Baltic Social Science Research in Scandinavian countries and

State of the Art

Jesper Manniche Per Åke Nilsson Mette Krogh Olsen Håken R. Nilson

Research Centre of Bornholm July 1998

Preface

For 50 years the countries around the Baltic Sea were divided in two blocks: The Eastern communist block and the countries belonging to the Western hemisphere. After 1989 this picture changed dramatically. Old connections between the countries in the Baltic Sea Region were renewed and new ties of friendship are being established.

Another consequence is the development of research concerning the region. A great number of universities and research institutes in the West have put research about the Baltic Sea Region on the agenda. Obviously many questions needed urgent action, e.g. reducing the pollution of air and water, creating and implementing a new security policy, improving trade relations and assistance to overcome the transition from planned economy to market economy.

However, the research activities carried out hitherto have to a large extent been uncoordinated in character - both within the Baltic Sea countries in particular and at an international level. Some issues have been intensely and comprehensively analysed, as for instance the economic and political transition processes from planned to market economy, while other questions are almost untouched. Additionally, and perhaps as a result of this, a full overview of the current research activities concerning the Baltic Sea Region does not seem to exist.

The intention of this report is to contribute to the formation of a general view over the ongoing research activities dealing with the Baltic Sea Region - a state-of-the-art. It would, however, be too great a task for the Research Centre of Bornholm to do a survey of all types of Baltic Sea related research. Thus this report only encompasses studies in social sciences in the Nordic countries and Germany.

As a part of the work with the report the Research Centre of Bornholm hosted a seminar in April 1998 with participating researchers from all the countries in the region (except Russia). The proceedings from the seminar will be published at a later stage.

It is our hope that this report gives an impression of what is going on and exposes the subjects where future Baltic Region research might be desirable.

Svend Lundtorp Head of research July 1998

CONTENTS 1. Introduction...... 11 1.1. The background and purpose of the report ...... 11 1.2. What did we include? ...... 12 1.3. How did we collect the data?...... 13 2. ...... 15 2.1. University of ...... 15 2.1.1. Institute of Geography...... 15 2.1.2. Institute of Political Science...... 15 2.1.3. Department of ...... 16 2.2. Copenhagen Business School...... 17 2.2.1. Centre for East European Studies (CEES)...... 17 2.3. University of Aarhus...... 18 2.3.1. Department of Political Science ...... 18 2.3.2. Department of Economics...... 19 2.4. Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering...... 20 2.4.1. The Faculty of Business Economics ...... 20 2.5. University of Odense ...... 20 2.5.1. Department of Economics...... 20 2.6. The Aarhus School of Business...... 21 2.6.1. Department of Economics...... 21 2.7. University of Aalborg ...... 21 2.8. University of Roskilde ...... 22 2.8.1. Department of Social Sciences ...... 22 2.8.2. Department of Geography...... 23 2.8.3. Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies (TEK-SAM)...... 23 2.9. South Jutland University Centre (SUC)...... 25 2.9.1. The Thorkil Kristensen Institute (TKI) ...... 25 2.10. Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI) ...... 27 2.11. Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI)...... 29 2.12. Institute of Local Government Studies (Amternes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut, AKF) ...... 30 3. ...... 31 3.1. Försvarets forskningsanstalt ...... 31 3.2. Göteborgs Universitet - University of ...... 31 3.2.1. School of Economics and Commercial Law, Dept of Finance and Financial Economics...... 32 3.2.2. EUROPA...... 32 3.2.3. Padrigu...... 32 3.3. Handelshögskolan - School of Economics ...... 32 3.3.1. Economic Research Institute. Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics and East European Economies - SITE ...... 33 3.3.2. Stockholm School of Economics in Riga - Rigas ekonomikas augstskola...... 36 3.4. Högskolan i Örebro - University College of Örebro...... 37 3.4.1. Centrum för Stadsmiljöforskning ...... 37 3.4.2. Department of Political Science ...... 37 3.5. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan...... 38 3.5.1. Department of Regional Planning ...... 38 3.6. Linköpings Universitet - University of Linköping ...... 38 3.6.1. Department of Water and Environmental Studies...... 38 3.6.2. Department of Political Science ...... 38 3.7. Lunds Universitet - University of Lund...... 39 3.7.1. Nationalekonomiska Institutionen...... 39 3.7.2. Forskningspolitiska Institutet (FPI) - Research Policy Institute...... 39 3.7.3. Miljövetenskapligt centrum vid Lunds universitet - Centre for environmental studies at University of Lund ...... 40 3.7.4. Interdisciplinary Centre (Centre for Women Studies)...... 40 3.8. Mitthögskolan - Mid Sweden University...... 40 3.8.1. Department of Tourism Studies...... 41 3.8.2. Department of Eco-technology...... 41 3.9. Nordregio...... 41 3.10. Olof Palmecentret...... 42 3.11. Statens Institut för Regionalforskning (SIR) - Swedish Institute for Regional Research...... 42 3.12. Universitet - University of Stockholm ...... 42 3.12.1. Department of Political Science ...... 42 3.12.2. Department of Geography ...... 43 3.12.3. Department of History...... 43 3.13. Södertörns Högskola - University College...... 44 3.14. Umeå Universitet - University of Umeå...... 44 3.14.1. CERUM - Centre for Regional Research in Umeå ...... 44 3.14.2. Department of Economic History ...... 44 3.15. Uppsala Universitet - University of Uppsala...... 45 3.15.1. Department of Soviet and East European Studies ...... 45 3.15.2. Företagsekonomiska Institutionen ...... 45 3.15.3. The Department of Peace Conflict Research...... 46 3.15.4. The Baltic University Programme - Östersjöuniversitetet ...... 46 3.16. Utrikespolitiska Instituttet (UI) - The Swedish Institute of International Affairs...... 47 4. ...... 49 4.1. Foreign and security policy studies ...... 49 4.1.1. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt/NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs)...... 49 4.1.2. Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité/DNAK (The Norwegian Atlantic Committee)... 50 4.1.3. Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt/FFI (Defence Research Institute) ...... 51 4.1.4. Institutt for Forsvarsstudier/IFS (Institute for Defence Studies) ...... 51 4.1.5. Institutt for Fredsforskning/PRIO (International Institute of Peace Research, Oslo)51 4.1.6. Europa-programmet (The Europe Programme) ...... 52 4.2. Law, Social and Institutional development, building of democracy ...... 52 4.2.1. Det Norske Videnskabsakademi (The Norwegian Academy of Science) ...... 52 4.2.2. Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo (The Research Foundation Fafo)...... 52 4.2.3. Institutt for Menneskerettigheter/Institute of Human Rights...... 55 4.2.4. Prosjekt Balticum at the University of Oslo ...... 56 4.2.5. Institute of Comparative Politics, University of ...... 58 4.3. Environment and Society...... 59 4.3.1. The Environment Project at Prosjekt Balticum...... 59 4.3.2. Norsk Institutt for By- og Regionsforskning/NIBR (Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional Research...... 59 4.4. History, Identity and Ethnicity...... 61 4.4.1. Institute of East European and Oriental Studies at the University of Oslo...... 61 4.5. Regional Studies...... 61 5. ...... 63 5.1. University of Tampere ...... 63 5.1.1. Department of Regional Studies and Environmental Policy...... 63 5.1.2. Department of Political Science and ...... 63 5.2. University of Turku ...... 63 5.2.1. Department of Political Science ...... 63 5.3. University of Joensuu...... 64 5.3.1. Department of Geography...... 64 5.3.2. Karelian Institute...... 65 5.4. University of , Aleksanteri Institute (Finnish Centre for Russian and East Europe Studies - FCREES)...... 67 5.4.1. Department of ...... 68 5.4.2. Department of Political Science ...... 68 5.4.3. Department of Economics...... 69 5.5. Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration (Hanken)...... 69 5.5.1. Department of Marketing and Corporate Geography...... 69 5.5.2. Department of Management and Organisation ...... 70 5.6. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration ...... 70 5.6.1. Institute for East-West Trade ...... 70 5.7. Tampere Peace Research Institute...... 71 5.8. Department of Statistics and Economic Research in Aland (Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå - ÅSUB)...... 72 5.9. Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition...... 73 5.10. Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA) ...... 73 6. Germany...... 75 6.1. Philipps-Universität Marburg ...... 75 6.1.1. Fachbereich Geographie...... 75 6.2. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald ...... 75 6.2.1. Philosophische Fakultät, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft...... 75 6.2.2. Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre ...... 76 6.3. Universität Rostock ...... 76 6.3.1. Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Lehrstuhl für ABWL: Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie ...... 76 6.3.2. Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lehrstuhl für Außenwirtschaft ...... 77 6.3.3. Institut für Verkehr und Logistik ...... 77 6.3.4. Ostseeinstitut für Marketing, Verkehr und Tourismus - Baltic Institute of Marketing, Transport and Tourism...... 78 6.3.5. Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte ...... 79 6.3.6. Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Internationale Politik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit...... 79 6.4. Fachhochschule Stralsund, University of Applied Science ...... 79 6.4.1. Fachbereich Wirtschaft - Faculty of Economics...... 79 6.5. Humboldt Universität zu ...... 81 6.5.1. Philosphische Fakultät II, Nordeuropa-Institut ...... 81 6.5.2. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät...... 83 6.6. Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg ...... 83 6.6.1. Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Organisationswissenschaften, Fächergruppe Sozialwissenschaften, Institut für Internationale Politik...... 83 6.7. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel...... 83 6.7.1. Institute der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft...... 83 6.7.2. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Geographisches Institut, Sektion Geowissenschaften...... 84 6.7.3. Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung. Institut für Weltwirtschaft - Institute of World Economy ...... 84 6.7.4. Institut für Regionalforschung - Institute for Regional Research...... 85 6.8. Fachhochschule Hamburg...... 85 6.9. Universität Hamburg ...... 86 6.9.1. Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik ...... 86 6.10. Freie Universität Berlin ...... 86 6.10.1. Institut für Geographische Wissenschaften...... 86 6.10.2. Institut für Internationale Politik und Regionalstudien ...... 86 7. Conclusion...... 89 7.1. Different National Approaches ...... 89 7.2. Spread research ...... 90 7.3. Researchers and Institutes...... 90 7.4. Research subjects...... 91 7.5. Level of Analysis...... 92 7.6. Old and New Institutes ...... 93 7.7. Trends...... 93 7.8. Final remarks ...... 94 8. Publications ...... 95 8.1. Denmark ...... 95 8.2. Sweden...... 102 8.3. Norway...... 105 8.4. Finland...... 112 8.5. Germany ...... 116 9. Addresses ...... 119 9.1. Denmark ...... 119 9.2. Sweden...... 128 9.3. Norway...... 139 9.4. Finland...... 141 9.5. Germany ...... 146 10. Index ...... 151

1. Introduction

1.1. The background and purpose of the report

In November 1997, the Board of the Research Centre of Bornholm decided to allocate resources for an intense effort to build up the Centre’s research activities on the Baltic Sea Region - a field of research that since the establishment of the Centre in 1994 had been allocated as a potential strategic research field. One of the aims behind the Board’s decision was to make the Baltic Sea a synthesising and synergistré agent, creating an empirical framework for the Centre’s activities, within the two main research fields hitherto prioritised: Tourism and Regional Development. Another reason for the decision was that informally expressed reports from the Danish Ministry of Business and Industry, pointed to the scattered and badly co-ordinated character of Danish research on the Baltic Sea Region, and at the need to co-ordinate and strengthen the same research activities - not least in order to improve the Danish governmental policies and development programmes for Eastern European and Baltic Sea countries.

Within this background, the Research Centre of Bornholm took the initiative to write the present report as one of the first steps in the process of building up research on Baltic Sea issues. The purpose of the report is to collate, in principle, all currently existing social sciences research activities and expertise in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany concerning the Baltic Sea Region (or parts of it), and to identify, if possible, some general trends and important needs for future research. Our decision was to start the process of building up the Baltic Sea research field by scanning the social science activities and expertise on the Baltic Sea Region, of universities and research institutions, from scratch. This process was intended to create not only a descriptive catalogue but also a state-of-the-art report. The centre simply did not have sufficient resources and research experience on Baltic Sea related topics to initiate qualified research projects on the region.

However, our choice of a state-of-the-art report is also a response to the obvious lack of overall information on what is actually going on in the region and the variation in institution types. For example, this lack from the perspectives of EU policies, was explained by Henning Christophersen, Danish former Vice Chairman for the EU Commission, at the DUPI conference Danmark i Østersøregionen (Denmark in the Baltic Sea Region), November 1997. The same acknowledgement was apparently made by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1997, in the initiation of a survey of Norwegian research expertise on the Baltic countries, carried out by Håken R. Nilson. As his task and his report to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norsk forskning om Baltikum. En kartlegging av norsk forskningskompetanse, med oversigt over nordiske forskningsmiljøer, was very similar in its form, but more narrow in its content, to the one the Research Centre of Bornholm intended to make, Håken R. Nilson was asked to be co-author of the present report, writing the part concerning Norwegian research institutions. The general lack of information on the Baltic

11 research activities, amongst the many different parts of the field, was emphasised by the participating researchers from nine of the Baltic Sea countries at the conference Searching and Researching the Baltic Sea Region held on Bornholm in April 1998, arranged by the Research Centre of Bornholm.

Thus, it is our hope that this report will be helpful in providing a better general view of the current social science research on Baltic Sea issues, needed to design and implement comprehensive initiatives - at national as well as international level - for more co-ordinated and strengthened research efforts.

1.2. What did we include? The following section describes our definitions of those research activities and expertise concerning the Baltic Sea Region looked at in the survey and outlined in the report. In reality, people intuitively knew what we were interested in. Perhaps our problem is rather academic and can be handled like the problem of defining an elephant: you don’t, because you are in no doubt when you see one!

Still, in a survey like this, where hundreds of research institutions and huge amounts of information could be potentially relevant to investigate, some choices and definitions limiting the spectrum the of search are necessary. Thus, the circumstances of the project have not allowed us to cover all research activities in the whole world on the Baltic Sea Region. We have therefore, as already stated, limited our survey to research carried out at universities and research institutions in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany. It is, however, an obvious possibility for a later follow up report to extend the geographical range of the survey in order to also cover research carried out in the former communist Baltic Sea countries (and perhaps in other parts of the world). In the case of Germany we are aware that the survey does not cover all relevant research institutions, as this part of the survey was started rather late in the project period and therefore a restriction to Northern German universities was necessary.

As already stated, we have also chosen only to look at research within the social sciences, although we acknowledge that the usefulness of the survey, in terms of meeting the need of a more co-ordinated Baltic research effort, definitely would be greater if the natural and technical sciences and the research within humanities also were covered. This choice, however, has been the natural first step for Research Centre of Bornholm, as a social sciences research institution. More precisely, we have focused on research within economics, political science, sociology, human geography, and on the far more different field of physical and environmental planning.

A third dimension in our definition of relevant research concerns the content of the word Baltic. The research focus of our investigation has to deal explicitly with the Baltic Sea countries as an empirical domain - whether this might be at local, regional, national or trans- national level - and it has to focus (empirically or theoretically) on phenomena and processes which more or less are related directly to the fall of the wall and to the new economic, political and social development possibilities and relations within the Baltic Sea Region created by this

12 event. In other words, by Baltic research we mean research on the transition in the post- communist Baltic Sea countries, and on the new problems, development possibilities and relations within the region emerging from this transformation process. In the case of Russia, we focus on research on the St. Petersburg and the Kaliningrad regions, and on the Baltic Sea oriented aspects of Russian economic and political activities.

1.3. How did we collect the data? Our methods of collecting the data were a new and exciting experience, as information searches on the Internet were central. During the survey we have visited and searched hundreds of homepages for information on Baltic Sea related activities. It has been a surprising experience that this method actually is a possible and comprehensive way to get the kind of general information that we have been looking for, though the homepages of university departments and other research institutions are of varying quality - not least in respect to their up-dating. Today, almost all university departments and research institutions have their own homepages, where information about the institution, researchers and research fields are available. Part of the text in this report is copied directly from Internet homepages or has only been modestly edited.

Besides our collection of data via Internet, which was the main method used in the elaboration of a bibliography of relevant publications on Baltic Sea issues (primarily from 1994 to the present), the institutions described in the report have also been contacted by phone and in some cases by e-mail. In most cases we have interviewed the Head of Department/director of the institute about the relevant researchers, research projects, other research related activities, funding, collaborating partners etc., and in many cases we also have spoken with researchers at the departments and institutions involved in ongoing research projects.

The data collection was divided between the researchers involved. Jesper Manniche carried out the survey of Denmark and Finland, Per-Åke Nilsson the survey of Sweden, Mette Krogh Olsen the survey of Germany, and, as mentioned above, Håken R. Nilson the survey of Norway. This division of labour is perhaps reflected in the form of presentation of the different countries.

Finally, we have to apologise to those researchers and research institutions involved in Baltic Sea research, which, due to the lack of our resources and attention, might not be mentioned in the report. This apology is particularly relevant in the case of Germany. The authors would be pleased to receive any information from them - and other readers of the report - who could supplement our data set on research activities dealing with the Baltic Sea Region. This would be very useful in relation to an eventual updated version of the report from the Research Centre of Bornholm.

13 14 2. Denmark Jesper Manniche

2.1. University of Copenhagen

2.1.1. Institute of Geography There are about 800 matriculated students at the Institute of Geography and the academic staff consists of 39 scientists and 22 PhD-students. One of the strategic research fields at the Institute is Urban and Regional Geography, including economic geography, settlement geography and physical planning. The research within this area deals with regional and urban structures and changes, internationalisation and European integration, and focuses on analyses of the background for and results of investments in infrastructure, culture and promotion of trade, and on the socio-economic consequences of the strategic effects of planning. This is particularly applied to environmental and city issues analysed in a spatial connection. The Institute has distinguished and leading research competencies on regional analysis on the Øresund Region (the Copenhagen-South Sweden area), mainly acquired through the works of Professor Christian Wichmann Matthiessen, Head of the Department.

Presently, there is two research projects at the Institute about the Baltic Sea Region. Associate Professor John Jørgensen is engaged in the research project Urban networking as a learning process in the Baltic Sea Region - a joint Finnish, Swedish and Danish project, supported by NordREFO and NOS-S and carried out by Perttu Vartiainen (University of Joensuu), Head of Project, Mats Johansson (Swedish Institute of Regional Research), Janne Antikainen, Bo Forsström, Sari Söderlund and Kent Eliasson. A final report from this project is expected in 1998. The second ongoing Baltic Sea project is a PhD thesis by PhD-student Henrik Gutzon Larsen, titled Miljøregulering i Østersøområdet - et politisk-geografisk studie (Environment regulation in the Baltic Sea area - a political-geographical study).

2.1.2. Institute of Political Science The academic staff at the Institute consists of 29 scientists and 22 PhD-students. The Institute’s research is concentrated around political science, international politics, public administration and related social sciences. Main efforts are undertaken in relation to political theory, problems of democratic government, international relations theory, problems of internationalisation and European integration, the interplay between international and national administration, and steering and control in public administration. The Baltic Sea area is not a prioritised strategic research field at the Institute, and as far as our information indicates there is presently no research projects at the Institute that specifically focus on the Baltic Sea Region. However, among the staff are a number of researchers with significant expertise and several publications within Baltic Sea related fields:

15 Birthe Hansen, PhD, is associate professor in international politics, and also an affiliated researcher at DUPI. She teaches international politics and security politics. Her main research interests are 1) the change of the international political system in 1989, 2) The Middle East, 3) State formation and European security. She is a member of the Danish Defence Commission and the Board of the Danish International Studies Association, and a senior advisor to the Danish Institute of International Affairs.

