maintenance of the ancient science research. Sociology, economy and his- professional unity? tory have most benefited from it, juridical sci- - Constraints of professional legacies didn’t stop ence, political science, demography and geog- operating. Before 1989, the professional body raphy coming next. Thanks to these grants, was actually disunited, cliquish and overideolo- several works were published and dozens of gized. The perverse effects of this legacy ap- reports were submitted for assessment to the pear in continuing partisan views and are Scientific Research Ministry. As a part of the shown in some people’s need to justify their programs, dozens of scholars from Central and past views by projecting their concepts onto the Eastern Europe could afford to spend between present. Let us just remind the multiplicity of a month and a year working in French research self-definition “concepts”: post-socialism, post- units. The works carried out were related to the Communism, post-Sovietism, “authentic” social- following fields: ism. The debate that opposed “shock therapy” • analysis of attitudes of people faced with to “gradualism” was ideologically distorted, social, economic and political constraints which also revealed how the past was pressing during the period of regime transition (30% down on the present. Some focused their atten- of research work carried out). Studies were tion exclusively on the social effects in order to focused on very different subjects: adaptive condemn the market; others neglected social strategies of individuals and social classes problems in order to give the market absolute (farmers), or social groups (elites, ethnic priority. minorities), emergence of partisan move- - It was the field’s unity that was seriously ments (political parties, counter-power, etc.) thrown into confusion, revealing to what extent • privatisation, competitiveness of economy the profession was ill at ease. What could justify (30% of research work) the perpetuation of a multidisciplinary body of • job management and employment, emer- regional specialists? Is it geography, Slavic eth- gence of new managers, salary and wage nic origin, a dominant linguistic family, similar policy and problems directly connected to trajectories of emergent economies, the begin- enterprises were subjects of a dozen of ning of political pluralism, or, last but not least, a studies common starting point, that is, the end of the • re-interpretation of history and its use was Soviet system? also a subject of a dozen of studies52. 2) Exogenous questioning of the profession’s 4. Some problems legitimacy The collateral effects of the disappearance of - The profession was to undergo the sudden ar- the Soviet bloc have destabilized the profession rival of comparative transitology, which asked of researchers specialized in Central and East- “its share of the cake” of the knowledge con- ern Europe (Russia included). Several causes cerning that geo-cultural area, but its claim was can be considered: based on the knowledge gained through study- 1) Endogenous facets of the professional le- ing other societies that had managed to get rid gitimacy crisis of their authoritarian regimes (Latin America, - The upsetting of the frontiers in the real world Southern Europe, etc.). This special branch of has unsettled the boundaries between scientific political science was seen by many specialists disciplines. The collapse of the ideological of Central and Eastern Europe as a threat of fronts and crumbling of the single true frontier competition, even a danger of calling into ques- that was the border separating the Soviet sys- tion the very usefulness of post-communist tem as a whole53 from the rest of Europe, then transition studies. a growing number of new geo-political frontiers, - The advent in the field of approach diversity as well as new sub-groups in search of their that put forward particular disciplines (economy, particularity (Russia, CIS, Central Europe, Bal- sociology, demography, etc.) and behind, in kan Europe, selection of candidate countries for second place, the area specificity, did not pro- entry into the European Union), all these facts duce good results only. For a moment, highly have raised new and relevant questions about specialized economists disputed the capability the dividing lines between professions. Should of Soviet or post-Soviet economy experts to account for the current state of affairs, which in their opinion pertained to the methods of classi- 52 Information letter PECO, « Intelligence of Europe », no. cal economy54. Initially disconcerted by this 3, March 1993, p. 14. 53 Didn’t people use to say, by way of joke, that Poland had 5 borders with the USSR : those with East Germany, the 54 See for that the report by the evaluation panel regarding USSR, Czechoslovakia, and also those with the sky and the the CEPII works on Eastern Europe (members: J.P. Des- sea… sertine, J.M. Guehenno, P. Lenan, G. Mink, M. Nuti, D.

26 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 claim, economists specialized in the area later ments). The most spectacular of all was were able to show to what extent the dialectics undoubtedly French historians’ contribution to between “break-up” and “continuity” was impor- the “archives revolution”, even if now and then tant in the cases of post-Communist econo- there was some lack of epistemological dis- mies. The “path-dependence” theory gained tance toward their contents. new followers among the ex-sovietologists. In We can say that the results of the past decade any case, the time was on the side of ex- are rather good: the changes that took place in sovietologists and legitimated their work: the af- the East forced the research and university ter-effects of the Soviet system that these first units to react quickly and properly; they were specialists alone had been able to decipher ac- able to defend their specificity against attacks companied the differentiation processes. coming from outside their domain. The weak Conclusion point, a kind of “French deficiency”, by contrast A new generation of scholars are fretting at the with many other countries is the lack of a doorstep of different scientific institutions and unique professional corporation functioning in waiting for achieving full academic status. accord with democratic principles, imposing its Things were easier for them than for previous authority as a national and representative asso- generations. First of all, the access to these ciation. countries is quite easy nowadays; so, for example, doctoral degree course students at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques in Paris can make Italy their field trip to Eastern Europe in order to ac- complish empirical surveys before writing their Daniel Spizzo; Alessia Vatta, Department of Po- theses. This is made all the easier by scholar- litical Science, University of Trieste 55 ships granted for particular subjects. In general, 56 long-term scholarships have been increased in Italian Research on Eastern Europe numbers and they have been diversified. Today there are doctoral grants for the best students After the Second World War, the interest of Ital- but there are also European scholarships. A set ian social scientists for socio-political events in of new academic institutions is ready to accept Eastern and South-Eastern Europe had been , French doctoral students (Central European rather margina for several decades. Only the University, Natolin branch of Bruges College, collapse of the communist regimes in 1989-90 Collegium Budapest, etc.) attracted their attention towards Eastern Euro- France has created new establishments like pean issues. During the last ten years, this con- kinds of out-posts for scientific observation that tinuously growing interest has not only resulted have been taking care of doctoral students, as in a large number of publications, but it has also the Centre Marc Bloch in Berlin, the Centre stimulated the creation of new research centres Français des Recherches en Sciences Sociales at the main universities of Northern and Central in Prague, and there will be soon a similar cen- Italy. Nowadays, we can observe that it has de- tre in Moscow. This active policy of direct con- veloped into a broad research area that can tact with the field is a sine qua non condition for hardly be reviewed in its entirety. the advent of new generations in the research The following selection of contributions of Italian domain of Central and Eastern Europe. social science on Eastern Europe should be At the same time, partisan cleavages are losing considered simply as a rough outline, which in- ground, giving way to promotion on the meritoc- tends to present a purely indicative introduction racy criteria alone, which is a fact of paramount to this research area. Being there, to our knowl- importance for the future of this generation of edge, no articles or essays which could be scientists. considered as a sort of guide-book to this Getting East European scholars out of their continuously burgeoning research area, this ar- locked up condition was a real performance test ticle aims only at presenting the first results of a for French social scientists. The challenge con- provisory recognition over this field. Thus, con- sisted in being able to offer these scholars a ceived in this light, it should not be misunder- value-added that was impossible for them to stood as a value judgement attributed to indi- gain in Eastern Europe. For example, France vidual research works. could offer to sociologists coming from the post- In the next paragraphs, we will focus our atten- communist world a different tradition in social tion on five sub-sectors of Italian social science: theory, more focused on qualitative sociology issues (life histories applied to social mobility, 55 OSDEE-Observatory on Democracy in Eastern Europe, conversion theory and symbolic, social and cul- e-mail: [email protected] tural capital theories, sociology of social move- 56 We are grateful to Laura Bergnach, research fellow at the ISIG, for her bibliographical help concerning Italian sociological research on Eastern Europe. Daniel Spizzo wrote Rosati, J. Sapir), internal document, Paris, November 12, the Introduction and the first four paragraphs, Alessia Vatta 1992, 9 p. wrote the part dedicated to Italian economic research.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 27 political science, international relations, sociol- mocratic consolidation and to the impact of the ogy, history and economics. We will use a EU enlargement strategy on the process of in- rather loose 'common sense' criterion for distin- stitutional transition in Eastern Europe and in guishing the different scientific sub-fields of ref- the Balkans; b) to set up a documentation cen- erence of every single researcher. We will look tre which should be able to offer to the scientific mainly at their institutional affiliation at depart- community and to several political institutions mental level. This classification may seem arbi- useful information on the political transforma- trary as there are strong inter-disciplinary over- tions under way in the young democracies of lappings (especially among political scientists Eastern Europe, and; c) to organise seminars and political sociologists or between historians and conferences where social scientists can of international relations and scholars of com- discuss the results of their research on Eastern parative sociology and political science), but and South-Eastern Europe. Over the last three this vague criterion allows us to put a minimum years, the OSDEE has organised several of order in this research sector. international seminars. During the annual Focal points of Italian political science meeting of the Italian Political Science A major focal point of Italian comparative politi- Association (SISP) in Trieste in September cal research on Eastern Europe lies in the field 1999, the Observatory promoted several of regime change and democratic consolidation. workshops specifically dedicated to Eastern The first attempts to interpret regime transition Europe. A major research project, aimed at in Eastern Europe were presented in the late understanding the consequences of the political eighties. At this stage, the researchers' interest impact of the EU institutions on the Central focused mainly on the institutional aspects of European countries’ candidates to become regime transition in Central and Eastern Euro- members states, is now carried out by the pean countries (Grilli di Cortona 1989a and Observatory, under Prof. Liborio Mattina’s 1989b). During the nineties, especially those direction. The Italian Ministry for University Re- scholars who were attracted by a new- searchA special mostly edition finances of the theyearly project. journal Studi poli- institutionalist approach to political system tici (Political Studies) was dedicated in 1999 to change have continuously cultivated this re- the fundamental research results of the OSDEE search area. Great attention was paid to the group presented during the SISP meeting. The- processes of constitution-, state- and/or nation re were three chapters dedicated to Eastern building in East-central European countries. Europe, which concerned respectively: the (Bartole/Grilli di Cortona 1998, Morlino 2000, Ie- institutional consolidation of democracy, the role raci 1999, Spizzo 1999). of parties and interest group in the transition to- With regard to the non-institutional dimensions wards democracy and the impact of the Euro- of democratisation processes, great concern pean Union on the national question in Eastern was also shown for the new parties and party Europe. systems in Eastern Europe. There have been Main focal points in International Relations several works dedicated to the impact of long- A second research area of Italian political sci- term socio-economic and political cleavages on ence research on Eastern Europe, which has the resurgence of new Eastern European par- been particularly influenced by the Italian ex- ties (Cotta 1992 and 1995). Deeply studied are perts in international relations, pertains to the also the fields of party coalition dynamics and study of foreign and security policies. Thorough electoral behaviour (Grilli di Cortona 1997). We theoretically and empirically oriented analyses can find also some case studies of communist were dedicated mainly to the problems of geo- and nationalist parties (Bosco 1999 and Grilli di political stability and security in Eastern and Cortona 2000) Balkan Europe (Santoro 1990, Vitale 1998, The main Italian research centre in political sci- Bozzo/Simon Belli 1997, Lucarelli 2000). During ence in this field of research is the Observatory the nineties, the main Italian journals special- on Democracy in Eastern Europe (OSDEE) of ised in international relations, Politica Internazi- Trieste. The Observatory, which was created in onale (International Politics), Relazioni interna- 1998 and which is headed by Prof. Liborio Mat- zionali (International Relations) and Limes pub- tina, is an association promoted by the Depart- lished several essays dedicated specifically to ment of Political Science of the University of the wars in former Yugoslavia and to the former Trieste and other research institutions, such as Soviet Union. One of the most investigated the Department of Political Science of the themes was surely the impact of ethno- European University Institute, the Center for nationalism on the balance of power of the European Documentation appointed at the De- whole region (Santoro 1995, Bonanate 1997, partment of Political Science and Sociology of Conciatori 1998, Spizzo 2000). There were also the University of Florence and the Jacques numerous studies carried out in this research Maritain International Institute of Rome. sector concerning the Eastern Enlargement of The main goal of the association are: a) to fos- the EU and the integration in the EU of Eastern ter the promotion of studies dedicated to de- European countries (Istituto Affari Internazion-

28 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 ali-IAI 1991, Marasà 1993). The downfall of the tial and political reference to the concepts of Iron Curtain and the opening of the East stimu- centre and periphery and in the area of regional lated new research perspectives especially sociology, with reference to regionalism and the among the experts of international organisa- relations between regions (Europe of regions) tions (EU, NATO or UN) (Di Francesco 1999). viewed as a transcendence of nationalisms. In this perspective, the Istituto Affari Internazi- The scientific and cultural activity of the Institute onali (IAI) of Rome occupies an important role. is at present carried out in five departments, The IAI is a non-profit organisation, which was which in their turn are subdivided into research founded in 1961 by Altiero Spinelli. The IAI be- programmes. The Department of International longs, among others, to the following interna- Sociology carries out the great majority of re- tional network of research centers which have searches on Eastern Europe. The main collabo- in the last years demonstrated a great interest rators of the ISIG, which have dedicated some in Eastern Europe: the European Strategy of their research projects to Eastern Europe, Group (ESG); the Conflict Prevention Network are principally Laura Bergnach, Luca Bregan- (CPN); the European Security Analysis Network tini, Giovanni Delli Zotti, Antonella Pocecco and (ESAN) and the Trans European Policy Studies Emidio Sussi. Association (TEPSA). One of the main fields of Another research centre, which is particularly research of the IAI is dedicated to the problems active in the field of research on ethnic minori- of transition in Eastern Europe. There is a spe- ties in Eastern Europe, is the Interuniversity cial research project, co-directed by Ettore Center "Etnicos" of the Department of Sociol- Greco, which is entitled: Fostering peace in ogy at the University of Milan. Currently, Etnicos South-eastern-Europe: the role of regional co- participates at a joint research project with the operation. The IAI has also promoted the crea- University of Sarajevo, which aims at interpret- tion of a Laboratory of International Affairs and ing the origins of the war in Bosnia and the fu- Economics which is directed by Prof. Paolo ture institutional developments of the federa- Guerrieri and which, in the period 1998-1999, tion. Among the most prominent Italian experts has focused its attention on the following two (sociologists, historians and political scientists) projects that are relevant for our purpose: Cen- on Eastern Europe who participate to this pro- tral-Eastern European countries and EU ject, we can find Prof. Paolo Calzini from the Enlargement and Reconstruction and Mid-term University of Milan, Marco Dogo, Paolo Segatti prospects for the Balkan Area: Italy's role. and Carlo Tullio-Altan from the University of There are also two other research centres spe- Trieste and Stefano Bianchini from the Univer- cialised in International Relations which have in sity of Bologna. the past years dedicated some of their research Historical research on Eastern Europe projects to Eastern Europe: the Centro Studi di Historical studies on Eastern Europe have cer- Politica Internazionale (Cespi) of Rome, which tainly a longer tradition than the three socio- is directed by Prof. Marta Dassù and the Istituto scientific sub-fields mentioned before (Tam- per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (ISPI) of borra 1973). For this reason many Italian histo- Milan whose co-director of its scientific commit- rians have been the first academics to under- tee is Prof. Carlo Maria Santoro. stand immediately the great importance of the Sociological research on Eastern Europe in Italy Big Transformation of 1989-1990. Among the In the case of Italian sociological research on Italian experts of medieval, modern and con- Eastern Europe, there is especially one area, temporary history of Eastern Europe, we can which deserves special mention: the study of cite Marco Dogo (1993, 1999), Georg Meyr ethno-national minorities. Italian sociologists (1995), Franca Mian and Annamaria Vinci from from the Northeastern regions have published the University of Trieste. innumerable analyses concerning, for instance, One of the best-known contemporary Italian the socio-economic characteristics, the cultural historians in this area is Stefano Bianchini, sen- specificities and the territorial settings of the ior researcher of East European History and most relevant ethnic groups and minorities of Politics at the University of Bologna/Forlì. His Eastern Europe (Demarchi 1993, Berg- works on the Yugoslavian contemporary politi- nach/Sussi 1993, Gasparini 1994, Berg- cal history are particularly stimulating (Bianchini nach/Delli Zotti 1994, Piccolomini 1995, Gubert 1991, Bianchini /Shoup 1995 and Bian- 1996). Many of those researches can be con- chini/Dassù 1999). Bianchini is actually director sulted in three Italian journals specialised in so- of the Centro per l'Europa centro-Orientale e ciological research: Futuribili, Isig Magazine Balcanica (CECOB) and coordinator of the In- and Rassegna italiana di sociologia. ternational Network "Europe and the Balkans". The leading research centre in this field is cer- Established at the end of 1993, the Network tainly the Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di was aimed to develop academic research pro- Gorizia (ISIG). The main research interest of jects that can meet the everyday needs for in- ISIG, whose director is Prof. Alberto Gasparini, formation regarding Southeast and Central-East lies in the field of sociology of borders, with spa- Europe. For this reason it is actively supported