Ove Kaj Pedersen, Professor in political science. He teaches political institutions, institution and state-building, institutional change and theory of state. His main research interests are: 1) European integration and effects on national political institutions; 2) administrative policy- making; 3) neo-corporativism and negotiated economy; 4) political innovation and democratic theory; 5) socio-institutional transformations in East- and Central Europe. Member of the international board for Scandinavian Corporation for Organisational Research (SCORE), Stockholm; of Norwegian Research Council-policy committee; member of editorial advisory board for several international journals.

Uffe Jakobsen, PhD, associate professor in political science. He teaches political science. His main research interests are: 1) political theory, conceptual history and history of political ideas, particularly in relation to democracy, 2) theories of democratisation, particularly in relation to the political, economic and national transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union; 3) peace and conflict research, particularly political movements, war and democracy/democratisation - affiliated to the international research and documentation project The Socialist International during the First World War, co-ordinated by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. In recent years, Uffe Jakobsen has been co-ordinator for the Danish activities in the Baltic University Programme - an educational network programme among more than 150 universities in the 14 countries of the Baltic Sea Region , based at the University of Uppsala, financed by Swedish governmental funds for co-operation with Eastern and Central Europe through the Swedish International Development and Co- operation Agency (SIDA), the Swedish Institute (SI), the Foundation for Knowledge and Competence Development (KK-stiftelsen) as well as by participating universities. Uffe Jakobsen’s most important Danish partners in relation to this programme are Birthe Hansen, Bertil Heurlin, Professor Uffe Østergaard (University of Aarhus, Department of History) and Professor Bent Jensen (University of Odense, Department of History).

2.1.3. Department of Economics The research on Baltic Sea countries definitely has a marginal position at the Department. However, two researchers are involved in research projects on the Baltic Sea Region:

Jan Gunnarsson, carries out two projects. One is “Political economic perspectives on regional systems with examples from the Baltic Sea Region”, using the Baltic Sea Region as a case on internationalisation and the role of regional and national institutions for economic development. The other project is an evaluation of the possibilities for a network of Swedish and Danish businesses in the Øresund region to start up activities in Poland, supported by the Danish County of Frederiksborg (Interreg grants), the Greater Copenhagen region,

16 Länstyrelsen in Malmö and Sydöstra Skånes Kommunalförbund. Gunnarsson co-operates - on an informal basis - with Magnus Jannik and Carl Johan Lundquist (University of Lund), and Jan-Erik Gidlund (University of Umeå).

2.2. Copenhagen Business School

2.2.1. Centre for East European Studies (CEES) The research centre CEES at Copenhagen Business School was established in 1996. As its name indicates the subject for research at CEES is the process of economic transition in the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, and within this field of research CEES has formulated a very ambitious research plan. CEES is a serious candidate to become the leading Danish research unit on economic transition in Eastern Europe. However, as the name also suggests, the Baltic Sea dimension is not a main part of the research. Still, there is strong expertise on Baltic Sea issues, particularly within the fields of economic transition and privatisation.

Niels Mygind, Associate Professor of Economics, Director of the Centre for East European Studies. His research fields are: Transition in the three Baltic countries, privatisation, ownership dynamics, employee owned companies, corporate management and enterprise restructuring in Eastern Europe. Niels Mygind works on the project Management and Enterprise Restructuring in Eastern Europe - a continuation of the project Privatisation and Financial Participation in the Baltic countries, finished in 1996. The project period is 1997- 2000 and is financed through a grant from the Danish Council of Social Science of DKK 1.125.000. It deals with ownership structures and changes in management principles in enterprises

Klaus Meyer, PhD. Research fields: Direct foreign investment in the transition economies in Eastern Europe. He is interested in strategies of multinational enterprises entering the region as well as the impact of foreign investors to the economic transition and development of the economies. In his current research he analyses determinants of East-West business and of entry modes based on a survey database of British and German companies active in the region. Further issues include the impact of foreign investment on industry transformation, and comparative analysis of investment in Eastern Europe and in East Asia

Panu Kalmi, PhD-student. Panu Kalmi’s research focuses on ownership change, corporate management and employee participation in Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia, and Poland. He is also doing research on the theory of employee ownership and profit sharing. Currently he is initiating a research project on corporate management and human resource management practices in Estonian privatised firms.

Other activities concerning the Baltic Sea Region:

17 · Together with the Business Schools of Helsinki, Stockholm and Bergen, CEES runs an educational programme (NORLET) for large Nordic companies with businesses in Russia. The total number of students (primarily managers of the Nordic enterprises in Russia) is around 500-600. The programme is financed by the participating Nordic companies and through governmental support from the Nordic countries. The St. Petersburg School of Management are going to take over the teaching by the end of the programme period in 1999.

· CEES has presently taken the initiative to try to start up an international research network on Enterprise Restructuring in Eastern Europe, and organised an international workshop in August 1998.

2.3. University of Aarhus

2.3.1. Department of Political Science The size of the academic staff at the Department is about 50, and there are about 15 PhD- students. A major part of the research at the Institute concerns democracy and democratisation. The political transformation and the democratisation process in Central and Eastern Europe is a highly prioritised research field at the Department. Nine researchers have started a study group on Political and Economic Transformation in Post-Communist Systems. The study group was created on the basis of experience from the preparation and implementation of the NOPSA workshop in Helsinki in 1996 on Theories on Political and Economic Transition. The workshop demonstrated that though the study of political and economic changes in post-communist systems should eventually be integrated into the general social sciences, there still exists a need for a focused effort by social scientists studying these systems from one perspective or another. The objectives of the study group are to promote the application of general social theory to the study of post-communist systems and to integrate the study of the region and systems into general social science theory.

Within the framework of this study group there is some highly specialised research on Baltic specific issues, especially focused on environmental policy and democratisation in the three Baltic countries. Due to the existence of this study group and its main intention to discuss and develop theoretical approaches (which actually is rather seldom at the research institutions investigated in this survey), one can say, that the Baltic research at the Department is well- organised and that there exists the beginnings of a political science research milieu on Baltic Sea developments. Several of the participants in the study group are involved in projects concerning the Baltic Sea Region: Ole Nørgaard, associate professor, Karin Hilmer Pedersen, associate professor, Lars Johannsen, research fellow and PhD-student, and Evald Mikkel, PhD-student.

· Ole Nørgaard and Lars Johannsen (together with René Hauge Sørensen, MA student at the Department, Michael Clemmesen, Danish Attaché of Defence, and researchers

18 from the University of Umeå, Department of Political Science, and the University of Oslo, Department of Political Science) are working on the book The after independence - a new edition of the book by Nørgaard (ed.) from 1994 De baltiske lande efter uafhængigheden. Hvorfor så forskellige? (The Baltic States after independence. Why so different?). This project is supported by DKK 100.000 from the Cheminova Fund, the research fund of the University of Aarhus.

· Ole Nørgaard and Karin Hilmer Pedersen are working on the project New Strategies in the Use of Environmental Policies, concerning the economic and administrative dimensions of EU’s environmental policies towards the Baltic states, supported by Nordic Council of Ministers.

· Lars Johannsen PhD thesis is on Democracy and the constitution in post communist countries. The project uses cases from Estonia, and Poland.

Four other Baltic Sea Region relevant research projects, of which, however, the actual position is unknown to us, are mentioned in the study group programme:

· Environmental Policy. From International Agreement to National Policy and Local Implementation. Comparing Agri-environmental Policy in the Nordic and Baltic Countries (Ole Nørgaard and Karin Hilmer Pedersen).

· Politics of transition in the Baltic states: a pre-accession assessment (Ole Nørgaard).

· Comparing Nordic and Baltic countries: Environmental problems and policies in agriculture and forestry (Ole Nørgaard and Karin Pedersen).

· Electoral behaviour in post-communist systems: the case of the Baltic states (Evald Mikkel).

2.3.2. Department of Economics The Baltic Sea Region is not a central research field in the Department. Ebbe Yndgaard, Professor, and Philipp Schröder have made some minor studies on the Latvian economy, based on macro economic models. Presently, Yndgaard is not involved in Baltic related research. Schröder, who has recently finished his PhD thesis on transition in the Baltic states based on macro economic models, will be employed at the University of Odense, Department of Economics from 1 August 1998. Martin Paldam, Professor, focuses on more general Eastern European problems rather than on Baltic Sea topics and countries. He co-operates with Gert Tinggaard Svendsen (Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics) and Peter Nannestad (University of Aarhus, Department of Political Science) on the research project,

19 Social Capital, dealing with the influence of trust in relation to privatisation in the post communist Eastern European countries.

Arne Gotfredsen, associate Professor, has a managing role in the Danish parts of the EuroFaculty Programme, a Danish-German programme aiming at building up and improving the social sciences university education in the Baltic states and in the Kaliningrad region, based at the Faculty of Social Science at the University of Aarhus.

2.4. Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering

2.4.1. The Faculty of Business Economics The only faculty at the Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering with research specialisms on the Baltic Sea Region is the Faculty of Business Economics. Here, there are two researchers, each with a list of publications and working papers concerning Baltic economic issues. Andreas Cornett focuses on regional integration and trade patterns in the Baltic Sea Region (and in Europe more generally), while Søren P. Iversen focuses on economic transition, reforms and development in the Baltic Sea Region and in a broader Eastern European context. Presently, they work together on the project The Baltic states in a European and Baltic perspective, which deals with the Baltic Sea Region in a transition and trade perspective. The first results from this project will be presented in a paper prepared for the 5th Nordic-Baltic Conference in Regional Science, Global-Local Interplay in the Baltic Sea Region, Pärnu, Estonia, October 1998. The Faculty of Business Economics arranged the first of these Nordic-Baltic Conferences back in 1991

2.5. University of Odense

2.5.1. Department of Economics Baltic research is not central to the Department, but three researchers are involved in projects on Baltic Sea countries:

Jørgen Drude Hansen, Jean Monnet Professor, carried out (together with Camilla Jensen) the project Technological transfer through FDI: the Estonian case, based on a questionnaire survey of Western enterprises investing in Estonia. Jørgen Drude Hansen is also involved in the co-ordination of a programme for students from Poland and the Baltic states following the European Studies educational programme (the second part of the Master’s degree at the Department). About one third of the 20 annual students at the European Studies programme are guests from Poland and the Baltic states. The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs finances this exchange programme.

20 Camilla Jensen, PhD-student. Her research topics are: Eastern Europe (Visegrad 4), Economic Integration and Company Strategy, Foreign Direct Investment, Aid and Development Regimes (The role of the EBRD in a new Europe), Ethic Funds, Technology Transfer, Competition Rules in the EU and Eastern Europe (EU-Law paper). Her PhD thesis is on technology transfer through FDI, using Poland as a case study.

Lene Nielsen, PhD-student, writes her thesis, Cost-efficient Measures to Combat Global Warming - the Potential of Joint Implementation and Permit Trading in Europe, on environmental economics and joint implementation of environmental policies.

2.6. The Aarhus School of Business

2.6.1. Department of Economics One of the prioritised research fields at the Department is environment and energy economy. Within this field there is some research that marginally deals with the Baltic Sea Region.

Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, PhD, and political scientist, researches on Environmental Economics, Public Choice and Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Eastern Europe, Privatisation, and Social Capital. Presently, he is working on the following projects:

CO2 markedet i Europa (The CO2 market in Europe), about international trade with quotas for environmental emission, financed by ELSAM, the Danish Ministry of Energy, and Risø Research Centre (together with Niels Nannerup, University of Odense, Department of Economics). Urs Steiner Brandt, a PhD-student at the Department, also participate on this project.

Green Taxation, a book project dealing with environmental taxation policy and international trade with environment quotas, supported by CeCam (a centre in Aarhus for improvement of the environment).

Social Capital, a big research project dealing with the influence of trust in relation to privatisation in the post communist Eastern European countries, carried out in co-operation with Martin Paldam (University of Aarhus, Department of Economics ) and Peter Nannestad (University of Aarhus, Department of Political Science), financed by the World Bank and DANIDA with DKK 7 million .

2.7. University of Aalborg At the University of Aalborg there is presently no research projects dealing specifically with Baltic issues. However, Olav Jull Sørensen at the Department of Development and Planning is studying the internationalisation process of enterprises in the Komi and Moscow

21 regions in Russia. The same Department holds a TEMPUS student exchange project on EU integration in co-operation with Poznan University of Economics and University of Gdansk in Poland, and University of Exeter in UK, supported by EU with ca. 300.000 ECU annually in the period from 1996 to 1999. This activity is managed by Staffan Zetterholm, European Studies at the Department of Development and Planning.

2.8. University of Roskilde

2.8.1. Department of Social Sciences The majority of the 43 academic staff (plus a number of fellowship holders) are trained as economists, political scientists or sociologists. Research at the Department is cross- disciplinary. Baltic issues are not prioritised as a strategic research field. Nonetheless, very competent researchers on Baltic issues (especially within the field of economics) are connected to the Department:

Hans Aage, Professor, Dr. and economist. His research fields are transition economy and environmental policy in the Baltic states, areas on which he recently has made contributions to two important books: Haavisto, T. (ed.), 1997: The Transition to a Market Economy, Edward Elgar, and Aage, H. (ed.), 1997: Environmental Transition in Nordic and Baltic Countries, Edward Elgar. Presently, he is not actively involved in research projects on Baltic issues.

Klaus Nielsen, Professor and economist. Within the field of post communist transformation in Eastern Europe his research focuses on economic reforms, industrial restructuring and policy, interest groups, social policy and welfare systems. His ambition is to contribute to the development of an evolutionary institutional theory on the Eastern European transformation process. Two ongoing projects of Klaus Nielsen are:

Evolution of market institutions within the framework of the systemic transformation of the Russian economy, financed through EU’s INTAS programme, and carried out in co-operation with Russian researchers, e.g. Andrei Nesterenko at the Russian Academy of Science.

The transformation process in Eastern Europe: Economic reform, social conflict and institutional change, dealing with industrial policy, interest groups and social policy in Poland, Hungary, The Czech Republic, Estonia and Russia, financed by a grant from the Danish Council of Social Science, and carried out in co-operation with researchers from all 5 countries.

Together with Niels Mygind, director of CEES at the Copenhagen Business School, Klaus Nielsen is a member of a committee appointed by the Danish Ministry of Business to evaluate its programmes for business development in Eastern Europe. And finally, Klaus Nielsen is

22 supervisor for a PhD-student in Estonia, writing on a project on the competitiveness of the Baltic states.

Lars Fuglsang, associate professor, PhD, researches on the institutional framework conditions for technological development and innovation. He is, together with John Storm Petersen at the Department, doing a descriptive empirical survey on the actual use of Western financial support to specific development projects at local and regional level in Poland and the three Baltic states.

Poul Wolffsen, associate professor and economist. He focuses on financial infrastructure in the transition economies in Eastern Europe and Russia, including the problems related to transfer of Western knowledge. Poul Wolffsen is engaged in the establishment of a general banking education in Lithuania.

2.8.2. Department of Geography The Baltic Sea Region is not a prioritised and central research field at the Institute. Presently, only Professor Svend Illeris, an internationally reputable regional researcher, is actively engaged in the Baltic research field, as he is writing a paper titled Outsourcing of production of clothes from Jutland (Denmark) to Poland and Lithuania, to be presented at the 5th Nordic- Baltic Conference in Regional Science, Global-Local Interplay in the Baltic Sea Region, Pärnu, Estonia, October 1998, and to be published in the planned book based on that seminar. Svend Illeris has also been appointed as Plenary Chairman for one of the sessions at this conference. Also the research and expertise of Viggo Plum, associate professor, on municipalities in Poland is worth mentioning here.

2.8.3. Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies (TEK-SAM) The research at the Department is cross disciplinary and has a very clear and competent profile within the fields of environmental, energy and production planning, especially studied in a local and regional context. The Department has long and well-respected traditions in practice oriented development and planning projects involving local authorities, unions and other interests groups. Thus, since 1990 the Department (and particularly Børge Klemmensen, associate professor) has been very actively involved in different TEMPUS projects, aiming at establishing university research and teaching at Master and Bachelor level on environmental regulation and planning issues in Poland and (Technical University of Gdansk and University of Riga).

Today, the research activities on Baltic Sea issues are not very intense. However, due to the many researchers at the Department who during the last decade have been actively involved in research concerning the Baltic Sea countries, the research expertise and existence of a research milieu on environmental and energy regulation in the Baltic Sea area are incontestable. The

23 following researchers are (or have been within the last couples of years) involved in research projects on Baltic Sea countries:

Børge Klemmensen: Environmental Management - Assessment and Regulation (greening of industry, preventative measures, cleaner technology/cleaner production, environmental law and related regulation, negotiated solutions (contracts/covenants), policy-making by dialogue and other voluntary approaches, economic environmental instruments, the international dimension of environment regulation and co-operation, the role and importance of environmental regimes, the implementation and impact of regime policy at national level).

Poul Kragh: PhD thesis on Changes in the Role of Expertise and Science in Environmental Co-operation and Regulation in the Baltic Region. His research deals with transfer of knowledge and expertise from the Nordic countries to countries in the south-eastern part of the Baltic region, Latvia and Poland being the main examples. A focal point is the implementation of Baltic environmental co-operation. Central analyses are carried out on the building and shaping of institutions and practices influenced by transfer of environmental expertise. A special emphasis is given to analyses of the existence of different environmental approaches and strategies among involved groups of experts, and the influence of these on the kind of solutions suggested and implemented on company level and municipal level, thereby also enclosing the science-policy relationship in the analyses.

Jesper Holm, associate professor: Regulation and environmental management. Research and publications on: Criteria of Success for Environmental Policy, Environmental Co-operation in the Baltic - a regime in transition. Democracy and responsive environmental regulation.

Ole Jess Olsen, Professor. Research Area: Energy and the Environment. Research and publications on: Restructuring the energy industry in a former communist economy. The gas industry in Latvia is surveyed and different models of reorganisation are discussed.

Jan Andersen, associate professor. Research Area: Energy and the Environment. Research and publications on: Energy planning in relation to different energy sources, energy production units, and energy demand units in Denmark and in Eastern European countries (Poland). Energy consumption/production partly as an element in the production planning and partly by the co-ordination of the energy production with the local energy supply. Implementation strategies for renewable energy plants. Transfer of technology and industrial strategies for firms involved in energy and environmental issues.

Jens Peter Mortensen, research fellow. Research area: Environmental Management - Assessment and Regulation. Research on: Environmental Co-operation in the Baltic Sea. Regime theories and the implementation of international agreements into the national contexts.

Kaare Pedersen, PhD, associate professor. Research Area: Energy and the Environment. Research and publications on: the relationship between society, the energy system and the

24 environment in a social and political perspective with focus on the Polish and Danish energy systems. Theoretical works in an attempt to renew the technical oriented energy analysis by means of social discourse theory (Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Michel Foucault and others).