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 29 by the University of Bologna, the Bologna and Communist countries has become a subject of Forlì City Councils, the Emilia-Romagna Re- interest to many scholars, on the ground of the gional Council, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Af- different aspects of the transition. This opened fairs and the European Commission, while at- the way to a series of works regarding the com- tempting – at the same time – to raise financial parison of economic systems (Dallago 1993; aid from business enterprises in the country. Frateschi e Salvini 1994). At first, the situation The aim of the Network is to foster the growth in Central Europe was analysed with reference of relationships among scholars focusing on to its beginnings and to the perestrojka (De Balkan and East European issues. One of the Vincenti e Mulino 1990), but later scholarly at- main goals of the Network is to examine tention concentrated on specific topics, like pri- Europe’s view of the Balkan countries and vice vatisation and structural reform, agriculture, in- versa, in order to determine the language regis- dustrial relations, trade and monetary policy. ters – in the fields of politics, mythology, eco- As far as privatisation is concerned, it has ini- nomics and law – that allow for closer commu- tially been treated with reference to the different nication and those that, on the other hand, hin- "national ways" adopted in the countries in- der it, due to the negative influence of stereo- volved in this process (Pedersini 1998), and to types. the consequent creation of small and medium In order to achieve its goals, the Network ac- firms after the beginning of liberalization tively promotes an interdisciplinary approach. (Revoltella 1998). Special attention has been This aspect has been developed through an- devoted to those countries where Italian in- nual work-in-progress meetings and concluded vestments have proved to be more substantial, in 1996, when all the results were gathered in and to the innovations deriving from the privati- four books to be used for diplomats, policy- sation process (Dallago, Ajani e Grancelli makers, journalists, and educational purposes 1992). The state and the prospects of agricul- within the European Union. Research has been ture in Central and Eastern Europe have raised focused on the following themes: nation and considerable concern, especially in connection state building; international and regional rela- with the possible reform of the Common Agri- tions; economic integration processes; geopoli- cultural Policy of the European Union; interna- tics and geoeconomics; national and minority tional assistance has also been studied, due to issues; the formation of civil societies and intel- its often complicated procedural aspects and lectuals; security and the political manipulation disputed results (Cannarella 1999; Corazza of history aimed at the legitimisation of power. 1998; Brunori e Segrè 1995). Meetings and round table conferences have The reflection on industrial relations has started been organised by the Network in different from the consideration of the socialist model countries, amongst which Italy, Israel, and (Grancelli 1987), to proceed with analyses con- United States. After 1996, the Network pro- cerning labour market policies (Boeri 1994; moted new researches on several topics, as fol- Boeri et al. 1993) and changes in labour law lows: self-determination, the role of small and and in the role of economic actors and interest medium-sized enterprises in East-Central groups (Casale 1997; Vatta 1999). Particularly Europe, intercultural relations in Bulgaria and in this field, English prevails as the working lan- Bosnia, Albanian State collapse and guage of Italian experts, since their reports are reconstruction, Italian-Hungarian co-operation. often published by international organizations Furthermore, a newsletter and a series of (mainly the OECD and the ILO). To some ex- publications guarantee adequate dissemination tent, this is true also of a number of publications of the results attained by the scholars involved. regarding monetary and banking policy, either Economic Scientific Research on Central and prepared or co-authored by Italian scholars for Eastern Europe institutions such as the World Bank and the In- Before 1989, economic research on Central ternational Monetary Fund (Barbone e and Eastern European countries was strictly re- Marchetti 1994; Coricelli 1998; Manzocchi lated to the debate regarding the opposed fea- 1999; Giavazzi e Dornbusch 1999). However, tures of socialism and capitalism. Especially in there are indeed Italian sources on this subject macroeconomic textbooks, it was possible to (Manzocchi e Ottaviano 1999; Lanzoni 1994), find sections devoted to Marxist theories, usu- even if - in the latest years - much debate has ally limited to specific subjects like inflation or risen especially about the EU enlargement and economic policies (for an exhaustive biblio- its possible effects (Bruzzo 1998; Frateschi graphic review, see Jossa 1987). Apparently, 1999; Tarditi 1998; Coricelli 1996). The discus- research in that area tended to be strongly sion has been promoted mainly by some jour- separated from studies regarding Western eco- nals and academic structures. Among the for- nomies, and probably nobody expected that mer, Est-Ovest, Europa Europe, Economia Ita- such an abrupt change was going to take place liana, L'Industria, la Rivista di politica agraria, la at the end of the eighties. After 1989, the de- Rassegna economica, Banche e banchieri are velopment of a market economy in former possibly those, which most frequently included

30 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 contributions about Central and Eastern Euro- E-mails and web sites of some Italian research pe. As far as research structures are con- centres with special interest in Eastern Europe: cerned, thematic studies have been carried on CECOB – International Network Europe and the in some traditionally important Italian institutions Balkan http://www.spfo.unibo.it/balkans/eurobalk.html (like the Bocconi University, and the State Uni- Ce.REPI – Centro Ricerche Etno-politiche in- versity in Milan, and the European University ternazionali [email protected] Institute in Florence), and academic associa- CSNE – Centro Study Nord-Est tions have organised seminars on Central and http://www.alpeadriadonau.it/aboutcsne.htm Eastern European Countries (CEECs) (e.g. the ETNICOS – University of Milan [email protected] Associazione Italiana per lo Studio dei Sistemi EUREST - Centre on the Evolution in EE Coun- Economici Comparati, AISSEC tries http://euroest.gelso.unitn.it/Euroest/euroest.htm http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/aissec/) IAI - Istituto Affari Internazionali http://www.iai.it/ The comparatist perspective, especially on EU- ISDEE – Institute of Study and Documentation related matters, tends to be favoured, like in on EU and EE http://www.isdee.it/ other social sciences, but case studies are also ISIG - Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di frequently found. However, there is a geo- Gorizia http://www.univ.trieste.it/~isig/ graphical factor influencing the research re- OSDEE – Observatory on Democracy in East- markably, since universities and other organiza- ern Europe [email protected] tions located in the north-eastern part of Italy Other Italian organisations with special interests seem to be more often involved in studies and in research on Eastern Europe contacts with the Central European area. This ALPE-ADRIA – Alps Adriatic Working Commu- is the case of the universities of Padua, Trento nity http://www.alpeadria.org/ and Trieste, where the enlargement of the CEI – Central European Initiative European Union has originated interest and re- http://www.ceinet.org/ search in recent years. At the University of FNE- Fondazione Nord-Est Trento there is a research centre called Eu- [email protected] roest, with a specific interest for economic and INFORMEST http://www.informest.it/ social developments in Central and Eastern Bibliography Europe. It cooperates with the European Asso- • Barbone, L. e Marchetti, D., Economic ciation for Comparative Economic Studies. In transformation and the fiscal crisis, Policy Trieste, beyond the ISDEE (Istituto di Studi e Research Working Paper no. 1286. Documentazione sull'Europa dell'Est), which is- • Bartole, S. e Grilli di Cortona, P. (1998), sues the quarterly Est-Ovest, the Faculty of Po- Transizione e consolidamento democratico litical Sciences of the University offers courses nell'Europa centro-orientale, Torino. in International Diplomatic Sciences, with a final • Bergnach, L./Sussi E. (eds.) (1993), Mino- degree? The lessons take place in Gorizia and ranze etniche ed immigrazione, Milano. include several economic topics, aiming to train • Bergnach, L./Delli Zotti G. (eds.) (1994), accomplished personnel ready to operate on in- Etnie, Confini, Europa, Milano. ternational economic markets, with a key orien- • Bianchini, S. (1991), "Il nazionalismo nei tation towards Central and Eastern Europe. Balcani", in: Relazioni Internazionali, LV, 16, Since the first years of the transition, there has pp. 18-33. actually been a certain connection between sci- • Bianchini, S./Shoup, P. (ed.) (1995), The entific research and concrete investment policy Yugoslav War, Ravenna. by firms (Mutinelli e Piscitiello 1996). After • Bianchini S./Dassù, M. (ed.) (1999), Guida Germany, Italy is one of the main foreign inves- ai paesi dell'Europa centrale, orientale e tors in this area. This led to the establishment of balcanica, Milano. information centres for those entrepreneurs will- • Boeri, T. (1994), Unemployment in transi- ing to invest in the CEECs: it is the case of the tion countries: transient or persistent?, ISDEE in Trieste, of INFORMEST in Gorizia Paris. and of the Centro Studi Nord Est in Venice. The • Boeri, T., Scarpetta, S. e Reutersward, A. latter also issues the review Mittelforum, which (1993), Unemployment benefit systems and presents both research contributions and eco- active labor market policies in Central and nomic information. The cooperation of practitio- Eastern Europe: An Overview, Paris. ners has somehow helped to expand knowl- • Bonanate, L. (1997) "Dossier Albania – edge, particularly regarding firms and their Qualche argomento contro l'interesse na- strategies in this area (Costariol 1995), and to zionale", in: Limes, 2, pp. 303-315. link academic debates with empirical observa- • Bosco, A. (1999), "Quale integrazione? I tion. In this sense, the most important economic partiti ex-comunisti nell'Europa Centro- and financial Italian newspaper, Il Sole 24 ore, Orientale, in: Ieraci/Mattina (1999), pp. 121- publishes a weekly supplement dealing with 154. economic and political developments in Central and Eastern Europe.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 31 • Bozzo L./Simon Belli, C. (1997), La que- • Dogo, M. (1999), Storie balcaniche, Trieste. stione illirica, la politcia estera italiana in u- • Dogo, M. (1994), "Verità nazionali e forzatu- n'area di instabilità, Milano. re storiografiche: il caso del Kosovo", in: • Brunori, G. e Segrè, A. (1959, Lo studio Politica internazionale, XXII, 3, July, pp. della transizione economica nelle aree rurali 231-246. della Bulgaria: un'indagine macro e micro- • Frateschi, C.F. e Salvini, G. (1994), Sistemi economica, in "Est-Ovest", vol. 26, no. 6. economici comparati, Bologna. • Bruzzo, A. (1998), Sulla coerenza e compa- • Frateschi, C.F. (1999), L'allargamento a Est tibilità tra le politiche economiche dell'Unio- dell'Unione Europea: quando, come, chi, ne Europea, nella prospettiva della nuova perché?, paper presented at the XIIth Con- riforma della politica strutturale e dei proget- ference of the AISSEC, Siena, 3-5 June. ti di ulteriore allargamento dell'Unione, • Gasparini, A. (1994), "Variabili per una let- Quaderni del Dipartimento di Economia del- tura delle guerre balcaniche e del futuro l'Università Statale di Milano, no. 14. della Slavia del Sud", in: Futuribili, 1, pp. 7- • Cannarella, C. (1999), Introduzione all'ana- 30. lisi agrosistemica nelle società europee po- • Giavazzi, F. e Dornbusch, R. (1999), Hard stcomuniste, Milano. currency and sound credit: a financial • Calzini P. (1991), "Morte dell'Unione sovie- agenda for Central Europe, EIB Papers , tica e questione nazionale", in: Il Mulino, vol. 4, no. 2. XL, 338, 1083-1092. • Grancelli, B. (1987), Il management sovieti- • Casale, G. (1997), Collective Bargaining co e la perestrojka, in:"Sviluppo e Organiz- and the Law in Central and Eastern Europe: zazione", no. 102, pp. 9-22. Some Comparative Issues, Report no. 20, • Grilli di Cortona, P. (1989a), Le crisi politi- Budapest. che nei regimi comunisti. Ungheria, Ceco- • Conciatori, M. (1998), "Nazionalismi alla re- slovacchia e sa dei conti. Specificità e contesti della crisi Polonia da Stalin agli anni ottanta, Milano. balcanica" in: Relazioni Internazionali, 45, • Grilli di Cortona, P. (1989 b), "Rivoluzioni e pp. 28-39. burocrazie. Quattro casi a confronto", in: • Corazza, G. (1998), Agenda 2000: rifles- Risp, 1, pp. 23-62. sioni sulle proposte di riforma della politica • Grilli di Cortona, P. (1991), Rivoluzioni e bu- agraria europea, in: "Rivista di politica agra- rocrazie. Continuità e mutamento negli Sta- ria", vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 41-71. tirivoluzionari, Milano, pp. 217. • Coricelli, F. (1996), Fiscal constraints, re- • Grilli di Cortona, P. (1997). Da uno a molti. form strategies, and the speed of transition: Democratizzazione e rinascita dei partiti in The case of Central and Eastern Europe, Europaorientale, Bologna. Discussion Paper 1339, London. • Grilli di Cortona, P. (2000), " Nazionalismi e • Coricelli, F. (1998) Macroeconomic policies partiti nazionalisti in Europa " , Risp, under and the development of markets in transi- press tion economies, Budapest. • Gubert, R. (1996), "Identità ed identificazio- • Cotta, M. (1992), " Continuità e discontinui- ni etnico-nazionali", in: Annali di sociologia, tà nei sistemi politici europei" in: Calise M. 12, pp. 197-218. (ed.), Come cambiano i partiti, Bologna. • Ieraci, G /Mattina L. (ed.) (1999), Studi poli- • Cotta, M. (1995), "La strutturazione dei si- tici. Numero monografico dedicato all'Euro- stemi partitici nelle nuove democrazie" in: pa orientale Balcanica, Trieste. Rivista italiana di Scienza Politcia (Risp), • Ieraci, G. (1999),"Disegno e consolidamen- vol. 25, 2, pp. 267-305. to istituzionale: teorie e prassi tratte dall'e- • Dallago, B. (1993), Sistemi economici com- sperienza dei paesi dell'Europa Orientale, parati, Roma, NIS in: Ieraci/Mattina 1999, pp. 3-37. • Dallago, B., Ajani, G. e Grancelli, B. (eds.) • Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) (1991), La (1991), Privatization and entrepreneurship comunità europea e le nascenti democrazie in Post-Socialist Countries, London. dell'Est, Milano. • Delli Zotti, G. (ed.) (1991), Attori del muta- • Jossa, B. (1987), Economia keynesiana. mento nell'Est Europeo, Milano. Una introduzione alla macroeconomia, Mi- • Demarchi, F. (1993), "Un caleidoscopio eu- lano. ro-asiatico in esplosione: la Ex-Urss", Di- • Lucarelli, S. (2000), European Member mensioni dello sviluppo, X, Dossier: Etnie e States Foreign Policy Between Institutional nazioni, 2, pp. 77-94. and Domestic Constraints and Opportuni- • De Vincenti, C. e Mulino, M. (ed.) (1990), Il ties. The European Management of the difficile cammino della perestrojka, Napoli. Yugoslav Wars, The Hague, under press. • Di Francesco, T. (ed.) 1999, La Nato nei Balcani, Roma.

32 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 • Manzocchi, S. (1999), Foreign capital in • Vitale, A. (1995), "Le prospettive di disinte- developing economies: perspectives from grazione della Federazione Russa e le pos- the theory of economic growth, London. sibilità di collasso dello stato territoriale" in: • Manzocchi, S. e Ottaviano, G.(1999), Fa- Futuribili, 1-2, pp. 63-80. cing the Euro. Strategies for Central East- • Vitale, A. (1998) "L'ampliamento della Nato ern European countries, paper presented at ad Est: la percezione europeo-orientale" in: the XIIth Conference of the AISSEC, Siena, Relazioni Internazionali, 46, pp. 54-58. 3-5 June • Marasà, B. (1993), Oltre Masstricht: Il futuro dell'Unione europea e i nuovi paesi dell'Est, Norway Roma. • Meyr, G (1995), "La minoranza italiana in Anton Steen, The Norwegian Institute of For- Istria fra regionalismo e pressioni nazionali- eign Affairs (NUPI)57 stiche", in: Aggiornamenti sociali, XLVI, 7-8, Social Science Research on Eastern Europe pp. 527-542. and Russia • Morlino, L, "Constitutional Design and Prob- lems of Implementation in Southern and After more than 40 years of research, NUPI is Eastern Europe", in: Zielonka J. (ed.) (2000) one of Norway’s foremost independent centres Democratic Consolidation in Eastern for research and information in the fields of in- Europe, under press. ternational politics and economic questions. • Mutinelli, S. e Piscitiello, L. (1996), Strate- NUPI has a long tradition for studies in Eastern gic motivations leading firms to invest in Europe and Russia. The Russian department of Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from the institute continuously produces reports the Italian case, in:Csáki, G., Fóti, G. e about the domestic political development in Mayes, D.G. (eds.) Foreign direct invest- Russia and its relationships to Norway and ment and transition: the case of the other countries as well. Visegrad countries, Budapest. Current research projects: • Pedersini, R. (1998), La privatizzazione nei 1) Russian security- and foreign policies: Some paesi dell'Europa centrale, in:"Stato e Mer- projects are analysing conflicts in the former cato", no. 53, pp. 231-284 Soviet areas; others are focused on the rela- • Piccolimini, M. (1995), "L'osservatorio delle tionship to Europe and in particular on the minoranze etniche europee", in: Futuribili, Northwestern regions of Russia and the Bar- 1-2, pp. 313-317. ents-area. 2) Institutionalisation and consolida- • Privitera, F. (ed.) (1994), L'Europa Orientale tion of the Russian Federation includes projects e la rinascita dei nazionalismi, Milano. about the functioning of new democratic institu- • Revoltella, D. (1998), Problemi di finanzia- tions (The state Duma and the government), mento nei paesi dell'Est Europa: il caso del- the new constitution and political parties. 3) le piccole e medie imprese, in:"Piccola Im- Centre-periphery relations are increasing in im- presa/Small Business", no.1, pp. 81-103 portance and some projects are studying how • Santoro (1990), "Sei fasi, sei scenari: L'Est the more powerful regions influence these rela- che cambia" in: Relazioni Internazionali, tions. Important aspects are consequences for LIV, 11, pp. 61-69. the military forces and the position of the central • Santoro, C. (ed.) (1995), Nazionalismo e government. sviluppo politico nell'Ex-Urss, Milano. Selected publications: • Spizzo, D. (1999), "L'idea di nazione nelle In ”Russia Today”, researchers from the Centre costituzioni post-comuniste" in: Iera- for Russian Studies comment the political de- ci/Mattina (1999), pp. 207-239. velopment in Russia. So far this year (2000), • Spizzo, D. (2000), "Politica e nazionalismo twelve issues have been published. in Serbia: interpretazioni a confronto" in: Books: Quaderni di Scienza Politica, Milano, 2000, • Godzimirski, Jakub (2000): New and Old 2, under press. Actors in Russian Foreign Policy, NUPI, • Tamborra, R. (1973), Storia dell'Europa Oslo. centro-orientale, Firenze. • Kristensen, Anita (1999): Latvia and Nor- • Tarditi, S. (1998), Perspective impact of way - Neighbours Re-Discovered. NUPI, "Agenda 2000" on Central and Eastern Oslo. European Countries, 1998 • Risnes, Brynjulf (ed.) (1999): The Legal • Vatta, A. (1999), Gruppi d’interesse e si- Foundations of the New Russia. NUPI, O- stemi delle relazioni industriali nell’Europa slo. centro-orientale, in:“Studi Politici”, vol. 3, pp. 181-204 57 Postal address: NUPI, P.O. Box 8159 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway, Internet: http://www.NUPI.no.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 33 Reports: ternational Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 607- • Tyldum, Guri (1999): Economic Security 631. and National Pride: An Analysis of the 1995 University of Tromso60 Parliamentary Election in the Russian Fed- Department of Political Science eration, NUPI-report, No. 252. Current research projects: • Risnes, Brynjulf & Blakkisrud, Helge (eds.) • ’Social classes, power and democracy in (1999): Perspectives on the Development of post-communist societies’; Russia as a Federation, NUPI-report, No. • ’Political change in Russia and the role of 243. the West’ • Godzimirski, Jakub (ed.) (1996): Russia International Peace Research Institute (PRIO)61 and Europe, NUPI-report, No. 210. Founded in 1959, PRIO was one of the first Working Papers: centres of peace research in the world and is • Neumann, Iver B. (1999): Central Europe Norway’s only peace research centre. The 1950-2000, Working Paper, No. 594. foundation of the institute and its early influence • Knudsen, Olav F. (1997): Long-Term Pros- was instrumental in promulgating the idea of pects for Nordic-Baltic Security: Diagnostic peace research. PRIO is an independent, inter- Statements by Governments in the Baltic national institute in staff, audience and perspec- Sea Region, December 1996-July 1997, tive. Working Paper, No. 583. Current research projects: • Ferreira, Margarida P. (1996): The Foreign • ’Nationalism and the Russian Army: Getting Trade Regime of Russia- An Overview of settled in a new state’; recent Changes, Working Paper, No. 556. • ’Regionalism in Russia and transformation • University of Oslo of the Russian army’; ’Russian military Department of Political Science58 development’ Current research projects: Selected publications: • • ’Governance and economic reforms in Rus- Tunander, Ola et.al. (1997): Geopolitics in sia: the Role of the Elites’; Post-Wall Europe: Security, Territory and • ’Elites and democratic development in the Identity. Sage Publications, London. • Baltic States’. Tishkov, Valeri (1997): Ethnicity, National- Selected publications: ism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Un- • Steen, A. (1997): Between Past and Future: ion. Sage Publications, London. • Elites, Democracy and the State in Post- Simonsen, Sven Gunnar (1997): Conflicts Communist Countries. A Comparison of Es- in the OSCE-Area. International Peace Re- tonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Aldershot: Ash- search Institute, Oslo. gate. Baev, Pavel K. (1997): Russia’s Policies in the • Mydske, Per Kristen (ed.) (1994): Compar- Caucasus. Royal Institute of International Af- ing Nordic and Baltic Countries. TemaNord fairs, London. No. 572. Baev, Pavel K. (1996): The Russian Army in a Department of East European and Oriental Time of Trouble. Sage Publications, London. Studies59 The Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional 62 Current research projects: Research (NIBR) • ’Nation-building and ethnic integration in The Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional post-soviet societies’ Research is an independent institute for applied Selected publications: social science research. Its main office is situated in Oslo but NIBR also has a department in • Kolstø, Pål (2000): Political construction Northern Norway. sites. Nation building in Russia and the Current research projects: post-Soviet States. Boulder, Colorado: • Westview Press. ’Polish policies in the European border- • lands’; Kolstø, Pål (1999): Nation-building and eth- • nic integration in post-Soviet societies. An ’Modern environmental strategies and sin- investigation of Latvia and Kazakstani. gle enterprise towns in Russia and Latvia’; • Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ’Co-operation in the Barents-region’ • Kolstø, Pål (1999): Territorializing Diaspo- Selected publications: ras: The Case of Russians in the Former Soviet Republics, Millenium - Journal of In- 60 Postal address: Institutt for Statsvitenskap, SV-fak., N- 9037 Tromsø, Norway, Internet: http://www.sv.uit.no/seksjon/statsvit/index.htm. 58 Postal address: P.O. Box 1097 Blindern, N-0317 61 Postal address: Fuglehauggata 11, N-0260 Oslo, Nor- Oslo, Norway, Internet: http://www.statsvitenskap.uio.no. way, Internet: http://www.PRIO.no. 62 Postal address: Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning, 59 P.O. Box 1030 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway, Inter- P.O. Box 44 Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway, Internet: net: http://www.hf.uio.no/east. http://www.NIBR.no.

34 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 • Holm-Hansen, J. (1999): Polish Policies in searchers are primarily political scientists, soci- the European Borderlands. Ethnic institu- ologists and economists. tionalisation and transborder-co-operation Current research projects: with Belarus and Lithuania. NIBR’s Pluss • ’Comparative living conditions in the Baltic series 7-99. states’; • Tesli, A. and Holm-Hansen, J. (eds.) (1999): • 'Social policy and social exclusion in the Building the State. Political Mobilisation, Baltic countries’. Rhetoric and Social Differentiation in Ka- Selected publications: zakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ethiopia and Soma- • Grønningsæter, Arne (1999): Social Policy lia. NIBR’s Pluss series 2-99. in Transition - income maintenance in Esto- • Jacobsen, B. (1998): Local Self- nia, compared with Norway. Fafo-paper Government in Russia. A decade of 1999:21. change. NIBR. Working paper. • Hansen, Erik & Tønnessen, Arnfinn (1998): The Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI)63 Environment and Living Conditions on the The Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) is an inde- Cola Peninsula, Fafo-paper 1998. pendent foundation engaged in applied social • Aasland, Aadne et. al. (1997): The Baltic science research on international issues con- Countries Revisited: Living Conditions and cerning energy, resource management and the Comparative Challenges, Fafo-rapport environment. The academic approach is multi- 1997. disciplinary, with emphasis on political science, The Defence Research Institute (FFI)65 economics and international law. The Institute The Defence Research Institute has as its goal collaborates extensively with other research in- to carry out research and outline development stitutions, in Norway and abroad. for the Norwegian Defence. The FFI acts as an Current research projects: advisor to the political and military top-leaders Polar Programme, European Energy and Envi- within the Norwegian Defence. ronment Programme. Current research projects: Selected publications: Strategic Analysis. • Hønneland, Geir & Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin Selected publications: (1998): Closed Cities on the Kola Penin- • Bukkvoll, Tor et al. (2000): Russia - To- sula: From Autonomy to Integration? Polar wards Chaos or Stabilization: end report Geography, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 231-248. (Russland - mot kaos eller stabilisering: • Hønneland, Geir (1998): Identity Formation sluttrapport), 99/04446, FFI. in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region. • Flæte, Jan (2000): Intellectuals as Idea En- Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. trepreneurs in Russian Foreign Politics (In- 277-297. tellektuelle som idéentreprenører i russisk • Moe, Arild & Kryukov, Valery A. (1998): utenrikspolitikk), 99/04212, FFI. Joint Management of Oil and Gas Re- • Baev, Pavel K. (2000): Russian Military De- sources in Russia. Post Soviet Geography velopment: ”Muddle through” from 1992 to and Economics, Vol. 39, No. 7, pp. 588- 1998 and beyond. 99/01229, FFI. 605. • Andresen, Rolf; Vogt, Inge (2000): The Ris- • Stokke, Olav Schram (1998): Nuclear ing of the Oligarchs in Russia (Oligarkiets Dumping in Arctic Seas: Russian Imple- fremvekst i Russland. 99/01132, FFI. mentation of the London Convention. In • Kjølberg, Anders (2000): Russia and the ”The Implementation and Effectiveness of European Institutions (Russland og de eu- International Environmental Commitments: ropeiske institusjoner), 99/00932, FFI. Theory and Practice”. Ed. by Rustiala, Vik- tor&Skolnikoff, E.B. Cambridge, MA; Lon- don, UK. MIT Press. Sweden • Kotov, Vladimir (1997): Implementation of International Environmental Commitments Kerstin Nyström, Department of East European in Countries of Transition, MOCT-MOST, Studies, Uppsala University66 Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 103-128. Social Science Research on Eastern Europe Institute for Applied Social Science (FAFO)64 in Sweden FAFO Institute for Applied Social Science is an institute for commissioned research. The re-

63 Postal address: Fridtjof Nansensvei 17, P.O. Box 236, N- 65 Postal address: Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, Postboks 1326 Lysaker, Norway, Internet: http://www.FNI.no. 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Internet: http://www.FFI.no. 64 Postal address: Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo, P.O. Box 66 Box 514, S-751 20 Uppsala, Tel.: +46(0)184711693, e- 2947 Tøyen, N-0608 Oslo, Norway, Internet: mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.FAFO.no. http://www.east.uu.se