Bente Kjærgård, associate professor. Research Area: Environmental Management - Assessment and Regulation. Research and publications on: Integrated waste management. The focus of the research is on trends and measures in Danish waste policy, regulatory instruments and the role of public waste partnerships in integrated waste management, and how to increase the importance of waste management up the hierarchy. Also research on municipal waste management in Poland.

Kirsten Bransholm Pedersen, Birgit Land, and Erling Jelsøe, associate professors, carried out the research project Food production and living conditions in a society in transition - the case of Latvia. The aim of this project was to study the changes going on in the Latvian food chain under the transition from a planned to a market economy: Which development strategy or paradigm is structuring the planning process? What are the strategies of social actors involved (including the gender aspect)? How are local natural and human resources made use of? How does the ongoing process influence the food supply system and food choices of the consumers? What is the impact on the natural environment in selected parts of the food chain?

2.9. South Jutland University Centre (SUC)

2.9.1. The Thorkil Kristensen Institute (TKI) The South Jutland University Centre as such was established in 1972 and receives financial support from Ribe county, Esbjerg City and other local authorities in the region. The TKI receives a certain share of SUC’s general funding. The TKI was established as a research centre in 1978 (originally under the name of Institute of East-West Research), on the initiative of Thorkil Kristensen, a Danish Professor of economics, former minister of finance and former secretary general of the OECD. TKI is one of the few research institutions in the Nordic countries which wholly and very clearly links their research interests and activities to the Central and Eastern European countries (including Russia and the Baltic countries). Among these few institutions TKI is perhaps the one with the longest continuous research traditions within this field. TKI has had the social, economic and cultural development of the CEE countries and their relations to Western countries as its central field of research since its start. Before the fall of the wall TKI was known as Denmark’s leading research institute on the communist countries, and the library at the South Jutland University Centre has built up an important collection of publications on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. After the end of the , TKI has increasingly turned its attention towards the new possibilities of East- West co-operation in Europe and the developments in European integration as such.

25 In 1996-1997 the TKI had a major research project on Integration and Regime Formation in Europe after 1989, based on a research grant from the Danish Social Science Research Council. This project focused upon state strategies in the new Europe, including transformation processes in Eastern Europe and changes in existing, or the creation of new, international regimes in Europe. It also covered some of the broader issues in European integration and the changing relations between the EU and the CEE countries. In connection with this research project a network of Danish and foreign scholars was established (in Denmark, among others, with participation by Morten Skak and Jørgen Drude Hansen, University of Odense, Hans Aage and Klaus Nielsen, University of Roskilde, Gert Thingaard, Aarhus School of Business, and Thomas Pedersen, University of Aarhus). A series of working papers on European integration and regime formation has been published from the project. Besides several series of books (including a new one on International Political Economy), the Institute also publishes the magazine Vindue mod Øst (Window towards the East).

However, as the focus of TKI’s research primarily has been and still is the more general social context of CEE countries, the Baltic Sea Region is not an especially prioritised field of research, and presently there is only sporadic research activities concerning the Baltic Sea area. During the spring and summer of 1998, Anna Barbara Kisielowczyc, economist from University of Gdansk, works as a guest researcher at TKI on the project The present and future role of the Baltic in European integration. Nonetheless, all 5 researchers at the Institute have research expertise on Baltic Sea countries:

Professor Finn Laursen, Head of the Institute, PhD (Political Science): integration of CEE countries in EU, regime formation, economic development and security policy in CEE countries.

Senior researcher Søren Riishøj, historian and political scientist: the Visegrad countries (economic, political and social transformation, regional co-operation, trade, EU integration).

Senior researcher Jens Jørgen Jensen, political scientist (lic.phil.): foreign policy and political relations between Russia and the Baltic countries. From October 1996 to August 1998 on leave at the University of Riga (through the Euro Faculty Programme).

Senior researcher Märta-Lisa Magnusson, anthropologist: Russian culture, centre-periphery conflicts in Russia.

Senior researcher Børge Kledal, historian: Russian history and culture policy.

Unfortunately, the future of TKI is at the moment quiet uncertain, because of plans of merging South Jutland University with the University of Odense and Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering.

26 2.10. Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI) The new Institute was established by law in 1995 as an independent institution aimed at strengthening research, analysis and information activities in Denmark on matters of international affairs and Danish foreign policy. The Institute was created by the merger of the former Danish Foreign Policy Institute and the former Danish Commission on Security and Disarmament (SNU). Research activities at the Institute consist of the execution, promotion and co-ordination of independent research on international politics and Danish foreign policy, providing an important link between Danish and foreign research in these fields. The Institute also co-operates with Danish universities on the development of research projects. The Institute follows international developments, with particular emphasis on the evaluation of Denmark’s foreign and security policy in a broad political and economic context, and prepares related analyses and reports. The Danish Government and the Danish Parliament may request the Institute to draw up analyses and reports on questions they consider to be of importance to their work. The two main functions of the Institute - research and analysis - are reflected in the Institute’s organisational structure, divided between a Research Department and a Department of Analysis. DUPI - alone and in co-operation with domestic and foreign partners - organises conferences and seminars on topics within the field of foreign and security policy. DUPI has strong links with a large number of research institutions in all the Baltic Sea countries. The Institute maintains independence in all professional questions, and receives an annual Government subsidy of approximately DKK 11 million.

DUPI concentrates its research activities on three research areas, within which the actual projects are defined: The new world order, The organisation of Europe, and Denmark in a new regional and international context. The research on Baltic issues is carried out within the third research area, and, though multidisciplinary in character, is very well-organised. Among the 8 researchers in the Research Department of DUPI are three, highly competent and internationally reputable researchers on Baltic Sea issues:

Bertel Heurlin, Professor and Research Director (also Jean Monnet Professor at the University of Copenhagen, Department of Political Science). Fields of Research: Security Policies, USA, NATO, European Integration, Denmark and the Baltic.

Hans Mouritzen, Dr. and Senior Research Fellow. Fields of Research: Danish foreign policy, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic Countries, theory of international organisation, security policy and democracy, NATO and the EU.

Birthe Hansen, PhD and Associate Professor (affiliated researcher from University of Copenhagen, Department of Political Science). Fields of Research: Security Policy, The New World Order, Nuclear Weapons, Middle East, the Baltic.

Apart from the analysis of current Danish foreign policy, there are essentially four areas of analysis within the research programme Denmark in a new regional and international context: (i) the global and regional (European) power structure that Denmark fits into, (ii) the nation- states acting more or less in parallel with Denmark, in the same task environment (in co-

27 operation/co-ordination, or out of mutual rivalry/identification), (iii) the target countries of Danish activist foreign policy: previously the Third World, mainly, but today also the former Second World and in particular the Baltic countries (military co-operation, not least), and (iv) the Danish/Nordic identity values that are promoted in the activist aspects of Danish foreign policy. The sub-projects below encompass at least two of these areas each. Studying Danish policy towards the Baltic countries, for instance, includes all four: based on an analysis of the situations and policies of the target countries, Danish policy is explained from Danish identity values, from inducements in the systemic and regional power structures, and from co- operation/competition in relation to other Nordic countries. Presently, these are the following sub-project within the field:

Sub-project I: Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 1998

Bertel Heurlin and Hans Mouritzen (eds.) Six articles on aspects of Danish Foreign Policy: Erik Hoffmeyer: Danish Economic Politics and the EMU. John Martinussen: Third World Policies: Problems and Perspectives. Hans Mouritzen: Elitism and Democracy in Danish Foreign Policy. Friis Arne Petersen: The International Situation and Danish Foreign Policy in 1997. Nikolaj Petersen: Denmark, the IGC 1996 and the Future of the . Dov S. Zakheim: The Role of Denmark in the Baltic Sea: An American View.

Sub-project II: Foreign Policy Decision-Making

Hans Mouritzen: External Danger and Democracy: Old Nordic Lessons and New European Challenges. This title refers to a book published by Dartmouth Publishing Co. (Aldershot UK); two spin-off articles planned. Both are expected to focus on the Danish EU decision-making process and relate it to the ‘democracy and foreign policy’ theme.

Sub-project III: Denmark in the European Power Structure

Hans Mouritzen and Bertel Heurlin. 1) A booklet spin-off from European Integration and National Adaptations. A Theoretical Inquiry published by Hans Mouritzen 1996 with Ole Wæver and Håkan Wiberg (from COPRI). 2) Article by Bertel Heurlin: Changes in the International System and Danish Policy towards Europe since 1945, forthcoming in Kelstrup & Branner (eds.): The Danish Policy towards Europe after 1945. Determinants and Options.

Sub-project IV: The Baltic Sea Rim Space 1) Bordering Russia: Alliance Politics and Prospects for the Baltic Sea Rim Space (in co- operation with COPRI). Hans Mouritzen editor; contributors: A. Sergounin, M. Haab, Z. Ozolina, G. Miniotaite, W. Kostecki, M. Clemmesen, Cl. Archer. Published by Ashgate, UK.

28 2) The Role of Russia in the Foreign Policy of the Baltic Sea Countries by Bertel Heurlin. Article with this title to appear in Gunnar Artéus (ed.): US, Russia, and Baltic Sea Security. 3) The Structures of Military Command Relevant in the Baltic Sea Region: Old and New by Bertel Heurlin. Article to appear in Hedegaard, Lars and Bjarne Lindström (eds.): 1998 Baltic Sea Yearbook. 4) Danish Policy in the Baltic Sea area after the Cold War by Bertel Heurlin. Article with this title to appear in Gunnar Arteus and Bertel Heurlin (eds.): The Baltic Sea Security Policies of Denmark and Germany, Stockholm, spring 1997.

Sub-project V: Denmark’s Parallel Action Sphere

Hans Mouritzen: Danish Baltic Politics in Perspective: a Nordic Comparison. Article.

Sub-project VI:

Hans Mouritzen: Developing theoretical and methodological tools for the study of non-great powers in the international system. Major contribution is Mouritzen: Theory and Reality of International Politics, Aldershot UK: Ashgate. Chapter 5 compares the five Nordic countries’ Baltic policies from a geopolitical perspective.

2.11. Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) The Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) was established as an independent Institute by the Danish Parliament in 1985 aimed at supporting and strengthening multidisciplinary research on Peace and Security. In 1996 the status of COPRI was made permanent and shifted to that of a Government Research Institute under the Ministry of Research and Information Technology. The purpose of COPRI is to stimulate debate and research on international key issues related to Peace and Security Studies. The Institute does this through research, seminars, publications and news and information. COPRI is one of Denmark’s most reputable, competent and productive research institutions concerning issues like peace and security policy, international relations and conflicts, the political integration process of EU, and the NATO enlargement process. One of the five prioritised research fields of COPRI is defined as Nordic-Baltic Security in a Transforming Europe (NORD), and within the framework of NORD there is a lot of research on the Baltic Sea Region (and the Barents region as well).

Presently the NORD group at COPRI consists of:

Pertti Joenniemi, senior researcher with a record as expert on Nordic-Baltic issues and regionalisation in the Baltic Sea and Barents regions. Joenniemi was co-editor of the NEBI Yearbook 1998 and was responsible for the section on security.

29 Lene Hansen, PhD, research fellow. Her research fields are region-building, foreign and security policy, and new security concepts.

Other researchers at COPRI with significant expertise on the Baltic Sea Region:

Ole Wæver, senior researcher. Ole Wæver has produced a large number of publications about security and regionalisation in the Baltic Sea area.

Erik André Andersen, guest researcher from University of Copenhagen, Østeuropainstituttet (Institute of East Europe). He is an expert on minority problems in the Baltic states, and is presently working on a project on the consequences of privatisation for the Russian population in Estonia.

2.12. Institute of Local Government Studies (Amternes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut, AKF) AKF is an independent research institution, situated in Copenhagen, and financed through public grants. The research of AKF focuses on problems that are of interest to the public sector and its users, particularly at the local and regional level. There is presently no research at AKF that deals with the Baltic Sea Region as such. However, worth a mention here are two research projects, using (and elaborating) regional econometric models to forecast the economic effects of the new bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö, both with Bjarne Madsen, research manager, as the central co-ordinator:

· De regionale effekter for Bornholm af den faste Øresundsforbindelse (The regional effects on Bornholm of the Sound-bridge). The project is financed by the Regional Labour Market Council in Bornholm, and is carried out in co-operation with Svend Lundtorp, Research Centre of Bornholm.

· Dataopbygning med henblik på evaluering af Øresundsforbindelsens betydning for Øresundsregionen (Organisation of data in order to evaluate the impact of the Sound connection on the Sound region). The project is financed by Transportrådet (Danish Transport Council) (DKK 1 million).

AKF’s work on developing regional econometric models is highly regarded, and the models could in principle be adapted and applied to regional economic analyses everywhere in the Baltic Sea Region.

30 3. Sweden Per Åke Nilsson

3.1. Försvarets forskningsanstalt Försvarets forskningsanstalt (FOA) (the Research Institute of the Swedish Armed Forces) is an authority under the Ministry of Defence with a mission to maintain research for the total defence of Sweden and to support armament reduction and international security.

FOA is a big research institution, founded in 1945 with about 1,000 employees of whom 700 are researchers at an academic level.

FOA has an annual research budget of about SEK 630 million.

Baltic research has a priority while a relatively great part of the projects are connected to the security, political, economical and military development in the Baltic region.

Ongoing projects:

Jan Knoph: Vårt östra närområde i civil beredskapsperspektiv, (Our Eastern Neighbourhood in a Perspective of Civil Emergency Preparedness)

Per Samuelsson: Östersjöregionen, i går, i dag, i morgon (The Baltic Region Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow)

Lennart Johansson: Suveränitetsstöd till Baltikum (Sovereignty Support to the Baltic States)

Bengt Andersson: Europeisk säkerhet (European Security)

Ingmar Oldberg: Rysslands säkerhetspolitik (Russia’s security politics)

Bengt Sundelius: Östersjöprojektet (The Baltic Sea Project)

Karl Henrik Dreborg: Baltic 21.

3.2. Göteborgs Universitet - The first academic Institute in Gothenburg was founded in 1887 (Göteborgs Högskola) and in 1907 the Institute received university status. There are 34,000 students and 1,889 PhD- students. 4,500 are employed in the staff and the turnover is SEK 2.916 billion.

31 3.2.1. School of Economics and Commercial Law, Dept of Finance and Financial Economics Timo Välilä: Monetary Stabilisation in Transition Economies. The purpose of this project is to develop theoretical models emphasising institutional constraints on monetary stabilisation policies in Eastern European transition economies. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of the feasibility and optimality of the different nominal bases of monetary stabilisation. Consequently, traditional issues like central bank independence and exchange rate regime choice are dealt with, but from a new, endogenous viewpoint. The project resulted in a doctoral thesis in 1996.

Eugeniy Nivorozhkin: Microeconomic Reform in Emerging Economies. What are the key financial and organisational factors determining the quality of restructuring and adjustment of the privatised companies? Modern financial and economic research emphasises that laws and regulations governing the relations among owners, other suppliers of finance, and management of firm are some of the main determinants of countries’ economic performance. These relations define the corporate management system. Endogenous formation of these systems in emerging market economies allow us to test and clarify the theories developed for industrial countries

3.2.2. EUROPA Within the Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, there is a research programme called EUROPA. The research field is the Baltic Rim.

Research project: Urban regions in the Baltic Sea State Region. It includes researchers and planners in St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius/Claimed, Gdansk/Lodes, as well as in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany. The Barnet-region is also included.

3.2.3. Padrigu Padrigu is an Institute where, for the last two decades, there has been research on contemporary international political and economic development. Focus is both on emerging international and intra-national conflicts and on the impact of globalisation. Most armed conflicts today occur within states, not between them. Professor at Padrigu is Björn Hettne.

3.3. Handelshögskolan - Stockholm School of Economics The Stockholm School of Economics, the SSE, founded in 1909 by royal statute, is the oldest Swedish institution of university standing which offers research-based educational programmes in business administration and economics.

From the start, Economics has been given a stronger position here than in most business schools. As a private university, the SSE cherishes its independence and freedom. The School

32 enjoys good relations with the State and receive an annual government grant covering approximately 15 per cent of the budget. Support is also given by the City of Stockholm.

The SSE has established a business school in Riga, Latvia, offering a high-quality undergraduate programme in economics and business for students from the Baltic countries. Donations from the Soros Foundations and funding from the Swedish and Latvian governments have made this possible. Most of the research at the SSE is carried out through its research Institute EFI (the Economic Research Institute) which has close to 300 active researchers including 35 professors and 80 associate and assistant professors. The research within the Institute is organised in 20 centres of which SITE - Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics and East European Economies - is one.

3.3.1. Economic Research Institute. Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics and East European Economies - SITE The dynamic nature of the transition process demands new expertise, from academics studying the emerging systems and from policy-makers in government and business. For SITE, this implies an important responsibility.

The mission of the Institute is to be a source of knowledge for - and about - the transition economies, and to participate in their economic development.

The Institute does not focus on geographical areas in respect of area studies but on economical issues. Erik Berglöf at the Institute says that they co-operate with several Baltic researchers and are using Baltic data. There will be a major study on the Baltic Labour Market and a mapping of Corporate Management in relation to an all-European project

Research projects:

Inside the Transforming Firm: A Study of Enterprise Restructuring in Russia.

Principal researchers: Erik Berglöf, John Earle, David Brown.

This project, funded by the TACIS-ACE programme of the , analyses the restructuring process using firm-level data for Russia. It identifies how the structure and the behaviour of firms is affected by various factors: the economic, state policies, harder budget constraints, new private owners and/or government structures. Primary evidence on firm restructuring is being gathered for a sample of 400 Russian firms, first analysed in a 1994 survey, through a detailed questionnaire, company accounts, and interviews with company managers. The data offers the prospect of relating changes in the management structures and in the economic and political environment they face. They should allow the project to address one of the most important issues facing policy-makers in transition economies: does successful restructuring depend only on the imposition of hard budget constraints and the liberalisation of the economy, or is it the case instead that privatisation and fundamental changes in corporate management structures are necessary to discipline firms and trigger restructuring?

33 Erik Berglöf: PhD in economics, Stockholm School of Economics 1991. Berglöf has written extensively on financial contracting and corporate management and has studied differences between financial systems, and specific ownership and control arrangements, particularly in transition countries.

John Earle: PhD in economics, Stanford University 1988. Earle has written widely on transition, with a focus on micro-economics and political economy issues including privatisation, labour markets, industrial organisation, enterprise restructuring, and social welfare policies.

David Brown: PhD in economics, University of Pennsylvania 1996. Brown’s main fields of research are industrial organisation and corporate finance as applied to industrial restructuring in transition economies. His doctoral dissertation, Three Essays on Barriers to Restructuring in Russian, was based on findings from interviews of managers in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies: Measurements, Origins, Determinants, and Consequences.

Principal researcher: John S. Earle. This project employs sample survey information on approximately 5000 individuals in each of six countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovak Republic), collected through a general population survey, to provide a cross-country comparative analysis of entrepreneurial activities in the early years of the transition. We focus on four primary issues: empirical definitions and measurements of the magnitude and patterns of entrepreneurship; the origins of self-employment and new business foundation, including the influence of pre-1989 history (for instance, partial reforms and the shadow economy); the economic, demographic, and social (including family and political background) determinants of the decision by individuals to begin entrepreneurial activity; and the political and economic consequences of entrepreneurship, especially political attitudes, voting behaviour, and income. The richness of the data permits us to study a variety of dimensions of entrepreneurship that are often considered critical, but which cannot be measured with conventional sources of information.