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 35 The development of Russia is no longer crucial different tracks. The difference between these for Eastern Europe - actors in Russia and Cen- states might be more important than their com- tral Europe, respectively, have now different mon recent past. Thus, it might be misleading teleological perceptions. The Baltic states are to use this term for contemporary conditions. orientating themselves in relation to Russia, the With Maria Todorova’s words: Nordic countries and Europe. The Bulgarian „Isn’t Central Europe dead?“67 If that is so: what and Romanian political leaderships aspire to about Eastern Europe? develop their countries into European states. Social science in Sweden, dealing with re- However, they are situated in the Balkans, search on countries traditionally referred to un- where the security political situation is quite dif- der the label Eastern Europe, is carried out at ferent from that of Russia and Europe. university departments and at specific research In the bipolar world of East and West, the term institutes, among them some institutes with an Eastern Europe implied a certain problem orien- obligation to do research of relevance for the tation, referring to the position of the states as needs of the country, i.e. they are financed by Soviet satellites. This implicit problem orienta- the government. The Department of East Euro- tion is now gone, and the use of the term might pean Studies, Uppsala University, is the only prevent us from identifying what important pat- institution in Sweden, which is designed to terns are emerging from the structure of the study the region from a social science perspec- new multipolar situation of world politics. tive. There are three professors with chairs in Contacts between researchers in Western, East European history, law and economics, re- Central and Eastern Europe develop continu- spectively. The other departments where re- ously. States, which formerly belonged to East- search on Eastern Europe is carried out, are ern Europe, will be included in the multifaced the usual discipline based departments, such Europe. Therefore we could expect that in the as political science, sociology, economics. The near future, research on Eastern Europe will same is the case with the special institutes fi- become part of „normal“ research on Europe nanced by the government, such as the De- and will be carried out together with - or at least fence Research Establishment (Swedish: FOA) in dialogue with - the researchers in this area of and The Swedish Institute of International Af- study. Research on Eastern Europe will proba- fairs (Swedish: UPI). bly disappear as a phenomenon, at least as re- Centers for European studies are created with gards problems of modern Europe. Social sci- the aims of promoting studies on Europe, ence research on Russia, the Baltic states and sometimes including East and Central Europe. the Balkans will find research problems with For instance Centrum för Europaforskning, CFE their roots in the structure of the present day (Center for Research on Europe) at Lund Uni- situation of these former East European regions versity and Center for European Research which are increasingly becoming very different (CERGU) at Göteborg University. These cen- from one another. ters are pooling resources from both the social The last ten years have accentuated the need sciences and the humanities, such as history for rethinking the label Eastern Europe as a and languages. handy name, summarizing the states included Generally, research is organized in projects, in the former Soviet sphere. Which countries and in many cases, a research project involves are included in the term today? Russia, the Bal- scholars from different departments, at the tic states, the Russian Federation, including the same university or at different universities. problem complex involving the states in North Thus, if a project is based in a department, let and South Caucasus? Is Central Europe to be us say in Uppsala, the participating researchers considered part of Eastern Europe - Poland, the may come from other departments, both in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary; possi- Uppsala and from other parts of the country. bly also Slovenia and Croatia? Germany is si- Moreover, the projects may involve depart- tuated in Central Europe but is not considered ments belonging to different faculties, such as a as part of Eastern Europe. Should Bosnia- department of History and/ or a department of Herzegovina and Yugoslavia together with Bul- Slavic languages. Consequently, to name the garia, Romania and Albania be labelled the host department of a research project does not Balkans again and, consequently, these former necessarily mean that all research in the project East European states should be excluded from is done at only this department. Eastern Europe in the 21st century? Or is In the following, some tendencies in Swedish South-eastern Europe a proper term for this re- social science research on Eastern Europe are gion to be included in Eastern Europe? highlighted. The presentation is based on hast- The term Eastern Europe grew out of the Cold War and denotes a specific political and cultural 67 Maria Todorova: ”Isn’t Central Europe Dead? A reality. For a decade, this reality has existed Reply To Iver Neumann” in Central Europe: Core Or only as a common historical heritage of a num- Periphery? (Ed. Christopher Lord), Copenhagen ber of states, which are developing along many Business School Press 2000, pp. 219-231.

36 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 ily compiled information and not on a system- • Economic developments during transition atic and thorough investigation of all that is and the development of privatisation and a done in the field at the various universities and market economy in Russia (Department of university colleges in Sweden. East European Studies, Uppsala University) Swedish Social science research on Eastern • Economic developments during transition Europe is focussing on the following themes: and the development of privatisation and a Security problems and war market economy in Eastern Europe Russia and especially Northwestern Russia (Economists at Stockholm University, in from a security perspective, including problems some cases in cooperation with researchers of national interest and national identification, is in the respective East European countries) a theme which occupies researchers at several • Comparisons between underdeveloped social science departments in Sweden, among countries and „emerging economies“ them the Department of East European Stud- (Economists at Stockholm University). ies, Uppsala University, the departments of Po- Transition: social and political consequences litical Science at the universities in Uppsala, • Transition - its social consequences, de- Stockholm and Lund, and the Department of mocracy and the development of civil soci- Cultural Geography, Umeå University, the De- ety in Central and Eastern Europe and the fence Research Establishment (FOA) and the Baltic states (departments at Gamla Torget, Swedish Institute of International Affairs in Uppsala University, at the Department of Stockholm (UPI). - There is also a researchers’ Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala network „Northwest Russia and the Nordic University and the Department of Human Area“ on the Internet. Geography, Stockholm University, the De- A programme on crisis management in a na- partment of Political Science, Lund Univer- tional and international perspective is initiated sity, and at some regional university col- by the Swedish Agency for Civil Emergency leges) Planning (ÖCB) and is financing research on • Transition and the problems of democracy crises in Russia and Eastern Europe at various in Russia (project with researchers from the university departments, FOA and UPI. Departments of East European Studies, Po- From a security perspective, including political, litical Science and the Department of His- economic and social developments as well as tory at Uppsala University. questions of the bases of identity formation and • Social problems in Russia (doctoral stu- perceptions of threat, the Baltic states are dealt dents at the Department of Sociology, with at the Department of East European Stud- Göteborg University and the Department of ies, the Department of Political Science and the Social Anthropology, Stockholm University. Department of Peace and Conflict Research at • The public health situation in Russia and Uppsala University. These departments form an the Baltic states 1960-95 (Department of integrated research and educational center in Sociology, Stockholm University, see the the heart of Uppsala, Gamla Torget. This center journal Sociologisk Forskning No 1/2000) at Gamla Torget consists of the departments of Eastern Europe and Europe East European Studies, Political Science, • Northern Europe: the Baltic Sea community Peace and Conflict Research, Center for Multi- (Department of East European Studies, ethnic Research, the Swedish Institute for North Uppsala University and the Department of American Studies (SINAS), and the Department History, Lund University of Law: division International Law. Research on • Regional Developments in Europe and the the Baltic states from a security perspective is role of history in creating models for the fu- also conducted at Södertörn University College ture, especially concerning Eastern Europe as well as at the above mentioned institutes (Department of East European Studies, UPI and FOA. Uppsala University) Further research topics are: • • Europe as a community of intellectuals and Ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus (De- the role of science and cultural endeavours partments of East European Studies and in shaping the state as a project in the 17th Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Uni- century (Department of East European versity) Studies, Uppsala University) • The Stability Pact on South-eastern Europe • Criminal activity across boundaries (De- (Department of East European Studies, partment of Criminology, Stockholm Univer- Uppsala University) sity) • Genocide in the Balkans (Uppsala Pro- Other research activities gramme for Holocaust and Genocide Stud- Some of the research projects at the Forum for ies, Center for Multiethnic Research, Upp- Central Asian Studies, Stockholm University are sala University). dealing with former Soviet Central Asia. At Transition: economic consequences many social science departments at the various

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 37 universities in Sweden there are individual doc- stitutions have institutionalised East European toral studies on Russia, the Baltic states and research. The actual center for East European Central Europe from social, political, economic, research in Switzerland is considered the Inter- social geographical, sociolinguistic perspec- faculty Institute of East and Central European tives, and from many other disciplines. Studies (IIECE, www.unifr.ch/ieo) at the bilin- gual University of Fribourg/Freiburg). It was founded in 1997 and continues the tradition es- Switzerland tablished by the Institute of East European Studies, which was founded in 1958 by J.M. Christian Giordano, Daniel Henseler, Andreas Bochenski and which, at the time, was con- Künzli, Interfaculty Institute of East and Central cerned with Marxist philosophy. The IIECE, in European Studies, University of Fribourg,68 its current form, seeks to plan, offer, and coordinate continuing education and research activ- Social Science on Eastern Europe: Country ity relating to Central and Eastern Europe, sup- Report Switzerland port interdisciplinary research and develop con-

tacts both with the countries of this region and Introduction with similar institutions. The institute currently Whereas research in the field of Slavic Lan- includes the following fields: Slavic Languages guages and Literature in Switzerland possesses and Literatures (Rolf Fieguth), Philosophy of a long tradition, and East European history as Culture (Edward M. Swiderski), Political Sci- well as Soviet philosophy may also look back ence (Nicolas Hayoz), Ethnology (Christian on a certain tradition here (see Roland Ae- Giordano), Law (Paul Volken), Economics gerter, Die schweizerische Wissenschaft und (Pawel Dembinski) and Religion and Culture in der Osten Europas. Zur Geschichte der Slav- Eastern and East-Central Europe (Barbara Hal- istik und Osteuropakunde, Slavica Helvetica lensleben). Additionally, the Institute publishes Peter Lang 1998), it was not until 1989 that re- the journal Studies in East European Thought search institutes of other academic disciplines (Edited by Edward M. Swiderski, Kluwer Aca- in this country showed a strong interest dealing demic Publisher, Dordrecht). with East and Central European topics. The so- The main research focus of the institute covers cial sciences are the most predominant of these the broad category of the social sciences in- ”new” disciplines. If one considers the term ”so- cluding ethnology: peasant societies and agri- cial science” in its broadest sense, the following cultural reform; ethnicity and nationalism; transi- fields can be considered to be working with tion and privatisation strategies; multiculturalism Central and East European themes: sociology, and citizenship. Political Science: political soci- political science, ethnology, social history, eco- ology, especially state sociology; state and nomics, law and socio-linguistics. The reason power structures and their transformation in for this delayed interest in Central and Eastern Central and Eastern Europe (esp. Russia); the Europe is obvious; reliable data and source ma- emergence and transformation of structures of terials, which form the basis for any serious trust and networks of power in Russia. Econom- study, were hardly available to Western re- ics: competition in global industries; financial vs. searchers during the period of Communist rule. real economy; development of small and mid- In the cases of sociology and ethnology – the sized companies; entrepreneurship; The role of disciplines that are expressly empirically de- finance (stock markets) in the transition; sys- fined – the possibilities for proper fieldwork tems analysis of transition; transition from a (with the exception of Yugoslavia and Poland) planned economy to a market economy; privati- were extremely limited. Police control, bureau- sation; inflation; unemployment; budget deficit; cratic hindrances, and limited freedom of recession. Larger research projects currently in movement discouraged many potentially inter- progress with a social science component in- ested social scientists from realizing research clude: ”Ethnic Albanian Emigration to Switzer- projects in Communist-ruled countries. It was land since 1970”; ”Civil Society and National only after 1989, when barriers fell in the short- Religion in the Work of Vladimir Solov’ëv” est amount of time, that the countries of Central (Swiderski, in collaboration with the University and Eastern Europe began to open themselves of Nijmegen); ”The Restructuring of Intellectual to social scientists from Switzerland. Elites, Social Sciences, and Transitional Devel- Institutions and Researchers opments in Post-Communist Discourse” (E.M. Different Swiss universities offer courses in so- Swiderski); ”Perceptions and Self-Perceptions cial science education and research relating to of Roma in Central and East European Coun- Central and Eastern Europe, but only a few in- tries” (Christian Giordano, in collaboration with the Centro per le Scienze Sociali, Rome); 68 Rte des Bonnesfontaines 11, CH-1700 Fribourg, ”Terre, territoire et nation” (Christian Giordano, Switzerland; Tel.: ++41-26-300 78 41, Fax: ++41-26-300 96 64, E-Mail: [email protected], in collaboration with the Laboratoire [email protected], [email protected] d’Anthropologie Sociale, Paris, and the Maison

38 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris). In respect of Europe. Under the direction of the constitutional individual countries, the emphasis is placed on lawyer Thomas Fleiner, the processes of politi- the Russian Federation and Poland, as well as cal transformation and consolidation in the post- on the states of South-eastern Europe, espe- socialist democracies are examined, above all, cially Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania. Courses in respect to their compatibility with federal insti- at the Institute are held in German and French, tutions. and in Russian and Polish. The Institute is In conclusion, Patrick Sériot, professor at the planning a closer level of cooperation with the University of Lausanne, must be mentioned Russian State University for the Humanities here for his work with the Russian language, (RSUH) in Moscow that foresees, among other because he emphasizes the importance of the developments, the setting-up of a branch of the socio-linguistic dimension. Institute in Moscow. In Bern is located the Swiss East Europe Li- At the History Department of the University of brary (Schweizerische Osteuropabibliothek) Zurich there is a special field of concentration in which is the largest library in Switzerland spe- East European History (www.hist.unizh.ch/oeg/ cializing in Eastern Europe with its collection of OEG.html). The chair was created in 1971 and about 150,000 volumes and journals its holder has, since then, been Carsten Goe- (www.stub.unibe.ch/html/sob/index.html). Its hrke. East European History in Zurich concerns collection concentrates on the successor states itself especially with the early history of Eastern of the former Soviet Union, East Central Europe and with researching diplomatic rela- Europe, the Baltic states and the countries of tions between Switzerland and East European South-eastern Europe. Topical concentrations countries. The research focus includes the his- include materials concerning the development tory of emigration, diplomatic history, gender and history of East European countries and so- history, Siberia and comparative urban history. cieties in the 20th century, especially during the The History Department of the University of Ba- communist period. There is also extensive sle (www.unibas.ch/histsem) has had a Chair documentation of current political, economic for East European History since 1991. Heiko and social transformation processes, as well as Haumann, Professor for East European and the reappraisal of the communist past, latent Modern History, holds the chair. Field concen- fields of conflict in Eastern Europe (the prob- trations in Basle include the history of Eastern lems of nationalities and minorities), as well as Europe in the 19th and 20th century and allow the problem of the comparative historical back- specialization in social and economic history. It wardness of Eastern Europe in its significance includes also the history of East European for contemporary development. The collections Jewry. The departments in Basle and Zurich at- of the library date from the period following the tempt to make their course offerings as com- Second World War; about 60% of the materials plementary as possible. are written in East European languages. Among At Geneva’s Graduate Institute of International the larger libraries that maintain archives of pa- Studies (heiwww.unige.ch), which has existed pers related to the social science and social his- since 1927 and is dedicated to the ‘pluridiscipli- tory of Eastern Europe, the Social Archive nary study of international relations’, André Lie- (Sozialarchiv) in Zurich (www.sozialarchiv.ch) bich, Director of the International History and and the library of the Institute for Agriculture Politics section, has specialized in East Euro- (Institut für Agrarwirtschaft) in Zurich (www. pean topics. His research interests include ethbib.ethz.ch/bibleth/Agrarwirtschaft.htm) statehood and nationalism, minority issues, di- should be named. aspora politics and current political issues in Publications post-Communist Europe. Courses are offered in If one continues with our original conception of the fields of history, politics and foreign policy of the social sciences as a broadly-defined collec- Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and the tion of disciplines, one may point to not a few USSR, as well as in 19th and 20th century ide- research papers and publications in Switzerland ologies. that have more or less strong connections to East European topics are also researched at East Central and Eastern Europe. While at the Institute for Ethnology at the University of most sociological institutes in Switzerland East Bern (www.cx.unibe.ch/ethno/) under the direc- Central and Eastern Europe were hardly exam- tion of Hans-Rudolf Wicker. These include is- ined before 1989, the East European historians sues on the ethnology of migration (the return were able to fill this gap somewhat. Until the of refugees to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well present time, publications have mainly been as to Kosovo) and ethnicity, culture and nation- submitted from the disciplines of East European alism, as well as peacekeeping. Studies and Slavic Studies, which, however, The Institute of Federalism (www.federalism.ch) look at the societal dimension in Central and of the University of Fribourg should be men- Eastern Europe. The just published collection tioned as a research center that, among other Transformation und historisches Erbe in den things, occupies itself with Central and Eastern Staaten des europäischen Ostens (Bern: Peter

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 39 Lang Verlag 2000) edited by the Zurich Eastern Vielvölkerreich. Entstehung, Gechichte, Zerfall, Europe historians Carsten Goehrke and Se- 2nd revised edition, 1993 C.H. Beck). raina Gilly, is marked, for example, by the A few current theses with socio-historical com- above-mentioned interest in social historical ponents from the above-mentioned department questions which touch burning contemporary treat topics such as ”Writers as Political Opposi- issues on the part of Swiss historians. Carsten tionists in Czechoslovakia”, ”Soviet Youth Policy Goehrke (University of Zurich) has supervised in the Early Brezhnev Era Using the Komsomol numerous dissertations and theses in the cour- as an Example” and ”The Value of Switzerland se of his professorship, some of which deal with for the Russian Revolutionary Emigration from socio-historical topics. the End of the 19th Century until 1917 in an In- The Zurich dissertations published so far dealt ternational Comparison”. Andreas Künzli, co- with the following topics: author of this article, graduated from the Uni- 1998: Müller, Derek. Der Topos des Neuen versity of Zurich with a degree in Slavic Lan- Menschen in der russischen und sowjetrussi- guages and Literature and East European His- schen Geistesgeschichte. Peter Lang Bern. tory in 1992 with a thesis about ”Interlinguistik 1996: Boskovska, Nada. Die russische Frau im und Esperanto-Bewegung im Zarenreich und in 17. Jahrhundert. Böhlau Köln-Weimar-Wien. der Sowjetunion” (Prof. Peter Brang). 1996: Mumenthaler, Rudolf. Schweizer Wissen- A full habilitation, dissertation and thesis list, as schaftler im Zarenreich (1725-1917). Hans Rohr well as information about publications of the Zürich. Eastern Europe section of the History Depart- 1996: Rüesch, Andreas. Staatsbetrieb, Wirt- ment at the University of Zurich, can be found schaftsreform, Kampf der Interessen. Die Be- on the website of the East European History deutung der Unternehmensdirektoren und der Department (OEG) at Zurich ”Industrielobby” in der Sowjetunion und in (www.hist.unizh.ch/oeg). Russland nach der Wende. Pro Universitate Numerous contributions of Swiss Eastern Sinzheim. Europe historians and Slavicists outlining socio- 1996: Soom, Jost. ”avancement et fortune”: historical perspectives have been published in Schweizer und ihre Nachkommen als Offiziere, periodicals such as the Jahrbücher für Diplomaten und Hofbeamte im Dienst des Za- Geschichte Osteuropas, Forschungen zur renreiches. Hans Rohr Zürich. Osteuropäischen Geschichte, Schweizerische 1994: Schneider, Harry. Schweizer Theologen Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Zeitschrift für Ostfor- im Zarenreich (1700-1917). Auswanderung und schung, Acta Baltica, Cahier du monde russe et russischer Alltag von Theologen und ihren soviétique, etc. Frauen. Hans Rohr Zürich. The cooperation of the East European History 1991: Bühler, Roman. Bündner im Russischen Department (Carsten Goehrke, Werner G. Reich, 18. Jahrhundert bis Erster Weltkrieg. Ein Zimmermann) with the Zurich Slavicists (Peter Beitrag zur Wanderungsgeschichte Graubün- Brang, Robert Zett and their successors) should dens. Disentis-Mustér 1991. also be acknowledged here. This interdiscipli- 1990: Tschudin, Gisela. Schweizer Käser im nary cooperation between linguists and histori- Zarenreich. Zur Mentalität und Wirtschaft aus- ans, which has been particularly initiated by the gewanderter Bauernsöhne und Bauerntöchter. Slavicists, has resulted in a few publications Hans Rohr Zürich. relevant to social scientists. The Swiss National Current dissertations with socio-historical com- Science Foundation (www.snf.ch) provided the ponents that are being written under the aus- financial support: pices of the Chair for East European History in • ”Bild und Begegnung”. Kulturelle Wechsel- Zurich deal with the colony of Swiss in Russia seitigkeit zwischen der Schweiz und Osteu- on the eve of the First World War, the Sovietiza- ropa im Wandel der Zeit. Schwabe & Co. tion of Old Believers in the Transbaikal region, AG, Basel 1996. political emigration from the Czarist realm in the • ”Zwischen Adria und Jenissei” (Reisen in th 19 century, the identity of high-born Russian die Vergangenheit), Hans Rohr, Zürich th women in the 18 century, the Murids of the 1994. Caucasus, as well as the Eurasian movement, • ”Zuflucht Schweiz”. Der Umgang mit Asyl- and the Ruthenian city of the Early Modern Pe- problemen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, riod, etc. Hans Rohr, Zürich 1994. The habilitation (postdoctoral thesis) submitted • ”Asyl und Aufenthalt”. Die Schweiz als Zu- in 1979 to Professor Goehrke by Andreas Kap- fluchtsort und Wirkungsstätte von Slaven im peler, an Eastern Europe historian, who taught 19. und 20 Jahrhundert. Schwabe & Co. for a long time in Cologne and who currently AG, Basel 1994 sowie teaches in Vienna, dealt with the nationalities of • ”Fakten und Fabeln”. Schweizerisch- Russia. From this work, a standard reference slavische Reisebegegnung vom 18. bis 20. for Russian history appeared (Russland als

40 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 Jahrhundert. Schwabe & Co. AG, Basel 1:59-81) as well as La privatisation en Europe 1991. de l’Est (Paris: Presses universitaires de • The ”Kommentierte Bibliographie zur slav- France 1995). ischen Soziolinguistik”, a three volume bib- The results of research in South-eastern liography which was published in 1981 as Europe (especially in Romania and Bulgaria) part of the series Slavica Helvetica by Prof. and in the Baltics (Latvia and Estonia) by Chris- Peter Brang and Monika Züllig (née tian Giordano, Chair of the Department of Eth- Bankowski) can by right be considered as a nology at the University of Fribourg, appear in pioneer effort in this field. his numerous contributions to collections and In Heiko Haumann, Basle has found a re- international journals (Études Rurales, searcher whose work is marked by socio- Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, historical and social science methodology. He Anthropological Journal on European Cultures, made a name by his Geschichte Russlands Focaal. Journal for Anthropology, Ethnologica (Piper 1996) and especially by his important Balkanica, Journal of Rural Cooperation, Studi Geschichte der Ostjuden (appeared in a re- di Sociologia, etc.). Christian Giordano edited in vised, updated edition with Deutscher Taschen- cooperation with Edouard Conte not only the buch Verlag (dtv-Verlag) in 1998). special issue on ”Paysans au-delà du mur” of This panorama of socio-historical works should the French journal Études Rurales (1995: be closed by mentioning the comparative and No.138-140, 270 pages), but also the collection politically oriented study Das Fanal von Sara- Es war einmal die Wende… Sozialer Umbruch jevo. Ethnonationalismus in Europa (Zurich: der ländlichen Gesellschaften Mittel- und Süd- NZZ Verlag 1997) by Urs Altermatt, professor osteuropas (Berlin: Les Travaux du Centre for Modern and Swiss History at the University Marc Bloch 1998). Both works portray the at- of Fribourg. This book analyses the political tempt to shed light on the diverse and difficult roots of the new nationalistic tendencies and problems surrounding rural transformation in movements in the eastern part of the continent. post-socialist Europe with a comparative per- In addition to this rich variety of social historical spective. His most important contributions re- works, sociologists, political scientists, econo- garding ethnicity, nationalism and citizenship mists and ethnologists have offered relevant are to be found in Hans-Rudolf Wicker (Ed.), contributions to the diverse problems that are Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity. The encountered in the continuing phase of post- Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe socialist transformation. (Berg: Oxford and New York 1997); in Robert Iris Stucki of the Institute for Ethnology at the Hettlage, et al (Eds.), Kollektive Identitäten in University of Bern analysed social networks of Krisen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1997); Bosnian households in Basle as well as local in Balint Balla and Anton Sterbling (Eds.), Eth- and cross-national relations as a resource for nicity, Nation, Culture, Central and East Euro- healthy integration (www.cx.unibe.ch/ethno/ pean Perspectives (Hamburg: Krämer Verlag diss-liz.htm). 1998); in Rupert Moser (Ed.), Die Bedeutung The works of André Liebich in Geneva, espe- des Ethnischen im Zeitalter der Globalisierung, cially the books From the Other Shore: Russian Einbindungen, Ausgrenzungen, Säuberungen Social Democracy After 1921 (Harvard 1997) (Bern, Stuttgart, Vienna: Paul Haupt Verlag and Les Minorités nationales en Europe cen- 2000); in Umberto Melotti (Ed.), Etnicità, Nazi- trale et orientales (Georg 1997) as well as his onalità e Cittadinanza (Rome: Edizioni SEAM numerous articles about the Soviet past should 2000). Under the direction of Christian be mentioned. Some issues of the Geneva Giordano, two MA theses were prepared on journal Relations internationales have also topics concerning Central and Eastern Europe been dedicated to Eastern European topics in (Andrea Boscoboinik, ”Images of Change: Bul- recent years. Nicolas Hayoz from the University garia’s Transformation to a Post-Communist of Fribourg published L’Etreinte soviétique: as- Society” in 1996 and Geneviève Piérart, ”Na- pects sociologiques de l’effondrement pro- tionalisme et gestion de l’identité ethnique. Les grammé de l’URSS (Geneva: Librairie Droz) in Hongrois de Transylvanie et L’enjeu de 1997. l’Histoire” in 1998). At the time there are also Pawel Dembinski, who is also an instructor at four dissertations being prepared on the con- the University of Fribourg, wrote, among others, struction of national identity in Slovenia, Roma- L’endettement de la Pologne ou les limites d’un nia and Bulgaria by Elke-Nicole Kappus, Mari- système (Paris: Editions Anthropos 1984), Les lena Nitu, Teodor Nitu and Maria Pescheva. économies planifiés. La logique du système Concluding Remarks (Paris: Editions du Seuil 1988), The Logic of the Undoubtedly, one may conclude that although Planned Economy. The Seed of the Collapse Central and East European topics in Switzer- (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992), ”La land do not form an area of specialization in the Bourse dans la transition” (Revue d’Études social sciences and although the coordination Comparatives Est Ouest 1994 Vol. 25, No. of relevant branches and structures need

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 41 strengthening in the future, a small group of structures of the European Community, and motivated researchers has crystallized and has four bewildering wars in former Yugoslavia, all gained international recognition due to its stimu- this tempered many passions and brought a lating academic efforts. growing indifference again. The strikes of NATO against Yugoslavia and the new protectorate in Kosovo have not contributed to reactivate the Spain lost interest. Therefore, the inexpert enthusiasts of the first half of the nineties now work on new Francisco Veiga, Departamento de Historia fashionable topics. Their defection has crum- Contemporánea, Universidad Autónoma de bled ambitious but weak institutions, such as Barcelona69 the Eastern European Institute (Instituto de Eu- ropa Oriental –IEO-), which was founded at the The situation of research in the social sci- beginning of the nineties at the Universidad ences on Eastern Europe: A Spanish over- Complutense de Madrid (UCM). The IEO was 70 view closed down in 1996 and the same fate hit the magazine "Cuadernos del Este" that had been In Spain, the landscape of the studies in the so- fed more with translations than with the intellec- cial sciences on Eastern Europe is a desert with tual production of Spanish academics. some isolated oases. The reasons for this situa- Nowadays, no Spanish academic institution ex- tion are very logical. Spain has not maintained ists that is completely devoted to studies on regular contacts with Eastern Europe in its near Eastern Europe. Only a handful of social sci- historical past: no commercial relationships, ence professors continue with research in that neither cultural contacts nor strategic implica- field and train new scholars. These professors tions existed. There are not even significant are the last representatives of the “first genera- colonies of immigrant populations from Eastern tion" that emerged at the beginning of the eight- Europe in Spain. The traditional interest of ies. In our days, a small group of young profes- Spanish academics on the social sciences was sors, graduates and scholarship holders are al- focused on South America and, in a very minor ready the “second generation". They come from scale, North Africa and Western Europe. three centers: Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona, The last decade brought a new interest in those although there is also some activity in Oviedo countries, due to the fall of the Iron Curtain and and Santiago de Compostela. the wars in Yugoslavia, especially when the In Madrid, the Department of Political Sciences Spanish Army and NGOs were involved in at the Universidad Nacional de Educación a some of the crises. But, unfortunately, the im- Distancia (UNED) is the largest center for pact of those events was too much disturbing graduate work on politics in Eastern and Cen- for a society long time unconscious of the East- tral Europe. The programme on Eastern Europe ern half of the European continent. During the and on the former Soviet Union’s political transi- change from the eighties to the nineties, the tions71 provides eight courses coordinated by debate on the “Spanish pattern of transition” Prof. Carmen González, who wrote a doctoral from the dictatorship of Franco to democracy thesis on the Hungarian transition at the begin- was very animated in our country. So, the wide- ning of the nineties72 and is now leading two spread discussion in the western countries research groups on national minorities in East- about the political and historical meaning of the ern Europe. The first one, on the Hungarian mi- collapse of the Soviet system, or the ethnic norities in the countries neighbouring Hungary. wars in Yugoslavia mixed in Spain with the de- The second, financed by the Gutierrez Mellado bate on papers of the leftist parties and the na- Institute, is researching the political tools for the tionalism in the Spanish autonomic regions. management of conflicts among ethnic minori- The result of this intense politicisation was the ties in Eastern Europe and the former USSR. proliferation of self-proclaimed experts in East- The Gutierrez Mellado Institution is not devoted ern Europe or Russian affairs in Eastern to Eastern European topics, but at present it fi- Europe or Russian matters, and a frequent con- nances a number of research projects in this fusion among academic debates and passion- 73 ate political opinions. field . Ten years of political transition in Russia - not Two other professors working as full-time staff always easy to understand - the calm and pro- members of the Department of Politics in the gressive admittance of Central Europe to the UNED, and teaching Master of Philosophy or Doctor of Philosophy programmes are: Jesús

de Andrés, a researcher on Russian transition, 69 c/Villarroel, 197, 5° 4a, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: ++34-93-322 21 46, ++34-93-245 06 68, Fax: ++34-93-322 21 46, E-Mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]) 71 70 http://www.uned.es/guias/g3cd/d151.htm. I have a debt of gratitude to Ruth Ferrero and Roberto 72 Rodriguez for their valuable help in the elaboration of this http://www.uned.es/guias/g3cd/d151.htm. report. 73 [email protected].