Competition, Reallocation, and Industrial Evolution Organization Using Economy-wide Panel Data on Firms in Russia - Advances in the Economics of Industrial.

Principal researchers: David Brown and Annette Brown (Western Michigan University). The research agenda of this project covers four broad areas: market structure and competition, the size distribution of firms and the evolution of industrial structure, entry and exit and the reallocation of resources, and the economic geography of industrial change. The aim is to contribute both to the theory and evidence in several sub-fields of industrial organisation and to our understanding of the economics of systemic change. The project will develop a rich new panel database of Russian industrial enterprises in order to follow changes within enterprises

34 over time and thus properly test economic theories of organisational change rather than merely between enterprises at one point in time. Russia, a large, diverse, industrial, and now market economy, serves as an excellent subject for studies of market structure and of the interaction between industry dynamics and macro-economics and institutional factors.

Human Resource Management in Transition.

Principal researcher: Guido Friebel. In early stages of transition, firms were mainly struggling for survival, and hence Human Resource (HR) management was considered secondary to tasks such as finding outside finance or identifying new markets. To date, however, qualified, market-oriented white-collar workers are a rare resource and domestic firms have to compete with foreign corporations. If domestic firms are unable to develop competitive HR practices, a misallocation of human capital or even a brain drain may be the result, with serious macro-economics consequences as known from developing countries. This project entails two self-contained but related elements: first, a formal analysis of HR practices of firms in increasingly risky environments (joint work with Emmanuelle Auriol and Lambros Pechlivanos (both IDEI, Toulouse); second, an empirical account of HR practices in Russian firms, to be conducted in the framework of the RECEP project.

Guido Friebel: PhD in economics, ECARE, Free University of 1996. Friebel’s research concerns privatisation policies in transition countries (in particular, insider ownership), the theory of organisations, and human resources management of firms in changing environments.

Monetary Policy and its Transmission Mechanism in Transition Economies.

Principal researcher: Lorand Ambrus-Lakatos. This project undertakes a set of theoretical and empirical studies which aim to inform the conduct of monetary policy in Central and Eastern European countries by identifying the basic goals for monetary policy and elaborating suitable policy rules. The research starts by specifying a rudimentary model of the macro-economy and the mechanisms by which monetary policy actions are propagated. This theoretical model will, in turn, take as its starting point modern approaches to the study of the monetary transmission mechanism, which emphasises the role played by industrial organisation and market structure in the financial sector - the institutional structure within which financial intermediation takes place. The research will adapt these approaches to the particular situation in the transition economies. Funding is provided by the PHARE-ACE programme of the European Commission.

35 Efficiency Effects of Insider Privatisation.

Principal researchers: David Brown and Mike Burkart. This project investigates the short- and long-term efficiency effects of insider privatisation, the most common form of privatisation in Russia. Specifically, the study considers insider privatisation’s direct impact on asset stripping, on the ease of accumulating blocks to mitigate asset-stripping, and on resale decisions. The argument that Brown and Burkart develop in their study implies that allocating all equity claims to the manager yields the best outcome; it eases all incentives to engage in asset-stripping and ensures an efficient resale decision. However, such an unequal distribution in a privatisation programme is likely to be politically unfeasible. The alternatives to be evaluated, then, are insider privatisation and spreading ownership among outsiders.

Mike Burkart: PhD in economics, London School of Economics 1996. Burkart’s fields of interest are financial contracting and corporate management in both developed and transition economies. He has written on take-overs and on the impact that ownership structure of financial claims has on the problems within firms. Current research deals with the short-term and long-term efficiency effects of insider privatisation and pursues further the study of how the decision power is allocated within firms and how this affects the various parties’ incentives.

Strategic Aspects of the EU-Enlargement Negotiations.

Principal researcher: Klaus Wallner. If future negotiations for entry into the EU are anticipated by a decentralised business sector in applicant countries, this may trigger EU-specific irreversible investments, reducing the bargaining position of an applicant country in the actual negotiations. Once the specific investment is incurred, the outside option is less valuable to the applicant. As a result the country may face stiffer terms of entry and even end up worse off than without the ex ante possibility of enlargement, even though ex post it may be optimal to join anyway. This could occur if investment specificity is large relative to the incentive to incur larger investment projects under anticipated accession. In this case a nationalised investment sector has an advantage over a privatised one in the applicant country, allowing the government to decide not to incur the specific investments and thus to preserve its bargaining position.

Klaus Wallner: PhD in economics, Columbia University 1997. Fields of interest include EU enlargement, foreign direct investment in transition economies, tacit collusion and price wars, and Japanese economics.

3.3.2. Stockholm School of Economics in Riga - Rigas ekonomikas augstskola Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (SSE Riga) offers academic training to students in the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) in Economics and Business. The school is 100 percent English speaking, with faculty members from around the world. The core training

36 comprises a 30 months full time Bachelor programme with courses similar to those offered in Stockholm School of Economics. SSE Riga is the first academic institution in the Baltic Region with international accreditation. Both the school and the study programmes are duly accredited and the degrees are accepted in the international arena.

John Earle has been appointed to develop the local research and the quality of the local staff. There are some initiatives taken to establish an Economic Research Centre in Riga in connection with the school.

3.4. Högskolan i Örebro - University College of Örebro University College of Örebro was founded in 1977. The number of students is over 10 000 and there are 800 employees.

3.4.1. Centrum för Stadsmiljöforskning At the Centre for Research of Town Environment - Centrum för Stadsmiljöforskning - there is a multidisciplinary research group including architecture, history, geography, economics, political science and game-ecology. Focus is upon man’s relation to nature, living and environment. Transition processes, power relations and conflicts of interests are particular in focus.

Ingemar Elander is co-ordinator for that project and also responsible for a new project financed by BFR in Sweden.

Other projects: Berth Danermark: Public Housing and Privatisation in Russia, Sweden and the UK: Similar Trends in Different Systems.

3.4.2. Department of Political Science Bernt Brikell, PhD in Political Science: International regimes and national applications.

Focus is on the impact of international agreements on the environment on the politics of national states especially waste management in USA, Germany, Poland and Sweden.

Rolf Lidskog, Sten Berglund are also involved in that project.

Sten Berglund, Professor in Political Science: Democratisation: Local and Transnational Perspectives. Comparative Studies from the Eastern European Baltic Sea Region.

The project is a joint project with Södertörns Högskola. Researchers from Södertörn are: Anders Uhlin Jan Björklund Per Ola Nilsson

37 Linda Åström.

3.5. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Kungl. Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, (Royal Swedish Technical College) founded in 1827, provides one-third of Sweden’s capacity for engineering studies and technical research at post- secondary level. The university has nearly 11,000 undergraduate students, 1,300 active postgraduate students and a staff of 2,900 people.

3.5.1. Department of Regional Planning Research in social science on the Baltic Rim is conducted at the Department of Regional Planning.

Lars Lundkvist leads a project on transport streams over the Baltic Sea.

Lars Olov Persson has formed a scenario for migration over the Baltic to the Stockholm Region.

3.6. Linköpings Universitet - University of Linköping The University of Linköping has about 2,800 employees, about 1,100 PhD-students and 17,000 students and a turnover of SEK 1.6 billion. The University was founded in 1975 and is known as a multidisciplinary university with established links between the disciplines.

Baltic studies does not have a high priority but there is a research environment in the Departments of Political Science and Water and Environmental Studies. The research is multidisciplinary and focus is on the environment.

3.6.1. Department of Water and Environmental Studies At the Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Björn Hassler, has a project on attitudes in Sweden towards environmental aid to the Baltic countries out of a rational-choice perspective. Is it altruism or utilism? He participates in a project on international co-operation within the environmental field around the Baltic Sea out of a regime perspective.

3.6.2. Department of Political Science The Department of Political Science has two projects on Baltic Studies. One is led by Ronnie Hjorth and is an evaluation of administrative goals for environmental aid to the Baltic states. Another is led by Geoffrey Gooch and is about attitudes to environment in a historical context.

38 3.7. Lunds Universitet - University of Lund Lund University was founded in 1666, partly in order to knit closer to Sweden the provinces which had been ceded by Denmark in 1658. At present, nearly 37,000 students are enrolled at Lund University and altogether some 6,000 people are employed.

3.7.1. Nationalekonomiska Institutionen The Department is part of The School of Economics and Management and has a special branch for international studies but no particular studies on the Baltic Sea Region. Only one project was found in this area.

Tarmo Haavisto: Financial Institutions and Fiscal Transition in the Baltic Countries

An important issue in the reform of former socialist economies is the fiscal transition. The reforms that are essential to public finance are discussed as part of the transformation process from central planning to the market economy. We discuss the main changes that need to take place in the financial institutions and the limitations on fiscal and monetary policy imposed by financial and fiscal institutions.

3.7.2. Forskningspolitiska Institutet (FPI) - Research Policy Institute Forskningspolitiska Institutet (FPI) is a research centre with focus upon new trends in globalisation of R&D. One of the research programmes is PESTO - a Research Programme on Public Participation and Environmental Science and Technology Policy Options with Andrew Jamison, Magnus Ring, Arni Sverrisson as researchers. During the Spring of 1994, Andrew Jamison and Arni Sverrisson received support from the Swedish Council for research Co- ordination and Planning (FRN) to prepare a proposal for the programme Targeted Socio- Economic Research within the European Commission. In the autumn of 1995, the project was approved. The aim of PESTO is to compare the reconstitution of environmental science and technology policy in eight European countries: Britain, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, the , Norway and Sweden. It is our contention that the involvement of the general public is crucial for the successful implementation of environmental science and technology policies, and that, in this regard, the countries of Europe have a great deal to learn from each other’s experiences. By systematically comparing the cultural tensions in environmental science and technology policy making in a wide range of countries, we hope to develop a better understanding of these important policy transformations.

The Network consists of: · Research Policy Institute, Lund University (Sweden) · Department of Public Administration, Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania) · The Institute of Technology and Social Sciences, The Technical University of Denmark · The PESTO project is co-ordinated in Sweden by Prof. Andrew Jamison at the Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark. He is assisted by Arni Sverrisson (PhD in sociology) and Magnus Ring (research assistant).

39 3.7.3. Miljövetenskapligt centrum vid Lunds universitet - Centre for environmental studies at University of Lund The Centre is an organisation for co-operation between departments and between researchers who are engaged in environmental research and education.

Eastern European Programme Considering the economic and environmental situation in Eastern Europe, there is a clear need for cost efficient ways of achieving environmental protection. Experiences show that substantial environmental improvements can be obtained by changes of processes, process control, maintenance and management. Many of these changes require no or very limited investments and result in a better economy and product quality for the company, as well as a reduced environmental impact. Good environmental results could, consequently, be achieved with limited financial resources by focusing on cleaner production.

Beginning in 1992 the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University (before 1995 the Department of Industrial Environmental Economics) developed a programme of research, development and education on cleaner production strategies for Eastern Europe.

3.7.4. Interdisciplinary Centre (Centre for Women Studies) Women in the Baltic States Seminar series Women in the Baltic States. SP lecture: Women and Changes in Education and Society today’ Estonia. AL lecture: Estonian Women’s Movement from 1906 to 1940 - and the current situation. Joint panel: Estonia today; women, love and education.

Key person in Lund is Marina Thorborg.

Network: Dept of Education, Tartu University; The Family Research Inst., Tartu University.

3.8. Mitthögskolan - Mid Sweden University Mid Sweden University is a network University with campus’s in Härnösand, Sundsvall, Örnsköldsvik and Östersund. The profile areas are human resources, nature based resources and communication Mid Sweden University was founded in 1993 by a merger of the University Colleges in Sundsvall/Härnösand and Östersund

There are about 1000 employees at Mid Sweden University and there are about 12,000 students, of which 150 are PhD-students. The turnover for 1995-96 was SEK 450 million.

Research on the Baltic Sea Region is marginal.

40 3.8.1. Department of Tourism Studies At the Department of Tourism Studies, there is an ongoing project on Latvia. The project is conducted by Dennis Zalamans and is called Sustainable Tourism - Tourism Development in Latvia. The objectives of the project are to study sustainable tourism and conceptualise what it is and how to implement the idea in a physical space. The focus will be on small scale tourism in areas with all year round tourism.

The Department has also had a lot of contacts with the Baltic countries. Three Bachelor thesis have been written on tourism destination development in Estonia (2) and Lithuania (1) under the supervision of Per Åke Nilsson. Student contacts and teacher exchanges have been organised for several years by Margareta Wolf.

3.8.2. Department of Eco-technology A lot of student exchange with the Baltic States and Poland has been conducted and every year there are often some students, doing field work in the region for their Bachelor or Master thesis.

3.9. Nordregio To fulfil its obligations in respect of research, education and exchange of knowledge within the field of spatial development, Nordic Council of Ministers has established a new Institute, Nordregio, The Nordic Centre for Spatial Development, in Stockholm.

Nordregio’s remit is to initiate and conduct projects of research and analysis by means of its own staff or with the help of Nordic and European networks, to offer continuing education for Nordic and European authorities within its field of expertise, to disseminate the results of research and analysis and contribute to the professional discussion, e.g. by publishing the journal North, assist authorities in the Nordic countries with relevant data for policy-making decisions and to constitute a meeting place and a living research environment for Nordic and European policy makers and researchers.

The person managing Nordregio is Hallgeir Aalbu, a Norwegian with vast experience in spatial analysis.

There are 10 ongoing projects but none of them has its focus on the Baltic Sea Region, which may just be a coincidence.

41 3.10. Olof Palmecentret This Centre was founded by the Swedish Labour Movement and the Nordic Social Democratic Parties. The Baltic Sea Region is one of several areas at the Centre. The Barent Region is another example. It is more of a network creating institute than a research institute. The main activities are seminars on Nordic-Baltic-Russian dialogues.

3.11. Statens Institut för Regionalforskning (SIR) - Swedish Institute for Regional Research Statens Institut för Regionalforskning is a state authority with the objective of initiating, co- ordinating and implementing regional research. SIR, earlier ERU (Expert group for regional development), was previously a part of the Labour Market Ministry but from 1993 has been an independent authority located in Östersund. There are nine employes at the Institute.

The research is used as a base for political decision-making. Focus is upon three main areas: · Players within regional politics · Regional expertise and competitiveness · EU’s enlargement to the East.

Mats Johansson is a participant in a joint project on Civic Culture with Joensuu and is applying for a project on co-operation between Helsinki-Tartu-Stockholm together with Lars Olov Persson at KTH, Garri Ragma and Erik Terk at Taru University and Illari Karpi and Olli Kultalahti at Tampere University.

3.12. Stockholms Universitet - University of Stockholm

3.12.1. Department of Political Science The only Department with Baltic research at the University of Stockholm is the Department of Political Science as far as available information indicates.

There is no explicit research environment for Baltic Studies in the Department.

Bertil Nygren, FD, docent is a researcher with the following current research interests: · international relations · Russian foreign policy · security in the Baltic Sea Region.

42 PhD-student Kjell Engelbrekt’s thesis is on how Finland and Sweden on one side and Bulgaria and Greece on the other side have adapted to the changes in security-policy issues. PhD-student Lisbeth Aggestam is writing about the British, German and French view of GUSP.

Professor Kjell Goldman is leading a project called Political Transformation of Europe. It is mainly about how the development in the Soviet Union was analysed in the Western countries and how this analysis changed the factual foreign policy of these countries. The project is more or less finished. There will later on be a bigger project led by Jan Hallenberg on the interpretation in various countries of the Gorbachev period and also a project led by Alexa Robertson which by analysis of the content in the media checks how certain Western countries have adapted to the new situation. He himself has published a paper on certain aspects of the European peace building processes during the 1990s (European Journal of International Relations 3, 1997:3).

3.12.2. Department of Geography There are projects with a Baltic Sea Region focus in the Department. The two professors Göran Hoppe and Bo Lenntorp have led research projects in this area.

Ongoing projects: Magnus Berencreutz:. Estates and Peasants in western Estonia – A case study of landownership, demesne farming and tenant-labour during the agrarian crisis and Swedish expansionism.

This study aims at elucidating how changes in estate-farming in Europe in general and central Europe and Estonia in particular affected conditions for peasants of Swedish and Estonian origin respectively during the 16th and 18th centuries.

Tiina Peil: Locality and landscape: Estonian small islands in three centuries.

3.12.3. Department of History The Department does not focus on the Baltic Sea Region apart from one project led by Gunnar Artéus, FD docent: How the Baltic Sea Nations Regard Each Other.

The project is within the international research programme Baltic Sea security. The programme has its focus upon both theoretical and empirical questions concerning the condition and the nature of security and insecurity in the Baltic Sea Region, and the security policies of the Baltic Sea states.

43 3.13. Södertörns Högskola - University College Södertörns Högskola is one of the most recently founded university colleges in Sweden. It was inaugurated in 1996 with some 1,000 students and is growing by another thousand every year. One of its major tasks is to increase recruitment to higher education while at the same time maintaining the highest academic standards in research and education.

In 1998 Södertörns Högskola had a turnover of USD 60 million; it is expected to reach the level of USD 70 million at the turn of the century. A construction programme which will total some USD 125 million has been initiated.

As a result of composition of funding, a considerable portion of research in the social sciences and the humanities is focused upon the history and culture of Eastern and Central Europe as well as the Baltic Sea Region. A foundation - Östersjöstiftelsen - is committed to support research with two qualifications apart from the scientific one: it must be oriented to the Baltic Rim and it must be conducted at Södertörns Högskola. The annual amount distributed to researchers will be between SEK 60-80 million. Since the staff at Södertörn Högskola mostly have a humanities or social science background, the research environment will be within these disciplines.

Contemporary political development and social conditions in the transition process from the post-Soviet era is a main field of interest. In the latter the connections to comparable phenomena in the Nordic countries are studied, not least the suburban environment where Södertörns Högskola is situated with its campuses.

There is also a project about social development and people’s health in Eastern Europe with Erik Hansen, Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen, Alina Piaszczyk, Pär Sparrén and Denny Vågerö.

A project on Baltic Studies is led by Pirjo Janulf and Bernhard Wächli.

3.14. Umeå Universitet - University of Umeå Umeå University is one of the northernmost universities in the world. The University has some 23,000 students, most of them Swedes but also a growing number of foreign students.

3.14.1. CERUM - Centre for Regional Research in Umeå CERUM has previously had research on the Baltic region but now concentrates upon the Barents region.

3.14.2. Department of Economic History At the Department of Economic history, PhD-student Hans Jörgensen is conducting a study on agriculture in Estonia called Transformation and institutional change: Estonian agriculture in

44 the 20th century. The project studies the political heritage from this century and its impact on the transition process. There is also a bigger project ongoing called The Baltic Sea Area: States, Legal Systems and Institutions in Transformation. It is led by the Professor of the Department of Legal Science, Per Falk, and the Professor of the Department of Economic History, Olle Krantz. Other participants are: Sven Nordlund, Department of Economic History in Umeå, Per Bergling, Department of Legal Science in Umeå, Örjan Appelquist, Department of Economic History in Stockholm, Anders Fogelklou, Institute for East European Studies in Uppsala, Jan Knopf at FOA and Hans Jörgensen at the Department of Economic History in Umeå.

3.15. Uppsala Universitet - University of Uppsala Uppsala University was founded in 1477 and is the oldest university in the Nordic countries. The University is one of Uppsala’s largest workplaces, with more than 5,000 employees. Nearly 2,000 of them are researchers and teachers. The annual turnover is roughly SEK 3 billion. About two thirds of this sum goes to research and graduate education and one third to undergraduate education.

Some 34,000 students choose Uppsala and there are nearly 2,500 graduate students.

3.15.1. Department of Soviet and East European Studies Research on the Baltic Rim predominantly takes place in the Department of Soviet and East European Studies with Stefan Hedlund and Kristian Gerner as main leaders.

A trans-Baltic Sea contact network for GIS researchers and educators has been established: University Geographic Information System Network - UGIS. At the fall of communism, maps again became available in the East The teaching and research in GIS needed input from the West The task of the UGIS Network was to assist in the creation of GIS growth centres in the Baltic Region of the former Soviet Union. The mission is now accomplished. Five GIS labs have received assistance and are now established in the GIS community. Based at Uppsala University in Sweden, the GIS Network assisted with hardware, software, education, and jointly developed teaching material to get the labs started. The UGIS Network has thus achieved its purpose; it has made itself redundant since the labs are so well established that normal research funding and international conferences can be used for their future work.

3.15.2. Företagsekonomiska Institutionen Nazeem Seyed-Mohamed: Marketing Entry and Position Development of Swedish Firms in North Western Russia and the Baltic States.

The purpose of the project is to investigate the business development process of Swedish firms in the Baltic countries and north-western Russia in the post-communist era. More specifically, the interests are 1) how new entrants entered these markets and, subsequently, how they

45 develop their positions in those countries, and 2) how firms, which already were players in these markets before perestroijka, are repositioning in response to the changing environment. The focus is on business-to-business marketing, and the theoretical framework is the network view of players (i.e. individuals, firms and other organizations). The research focuses on examining the foreign market entry process as a learning and unlearning, dynamic. relationship-oriented network process in which firms initiate, establish, maintain and expand their business in interaction with other actors. Case studies and quantitative studies.

3.15.3. The Department of Peace Conflict Research The research activities can be divided into two specific areas: first, the origins and dynamics of conflict, and second, conflict resolution and international security. In addition, there is considerable general work, including analysis of peace research itself as well as production of research-based educational materials.

Wallensteen, P.: Towards a Security Community in the Baltic Region.

3.15.4. The Baltic University Programme - Östersjöuniversitetet BASICS is a compilation of statistics dealing with the Baltic Sea Region. Most of the statistics are on a national level, related to most of the countries fully or partly within the Baltic Sea drainage basin; Belorussia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden and Ukraine. The thematical focus is on variables connected to sustainable development, natural resources and environment, grouped into a limited number of sectors. BASICS is a joint activity between the Baltic University Programme, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Institute of Geography, Tartu University and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Our aim with BASICS is to offer the best compilation ever made of sustainable development statistics for the Baltic Sea Region.

BALLERINA - BALtic sea region on-Line Environmental information Resources for INternet Access, a comprehensive Internet initiative to bring more relevant environmental and sustainable development information on-line.

Baltic Basin Case Study - BBCS - an EU funded international research effort investigating the sustainability of the Baltic Sea Region.

Those behind the current version of BASICS are - Christian Anderson, PhD, Baltic University Programme (Biodiversity and Nature Protection).

Admasu Desta, PhD, Baltic University Programme (Agriculture).

Ain Kull, M.Sc., Tartu University (Energy, Forest and Forestry, Fisheries, Biodiversity and Nature Protection).

46 Sindre Langaas, PhD, UNEP/GRID-Arendal (People and Countries, Land Cover, Overall Co- ordinator).

3.16. Utrikespolitiska Instituttet (UI) - The Swedish Institute of International Affairs The Swedish Institute of International Affairs is an independent public service institution charged with the task of providing information on international relations and conducting advanced research on international security issues.

The Institute has a research Department with the mandate to conduct research on problems relevant to Swedish foreign, security and disarmament policy. Today, research at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs is conducted both through long term research programmes, organised and co-ordinated by senior associates, and through a special foreign and security studies programme involving shorter term projects and graduate students.

The long term programmes cover the following themes: · Western European Security Co-operation (including NATO, the EU, the WEU)

· Russian National Security Strategies

· Human Rights

· International Negotiations and Regime Building in the Fields of Trade and Environment, International Negotiations and Strategic Intelligence.

Baltic research has a priority at the Institute and the objective is to increase knowledge in Sweden as well as in the Baltic states on how to handle crisis. Its aim is to strengthen the ability to handle crisis within the states. The focus of the studies is to study own national crisis in each country but also to include an international context, especially because of the increasing interdependency of states and thereby risks for spreading effects.

The special foreign and security programme engages about a dozen researchers with projects on, among other things Swedish foreign policy, EU questions, regional security arrangements and regimes, global trade and finance issues. This is a national programme bringing graduate students from the Swedish universities together at SIIA.

Guest scholars from foreign universities and research institutions are attached to the Swedish Institute of International Affairs on a regular basis; special arrangements are made for scholars from the Baltic Sea Regionas well as the European Union countries. Research results are

47 published in international journals and monograph as well as in the Institute’s Research Report series. The yearbook of the Institute, published in 1996 under the title New Thinking in International relations: Swedish Perspectives, also presents research done at the Institute. The Institute organises a number of international conferences each year.

Bengt Sundelius and Eric Stern are the project leaders and have together with Fredrik Bynander edited Krishantering på Svenska (Crisis management in Swedish). The book shows the method used within the project and three cases are analysed: Russian U137 submarine aground in the archipelago of Karlskrona, the Tjernobyl crises and the monetary crises in 1992 in Sweden. The book will soon come out in English. This autumn the reports produced from the project will be edited. Proceedings from conferences within the project have been edited like Crisis Management at the National Level Stockholm, March 20-22, 1996.

Ongoing projects: Piret Mürk Subject: Aspects on information management in a crisis: the major accident Eleka Rugam with peacekeepers in autumn 1997. Jaan Tross Subject: Plane hijacking in Tallinn, 1994. Daniel Vaarik Subject: Sudden decline of Tallinn stock exchange. Raimond Made Subject: The bankruptcy of Tartu Commercial Ban Indrek Treufeldt Subject: Weapon robbery at Joelahtme, December, 1997. Indrek Elling Subject: Planned referendum of autonomy of Estonian Russian- speaking population in north-eastern Estonia, July 1993. Marten Kokk Subject: Kurd refugees in Estonia. Allan Sombri Subject: Oru Peat Factory Bankrupt Crisis. Michael Karlsson Catalina crisis. Irene Barends Latvian and Russian crisis over citzenship law Ramona Lamberte Spring Floods Andris Maurans Complex risk situation assessment in Latvia Ramona Petrika Detention of two Russian generals in Riga, 1994 Zaneta Ozolina Latvia’s response to Russia’s proposed security guarantees, 1997 Aivars Stranga Latvian and Russian relations, 1998 Daina Bleiere Guntis Tribis Talsi tragedy Agrita Veide Health crisis in Latvia, caused by ticks.

48 4. Norway Håken R. Nilson

4.1. Foreign and security policy studies

4.1.1. Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt/NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs)

4.1.1.1. General note NUPI plays the role as the national centre of expertise concerning foreign and security policy studies. In its strategic planning, moderate growth is foreseen in order to accommodate growing demand for knowledge of international affairs.

NUPI research in this field is extensive, and focuses on various processes at Baltic Sea Regional level. NUPI has organised a Centre for Russian Studies, which also generates knowledge about Baltic Sea states of the former Warsaw Treaty Organisation and their significance in the Northeast European context. The general view in this respect is from a Russian outlook. Problems connected to the large Russian minorities in the Baltic States have been analysed.

In its activities on Baltic Sea questions, emphasis is put on foreign and security policy studies in a larger European context. The Baltic Sea Region is considered a sub-region in the European state system. Less emphasis is put on individual states.

4.1.1.2. Tendency NUPI gives priority to studies of the interaction of political development between the Nordic and the Baltic states, the European Union, Russia and the .

In this context, the particular interaction between the Baltic states, Russia and the Nordic countries comes to focus, with the impact on Norway as the core issue. Norway is made the central object of study and Norwegian policies are analysed in the tension field between various processes in the region.

Current research plans in the area show a steady progress. Within a three-year perspective starting in 1998, a certain intensification may is to be anticipated.

4.1.1.3. Networks NUPI, next to The Department of Political Science at the University of Oslo (cf. Project Balticum), rates as the Institute sustaining the largest number of researchers with relevant expertise. Among NUPI’s staff, Olav F. Knudsen should be mentioned as the most productive

49 in terms of written publications directly related to Baltic Sea affairs. Also, Arne Olav Brundtland, Iver B. Neumann and Espen Barth Eide are experts in the field. They all deal with studies of foreign and security policy, defence policy and regional integration. These people are leaders in their field in Norway. They belong to large networks of researchers and decision makers in Norway, at regional Nordic and also at international level.

4.1.1.4. Projects and programmes Olav F. Knudsen is the editor of a book project Regional Security Co-operation. Long Term Security Prospects for the Baltic Sea Area. As a Senior Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Security Studies at the Western European Union, he is currently completing a large study Co- operative Security in the Baltic Sea Region: Challenges, Efforts and Institutional Instrumentalities, partly sponsored by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence.

Only the above mentioned book project goes into Baltic Sea questions, among the current NUPI projects. It deals with tensions between individual states’, their inclination and their need to form alliances, their conflict resolution and confidence building arrangements that cross alliance divides.

The project deals with theoretical literature, as well as relating to current developments in Northern Europe (such as Nato’s expansion) and in other regions in and outside Europe. Activity on this project will be resumed when Knudsen returns from WEU by the summer of 1998.

At NUPI’s Centre for Russian Studies, activities are undertaken that are directed towards changes in Russian foreign policy towards Western countries and organisations, as well as the efforts at reintegration of the post Soviet area. Helge Blakkisrud has been studying Russian minorities in Baltic states.

4.1.2. Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité/DNAK (The Norwegian Atlantic Committee) DNAK’ staff do not carry out research, but they have student scholarships and take part in various advisory work. Its most important activities in the current field were led by its former Secretary General, the late Ellmann Ellingsen, through his participation in IDAB (International Defence Advisory Board) 1995-97. IDAB does not have official status, but offers advice to governments and defence ministries in the Baltic states. The group is composed of retired military officers at high level, as well as some civilians, coming from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Britain, Norway and Sweden. The group was led by the last NATO Commander at the Northern headquarters at Kolsås, Norway, Gary Johnson from the United Kingdom.

Mr. Ellingsen reported to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry. He has left behind a large background of material and a collection of personal notes. His material is stocked at DNAK, and it will be filed and kept there. No further compilation of Baltic states material is foreseen.

50 The current student scholarship holder Mr. Andreas Seliaas is writing his Master’s dissertation Comparison of present-day minority problems in Estonia and inter-war period minority problems in Sudetenland. He is supposed to be the first researcher in Norway carrying out a comparative study covering the ‘20s and ‘30s.

4.1.3. Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt/FFI (Defence Research Institute) The Baltic Sea Region does not feature as a research field of its own at FFI. However, one of the Institute’s main occupations is to work on security and defence studies with relevance to the Nordic/Baltic area. Relevant researchers at FFI are Bjørn Olav Knudsen, Wegger Strømmen and Anders Kjølberg.

4.1.3.1. Tendencies Baltic states’ problems have been mentioned in some of FFI’s publications in connection with regional studies (e.g. Baltic states’ military capabilities, and BALTBATT problems). In a number of reports Baltic states and Baltic Sea challenges have been dealt with explicitly. Some of these are contained in routine reports delivered at the end of study tours to the Baltic states some years ago. FFI is systematically compiling material about the Baltic states in order to maintain a certain level of preparedness in the field.

The somewhat low attention that is given to this field is explained by the co-operation agreement between FFI and its Swedish counterpart Defence Research Institute (FOA) in Stockholm. A division of labour has been formally agreed in a co-operation agreement under which FOA draws upon the Atlantic perspective supporting FFI’s research, whereas FFI draws upon the Central and Eastern European focus of FOA’s research.

4.1.4. Institutt for Forsvarsstudier/IFS (Institute for Defence Studies) IFS’ researcher Tom Kristiansen has published a number of historical studies of diplomatic. military and security political issues, covering the period up to 1950. Sven Holtsmark has carried out primary source based research of Russian policies toward the Baltic states, based on Russian archives. Torunn Laugen has been working on Baltic states questions in connection with NATO enlargement.

4.1.5. Institutt for Fredsforskning/PRIO (International Institute of Peace Research, Oslo) PRIO conducts extensive security political research covering the Baltic Sea Region, mostly in connection with various studies of Nordic and Northeast European problems. Two PRIO researchers should be mentioned as holding particularly strong expertise in the field.

Ola Tunander has dealt with the area in various works on Nordic security political issues and problems connected to NATO expansion. In his works in the early ‘90s, Tunander dealt more specifically with the Baltic states, and he has also been working on comparisons of the Baltic Sea Region and the Barents Region. He is involved in extensive networks comprising

51 Norwegian and Nordic Institutes and researchers within the field of security and foreign politics.

Pavel Baev specialises in Russian security policies, Russian security interests in the Baltic states, and Russian perceptions of NATO. He is taking part in a large co-operation project with the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, The Northern Dimension of the CFSP. Baev has been working in Norway for 6 years.

4.1.6. Europa-programmet (The Europe Programme) This Institute occasionally conducts work on the Baltic Sea Region, mainly in connection with its Nordic and Central European study fields. In 1992 it conducted a Nordic-Baltic book project in co-operation with the Baltic Sea Institute in Karlskrona, Sweden, The Baltic Sea. A Region in the Making. This year, a contribution about the significance of the USA in Baltic Sea Region security problems was included in the Swedish book project The US, Russia and the Baltic Sea Region. Views on Regional Security at the National Defence College in Stockholm. This was written by Håken R. Nilson.

In the Baltic Sea context, focus is currently moving away from the Baltic States and over to Poland, as a regional actor of rising importance.

4.2. Law, Social and Institutional development, building of democracy

4.2.1. Det Norske Videnskabsakademi (The Norwegian Academy of Science) The Academy of Science has encouraged links between Baltic states’ researchers and various Norwegian scientific communities. The aim has partly been to strengthen the scientific communities of the Baltic states, in turn encouraging researchers from these countries to remain in their native countries, and partly to prepare researchers for the task of establishing national institutions, such as national research councils.

The Academy has not published work on the Baltic Sea area in its own capacity, but members of the Academy have contributed papers to two Norwegian-Baltic scientific conferences on human rights in national legislation, and on a constitutional basis for state institutions.

4.2.2. Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo (The Research Foundation Fafo) The aim of the research carried out at this Institute is to provide transfer of expertise on social development in a wide sense, to the Baltic states in particular. There is no wider regional focus of its research field. Through Fafo research, contribution is given to the establishment of basic

52 social institutions, such as a national bureau of statistics. A further aim of this is to integrate institutes and universities in the work of producing national statistical material.

4.2.2.1. Tendency The following types of activities characterise current Fafo research: · Investigations of living conditions. NORBALT is a regional living conditions project comprising the three Baltic states, the city of St. Petersburg and the Kaliningrad enclave. Thematically and organisationally the project has been designed in a dialogue with local authorities, representing a prolongation and widening of Fafo’s earlier living conditions research in the region. The project has so far resulted in four separate country reports.

· Development of methodology for social research in the Baltic states. More specifically, the project covers the development of comparative methods and survey methods tailored to analyses of living conditions. At the Nordic-Baltic Seminar on living conditions in December 1996, Nordic and Baltic researchers in the field discussed conceptual and methodological challenges raised by comparative research into the field of living conditions.

· Comparative studies. An extensive comparison of the living conditions of the population of the Nordic and Baltic countries is currently at the launching stage. The purpose is to gain insight in the ways and the degree to which living conditions in the Baltic and Nordic countries are developing along equal parameters.

· Education and training

· Development of educational institutions in Latvia.

The extent of activity in the field has contracted after the ending in 1996 of a large study of living conditions that was carried out for each of the Baltic states. The Nordic-Baltic study mentioned above is, however, expected to raise activity to the previous level by 1998. The plans extend towards the end of the year 2002.

From this description, the main aims of Fafo research may be described as a long-term emphasis on social development, with a focus on living conditions.

Among Fafo’s staff, Ådne Aasland, Knud Knudsen and Erik Hansen are the researchers most closely connected to the field.

4.2.2.2. Projects and programmes Fafo currently have three projects running that focus upon the Baltic states as well as the Baltic Sea Region at large.

53 4.2.2.3. Living Conditions in Russia and the Baltic States (NORBALT) NORBALT is a regional project on living conditions comprising the Baltic states , the city of St. Petersburg, and the Kaliningrad enclave. Thematically and organisationally, the project has been designed in collaboration with local authorities. It represents a prolongation of Fafo’s earlier studies of living conditions in the region. All in all, the project comprises around 20,000 household interviews, covering parameters of living conditions such as accommodation, occupation, education, health, economic resources, and migration. So far, the project has resulted in four separate country reports. Preparations have been made for a follow- up by new investigations of living conditions in the Baltic states, set to be completed during 1998 and 1999.

4.2.2.4. Applied knowledge About Living Conditions in the Baltic States (ALIBI) This project is based on seminar activities in the Baltic states in a comparative perspective. The aim is to raise interest for and the capability to apply living conditions parameters in modern social planning in the Baltic states. The main means of achieving the aim is planned dissemination of data and analyses from NORBALT, as well as Norwegian and Nordic experiences in the field.

4.2.2.5. Baltic Comparative Studies (BALSAM) This is a follow-up project to NORBALT. The aim is to put the findings of the national investigation of living conditions into a comparative perspective. In this way, the project will provide an overview of similarities and differences in living conditions in the Baltic states. The project, financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has produced a report providing an overview supported by tables and figures.

Fafo has earlier carried out the project High Income Groups in Lithuania. The purpose was identification of high income groups in the country, to give a scientifically-founded estimate of the size of these groups, and to construct various scenarios for anticipated development of these groups during the immediate five-year period. The project used Fafo’s own survey data on Lithuania, as well as official Lithuanian statistics.

For 1998, three main areas are subject to follow-up: · The NORBALT living conditions investigation

· A Nordic-Baltic summer course in comparative survey methods in Valmiera, Latvia

· The establishment of a centre of expertise on the Baltic states at Fafo.

4.2.2.6. Networks Fafo enjoys a unique position in Norwegian social research with its focus on living conditions and social development. Fafo has developed a stronglink, formal and informal, with NUPI,

54 Institute of Comparative Politics at the , and with Project Balticum at the University of Oslo. Both Fafo and Project Balticum are working within the field of democracy/institution building, and participate in each other’s seminar activities. A number of academic communities have expressed interest in co-operation on teaching on methodology at universities in the Baltic states.