42 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 and Ignacio Torreblanca, whose subject is the ans and economists from all generations enlargement of the European Union towards worked together in an atmosphere of open co- Eastern Europe74. operation. The promoter of this experience was The Universidad Complutense de Madrid doctor Carlos Flores, professor of Constitutional (UCM) has lost the leadership in this particular Law with wide experience in the study of the ju- field of research since the closure of the Insti- ridical structures of Eastern Europe. His almost tuto de Europa Oriental, but its Department of 50 publications have been focused mainly on Applied Economics still has a great weight in the comparative study of electoral processes, the analysis of post-socialist economies. In the the formation of party systems and the institu- UCM, the professors Fernando Luengo75 and tion building processes in the new East Euro- Enrique Palazuelos76 are two of the most re- pean democracies79. markable names in the “first generation” of The Research Unit Social Formations in Transi- Spanish specialists in Eastern Europe econom- tion (Unidad de Investigación Formacions So- ics, and the founders of the Instituto de Europa cials en Transició80 -UIFST-), at the University Oriental. They teach, respectively, the subjects: of Valencia attached to the Department of Ap- "The external insert of the economies of Central plied Economics also should be mentioned. and Oriental Europe” and “The energy sector in UIFST is directed by professor Antonio the economy of the Russian Federation"77. But Sánchez Andrés and has a very qualified staff not all professors of the Complutense special- of Valencian and Russian professors81. UIFST ized in Eastern Europe are economists. Juan analyses the transformation processes that be- Carlos Monedero is a political scientist, and he gan at the end of the eighties in the old econo- studies the former GDR; Mercedes Herrero, a mies with centralized planning, although its professor in Communication / Journalism, is a main center of attention is the Soviet Union and researcher specialized in the political evolution the present Russian Federation82. of Poland from 1989 onwards. UIFST works in close collaboration with the At the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Group for Analysis of Economic Transition Department of Political Sciences, professor Economy (Grup d´Anàlisi de la Transició Carlos Taibo, one of the outstanding academics Econòmica -GATE-) based in Barcelona. Al- in the “first generation", is the author of a doc- though GATE is not devoted explicitly to studies toral thesis on the Red Army78 and director of on transitions in Eastern Europe, it has some the Program of Russian Studies. This program veteran researchers of the first generation, such was born ten years ago, but today it stagnates as Benjamín Bastida, director of GATE, and because of lack of financing. Although initially Teresa Virgili. They are both experts in the eco- an expert in the Soviet political system, profes- nomic transitions in Central and Eastern sor Taibo has also worked on transitions in Europe. Also, Xavier Martí works on the eco- Eastern Europe and the former Soviet repub- nomic transition in Poland, whereas Carles lics. He has published a large amount of diffu- Batlle studies the Czechoslovakian case. sion books, written for the general public, some Worth mentioning in Barcelona is also the of them dedicated to the wars in former Yugo- CIDOB Foundation83 (Centro de Información y slavia with more political conclusions that aca- Documentación de Barcelona). It is a research, demic ones. teaching and documentation centre on interna- At the Universidad de Valencia, the Department of Constitutional Law supported interdisciplinary contacts among Spanish experts in matters of 79 He has been a Fulbright Scholar (1993-94) and visiting Eastern Europe. The first “Encuentro Español professor (1994-95) at the University of California-San Die- go, as well as a guest researcher at the Universities of de Estudios sobre la Europa Oriental” has Veszprém and Budapest (1992), Virginia and Triest (1996) taken place in November 1998, thus opening a and the Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Re- window that brought fresh air for the first time search Institute in Munich (1993). He has edited Las nue- since the end of the Instituto de Europa Orien- vas instituciones políticas de la Europa Oriental (Mad- rid/Valencia, 1997), Derechos y libertades en las nuevas tal. A group of political scientists, jurists, histori- democracias de la Europa del Este (Pamplona, 1998-9). 80 http:// www.uv.es/uifst. 81 74 Some of the doctoral theses in course of the UNED are Professor José Maria March, co-author with professor those of Ruth Ferrero, on national minorities in Ukraine, Antonio Sánchez Andrés of several books on the socio- Slovakia and Romania and Pedro Chaves, on enlargement economic transition in Russia, some translated into Russ- of the European Union to Eastern Europe. ian, is an outstanding scholar, also remarkable are the pro- 75 fessors Isabel Plà and Vicenta Fuster. Thanks to the close http://www.ucm.es/info/eid/html/luengo.html. relationship that the center keeps up with the Russian Uni- 76 http://www.ucm.es/info/eid/html/palazuelos.html. versity of the Friendship of the Peoples, the Russian pro- 77 Professor Pedro Gómez Serrano, the only expert in Bal- fessors Nikolay A. Shkolyar and Gyennadiy I. Martyuschyev kan Economy (former Yugoslavia and Albania) five years have worked in the staff of UIFST. ago, now he abandoned that research line. 82 Professor Raúl de Arriba researched and published on 78 Published under the title: Las fuerzas armadas en la cri- the economic transition in Bulgaria. sis del sistema soviético (1993). 83 http://www.cidob.org/.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 43 tional relations and development studies. It was versity of Santiago of Compostela, professor registered in 1973 as a non-profit association. Xosé M. Núñez Seixas is a veteran researcher In 1979, it became a private foundation with a of the Central European nationalities, and es- board consisting of several institutions and indi- pecially the Czech national process. His thesis, viduals. The main geographical areas are Latin presented in 1992 at the European University America, the Mediterranean and the Arab Institute of Florence is entitled: "The problem of World, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, East- the nationalities in the interwar Europe. The ern Europe and the former USSR. The respon- Congress of European Nationalities (1925- sible person for research is Carmen Claudín, a 1938)". From then on, professor Núñez Seixas researcher who studied in Moscow. She is also has completed many research works of great the director for studies in Central and Eastern quality on nationalism and the derived national- Europe and the former USSR. CIDOB has its ist doctrines resulting from the Great War89. own documentation databases, hotline service Another historian but professor of political sci- and library. Among the seminars and conference at the same university is Raimundo Viejo, ences that CIDOB offers every year, at least a significant academic of the second generation one is dedicated to issues of the day in Eastern who is now working on a doctoral thesis about Europe or Russia. the German reunification. Francisco Veiga84, the author of this contribu- The Department of Contemporary History at the tion, also works in Barcelona. He is one of the Universidad de Oviedo (Asturias) has become very few Spanish historians who are experts in an organizing centre for conferences and Eastern Europe, he teaches two subjects at the courses on politics in Eastern Europe. Thanks Department of Contemporary History of the to their initiatives, every summer some groups Autonomous University of Barcelona: "History of Spanish experts can meet with other col- of Eastern Europe, 1919-1945” and a doctorate leagues coming from Eastern Europe. Since programme: "Of Yalta to Dayton and Ram- 1990 and by professor's José Girón’s initiative, bouillet, 1944-1999: Guidelines for the study of the University of Oviedo has organized at least Eastern Europe in the second half of the XX. six courses on political transition, economic century". In 1987, he presented his doctoral evolution, ethnic conflicts and wars in Yugosla- thesis about fascism in Romania, published in via, with the participation of professors and 198985, and later on, he wrote two books on the Spanish experts in Eastern Europe. The same political and social crises in the Balkans be- university publishes most part of the conference tween 1989 and 199986. Two of these works proceedings and reports presented during the have been published and translated into Roma- summer courses90. nian and Bulgarian87. He is a member of the Although the enumeration of the institutions and Council of the CIDOB Foundation and collabo- Spanish researchers dedicated to Eastern rates as an expert in Balkan politics with sev- Europe have filled several pages, the situation eral Spanish and international media, such as is not satisfactory. Spain is a country of 39 mil- "El País" or the BBC (Spanish programmes). At lion inhabitants, member of the European Un- present, professor Veiga supervises several re- ion, with more than four big cities and 74 uni- search works on issues related to the history or versities. Despite of this, there is no single aca- the politics of Eastern Europe and the Bal- demic institution dedicated entirely to social kans88. science studies on Eastern Europe. In fact, Together with the three core institutions men- there prevail the isolated researchers who, un- tioned above, it is also necessary to name two fortunately, persist in being isolated from one minor centres: Galicia and Asturias. At the Uni- another. Most of them only trust in public financing, and private institutions and companies that work in Eastern Europe don't usually trust them. 84 http://blues.uab.es/historiamc/cvfveiga.htm. As there is no money, there are no important 85 Francisco Veiga, La mística del ultranacionalismo. Histo- projects. There are no indicators that the situa- ria de la Guardia de Hierro. Rumania, 1919-1941. Eds. de tion will improve and it will take a long time be- la universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 1989. fore we will again have an Institute of Studies 86 Francesc Veiga, Els Balcans. La desfeta d´un somni, 1945-1991, Universitat de Girona and Vic, Eumo, 1993 and on Eastern Europe; and still more time, before 1994; Francisco Veiga, La trampa balcánica. Una crisis eu- Spanish researchers and professors of the di- ropeoa de fin de siglo, Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1994. verse social sciences will again work together. 87 Francisco Veiga, Istoria Garzii de Fier, 1919-1941. Misti- ca ultranationalismului, Ed. Humanitas, Bucuresti, 1993 and 89 Soon he will publish the book: Entre Ginebra y Berlín. La 1994; Ф. Вейга, Балканският капан, Aмaдеуc´c cuestión de las minorías nacionales y la política internacio- Kъмпани, OOД, Sofía,1999. nal en Europa, 1914-1939 (Madrid: Akal). 88 Professor Roberto Rodriguez Milán, who lives and works 90 Jose Giron (ed.): La transicion democratica en el centro in Athens, works on a thesis on the Party New Democracy y este de Europa, 2 tomos, Ed. Universidad de Oviedo, O- and the contemporary Greek right. It is also necessary to viedo, 1997. José Girón y Slobodan Pajović (eds.): Los highlight the researches of Teodora Toleva on the relations- nuevos Estados de la antigua Yugoslavia, Ed. Universidad hips between Bulgaria and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. de Oviedo, Oviedo, 1999.

44 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 United Kingdom Subsequent triangulation as it came to be called, bringing together language, area and George Kolankiewicz, School of Slavonic and social science disciplinary specialists reconfig- East European Studies - SSEES -, University ured east European studies. More importantly it did not assume that research into the post College London91 communist transformation would be self- Continuity and Change in United Kingdom terminating but that the changes underway, Transition Research however liminal, would nonetheless require sustained long-term research endeavour. As a The social sciences in the United Kingdom (UK) recent conference amply demonstrated the leg- dealing with Eastern Europe have in general acy of state socialism will remain a fruitful area successfully met the intellectual challenges of of research for the foreseeable future.94 the nineties. The gestalt switch required when a The East -West Programme comprised of 20 major paradigm, however defined, underpinning projects selected out of over 300 initial appli- research activity, loosely understood, is re- cants. It sought to understand the processes at placed has been achieved. In other words, work at the level of the enterprise, farm and there is life after sovietology! Suffice to say that household including changes in property re- the as yet incomplete replacement paradigm gimes, management and labour relations. It currently concerned with transition or transfor- dealt with social issues such as homelessness, mation92 research is being produced out of a the family and law, youth and most importantly melting pot of ideas and data that have been political parties, elites, local democracy, social generated in the words of one eminent authority movements and changing political attitudes.95 It through the is generally accepted that no other study was in “collaboration between specialists on authoritar- a position to capture this particular moment in ian regimes who never had the opportunity to time of systemic collapse and thus provide not conduct serious survey research and political only valuable insights into the early stages of scientists experienced in survey techniques but transition but also lay the foundations for sub- ignorant of the cultures and languages of the sequent research. countries which have become candidates for The programme was constrained however by inclusion in wider comparative studies.”93 the intellectual agenda of scholars at the time, The last ten years of transition social science more so than by the perceived needs and priori- research in the UK, confined in this case to po- ties of the programme’s initiators. This was not litical science and sociology and related disci- commissioned research and therefore gaps plines, can be summarised for the purposes of were inevitable although the proven saliency of this all too brief overview by examining the role the 20 projects vindicated the conviction of the of programme director that intellectual pre- • Co-ordinated research programmes occupation was to be the touchstone for the re- • Dedicated research centres search agenda in these fluid times rather than • Research issues any attempt to second-guess possible transition • Human capital scenarios. Research Programmes One achievement of the programme was to Serendipity placed a key comparative, interdis- provide key groups of scholars with launch ciplinary research programme, namely the Eco- pads for subsequent more embedded research nomic and Social Research Council’s (ESRC) activity in the area. It also provided the re- East-West Programme in the right place at the sources and the venues for the establishment right time. Originally conceived on the cusp of of research networks with eastern European the collapse of communism in 1989/1990 out of colleagues. David Lane96 at Cambridge and an interest in the processes of decentralisation John Scott working with Polish colleagues evident at the time, it provided the first vehicle oversaw the first research into the milestone for the tentative collaboration mentioned above. Contract Parliament elected in 1989 while at the

91 E-mail: [email protected]/ 94 The Legacy of State Socialism and the Future of the [email protected]. Transformation. 30 March-1 April 2000. Kings College 92 Richard Sakwa Postcommunism. Open University Press Cambridge. David Lane and others. 1999 pp. 97-113 Sakwa has produced some of the more 95 Further information on the East West Programme can be analytic monographs on the post Soviet space especially obtained from its former director at his Russian Politics and Society. Routledge 1996. [email protected]. 93 Archie Brown “The Study of Totalitarianism and Authori- 96 Lane D Ross C From Communism to Capitalism: Ruling tarianism” in Jack Hayward, Brian Barry and Archie Brown Elites From Gorbachev to Yeltsin. New York St Martin’s (eds) The British Study of Politics in the Twentieth Century. Press 1998. J Wasilewski and W Wesolowski (eds) Poc- Oxford University Press 1999 p. 388. This provides a wide zatki Parlamentarnej Elity. IFiS PAN Warsaw 1992. The Pol- ranging summary of political science and related research ish team continues to produce research into subsequent endeavour with a good bibliography. parliaments.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 45 same time initiating a line of research into eco- dealing with labour relations in 5 countries103 nomic and political elites in the Gorbachev and contributed to what was judged eventually to be Yeltsin eras. Geoff Evans and Stephen White- a successful programme despite having to deal field, newly in tandem, brought the intellectual with a range of uncertainties not least in the powerhouse of Nuffield College into what is one former Yugoslavia. of the most fruitful and stimulating series of atti- The East West Programme also benefited from tudinal research projects dealing with political, parallel projects commissioned at the same economic and more recently social processes time not least of which was the Social Justice in the New Independent States (NIS) as well as project whose UK partner, Gordon Marshall of Central and East European(CEE) countries.97 Nuffield College, provided what was a missing Simon Clarke at Warwick was able to begin to dimension. build his highly effective research teams in Primarily however the programme was able to Russia thereby tracking the processes of enter- channel the creative tension, which existed be- prise restructuring and more recently household tween the challenge of uncertainty and the adaptation strategies.98 Nigel Swain provided need to apply the conceptual apparatus drawn impressive insights into the rural transition in from other spheres of research. Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary and con- The ESRC’s commitment to area based re- tinues to research the area. More established search was further in evidence by what can be researchers such as Waller, Lewis, Wightman seen as a follow-up undertaking namely the and Lomax working with Pridham 99 were able “One Europe or Several” Programme104 not only to carry out research on the complex launched in January 1998. Here the research process of party formation but generated a vast agenda took on board some issues which had array of publications for the broader academic only been signalled in the earlier project out- community. The East-West comparison became comes, namely EU enlargement, security con- more relevant in projects such as Ken Rob- cerns and cross border crime (P. Rawlinson). erts100 work on young people in Poland, an ex- The effect of exclusion from the NATO and EU tension of his UK and German research inclusionary processes, not even considered in whereas Bartlett and Hoggett examined the the early nineties projects, rightly came to be growth of small firms. Richard Rose used the seen as a core issue. Judy Batt with her team programme funding to extend the scope of what based at CREES105 are looking at most of the was to become a prodigiously large-scale com- “in-out” permutations in a project with a strong parative study of life in post communist socie- cross-border dimension dealing with the con- ties to stand alongside his New Democracies cept of “fuzzy-statehood”. Once again the cu- Barometer located at Strathclyde101. Excellent mulative research capital gleaned from pre- ethnographic studies such as those by Nick 1989 research involvement made these schol- Manning and Katy and Chris Pickvance at the ars eminently suited to studying the fate of the University of Kent working with their east Euro- excluded where stalled transition is producing pean colleagues102 on environmental and hybrid processes only comprehensible in the housing movements and Thirkell, Scase and context of the pre-existing communist systems. Vickerstaff also at Canterbury on case studies This project as with that associated with one of her co-workers at that time, Saul Estrin106 from the London Business School (LBS) who is now 97 G Evans and S Whitefield “Identifying the Basis of Party working on the economic impact of European Competition in Eastern Europe.” British Journal of Political Union (EU) and European Monetary Union Science. No 23 , 1993 This was the first of a series of highly regarded publications. (EMU) exclusion, also demonstrates the value 98 S Clarke (ed) The Russian Enterprise in Transition: Case of the continuity of research provided by such Studies. Cheltenham Edward Elgar 1996 programmes. In between the two programmes, 99 G Wightman (ed) Party Formation in East Central Batt and her colleagues had earlier completed a Europe. Aldershot Edward Elgar 1995 “Parties, Trade Un- follow-on project on new post Soviet states. ions and Society in East-Central Europe”. The Journal of Stephen White’s team from Glasgow with Communist Studies. Special Issue. Vol 9 No 4 December Margot Light at the London School of Econom- 1993 ics (LSE) are also looking more closely at the 100 B Jung and K Roberts (eds) Postkommunistyczne Pokolenie. KiW 1995 published in English as Poland’s First “outsiders” such as Russia, Belarus, Moldova Post Communist Generation. Youth and Citizenship in Pre- sent Day Poland. Avebury 1995 103 101 J Thirkell, Richard Scase and Sarah Vickerstaff (eds) For research produced around the time of the East Labour Relations and Political Change in Eastern Europe. A West programme see R Rose W Mishler C Haerpfer De- Comparative Perspective. UCL Press 1995 mocracy and Its Alternatives. Understanding Post Commu- 104 nist Societies. Polity Press 1998. www.one-europe.ac.uk 105 102 Katy Lang-Pickvance, Nick Manning and Chris Pick- Centre of Russian and East European Studies, Univ. of vance (eds) Environmental and Housing Movements. Birmingham, www.bham.ac.uk/crees/ Grassroots Experience in Hungary, Russia and Estonia. 106 S Estrin (ed) Privatization in Central and Eastern Avebury 1997 Europe. Longman 1994