Fafo and the Central Bureau of Statistics have taken part in building up the national statistical service in the Baltic states. A certain division of labour is present, in which Fafo is developing expertise in carrying out analyses of large surveys, whereas the Central Bureau of Statistics works as advisors in connection with the establishment of registers of population, business firms and property.

Basic centres within the Nordic network comprise: Finland: Institute of Social Research STAKES/Jussi Simpura Denmark: Centre for Alternative Social Analysis/Henning Hansen Sweden: Central Bureau of Statistics/Prof. Joachim Vogel Södertörn College/Denny Vågerö.

Three Baltic guest researchers had affiliations with Fafo during the autumn of 1996: Dr. Dagmar Kutsar of the University of Tartu; Ilze Trapenciere of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Riga; and Vida Cesnuityte, Institute of Labour and Social Research, Vilnius. During the autumn of 1997, Alar Kein of the Institute of Economics, Tallinn, spent a period as guest researcher in connection with work related to Corporate Governance and Securities Markets.

4.2.3. Institutt for Menneskerettigheter/Institute of Human Rights This Institute has one project directed towards the Baltic states: The Process of Recognition and Incorporation of States in the International Community; the Case of the Baltic States.

The project aims to clarify the political and legal dimension of human rights in international relations, by studying their role and relevance at different stages of states’ inclusion in the international community of states. The project focuses in particular upon the significance of international standards of human rights, emphasising the significance of minority rights for the stability of states. Work commenced in 1997 with the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and it will continue for two more years with the support of the National Research Council. The project is a co-operation arrangement between the Institute of Human Rights at the University of Oslo; the Latvian Institute of Human Rights at the Faculty of Law, the University of Latvia; the Estonian Legal Information Centre for Human Rights, and the University of Tartu. The project also has the purpose of developing the expertise of research and education at the Baltic co-operating institutions. Operative leader of the project is Dr. Maria Lundberg. Responsible for the project is Director Asbjørn Eide, Institute of Human Rights.

55 4.2.4. Prosjekt Balticum at the University of Oslo Prosjekt Balticum is run by the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Oslo. It is an umbrella programme for various parallel activities directed towards the Baltic states. The various tasks of the Project are founded on the co-operation agreements between the University of Oslo and various universities in the Baltic states, as well as general national guidelines laid down in the Norwegian Government’s Action Programme for Eastern Europe.

Prosjekt Balticum comprises three main activities: Research in and about the Baltic states, researcher exchange arrangements, and educational activities.

The research projects are aiming at producing knowledge and increased understanding of the processes of transition in the Baltic countries. These activities are tied to three independent , but co-operating projects based on original empirical data material: The Elite Project, the Parliamentarism Project and the Environment Project. All three are co-operation projects with Baltic researchers.

The Exchange Programme offers Baltic researchers stays at the University of Oslo, as well as participation in the Erasmus Programme. Each year the University of Oslo arranges the Baltikum Seminar, at which the individual researchers may present and discuss their works. The Seminar terminates annually with a conference Development and Government of the Nation State.

The Educational Programme is organised in two sections: One about the development of Political Science as a study field at universities in all three Baltic states, including programmes leading up to Bachelor level, and one section based on courses at Master level for Norwegian students also comprising study excursions and teaching in the Baltic states.

The three activities are led by Prof. Per Kristen Mydske, Prof. Anton Steen and Assistant Professor Arne Stokke, respectively, all based at the Department of Political Science at the University of Oslo. They are assisted by Baltic and Norwegian students and Baltic guest researchers.

4.2.4.1. Tendency The main tendency shows a steady prolongation of the activities mentioned, with some development of each one’s perspective.

Within the Elite Project comparisons are undertaken of first and second generation political elite, in order to measure policy orientations, attitudes, and integration in society. The main perspective is how the new elite relate to the evolving society both in general and within specific sectors. The justification for these studies is an assumption that weak social institutions make elite even more crucial for maintaining political stability and for giving direction to the social development.

56 Within the field of environment, current work emphasises formulation and implementation of national policies, along with the implementation of international goals and policies. Adaptation to international standards, programmes and assistance comes into focus, in the perspective of the interaction between local and central institutions. From a concentration of environmental problems connected to the agricultural sector, the perspective will be expanded to comprise aspects of industry at municipal level. The environmental aspect will to a greater extent become co-ordinated with research about administrative reform, with a view to illuminating efficiency problems within the environmental administration.

The Environment Project will be finalised in 1998.

The Parliamentarism Project continues with a number of sub-projects. The aim is to reinforce the further development of Public Administration as an individual discipline in the Baltic states.

The arrangement under the educational programme of Prosjekt Balticum, under which students from the Baltic states attend Erasmus courses, also continues in 1998.

4.2.4.2. Projects and programmes All of the three projects mentioned are geared to central development channels in the process of transition in the Baltic states. The projects offer an opportunity to obtain knowledge as well as training in democracy development, social change, modernisation and the solution of basic social problems. The research projects also provide the foundation for the development of expertise, exchange and education that is happening through the other activities of Prosjekt Balticum.

The Elite Project is occupied with the analysis of the new elite’s role in democratic development and state government. The central question is whether the new state formations also imply renewal of the leading elite with respect to recruitment and basic attitudes to democracy, society and politics. The research has been based on extensive interviews of eight different elite categories in the three Baltic states. 900 persons (300 in each Baltic state) have been interviewed. Surveys of a representative selection of the population have also been conducted in order to compare differences in attitudes between various social classes.

The Parliamentarism Project has as its prime aim to provide realistic and valid documentation of parliamentary practice in the newly established steering systems in the Baltic countries. Public documents, six parliamentary elections (two in each country) and three very extensive interview investigations constitute the data base for the ongoing studies. All representatives of each country’s parliament have been included.

The Environment Project is described under the heading Environment and Society.

57 4.2.4.3. Networks Personal contacts in central institutions such as governments and scientific institutions in the three Baltic countries, as well as the Norwegian Embassies in these countries, and the Baltic states’ Embassies in Norway, are considered essential networks. Contacts are maintained through meetings, common educational activities, seminars and conferences. Since 1992, six Norwegian-Baltic conferences on the political development in the Baltic states have been held in Oslo. Participants in typical Prosjekt Balticum activities dominate, supplemented with external researchers in the field. The conferences function as a forum for new and old contacts, and they represent a natural point of departure for follow-up and elaboration of co-operation. The conferences have also been serving as a means of evaluating the development of the discipline Political Science in the Baltic states, as well as of the performance of their aspiring researchers.

Prof. Anton Steen has for a long time been a Norwegian member of the Steering Committee for the Euro Faculty. Prof. Per K. Mydske is currently a member of the Academic Advisory Board for the Social Sciences at the Euro Faculty. He was also appointed as chairman of an evaluation committee for the organisation of studies in Public Policy and Administration in the Baltic states. Ass. Prof. Arne J. Stokke has served as international observer for all parliamentary elections in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. He has also been observer for the sessions of the Baltic Assembly since its establishment in 1992.

Courses in Political Science on the political development in the Baltic states The Department of Political Science at the University of Oslo arranged such courses for Norwegian students at Master’s level during the spring terms of 1995, 1996 and 1997. Each course lasts one term, and is offered as part of the Master’s degree study. Around one third of the teaching has been given in Oslo, whereas the main parts of the teaching has been delivered by Baltic colleagues at their domestic universities. Several of these students have continued their studies of Baltic state conditions in their dissertation work. Baltic colleagues have shown great interest in the courses. The arrangement also offers an opportunity for direct observations of how Baltic state teachers conduct their teaching.

Travel and stays in the Baltic states have mainly been financed by the East Europe Action Programme (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), whereas the Institute of Political Science has contributed with a minor share.

4.2.5. Institute of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen The Institute has co-operative arrangements with universities in the Baltic states. It currently has 11 Baltic students. Some Norwegian students at the Institute are currently following courses at co-operating universities in the Baltic states. The Institute mainly offers courses and assistance in setting up educational programmes within the fields of Organisation and Administration Studies, as well as studies of political parties, party systems and decision- making processes.

58 4.3. Environment and Society

4.3.1. The Environment Project at Prosjekt Balticum The project aims to analyse how the Baltic states are capable of promoting both international environmental goals (the Baltic Sea Agreement) as well as national goals. Social, political and administrative aspects are considered in the investigation of national environment political priorities and the implementation of the goals at local level. The project both comprises central and local institutions. The Environment Project is part of a Nordic co-operation programme supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Nordic arrangement comprises co-operation with scientific communities at universities and research institutions in the Baltic states, who contribute with the collection of scientific data.

4.3.2. Norsk Institutt for By- og Regionsforskning/NIBR (Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional Research Research directed towards the Baltic Sea area is a comparatively small part of NIBR’s work. The main emphasis of its research is based on environmental administration and corresponding administrative instruments, notably Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The social and administrative context of individual countries, most notably the Baltic states, is seen as particularly interesting. This is justified by the observation that a large part of administrative measures is derived from obligations in international agreements, and that the operators of such measures insufficiently comprehend the social context in which many measures are implemented, thus giving little effect. Using Latvia as a special case, research has been undertaken about the use of environmental expertise and the understanding of environmental issues in post-communist countries.

4.3.2.1. Tendency The current tendency is a steady emphasis on the types of questions mentioned, since 1992. There has been at least one project on one Baltic Sea country each year. Currently, the main activity is a larger project on environmental problems in industry-based communities, carried out through a comparison between Latvia and Archangels Oblast in Russia.

Phase II of the project will be a comparison of nature conservation areas in the same places, serving as a case study of how modern instruments for environmental protection work in industry- based communities.

4.3.2.2. Projects and programmes The NIBR programme Environment and Development is a comprehensive programme covering inter alia Northeastern Europe. The aim is to build up knowledge about the relationship between environment and development and how political goals and strategies, administration and steering strategies taken together may contribute to integration of environment and development. Within the programme, NIBR develops networks and research contacts in inter alia Northeastern Europe. The projects under this programme mainly cover

59 studies of local administration and the management of environmental concerns and natural resources.

The most important project activities comprise: · One project financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers about IEA in the three Baltic states. The aim is to provide a common meeting place for personnel in environment administrations.

· Comparative project (see above description).

· Regional Science Association’s conference series on Nordic-Baltic regional science.

The conferences are biannual. They gather academics and professionals from a number of sectors, inter alia geography, economy, planning and business life. Jan Mønnesland of NIBR represents RSA on the Seminar Committee. The fifth of these conferences will be held in Pärnu, Estonia in October 1998, covering interaction between global and local questions connected to the transition process in the post-communist countries.

Jørn Holm-Hansen has participated extensively in the project work, and also written articles about questions of integration and ethnicity in the Baltic states. Main responsibility is carried by Arne Tesli and Terje Kleven. Through this programme, there has been collaboration with the Institute of Ecological Problems in the North, the Russian Academy of Science, Archangels, and the Institute of Environmental Science and Management (CESAMS) at University of Latvia, Riga.

4.3.2.3. Networks NIBR has very little scientific contact with other Norwegian institutes in this field. The reason being that NIBR’s activity in the field is limited in relation to other institute activities, and also quite specialised. The available resources are directed towards the countries in focus rather than towards networking with other Norwegian Institutes. A project on Latvia and Kazachstan has been carried out in collaboration with Pål Kolstø at the Institute of East European and Oriental Studies at the University of Oslo. Jan Mønnesland is heading the Nordic section of RSA, within which there is a lively Cupertino on the Nordic-Baltic conferences on regional politics and transregional research. The following research communities should be mentioned as important network partners:

Finland: Institute of Geography at the University of Joensuu Denmark: Institute of Geography and Socio-economic Analysis, Roskilde University Sweden: Stockholm Technical College Swedish Institute for Regional Research (SIR), Östersund NordREGIO (Nordic, under Nordic Council of Ministers), Stockholm.

60 4.4. History, Identity and Ethnicity

4.4.1. Institute of East European and Oriental Studies at the University of Oslo Assistant Professor Pål Kolstø received a grant in 1992 from the East European Action Programme (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) for the conference on The New Russian Diaspora, in collaboration with the Institute of History at the University of Latvia. The conference resulted in the book The New Russian Diaspora.

In 1995-96 Kolstø led the research project Nation Building and Ethnic Integration in bi-polar Soviet Societies: The Cases of Latvia and Kazachstan.

This project, building on both Political Science and Sociology, was financed by the Norwegian Research Council. The research group consisted of two Norwegians, Pål Kolstø and Jørn Holm-Hansen of NIBR, and Aina Antane of the Latvian Academy of Science, Boris Zhilecvich of the independent Institute Baltic Insight, and Irina Malchova of the Giller Institute at Almathy, Kazachstan. The aim has been to study socio-ethnic integration in Latvia and Kazachstan in a perspective of nation-building.

4.5. Regional Studies NIBR, as described above, sustains a small number of staff with research activities in the field.

However, there is no national centre in Norway in this field of research. Regional studies relevant to the Baltic Sea area are nevertheless frequently carried out in Norway in connection with work at various institutions occupied with social research. Norwegian regional studies should also be mentioned in light of the great attention the field has got in Danish, Finnish and Swedish research on Baltic Sea issues, attention naturally stimulated by these countries’ location in the area. The fact that the most extensive inter-state co-operation in the Baltic Sea area is carried out at sub-state levels may also speak for anticipating stronger efforts in the field also in future Norwegian research.

Working with the Lillehammer School of Management, Prof. Noralv Veggeland stands out as a leading Nordic expert in the field. In various publications on international regional co- operation and regional integration, Veggeland has dealt with questions relating to the Baltic Sea area.

61 62 5. Finland Jesper Manniche

5.1. University of Tampere

5.1.1. Department of Regional Studies and Environmental Policy At the Department three researchers are occupied with Baltic Sea issues - all concerning the topic of migration pressures in Eastern parts of Europe. Olli Kultalahti, associate professor, PhD, is presently completing a report on Social Changes in transition countries in Central and East Europe, financed by the Academy of Finland. The project analyses the attitudes and willingness to immigrate among the educated labour forces in Tallinn, St. Petersburg, Prague, and Bratislava. Ilari Karppi, researcher, PhD, research includes European institutional changes, meso systems and regionalism, and management in a spatial context, and work on the project Institutional Changes and Migration Pressure. Heikki Rantala, researcher, M.Sc. (Adm.Sc.), focuses on East-West migration, labour markets in transition economies, informal economy, and is working on the project Migration Pressure and Labour Market in Transition Economies.

5.1.2. Department of Political Science and International Relations The Department consists of two academic chairs: Political Science and International Relations. In addition the Department has a Jean Monnet Chair in European Integration and Regional Co-operation. There are about 20 researchers, among whom only Guillaume Bennehard, PhD- student (International Relations), is occupied with Baltic Sea issues. His PhD thesis is on Information Society and Regionalisation in the Baltic Sea Region: The (De)Consolidation of Democratisation? Some keywords for this research are information technology, networking, co-operation networks, transnational region, patterns of democratisation, technology and politics. The initial phase of the project has been financed by the Information Society Research Centre (INSOC) at his Department, but at the moment the financial basis is rather uncertain. Bennehard is also involved in the establishment of a new research network called The Network Institute for Global Democratisation, founded in Helsinki in 1997, which at the moment is raising funds for a number of research projects related to the impact of globalisation on democratisation.

5.2. University of Turku

5.2.1. Department of Political Science University of Turku has a cross disciplinary Master student programme on Baltic Sea countries, based at the Department of History. However, according to our information the only

63 Department at the University of Turku with Baltic Sea related research is the Department of Political Science, where the level of activity is very small. The research at the Department is, in general, focused on discipline oriented political science issues, and only Antti Kaski, M.Pol.Sci., PhD-student (at the moment employed in the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs), is engaged in Baltic related research. His PhD project The integration of the Baltic states the into the European Union in the context of a European security complex concerns security, regionalism and international politics in the Baltic Sea Region, using Barry Buzan’s new concept of security.

5.3. University of Joensuu

5.3.1. Department of Geography The Department of Geography belongs to two faculties. Geography can be studied as a main subject at the Faculty of Science or at the Faculty of Social Sciences. At the Faculty of Social Sciences, on which this survey has been based, students specialise in Human Geography with an emphasis on spatial development and planning. About 200 graduate students and 20 doctoral students study at the Department of Geography. The permanent teaching staff of the Department consists of eight people with PhDs: two professors, one associate professor, four assistant professors and one senior lecturer. One of the main research fields at the Department is border regions and cross border co-operation. Within this field four researchers are engaged in research on the Baltic Sea Region:

Perttu Vartiainen, Dr. and Professor of Human Geography (recently appointed to be the new Principal of the University of Joensuu, so his future research is perhaps a little uncertain). His research fields are: theoretical bases of geography; settlement system and demographic changes; urban systems and networks; local and regional development in peripheral areas. He is Head of the research project Urban networking as a learning process in the Baltic Sea Region - a joint Finnish, Swedish and Danish project, supported by NordREFO and NOS-S. Besides Vartiainen and Janne Antikainen (M.Sc., research assistant at the Department), the project is carried out by Mats Johansson and Kent Eliasson (Swedish Institute of Regional Research), John Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen, Department of Geography), Bo Forsström (Data City Centre in Turku) and Sari Söderlund (Turku School of Economics and Business Administration). Working and conference papers from this project are available, and a final report is expected later in 1998. Vartiainen also takes part in another project, carried out within the framework of the research network Civic Culture Forum. Civic Culture in Russia and the Baltic Sea Region, which is co-ordinated by Ilkka Liikanen (Karelian Institute at the University of Joensuu):

Civic Culture and Nationality in North-West Russia and Estonia, 1985-1997. With pilot funding from the Finnish Academy. Participants: Department of Sociology, , University of Joensuu (Karelian Institute and Department of Geography), in co-

64 operation with Centre for Independent Social Research, St. Petersburg and Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn.

Jouni Häkli, Dr., Head of Department, Acting Professor in Human Geography, Docent at University of Tampere. His research fields are: cultural studies of politics, history of national identity and territoriality, urban development and nature in cities. Häkli leads the project Cross minorities in the new Europe about the Russian minority in Estonia, on which Joni Virkkunen, researcher at the Department, also is engaged. Joni Virkkunen wrote his Master thesis (1997) on: Modern territoriality and minority politicisation - the discourse of the Estonian view of state from 1725 to 1997.

The Department has also designed the Master’s degree programme (taught in English) The Human Geography Programme - Northern and Eastern Europe in a Global Context. The programme focuses on the restructuring of Northern and Eastern Europe by looking at a wide range of environmental, cultural, political and economic issues. Both theoretical and practical approaches to the European transformation are studied. The programme is designed for a maximum group of 15 students, both international and Finnish. Besides degree students, the study programme is also open to exchange students (ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, ISEP etc.), who are pursuing Human Geography studies as part of their studies.

5.3.2. Karelian Institute Karelian Institute is a research unit at the University of Joensuu. Its task is to carry out basic and applied research of the intellectual and materialistic development of Eastern Finland and Karelia. Multidisciplinary research on these geographical areas are carried out within three departments (Ecology, Humanities and Social Sciences) with five main priorities of research: · Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Formation of Civil Society in north-western Russia. · Periphery: Restructuring and Prospects. · History of Nature and Human Activities in Eastern Finland and Karelia. · Natural resources and water ecosystems of the Saimaa and Ladoga lake systems. · Society vis-à-vis Environment.