46 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 and the Ukraine with a series of elite interviews, of Social Sciences and supported by an initial focus group studies and broader surveys in or- £4.8 million from the Joint Infrastructure Fund is der to assess the policy impact of enlargement a prime example of the realignment of research at the elite level. In another ambitious project, organisation following the redrawing of the geo- the combination of Essex University political political map. Under its auspices not only do scientists (Frances Millard and Sarah Birch) some of its “One Europe” projects find an and the School of Slavonic and East European enlarged home but leading area scholars such Studies (Kieran Williams) brings the electoral as Hilary Pilkington can continue their research process in some eight of these countries under in youth studies and spin off projects such as specialist scrutiny in an examination of how that on local elites in Russia, Poland and electoral regulations effect political systems. Lithuania can find logistical support. Finally, regional and local governance, which For its part the Strathclyde Centre for the Study had been the object of research in the East- of Public Policy has generated a series of re- West Programme under Hanson, Gibson and ports produced out of the large-scale compara- Campbell, is once again under scrutiny. James tive databases and the tireless research activity Hughes at LSE this time is looking at the rele- of Richard Rose and his co-workers. Building vance of geography to successful democratisa- on a wide network of social scientists in eastern tion through the transfer of traditions and best Europe, Rose has compiled reports, which are practise across borders. particularly attractive to policy makers given Of course, other ESRC programmes continued their accessibility and broad sweep. Recent re- to invite and support east European oriented search into social capital and poverty studies is research where it fitted their research theme. providing an important sociological dimension Thus under the Transnational Communities to a field understandably perhaps dominated in programme Stewart and Mandel are engaged its first post 1989 years by economics and po- on research into citizenship and belonging, a litical science. Stephen White and W L Miller108 study of the Hungarian diasporas in Slovakia, complete the picture of research into political Romania and Serbia and the Kazakh and Rus- values and voting which along with the proxi- sian Jewish communities in Germany. Steven mate Glasgow University Institute of Central Webber at CREES is working within the ESRC and East European Studies combine to make Youth Citizenship and Social Change Pro- Glasgow a focal point for political science tran- gramme on perceptions of security and citizen- sition research in the new millennium. ship, a qualitative study addressing attitudes to Warwick’s Centre for Comparative Labour Stud- varieties of militarism in Russia, Germany and ies is the home to Russian Research Pro- the UK. All of these projects have to acknowl- gramme and is now a premier centre for the so- edge the additional factor of “globalisation” in ciological study of employment restructuring, the transition trajectories. household survival strategies and associated Outside of formal programmes, interesting new projects on contemporary Russia. Its 800 re- networks have emerged especially among search papers many available on the web are younger scholars working on the Ukraine the outcome of the several funding grants re- (Birch, Wilson-SSEES107, Kuzio, Wolczuk- ceived from the ESRC, Department for Interna- CREES). In part, this is a reflection of con- tional Development (DFID) and Leverhulme. scious recruitment policies in the area and in They are of enormous value to academics as part is attributable to the growing importance of well as students writing dissertations and pro- Ukrainian studies and the intellectual dynamism jects and retain considerable intellectual mile- of these younger researchers. age. It needs to be emphasised how central these Traditional centres such as SSEES newly programmes have been in developing genu- merged into University College London can only inely collaborative ties with eastern European benefit from the access to colleagues working colleagues without whose efforts some of the in social anthropology and geography and the high quality survey and participative research School of Public Policy. Indeed the newly estab- would not have been possible. lished Centre for the Study of Democracy and Research Centres Society with its lead figure Michael Stewart and Inevitably, perhaps the tectonic shifts in the field bringing in colleagues from Cambridge such as of east European studies have thrown up new Frances Pine is indicative of institutions finding centres of excellence whilst allowing others to new forms co-operation. SSEES is well served consolidate or coalesce. The European Re- by a whole cohort of younger scholars such as search Institute at Birmingham University created out of the amalgamation of CREES and the Institute of German Studies with the School

107 School of Slavonic and East European Studies, Univer- 108 William L Miller et al Values and Political Change in sity College London. Post Communist Europe. Macmillan 1998.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 47 Alena Ledeneva109 Vesna Popovski, Gerlachus It would be remiss to overlook the role of the Duijzingsand110 working alongside established Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham figures such as George Schopflin, Kieran Wil- House who have generated much useful re- liams and Peter Duncan. Thus, the social sci- search over the years. Roy Allison heads the ences at SSEES are producing their own brand highly productive Russia and Eurasia pro- of interdisciplinary innovation, combining the gramme whereas Heather Grabbe associated best of EU enlargement research with east with the European programme under Julie European studies. Smith has been a major force in publication and Another interesting response to the need to conference activity on the subject of the politics marry outstanding disciplinary departments to of eastward enlargement of the EU and NATO. the requirements of area studies in a time of Perhaps more than was at first anticipated, the tumultuous change was provided by Essex Uni- extended transition is throwing up theoretical versity home to Millard111, Birch, Williamson challenges which demand close collaboration at and Walker as well as Peter Frank and Emil all levels and at all stages between researchers Kirchner. The Pan European Institute built here and in eastern Europe. There is a special around the new HEFCE112 appointments to the need to recognise the intellectual input that the area (see below) combined the previous activi- sociological and political science communities ties of Russian and European Studies and drew in countries such as Poland, Hungary and Rus- upon the tradition of comparative studies, which sia are providing in pushing forward the boun- had stretched across the social sciences and daries of understanding in their own and humanities since the university’s foundation, to neighbouring countries. The best of east Euro- bring together social scientists in teaching and pean indigenous research output needs to have research. a larger platform in the UK and a greater voice, Other universities in the UK such as Salford with more active mediation by area based so- (Polish Studies), Keele (South East Europe cial scientists whose responsibility it is to be Unit), Leeds with its research centre more inclusive in setting the mutual research LUCRECES, Sussex and the European Insti- agenda. Research Issues tute with an East central Europe in Transition Given the new found access to a whole range research group, Nottingham, Bradford (The Bal- of additional democracies it was inevitable that tic Research Unit) and Durham (The Ustinov the first stages of transition research appeared Centre) and Wolverhampton (Russian and East to be dominated by studies of elections, elites European Research centre) all maintain active and to a lesser extent electorates. The analysis research activities in selected fields which has of new political classes emanating out of dissi- been recognised and enhanced in some cases dent or nomenclature backgrounds called for by the allocation of new HEFCE lectureships. research into political identity formation Centres of excellence like St Antony’s College amongst both leaders as well as led. Electoral Oxford home to outstanding scholars such as and party systems, presidential vs. parliamen- Archie Brown and Alex Pravda retain their intel- tary regimes, constitutions and courts were all lectual gravitas and remain venues for the ex- grist to the mill of the newly enabled political change of ideas, However it is difficult not to no- science community in the UK. tice that a process of research led consolidation Sociology followed up and provided an under- of eastern European social sciences is understanding of interest groups, civil society, and in- way, driven by empirically oriented projects. deed class formation and its impact on voting Thus, the ESRC funded centre for Research behaviour. In due course party competition and into Elections and Social Trends (CREST) the embedding of political parties required a lodged partly at the Department of Sociology at more complex level of analysis and in-depth Oxford provides access to east European elec- ethnographic studies by area specialists have tion data through the Comparative Study of 113 Electoral Systems. Similarly, the network based come back into favour. Elsewhere the con- around the International Social Survey Pro- tinuing role of clientilism and corruption in politi- gramme (ISSP) maintains important links to cal life (W L Miller and A B Grodeland) has scholars dealing with comparative social sci- drawn attention to other post authoritarian tran- ence issues. sitions and a renewed interest in the “Italian Road”. However, it is second-generation democratisa- 109 Alena Ledeneva Russia’s Economy of favours: Blat, tion questions, which are now being addressed. Networking and Informal Exchanges. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post Soviet Studies. 1998. Why have the political classes seen so little new recruitment? Will the wonderful varieties of 110 Working for the Netherlands State Institute on the fall of Srebrenica. 111 Frances Millard Polish Politics and Society Routledge 113 The work of younger scholars such as Alex Szczerbiak London 2000. (Poland) Sarah Birch and Katarzyna Wolczuk (the Ukraine) 112 Higher Education Funding Council for England. Edwin Bacon (Russia) comes to mind.

48 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 political parties encountered in eastern Europe A quick snapshot of the range of research begin to take on the pattern of western parties funded by the ESRC provides reassurance that and is it possible that they are simply following most social science concerns continue to be the general direction of dis-organised political addressed by individual scholars outside of the behaviour in the west? Is the search for the rep- large centres and programmes. The rich tapes- lication of a left-right divide pointless? The imi- try of ESRC funded research projects points to tative revolutions of eastern Europe are at once the vibrant research imagination of the UK catching up on being pre-modern, modern and scholarly community. A prime example is Peg post modern where markets exist for political Watson who maintains her eminent research in- ideologies as much as for consumer goods. to mortality and morbidity most recently through The sociological agenda which was originally a study of Polish Nowa Huta steel workers and shaped around the “winners vs. losers” ques- especially the factors determining the “survi- tion has gradually evolved into an examination vors” from an earlier study. Caedon Staddon’s of household survival strategies with all the res- project on the local environmental governance ervations that researchers such as Simon in Poland and Bulgaria deals with resource de- Clarke and Nick Manning hold for that term, im- pendent communities in this case forestry. plying as it does co-ordinated decision-making Individual country specialists such as David rather than being the contingent outcome of in- Turnock from Leicester continues his research dependent opportunities seized. Richard Rose on the human and social geography of who focused on household portfolios of different Romania. Chris Corrin in the field of women’s’ economies and was eventually led into the movements, gender and politics, Frances Pine study of „capitals“ and assets followed a similar looking at various aspects of the lives of peas- tack. This approach of necessity involved the ant women in Poland and Mary Buckley on continuing study of the informal sector, self- women in Russia are just a few of the examples help, multiple jobs and the generation of typolo- of gender oriented research. Rosemary Cromp- gies of individual responses to the market. Pov- ton brought Russia and the Czech Republic into erty studies and later the patterning of social a larger comparative project occupational seg- exclusion through long-term unemployment im- regation and the social construction of occupa- ported many of the concepts of economic soci- tions. Finally, Chris Hann continues his finely ology into transition research. The sociology of crafted social anthropological studies of minor- time, of the body and of leisure have quickly ity communities, post socialist nationalism and come on to the research agenda. most recently the fate of the Greek Catholics of The final and most ambitious part of this re- central Europe. search direction has come with the Evans and Edwin Bacon is also examining religion this Whitefield project into class formation in Russia time in Russia and at the level of high politics and ECE countries and especially how this is whereas Neil Melvin at Leeds continues his es- reflected in voting preferences and political par- tablished interests working on post-soviet local tisanship. Their ambitious attempts to opera- elites in Novosibirsk and Pavlodar as well as tionalise Goldthorpe ‘s class schema within the looking at the Russian diasporas in the Ukraine context of post communist Russia involve mak- and Estonia.115 ing connections between economic strategies Finally to” Death in Russia”, both historically and structuring of assets at their dis- experienced at the collective level and individ- posal.114The making of the middle class as the ual responses, trauma and mourning are all anchor of market led reforms and foundation for part of an intriguing project being undertaken by a liberal civil society is equally resonant Catherine Merridale at Bristol. throughout such research and stands at the in- Human resources terface of politics, economics and sociology. The above resume does not reflect the full Another part of the sociological agenda follows depth and breadth of research activity much of on from the civil society debate and concerns it geared towards consultancy, both public and the emergence and reaction to “otherness”. private sector, briefing activities and report writ- This has provided scope for research into youth ing. The HEFCE Review of Former Soviet and cultures, sexuality, the Roma, migration, bor- east European Studies published in October ders, and the return of “forced migrants” to 1995 identified a serious shortfall in provision Russia. Mars and Webber have studied Jewish for study of the area especially amongst the identity in post communist Hungary and Poland whereas elsewhere discourse analysis has been deployed to understand identity formation in German and Polish cross-border families. 115 The British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies Directory of Members 2000 used alongside the ESRC REGARD database of research grants and re- 114 G Evans (ed) The End of Class Politics/ Class Voting in sources provides a good overview, albeit selective, of the Comparative Context. Oxford University Press 1999. UK research community.

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 49 non-Russian specialists.116 It recognised that a Analyses, Documents and Data. – Berlin: edi- generational exchange was in train with many tion sigma, 1999, 475 p., ISBN 3-89404-198-6 more mature scholars retiring from active re- • Goati, Valdimir (Ed.): Elections to the Fed- search. In order to manage this process and eral and Republican Parliaments of Yugo- make up some of the shortfall 33 new posts slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 1990-1996. were allocated to 13 Higher Education Institu- Analyses, Documents and Data. – Berlin: editions in the UK chiefly in the politics and tion sigma, 1998, 397 p., ISBN 3-89404-181-1 • Klingemann, Hans-Dieter; Mochmann, Ek- international relations of the eastern European kehard; Newton, Kenneth (Eds.): Elections non-Russian countries. Since the process was in Central and Eastern Europe. The First based upon peer review and competitive bid- Wave. – Berlin: edition sigma, 2000, 354 p., ISBN 3- ding, some disciplines such as sociology con- 89404-195-1 tinue to be under-represented. • Ott, Alexander: Parteien und Macht- The remit for these new appointments included strukturen in der Ukraine von 1991 bis providing expertise to business and the world of 1998. – Köln: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 160 diplomacy, something that in fact was difficult to S., ISBN 3-8046-8859-4 avoid. The major recipients of the new posts • Toka, Gabor; Enyedi, Zsolt (Eds).: Elections were SSEES, the Universities of Essex, Bir- to the Hungarian National Assembly 1994. mingham, Nottingham, Leeds and the School of Analyses, Documents and Data. – Berlin: edi- Oriental and African Studies. The single largest tion sigma, 1999, 318 p., ISBN 3-89404-184-6 country beneficiary in terms of new appointments was the Ukraine although recognition was given to other under-resourced areas of study such as South Eastern Europe and the 118 Baltic States. CONFERENCES Excluding economists, who have not been the subject of this admittedly rather personal over- See also the Conference Calendar under the view, there appear to be in the region of 200 URL: http://www.berlin.iz-soz.de/events/eastern- social scientists, chiefly political scientists, and europe/tagung.htm including 35 plus self declared sociologists in the UK working on eastern Europe. That num- Announcement ber is unlikely to grow in the coming years although this does not imply that the research activity of this group will stabilise. In all likelihood Civil Society and Democracy in the New Mil- east European studies will continue to be incor- lennium - 20th World Congress of the Czecho- porated into mainstream comparative research slovak Society of Arts and Sciences and this will only serve to increase the demand for scholars who are not only familiar with the Date: 09.08.-13.08.2000 area but who are also able and willing to ad- Conference site: Washington, USA dress broader issues. Organiser: The Czechoslovak Society of Arts and With all these resource limitations in mind, it is Sciences (SVU) difficult not to conclude that the social and po- Contact: SVU President – Mila Rechcigl litical sciences in the UK are dynamic with a Tel.: 301-881-7222 cohort of younger scholars waiting in the Fax: 301-881-9667 wings.117 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.utoronto.ca/crees/conferences/czech .htm. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Announcement • Creuzberger, Stefan et. al.: Wohin steuert die Osteuropaforschung? Eine Diskussion. Approaching a New Millennium: Lessons – Köln: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 2000. from the Past – Prospects for the Future – • Gel’man, Vladimir; Golosov Grigorii V. The 7th ISSEI Conference (Eds.): Elections in Russia, 1993-1996. Date: 14.08.-18.08.2000 Conference site: Bergen, Norway 116 Review of Former Soviet and East European Studies. Higher Education Funding Council for England. October 118 The printed information on conferences is an extract 1995 p. 33. from the Internet conference calendar of the GESIS Branch 117 See the most recent issues of Slovo published at Office. The calendar is updated every two weeks, it also SSEES for articles based on presentations by younger re- contains information on events in the German-speaking searchers largely from the UK. area.

50 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 Organiser: International Society for the Study of Announcement European Ideas (ISSEI) Topics: Globalisation and European Integration • The Progress of Integration – Religious and

Cultural Minorities in the New Central Euro- Date: 07.09-09.09.2000 pean Democracies Conference site: Univ. of Barcelona, Spain • Democracy in the European Union – Inte- Organiser: The Council of the European Associa- gration trough deliberation? tion for Comparative Economic Studies • The Impact of Political Culture on the De- (EACES) mocratization in Eastern Europe – Theoreti- Contact: Benjamin Bastida, GATE, Univ. of Bar- cal Remarks and Empirical Results celona, Dept. Política Económica • State Building, Democracy in the Post So- Avenida Diagonal, 690 viet States: Risks and Challenges at the th E-08034 Barcelona, Spain Close of the 20 Century Tel.: ++34-93-40 21 949 • Theories of Democracy for Europe: Princi- Fax: ++34-93-40 24 573 ples and Preconditions E-mail: gate2000@eco Contact: Univ. of Bergen, Centre for the Study of European Civilizations Haakon Sheteligsplass 11 Announcement N-5007 Bergen, Norway E-mail: [email protected] Ethnic Borderlands in Europe: Coexistence Internet: http://www.uib.no/issei2000/ and Conflicts

Date: 09.09-10.09.2000 Announcement Conference site: Suprasl, near Bialystok, Poland Organiser: Univ. of Bialystok, Institute of Sociol- Minorities in a Pluralist Society in the New ogy Millennium Contact: Anna Borkowska, Univ. of Bialystok, Inst. Of Sociology Date: 01.09-03.09.2000 Ul. Liniarskiego 3 Conference site: Brno, Czech Republic PL-15420 Bialystok, Poland Organiser: Masaryk University, School of Social Tel.: ++48-85-745 71 04 Studies, Brno; The British Embassy, Prague E-mail: [email protected] Contact: Masaryk Univ., School of Social Stud- ies, Dept. of Psychology Gorkého 7 Announcement CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic Tel.: ++420-5-41 61 51 26 The Changing Role of Borderlands and Re- Fax: ++420-5-41 61 51 00 gional Policy E-mail: [email protected] Internet: Date: 13.09.-15.09.2000 http://www.fss.muni.cz/psych/romale/conf_2000 Conference site: Zgorzelec, Poland Organiser: Univ. of Lodz, Chair of Political Geog- Announcement raphy and Regional Studies; State Scientific In- stitute “Silesian Institute”, Opole; Saarland Uni- versity, Saarbrücken, Germany Building Communication in Europe: People Topics: and Organisations – Seventh European • European integration and regional policy Summer Seminar in Intercultural Studies • The function of borderlands in view of

European Community integration processes Date: 05.09.-10.09.2000 • Comparing Western practice to the capaci- Conference site: Krakow, Poland ties of Poland and Eastern and Central Organiser: Institute for International Communica- Europe tion; Amsterdam in cooperation with Jagiel- Contact: Prof. Dr. Marek Koter or Dr. Marek lonian Univ. and SIETAR Europa Sobczynski Contact: B. van Houten, Institute for Intercultural Ul. Kopcienskiego 31 Communication Tel.: ++48-42-635 45 90 Marnixstraat 154-I Fax: ++48-42-635 45 92 NL-Amsterdam Internet: Tel.: ++31-20-624 2212 http://www.uni.lodz.pl/ulinfo/sesm23.htm Fax: ++31-20-624 1513 E-mail: [email protected]

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 51 Announcement Announcement

The Anthropology of Southeast Europe – Czech Political Science at the Beginning of Ten Years After: Socio-Cultural Aspects of the New Millennium – The first congress of the Transformation Czech political scientists

Date: 14.09-17.09.2000 Date: 29.09.-01.10.2000 Conference site: Sofia, Bulgaria Conference site: Brno, Czech Republic Organiser: The Association for Southeast Euro- Organiser: Czech Political Science Association in pean Anthropology (InASEA) co-operation with the Department of Political Contact: Prof. Dr. Klaus Roth, Institut für deut- Science, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk sche und vergleichende Volkskunde Univ., Brno Ludwigstr. 25 Contact: Ass. Prof. Dr. V. Dvoáková, Univ. of D-80539 München Economics, Dept. of Political Science Tel.: ++49-89-16 28 09 Nám W. Churchilla 4 E-mail: [email protected] or: CZ-130 67 Prague 3, Czech Republic Dr. Milena Benovska, Sofia E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Announcement Announcement Sixth Nordic-Baltic Conference in Regional Policing in Central and Eastern Europe: Eth- Sciences ics, Integrity, and Human Rights – Third Bi- ennial International Conference Date: 04.10-07.10.2000 Conference site: Riga, Latvia Date: 21.09.-23.09.2000 Contact: Dr. Biruta Sloka Conference site: Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: [email protected] Organiser: Univ. of Ljubljana, College of Police Internet: and Security Studies http://www.abdn.ac.uk/arkleton/events.htm Contact: Milan Pagon, Univ. of L., College of Po- lice and Security Studies Announcement Kotnikova 8

SL-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia th Tel.: ++386-61-172 4678 Europe in the 20 Century. Main directions Fax: ++386-61-302 687 of development (Ecology, Economy, Culture E-mail: [email protected] and Politics)

Date: 10.10.2000 Announcement Conference site: Lodz, Poland Organiser: Univ. of Lodz, Faculty of Philosophy Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism in and History, Institute of History Europe: short time and long-time perspec- Contact: Prof. Dr. J. Grobis or Prof. Dr. E. tive Wisniewski Ul Kaminskiego 27a Date: 28.09-30.09.2000 PL-90-219 Lodz Conference site: Warsaw, Poland Tel./Fax: ++48-42-678 54 88 Organiser: German Historical Institute, Warsaw; Internet: http://www.uni.lodz.pl/ulan/sesa12.htm Polish Academy of Sciences, Historical Insti- tute; Italian Cultural Institute Announcement Contact: German Historical Institute Warsaw Palac Kultury i Nauki (17th floor) Plac Defilad 1, skr. 33 Women’s Memory: Oral Histories from PL 00-901 Warszawa Transition. Theory and Practice Tel.: ++48-22-656-7182, -7185 Fax: ++48-22-693-7006 Date: 03.11.-05.11.00 E-mail: [email protected] Conference site: Budapest. Hungary Internet: http://www.dhi.waw.pl Organiser: Central European University Contact: Central European University Nargiza Turgunova Nador u.9 1051 Budapest, Hungary

52 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000 Tel.: + 361-327-3296 applications. Distinguished researchers from 11 E-mail: [email protected] countries delivered lectures and participated in Internet: the debates. . http://wwww.utoronto.ca/crees/conferences/gen The major results of Summer School 2000 can der2.htm be summarized as follows: 1. Knowledge dissemination. The keynote lec- ture on strategies of comparative research in Announcement the social sciences was delivered by Mattei Dogan, France. The participants received first The European Union, The Baltic States and hand information about projects of the Man- the Northern Dimension agement of Social Transformation Programme - ETHNO-NET Africa (Paul Nkwi, Cameroon), Date: 10.11.-11.10.00 RISK (Nikolai Genov, Bulgaria), MOST’s Clear- Conference site: London, Great Britain ing House (Petra Van Vucht Tijssen, the Nether- Organiser: University Association Contemporary lands). The Comparative Research on Poverty European Studies (UACES) Programme of the ISSC was presented by Contact: UACES Blandine Destremau (France-Yemen). Jill Jae- King’s College, Strand ger (Austria-Germany) analysed achievements Tel.: +44 (0)20 7240 0206 and problems of the IHDP Programme of ICSU- Fax: +44 (0)20 7836 2350 ISSC. Wolfgang Glatzer (Germany) introduced E-mail: [email protected] to the students the long-term international pro- Internet: http://www.uaces.org/u-info/14.htm ject on Comparative Charting of Social Change. Kjell Nilsson (Sweden) explained the back- Announcement ground, the content and the logistical concept of the project for developing a MA course on Internet on European transformations in a com- Eastern and Central Europe: Lessons from parative perspective. Christian Giordano (Swit- the Past, Prospects for the Future zerland) drew some parallels between social processes in Eastern Europe and in East Asia. Date: 17.11.-19.11.00 Iannis Kinnas (Greece) and Hisayoshi Mitsuda Conference site: Warsaw, Poland (Japan) discussed comparative aspects of envi- Organiser: The Graduate School for Social Re- ronmental studies in the social sciences. A search (GSRR) at the Institute of Philosophy Round Table discussion on the processes in and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sci- South-Eastern Europe fostered the understand- ences, the School for Slavonic and East Euro- ing of regional processes in the global context. pean Studies at University College London, 2. Networking. In the course of the intensive Department of Sociology of the Central Euro- debates during the sessions of the School and pean University in various less formal meetings, intensive inter- Contact: GSSR actions facilitated the exchange of experience E-mail: [email protected] and the mutual understanding. The inter- Internet: http://www.sns.edu.pl generational exchange of scientific and everyday life experience came about in the most Conference report natural way. The discussions among young colleagues paved the way to future scientific cooperation. Joint research projects were dis- Summer School 2000 cussed already during the Summer School.

There is no doubt that the communication be- Summer School 2000 took place in Sofia, Bul- tween the participants will continue. There will garia, from 20. till 25. June. It was organized by be various follow-ups of the School. UNESCO-Management of Social Transforma- 3. Capacity building. The knowledge acquired tions (MOST) Programme, the International So- during the Summer School opened new vistas cial Science Council (ISSC) and Friedrich Ebert for professional development and realization of Foundation. The topic of the School was Inter- the participants. More specifically, they learned national Comparative Research Programmes in about new approaches to their research subject the Social Sciences. The School was attended field, which are truly comparative, interdiscipli- by 36 doctoral students, young researchers and nary as a rule and practically oriented in most university teachers below 35 years of age com- cases. An important part of capacity building ing from 24 countries. The students came was the development of skills for participation in mostly from Europe but also from Argentina, international debates and in international scien- Uruguay, Mexico, the USA, Canada, Turkey, tific networking. Young colleagues were espe- Lebanon, Pakistan and the Philippines. The tru- cially encouraged to chair sessions of the ly international group was selected from 146

NEWSLETTER Sozialwissenschaften - Osteuropa, July 2000 53 School thus taking the role of leaders in debates and in networking. The positive reactions to Summer School 2000 Contact by the participants are overwhelming. This is a If you wish to obtain further information on the clear signal that there is a genuine need of this contributions, journals, institutions, conference type of professional frameworks fostering announcements, etc., included in this Newsletter, knowledge dissemination, networking and ca- please, let us know. Material will be sent to you pacity building. It is the major responsibility of on request. Furthermore, we are grateful for re- international organizations to actively initiate marks and criticisms. and support them. Thus, the accumulated ex- Those who are interested in subscribing the perience urges to institutionalise an Interna- Newsletter on a regular basis, are asked to send tional Summer School on Comparative Re- us an informal note. search in the Social Sciences. You can get an e-mail subscription through: Prof. Nikolai Genov [email protected] Local organiser, Institute of Sociology with: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences "subscribe news-ost Your first name Your family name" You can also find all issues in the Internet of GESIS with the address: http://www.berlin.iz-soz.de/ Further information on services of GESIS is to be found in Internet with the address: http://www.social-science-gesis.de/ Subscription is preliminarily free of charge. Informationszentrum Sozialwissenschaften, Ab- teilung Informationtransfer Osteuropa in der Au- ßenstelle der Gesellschaft Sozialwissenschaft- licher Infrastruktureinrichtungen e. V. (GESIS) (Social Science Information Centre, Department Information Transfer Eastern Europe at the Branch Office of the German Social Science In- frastructure Services) Schiffbauerdamm 19, 10117 Berlin, Tel.: + 49-30-308 74 246 Fax: + 49-30-28 23 692 e-mail: [email protected]

54 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, July 2000