Thus, the Baltic Sea Regionis not a particularly central research field. However, some Baltic Sea related research activities are going on:

Ilkka Liikanen, research fellow, PhD (civil society and political movements) is co-ordinator for the international research network Civic Culture Forum. Civic Culture in Russia and the Baltic Sea Region. A Forum for Comparative Study. The Civic Culture Forum is a network of researchers, established to advance the study of civic culture in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The aim of the forum is to discuss, promote and co-ordinate research on collective action and social networks, especially in contemporary Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The emphasis is on encouraging concrete research, but the perspective of discussion is comparative with special regard to the experience of the Northern Europe, Scandinavia, Finland and the Baltic Sea RegionThe Civic Culture Forum is the result of earlier Finnish- Russian co-operation in the study of civil society in the Northern Europe, which culminated in

65 a seminar held in St. Petersburg in January 1996. The focus of study of network members has been both on established forms of civic initiatives (voluntary associations, political parties, ethnic, religious, or issue-based movements) and on the more informal forms of collective action, counter culture and social networks. The co-ordinating committee of the network consists of: · Ilkka Liikanen, Co-ordinator of the network. · Risto Alapuro, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki. · Jeremy Smith, PhD, Lecturer in Russian Politics, Edge Hill University Collage, University of Lancaster and the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. · Jelena Zdravomyslova, PhD, Senior researcher, Centre for Independent Social Research, and European University in St. Petersburg.

The following research projects have until now been launched within the framework of the network:

Civic Culture in Transition. Voluntary Association and Social Networks in St. Petersburg and the Karelian Republic 1985-2000. Proposal for the European INTAS programme. Participants: Karelian Institute (University of Joensuu), Karelian Research Centre (Petrozavodsk), Centre for Independent Social Research (St. Petersburg), Department of Sociology (University of Helsinki), Department of History (Uppsala University), School of Slavonic and East European Studies (University of London).

Civic Culture and Nationality in Estonia and the Baltic Sea Region, 1985-1997”. Pilot funding from the joint Nordic NOS-S programme. Participants: Karelian Institute (University of Joensuu), Department of Sociology (University of Helsinki), Department of History (University of Uppsala), Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (Oslo), Institute of International and Social Studies (Tallinn) and Department of Politics (University of Tartu).

Civic Culture and Nationality in north-west Russia and Estonia, 1985-1997. Pilot funding from the Finnish Academy. Participants: Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Karelian Institute, University of Joensuu, Department of Geography, University of Joensuu in co-operation with the Centre for Independent Social Research, St. Petersburg and the Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn.

The Civic Culture Forum are preparing the conference Education and Civic Culture in Post- Communist Societies, in association with the Study Group on Education in Russia, The Independent States and Eastern Europe, affiliated to the School of Slavonic and East European Studies. It will be held in November 1998 at the University of London.

66 5.4. University of Helsinki, Aleksanteri Institute (Finnish Centre for Russian and East Europe Studies - FCREES) Aleksanteri Institute was founded in 1996 as a national co-ordinating unit and Research Institute, based at the University of Helsinki. The Institute · promotes and co-ordinates Finnish higher education and research on Russian and Eastern European issues · provides expert services and information on topics related to contemporary society research · promotes networking and initiatives among academic and business communities, public administration and politicians · provides projects financing consultation for the academic community · runs an academic publishing house, Kikimora Publications.

The start up phase on the Institute is still being completed. Until now, much of the efforts of the Institute have been focused on designing a Master’s Programme: Finnish University Network for Russian and East European Studies. The Institute has co-ordinated the development and establishment of an extensive study programme based on a new form of inter-university co-operation and networking between Finnish universities joining forces to advance Russian and Eastern European studies. The Masters Programme is planned to start in autumn 1998. The programme aims to provide students of various disciplines - e g. economics, political, social or cultural studies, history, law or linguistics - with knowledge and understanding of Russia and other Eastern European countries and help them to become specialists, to work in research, business and international organisations. The programme is designed for those studying for their Master’s degree at any Finnish network member university, holding a Bachelor’s degree or equivalent, and having knowledge of Russian or other Eastern European language. Along with the larger programme, the universities of Lapland, Tampere and Turku run smaller Master’s degree programmes in the field of Russian and Eastern European studies, each having an emphasis on regional core expertise (e.g. Lapland on the Barents region, Joensuu on Russian Karelia, and Turku on the Baltic Sea Region), all of which make up parts of the network. Teachers are from all the Finnish universities, as well as from abroad. Contact people for the Finnish University Network for Russian and East European Studies are Tapani Kaakkuriniemi and Maija Lummepuro.

Efforts have also been made to design a multidisciplinary PhD programme on Russian Studies (social studies in transition incl. economics, policies, administration, culture, law), as well as a data bank with registers of Finnish research projects and specialists within the Russian and Eastern European fields.

One specifically Baltic Sea related activity of the Institute is the establishment of a Baltic Information Service Unit, financed through the EU programme OFFICE by FIM 2 million for a two year period. The Institute has also organised a course for Estonian policemen on West European police work, and in 1998 the Institute started Baltic Ecoforum, an educational and training programme for local environmental authorities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, financed through EU’s Interreg programme.

67 The director of the Aleksanteri Institute is Markku Kivinen.

5.4.1. Department of Sociology Amongst the Departments of sociology investigated in this survey, research on the former communist countries in the Baltic Sea area is rather sparse. One exception is the Department of Sociology at the University of Helsinki. The Department is undertaking a major research project, Cultural inertia and social change - a comparison study of cultural inertia, social change, social networks and classes, the importance of gender in Estonia, Russia and Finland. The project is financed through the Finnish Academy by a grant of FIM 1.7 million, and is divided into the following five sub-projects:

Sexuality and gender system (by Elina Haaviio-Manila, Professor, Head of Project, and Anna Rotkirch, PhD-student). Luxury in the Soviet Union (by Jukka Gronow, researcher). Civil Society (by Risto Alupuro, Head of Department). Classes, power and culture (by Markku Kivinen, director of the Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki). Social networks in daily life (by Markku Lonkila, PhD-student).

Anna Temkina is also involved in the project. A long list of publications are available from the project. Co-operating partners related to the project are: Centre for Independent Social Research, St. Petersburg, Gallup St. Petersburg, European University in St. Petersburg, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, University of Tartu, and Tallinn Pedagogical University.

Besides this project, Laura Assmuth and Aili Kelam also work on the project The Bride problem. Gender and social change in rural Estonia.

5.4.2. Department of Political Science The Department has about 620 registered students and a regular teaching staff of 16. There are two strategic research fields at the Department: Conflict Studies and Comparative Integration Studies. The Baltic Sea Regionis used in research projects within both fields. Within the field of Comparative Integration Studies there is a major project Impact of different instruments of integration on security and prosperity: what the European border co-operation and the Asian integration could learn from each other. The project leader is Timo Kivimäki, Professor of International Politics, PhD The basic idea of the project is to look at the problem of how the instruments of integration serve the interests of stability and prosperity and to compare the Asian (ASEAN) and European (EU’s border co-operation within the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Interreg I&II and the TACIS, the Baltic Council, and the Finnish national projects in the Baltic Sea and Barents region) instruments and strategies. A special emphasis is given to the problem of integration between different states/economies and to the problems of regionally disengaged/separate strategies of integration (border co-operation initiatives and the

68 special economic zones, growth areas and natural economic zones). A sub-project is called Border Co-operation in the Baltic Sea Region. Instruments of Integration in EU’s Border Co- operation, and is carried out by Elina Roine, PhD-student.

Three other PhD-students are working on theses on Baltic Sea issues:

Christopher Ullrich, on soft security (the extended security concept) in the Baltic Sea area.

Erkki Pekonen, on conflict management, defence planning, transparency of military co- operation and links between different aspects of military Cupertino in the Baltic Sea area.

Aalto Pami, on “Estonia and the construction of new boundaries in Europe” about identity creation in Estonia and antagonism between the Estonian population and the Russian minority.

5.4.3. Department of Economics The Baltic Sea area is not a central research field at the Department. According to our information only Juha Honkkila, researcher, M.Soc.Sc., is presently involved in Baltic research. He works on the research project Institutional Development in Transitional Economies, which is funded by the Academy of Finland, and directed by Pekka Sutela, Director of the Institute for Economics in Transition, Bank of Finland. The topic of Honkkila’s research is The significance of private ownership and the optimal distribution of property rights in transitional economies. A paper on this subject is in its early stages.

5.5. Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration (Hanken)

5.5.1. Department of Marketing and Corporate Geography Jan-Åke Törnroos is, according to the Internet homepage of the Department, the only researcher at the Department with research experience on Baltic Sea countries. He has carried out two research projects, Development of international industrial business relationships (1991-1995), and Starting and developing business relations with Eastern Europe - a learning perspective. This book project was carried out as a team effort between the Swedish School of Economics (Department of Corporate Geography), Turku School of Economics and Business Administration (Institute of East-West Trade), Helsinki School of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics (Institute of International Business) and Aarhus Business School. Several publications have been published from these two projects. Both dealt with firms’ process of entry, learning and adaptation on industrial markets across borders - empirically by use of Finnish and Nordic firms starting business in Estonia and Eastern Europe as important cases, and theoretically by use of a network perspective on international business development.

69 5.5.2. Department of Management and Organisation In 1909 the Swedish-speaking business community in Finland founded their own college of business. In the 1920’s it became an institution of university standing, the present Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration.

In the Department of Management and Organisation Martin Lindell, and Camilla Sigfrids, are working on the research project Finnish and Polish Management - A Comparison. The project is carried out in collaboration with Jerzy Maczynski, University of Wroclaw, Institute of Psychology, and through an analysis of the differences in management behaviours and values between Finland and Poland the project is intended to fill the knowledge gap on corporate leadership in Eastern European countries.

5.6. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration

5.6.1. Institute for East-West Trade The Institute for East-West Trade was founded in 1987 and operates as an independent Institute within the Business Research and Development Centre of the Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Among university level Institutes in Finland the Institute is one of the few specialised in education and research of transition economies of Eastern Europe and East-West trade. Its main research activities focus on Russia, the Baltic States and the Baltic Sea economic region. The Institute is engaged in academic and applied research and education in the field of East-West trade. It also offers specialised knowledge for the needs of organisations and private companies alike.

The Institute for East-West Trade is a partner in the NEBI (North European and Baltic Sea Integration) foundation.

Researchers doing research about Baltic Sea countries and their research interests are:

Urpo Kivikari, Professor of international economics, Dr. Pol. Sc.: East-West trade, the economies and economic systems of Russia and Eastern Europe, Baltic Sea economic region.

Maarit Lindström, Researcher, M.Sc. (Pol.): Baltic Sea business operations, human resource management in Russian trade.

Birgitta Sandberg, Senior Associate Researcher, M.Sc. (Economics and Business Administration).

Titta Tuokko, Assistant.

Ongoing projects concerning Baltic Sea issues are:

70 Global Development Plan for Kaliningrad Oblast, by Urpo Kivikari and Maarit Lindström in co-operation with the University of Grenoble. External grants: TACIS.

The Economic Relations between Southern Finland, the Tallin Region and the St. Petersburg Region - The Application of Growth Triangle as a Means of Development, by Maarit Lindström and Urpo Kivikari. External grants: SITRA.

The Baltic Region as a Target Area for Tourism, by Titta Tuokko. External grants: City of Turku.

The Baltic Sea Region as an Enlarged Home-Market - Environment-Strategy Relationship of Finnish Firms, by Birgitta Sandberg.

5.7. Tampere Peace Research Institute Founded by the Finnish Parliament, Tampere Peace Research Institute opened in 1970. Since 1994 TAPRI have been an independent research centre within the framework of the University of Tampere. Most of the research carried out at the Institute has centred around the following major areas: problems of armament, disarmament and security and theories of war and peace; Finnish foreign and security policy; the Third World, the structure of the international system, relationships between development and disarmament, as well as peace and development research and peace education. In recent years much of the research has focused on the European political change, on the Baltic region and on the issue of Northern Dimension. Many publications on the Baltic Sea Region are available from the Institute. At present, research is focused on the issue of peaceful change, and research on the Baltic Sea Region is occurring within two of the three main strategic research projects at the Institute, namely:

I. Political change and security in Europe The focus in this project is on the Baltic Sea Region. There are studies on the relations, conflicts and Co-operation patterns between the states and societies of the region. Also around this theme the central question is, how the whole Baltic Sea Region could develop into a genuine secure community. Within TAPRI’s research programme it is especially the Baltic Sea Region where the security project and regionalisation project coincide. The project The political change and security in Europe is also related to international co-operation networks. Two of them are: · Focus on Co-operation and Security - the Baltic, a project, in which the Department of War Studies, King´s College (London) is the other partner and which is a training and research project for foreign policy and security experts from the three Baltic states. · Democratic Security Building in the Baltic States, a project financed by the PHARE programme of the European Union and where the main partner is Staffordshire University. Also this project is for participants from the three Baltic states, and here special attention is paid to the military-civilian relationship in democratic societies.

71 The director of the project Political change and security in Europe is Unto Vesa, Senior Research Fellow, M.A. (pol.sci). Other scholars working within the project at the Institute are Jouko Huru, research fellow, Lic.Soc.Sci. (International Relations), Arto Nokkala, visiting research fellow, Lic. Pol.Sc. (International Politics), and Tarja Väyrynen, research fellow (The Academy of Finland), MA and PhD (International Relations and International Conflict Analysis).

II. Regionalisation and regional Cupertino in Europe The historical background of the project is two research projects from the years 1987-1992: Sustainable development and security in the Arctic and Co-operation in the Baltic Sea Region. This background explains why the Barents Euro-Arctic Region and the Baltic Sea Region are special cases within the regionalisation project, which was launched back in 1993.

The director of the regionalisation project is Jyrki Käkönen, research director of the Institute, Dr.

Other participating researchers are Susanna Perko, research fellow, and Pirjo Jukarainen, research fellow.

5.8. Department of Statistics and Economic Research in Aland (Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå - ÅSUB) The main task of ÅSUB is to provide the official statistics about the Aland economy and to carry out analysis and research, relevant for Aland. ÅSUB participates (especially through its director, Bjarne Lindström, fil. lic.) in several international research networks on integration in Norden and Norden’s surrounding areas, and the Baltic Sea Regionis central for the research activities. Lindström was director of NordREFO (the Nordic Institute for Regional Policy Research in Stockholm and Copenhagen) from 1993 to 1997, and is known as one of the central Nordic researchers on regional development and regional policy. Presently, Lindström is involved in the following Baltic Sea related research activities: · Together with Lars Hedegaard (editor of the journal North) Lindström was main editor of the NEBI Yearbook 1998 (North European and Baltic Integration), and of the new NEBI Yearbook edition for 1999. The topic for the coming edition, on which Lindström and Hedegaard are writing an introduction, is the Nordic-Baltic dimension of the policies of EU. · Preparing a proposal for Interreg-2c grants on Urban Systems and Urban Networking in the Baltic Sea Region (together with Niels Boje Groth, Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute). This project proposal is initiated by the Committee for Spatial Development in the Baltic Sea Region, which also was connected to the VASAB 2010 report. · A project on changes in the surrounding framework conditions (markets, infrastructures, geopolitics, EU integration process etc.) for development in the Baltic Sea Region.

72 · A project on maritime infrastructures in the Baltic Sea Region, initiated and financed by the Council of Peripheral Maritime Regions. · An article project on cross border co-operation in the Baltic Sea Region for the new regional scientific journal Regional Development and Co-operation, initiated by Alexander Granberg, Russian Academy of Science in St. Petersburg. · Analysis for the so-called B7 co-operation project, a collaborative network project for the seven major islands in the Baltic Sea, supported by Nordic Council and EU.

5.9. Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition The Bank of Finland has established its own research Institute, doing research on economic issues of the Eastern European countries (including Russia). The researchers are almost exclusively economists.

The director, Pekka Sutela, has written a large number of Baltic Sea relevant publications. Presently, two researchers are involved in Baltic Sea research activities, Ilkka Korhonen and Niina Pautola.

The ongoing projects are: Iikka Korhonen: Baltic Securities Markets, in co-operation with Toivo Kuus from Estonian Institute of Economics and Villu Zirnask from Talinvest Ltd. The study describes how the securities markets have developed in three small transition economies, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The paper from the project is going to be published in the Institute’s Review of Economics in Transition, 5/1998.

Niina Pautola: Currency Boards in Central and Eastern Europe: Past Experiences and Future Perspectives, in co-operation with Peter Backe from the Central Bank of Austria. The Relationship between Economic Growth, Speed of Liberalisation and Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.

5.10. Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA) ETLA is a research Institute financed by the private business sector in Finland (primarily large companies like banks, insurances companies, and trade companies), doing research on the Finnish economy. Back in 1993 ETLA launched a special research programme on Eastern Europe, to respond to the problems related to the transition to a market economy - a programme that is still ongoing.

Analysis of the three Baltic states and Russia (particularly the north-western regions) have been central in the programme. The programme is co-ordinated by Inkeri Hirvensalo. Important contributors are Julianna Borsos-Tortila, Birgitta Berg-Andersson, and Mika

73 Erkklä. Also Dr. Pentti Vartia, Managing Director of ETLA, Dr. Kari Alho and Pekka Ylä- Anttila, Managing Director of Etlatieto Ltd. have contributed.

Ongoing projects concerning the Baltic Sea Region are: · Direct investment strategies of Nordic multinational companies in Central and Eastern Europe, a PhD thesis by Julianna Borsos-Torstila, funded by the Academy of Finland. It is expected to be completed in autumn 1998.

· Foreign trade relations, trade regimes and foreign direct investment in the Baltic countries, by Inkeri Hirvensalo and Birgitta Berg-Andersson in collaboration with researchers from all three Baltic countries as well as from a Swedish research Institute. The topics addressed are: 1) the status and character of mutual trade and FDI flows between the Baltic economies and between them and third countries; 2) Barriers and impediments to trade and FDI, the role of trade policy related and non-policy factors; 3) Implications for external economic relations and the domestic economies. The study is funded by the PHARE/ACE programme and will be completed by the end of 1998.

· Lithuanian pension system: Alternatives and proposals for the future, by Jukka Lassila, and Eija Kauppi in collaboration with researchers from two Lithuanian Institutes and the University of Copenhagen. The project aims at developing a simulation model for analysing pension policies and social security in Lithuania, formulating alternatives for pension systems in Lithuania, evaluating different scenarios of transition to the new systems, and formulating proposals concerning pension and other social security policies. The project is funded by the PHARE/ACE programme.

· Financing trade and direct investments from Finland to Russia, on cases of successful and unsuccessful financial arrangements in trade and direct investments from Finland to Russia. The study is funded by the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Finland.

74 6. Germany Mette Krogh Olsen

6.1. Philipps-Universität Marburg

6.1.1. Fachbereich Geographie Fachbereich Geographie (Department of Geography) does not include the Baltic Sea Region as a main field of research. Research here is more multi/cross disciplinary.

The main areas of research at the Institute are: Professor Dr. Ekkehard Buchhofer’s specific field of interest is Poland, the Baltic States and economic and transport geography. Professor Buchhofer has previously undertaken two projects which dealt with the Baltic Sea Region.

Regional aspects of transition of Polish industrial enterprises. Professor Buchhofer co- operated with Professor Dr. B. Kortus from Jagiellonian University of Krakow on the project. The project was supported by Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (appr. the German Research Council).

Retail trade in Russian border towns of the Kaliningrad Region, the project was carried out in co-operation with Dr. V. Korneevel from the State University of Kaliningrad and supported by the Volkswagen Stiftung (Foundation).

The Institute has also established an official partnership agreement with the University of Kaliningard.

6.2. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald

6.2.1. Philosophische Fakultät, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft At the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft (Institute for Political Science) there are three professors and just as many assistant professors employed. At present there are approximately 120 students at the Institute.

The scientists at the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft mainly concentrate on issues concerning Northern Europe and the Baltic Sea Region. At the moment the scientific work deals with the following subjects: · The political culture of Scandinavia. · Modern political theory, especially concerning the Scandinavian welfare state.

75 · Religion and politics. · Security policy in the North and around the Baltic Sea. · Political culture in Russia. · NATO’s enlargement in Eastern Europe.

One of the international research projects (carried out in co-operation with Uppsala, Örebro and Oslo universities) currently underway concerns the restructuring of the welfare state within the young generations. Both Poland and the Baltic States have shown interest in the project.

Institut für Politische Wissenschaft has established co-operation with the following universities: Stettin (Poland), Warsaw (Poland), Aarhus (Denmark), Minsk (Belorussia) and Munich (Germany).

Unfortunately we are not able to give further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region research at this Institute as we have not yet received it. At the Institute we are in contact with Professor Dr. Walther Rottholz who is doing research within the field of the Baltic Sea Region.

6.2.2. Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre At the Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre (Chair for Business Economics) the subject called Internationaler Kapitalmarkt und Internationales Finanzmanagement (International capital market and international financial management) deals with the Baltic Sea Region. At the moment the professor post is unfilled.

6.3. Universität Rostock

6.3.1. Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Lehrstuhl für ABWL: Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie The main area of research at the Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie (Chair for economic and organizational psychology) is the psychology of service encounter, motivation, extra-role behaviour and intercultural communication. There are three academic staff-members at the Institute.

At the moment Dr. Rosina Neumann, assistant psychologist, is engaged in carrying out research on the problems of intercultural communication.

76 Project title: Intercultural communication, problems in communication between German and Russian managers. The project is supported by the DAAD, and co-operates with the University of Moscow, the Institute of Psychology, Prof. G. Andreeva.

In the future the Institute will try to increase their involvement within the field of the Baltic Sea Region quantitatively.

6.3.2. Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lehrstuhl für Außenwirtschaft Presently there are no ongoing projects, but Professor of International Economics in Rostock, Michael Rascher, will in the future try to carry out a project applying Paul Krugman’s models within the field of economic geography to the Baltic Sea Region. Professor Dr. Rascher’s research areas are: environmental and resource economics, international trade, open-economy public finance, industrial organisation, economics of social status, growth theory, dynamic optimisation and chaos and catastrophe theory.

6.3.3. Institut für Verkehr und Logistik The Institute for Traffic and Logistics has existed in its current form since autumn 1990. Teaching and research cover traffic, logistics and tourism. Education and research at the Institute lies within the field of economy and sociology

The main areas of research at the Institute are the following: · Interaction between regional economy/area planning · traffic · tourism · free market transformation in traffic/ traffic at sea · function of traffic within the development of the Baltic Sea Region

The following research projects were carried out between 1994 to 1996 at the Institute:

The development aims of German sea ports within the Baltic Sea Area until 2010. The project was carried out on behalf of the Bundesverkehrsminister (German Ministry for Transport), and prepared in co-operation with the Ostseeinstitut für Marketing, Verkehr und Tourismus (Baltic Institute for Marketing, Transport and Tourism), the Institut für Seeverkehrswirtschaft und Logistik (Institute for seatransport and logistics) in Bremen and the Baltic Marine Consult GmbH Rostock-Warnemünde. (in work)

The Institute has established co-operation with universities in Poland, Finland, Great Britain, Denmark, France, Cuba and other countries. Furthermore the Institute also works in close connection with the Ostseeinstitut für Marketing, Verkehr und Tourismus at the Rostock University.

Unfortunately we are not able to provide further information on research of the Baltic Sea Region, since we have not received any. It should be noted that there is extensive co-operation

77 with the Baltic Institute of Rostock University, described below as they both have the same director, namely Professor Dr. Karl Heinz Breitzmann.

6.3.4. Ostseeinstitut für Marketing, Verkehr und Tourismus - Baltic Institute of Marketing, Transport and Tourism The research at the Baltic Institute of Marketing, Transport and Tourism is multi/cross disciplinary, however the Baltic Sea Region is featured. At the moment there are no projects being written on the Baltic Sea Region.

The Baltic Institute of Marketing, Transport and Tourism was founded because of the profound structural transformations within the region. Today the region is seen as forming a starting point of new economic relations with the neighbours in the region.

The main objective for founding the Institute in 1996 was to analyse the processes and aims of the profound changes in the region. Another objective was also to analyse the chances of developing a new economy, especially within the areas of traffic and tourism between Mecklenburg and Vorpommern. The Institute has the following functions: · collection, editing and proving of information on the development of economics, traffic and tourism in the Baltic Sea. · developing and rewriting of projects on basic research and applied science on the development of the Baltic Sea Region, in particular economy, traffic and tourism in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. · establishing scientific arrangements within a regional and international frame. · support of higher education at the University of Rostock and promotion of the new scientific generation within the Institutes’ particular field of research. · maintenance of contacts at similar institutes in other Baltic Sea countries, relevant organisations and institutions.

The academic staff include:

Karl Heinz Breitzmann, Professor Dr. and director, research area: sea transport, logistics and tourism. Hans Obenaus, Dr. habil, research area: tourism and spatial planning. Christian Wenske, Dr. oec., research area: sea transport, ports and logistics. Werner Sperling, Dr. oec, research area: tourism.

The Baltic related research is increasing at the Institute.

The Institute co-operates with the University of Rostock and particularly with the Institut für Verkehrswirtschaft/Tourismus (Institute for Tourism) and the faculty of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (Economics and Social Sciences).

78 6.3.5. Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte The Lehrstuhl für Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte (Chair for Political Theories and History of Ideas) is the only Chair within the Institute for Politics and Administration where research on the Baltic Sea Regionis being carried out.

Amongst several other subjects, the Chair has the following main fields of interest: · History of political ideas from antiquity to the present day. · The classical western political thinkers. · Main political tendencies and ideas: liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, socialism, marxism and fascism. · Theory of democracy. · Theory of social movements. · Postmodernism

Unfortunately we are not able to give any further information about research on the Baltic Sea Region as we have not received the relevant information from Professor Dr. Yves Bizeul, with whom we are in contact.

6.3.6. Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Internationale Politik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit At this Institute we have contacted Professor Dr. Jürgen Rüland. Because of our time limit we are not able to give any information on research on the Baltic Sea Region at this Institute

6.4. Fachhochschule Stralsund, University of Applied Science

6.4.1. Fachbereich Wirtschaft - Faculty of Economics The Fachhochschule Stralsund was founded at the beginning of the winter-semester 1991/1992 offering courses in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Business Studies.

The Fachhochschule Stralsund distinguishes itself by: · the practice-related, vocationally-oriented and scientific further training.

· the expansion of international Cupertino with Institutes of higher education within the framework of various European programmes.

· the development of transfer of knowledge and new technologies to industry, businesses and administration.

79 The Fachhochschule has a course in Baltic management studies (BMS). Here, the main areas of research are finance, marketing, project-management, trade, law, total quality management, ISO 9000 and traffic in the Baltic Sea Region. This particular course is still in its initial phase, so full details are not available at the moment.

At the moment four professors work full-time in the Department, one is part-time and one employee is on contract:

Mr. Axel Noack, Prof. Dr., research area: marketing. Ms. Hilgunt Fanning, Prof. Dr., research area: Baltic affairs, history, culture and politics in the Baltic Sea Region. Mr. Jürgen Rothlauf, Prof. Dr., research area: total quality management, ISO 9000 and cross- cultural management. Mr. Schlomo Schafir, Prof. Dr., research area: project management and international management. Mr. Patrick Moore, Dr., international finance.

The Fachhochschule organise several student field trips to countries in the Baltic Sea Region, and every year the BMS organise an International Baltic Sea Conference concerning topics from selected countries in the Baltic Sea Region.

Every year a report about the annual international Baltic Sea Conference is published.

The Fachhochschule have also engaged in co-operation with several other universities around the Baltic Sea. The co-operation involves staff exchanges, exchange of teaching material and of programmes of study. The university provide reasonable priced accommodation for guest students. The students participating in the exchange programmes only pay fees to their home colleges. Students at the host institution may, if successful, obtain qualifications from that institution. The institutions support each other in seeking industrial work placement in the host country. The institutions also co-operate when organising conferences.

The partner institutions in the Baltic Sea Region: · Storstrøms Handelshøjskole Center, Denmark.

· Tallinna Tehnikaükool, Estonia.

· Estonian Business School, Estonia.

· Hämeen Ammattikorkeakoulu, Finland.

· University of Latvia, Latvia.

80 · Vilnius Technikos Universitetas, Lithuania

· Högskolen i Agder, Norway.

· Politechnika Gdanska, Poland.

· St. Petersburg State University of Transport, Russian Federation.

· Kaliningrad State Technical University, Russian Federation.

· Mälardalens Högskola, Sweden.

The Fachhochschule has formalised co-operation with three partner institutions in the Baltic Sea Region, and further contracts will be signed in the near future.

6.5. Humboldt Universität zu Berlin

6.5.1. Philosphische Fakultät II, Nordeuropa-Institut The Institute for Northern Europe (NI) was created in 1994 as an independent scientific department at the Philosophical Faculty II of the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, the same year as the subject Scandinavian Studies at the Freie Universität Berlin moved to Humboldt Universität, as such the Institute is now the largest Scandinavian Institute within Germany.

The establishment of the Institute was soon connected to the regional restructuring of Europe after 1989: Northern Europe could no longer be seen as a region only covering the Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but also had to enclose the area from the southern Baltic Sea neighbours and the Baltic from Greenland into the northern regions of Russia,

The field of research at the Institute covers a range of interests from: Scandinavian literature and language, restructuring of politics of (North) Europe, national identity issues and to the enlargement of the EU.

The Institute has a master programme on the Baltic Sea Region, the Baltic Sea Area Studies Programme. Furthermore the Institute has established formalised co-operation with Freie Universität Berlin within a programme called Berlin inter-universitäre Arbeitsgruppe für die Baltischen Staaten (BIAB)

81 One of the leading researchers on the research project about the Baltic Sea Region at the Institute is Professor Dr. Bernd Henningsen. He has since 1992 held the Chair of Scandinavian Science and Science of Culture at the Institute. He is also a fellow at the Swedish Society of Science in Uppsala (SCASSS). Since January 1996 he has been head of the research project Die kulturelle Konstruktion von Gemeinschaften im Modernisierungsprozeß: Deutschland und Schweden (The cultural construction of society under a process of modernization: Germany and Sweden).

Since 1997 he has been the spokesman for the Volkswagen-project, Lettisch-deutsches sozialwissenschaftliches Zentrum in Riga(Latvian-German social sciences centre in Riga). He is also the leading researcher on the research project, Menschen, Medien, Metropolen. Die kulturelle Konstruktion von Fremd- und Selbstbildern in der Ostsee-Region (People, Media and Metropolis. The cultural construction of images of foreigners and self-portraits in the Baltic Sea Region) at the Södertörns Högskola, Stockholm.

The Institute has established contact with several other Scandinavian Institutes in Eastern Europe, and has within the last years expanded the co-operation in research and education with Hungary, Poland and the Baltic States.

There are also strong links with universities in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway within the framework of the Eramus/Sokrates programs.

At the Institute, there are two ongoing projects:

Baltic Sea Area Programme, on curriculum development and questions of organising an alliance between states within the region.

Baltic Sea Master, another project, for which there is unfortunately no available information.

At the moment the academic staff consists of 3-4 professors and 3-4 assistant academics.

Prof. Dr. Bernd Henningsen, research area: cultural science and the academic leader of different research projects.

Prof. Dr. Manfried Kerner, research area: political science and the co-ordinator of different projects supported by the Volkswagen Stiftung in Riga.

Diplom-Politologe Norbert Götz.

Diplom-Politologe André Stadsholt.

M. A. Patrick Vonderau.

Diplom-Politologe Hanne Krister.

82 M.A. Stephan Muschik.

6.5.2. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät The academic staff includes eight people. At the moment Professor Dr. Horst Albach and Professor Kayser are involved in projects concerning the Baltic Sea Region. 1) Joint ventures, success factors and cultural determinants, by Professor Dr. Albach. 2) Transformation, the process of transformation, by Professor Albach and Professor Kayser.

The research on the Baltic Sea Region is mainly focused on empirical problems, especially concerning the transformation process in general, and here the German and Danish involvement. The Baltic Sea Region is not, as such, an especially prioritised topic at the Institute.

The Institute does not have formalised co-operation with other universities, concerning the Baltic Sea Region.

6.6. Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg

6.6.1. Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Organisationswissenschaften, Fächergruppe Sozialwissenschaften, Institut für Internationale Politik Because of our time limit we are not able to give any further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region at the Institute for International Policy at the University of the German Armed Forces, Hamburg as we have not yet received it. At the Institute we are in contact with Professor Dr. Pradetto.

6.7. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

6.7.1. Institute der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft The Baltic Sea Region research is not a main research area at the Institute for Political Sciences of the Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, it is more one of several research topics. Professor Dr. Ulrich Matthée is one of the professors, who engages in research on the Baltic Sea Region, in particular the Baltic States, his field of interest also includes: history of ideas, political theory and Portugal.

83 Among the main research topics is the field of comparative government and international relations and in particular questions of security politics, which changed after 1990.

At the moment the academic staff consists of five people, of whom Professor Dr Röhrich is the most relevant within the field of Baltic Sea research.

Unfortunately we are not able to give any further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region research at this Institute as we have not yet received it. At the Institute we are in contact with Professor Dr. Röhrich and Professor Dr. Krohn, previously employed professor at the Kiel University, who both do research on the Baltic Sea Region.

6.7.2. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Geographisches Institut, Sektion Geowissenschaften Baltic Sea Region research is not a main area of research at the Institute for Geo-sciences at the Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

The Institute has eight professors and seven assistant academics. Professor. Dr. H. G. von Rohr is the only professor at the Institute who has the Baltic Sea Region among his main research interests, which also include: The city and surrounding country - division of functions and co-operation. The shape and procedures of city - surrounding country co-operation. Local co-operation in the closing of trade areas. City - surrounding country - tax equalisation. Loss of function within city centres (in particular the Eastern part of the Federal Republic). Housing market entwined between city and surrounding countryside and regional planning.

Unfortunately we are not able to give any further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region research at this Institute as we have not received it yet. At the Institute we have contact with Professor Dr. Rohr, who researches on the Baltic Sea Region.

6.7.3. Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung. Institut für Weltwirtschaft - Institute of World Economy At the Institute the Baltic Sea Region is a research topic. Unfortunately we are not able to give any further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region research at this Institute as we have not yet received it. Professor Dr. Horst Siebert is president of the Institute and the academic staff includes: Professor Dr. Rolf J. Langhammer, Dr. Harmen Lehment, Professor Dr. Klaus-Werner Schatz.

Furthermore we have contacted Professor Dr. Laaser and Professor Dr. Schrader at the Institute, who are both dealing with Baltic Sea Region research.

84 6.7.4. Institut für Regionalforschung - Institute for Regional Research The Institute is part of the Economics and Social Sciences Faculty at the University of Kiel. The Institute comprises one of four Faculty Institutes of Economics. Basic research in regional science or regional economics focuses on spatial interactions (mobility of goods and labour force) and regional differences in development, as well as on developing econometric methods. Empirical analysis and transforming economic theories into empirical statements, economic forecasts and scenarios are emphasised.

Karin Peschel, Professor, Dr. of Economics and Head of the Institute, is one of the most internationally well-reputed researchers on trade and economic integration in the Baltic Sea Region. She was co-editor of the first NEBI Yearbook (North European and Baltic Integration), published in 1998, and is also co-editor for the new forthcoming edition. She has recently finished the article Perspectives of Regional Development around the Baltic Sea, which will be published in the Annals of Regional Science, vol. 32, later in 1998. Presently, she is producing a paper on the same subject to be presented at the 5th Nordic-Baltic Conference in Regional Science, Global-Local Interplay in the Baltic Sea Region, in Pärnu, Estonia, October 1998.

Another researcher at the Institute involved in Baltic Sea related research is Stefan Callsen, PhD (economics). He contributed to the NEBI Yearbook 1998 with an article on Trade Potentials in Northern Europe and Consequences for Traffic Flows.

Dr. Hayo Hermann and Dr. Olaf Jäger-Roschko were active participants in the Hafenstandorte und Hinterlandverkehre (harbour location and hinterland traffic) scientific group organised by the Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Hannover, during 1993-95. They contributed with a report based on empirical research conducted by the the Institute for Regional Research, entitled Scenarios of future trade patterns in the Baltic area. It gives a brief overview of quantitative scenarios for future trade flows between the countries around the Baltic Sea to the year 2010.

According to information from Karin Peschel, the present level of activity at the Institute within the Baltic research field is definitely not as high as she would like it to be, due to lack of governmental interest, grants and research programmes targeted towards the field.

6.8. Fachhochschule Hamburg At the Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences) we have contacted Dr. Froesse. Unfortunately he has not yet been able to give us further information on their Baltic Sea Region research.

85 6.9. Universität Hamburg

6.9.1. Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik At the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg we have contacted Professor Dr. Hans-Joachim Giessmann, he is at the moment working on a paper with the title, Meer des Friedens? Probleme und Chancen regionaler Sicherheit im Ostseeraum (Sea of Peace? Problems and Opportunities for Regional Security in the Baltic Sea Region). Unfortunately he has not yet given us further information as to other research projects on the Baltic Sea Region at the Institute.

6.10. Freie Universität Berlin

6.10.1. Institut für Geographische Wissenschaften Unfortunately we are not able to give any further information concerning the Baltic Sea Region research at the Institute for Geographical Sciences at the Free University, Berlin as we have not yet received it. At the Institute we have contact with Professor Dr. Scharfe.

6.10.2. Institut für Internationale Politik und Regionalstudien The Institute has international politics in general as its main of research, furthermore the Institute focuses on: regional studies especially in Africa, Eastern Europe including the Baltic countries, China and Asia. Peace and conflict research is also an important research issue at the Institute. The Baltic Sea research lies within the framework of BIAB (Berliner inter- universitäre Arbeitsgruppe für die Baltischen Staaten - Inter-university working group for the Baltic States in Berlin) and FORN (Forschungsgruppe Nordeuropa - Research Group for Northern Europe).

The size of the academic staff at the Institute amounts to 20-25 people. Professor Dr. Manfred Kerner and Head of the Institute Professor Dr. Ulrich Albrecht, are both involved in research activities concerning the Baltic Sea Region. Professor Kerner primarily concentrates his research on the Baltic countries, whereas Professor Albrecht concentrates on security policy in the Baltic Area, particularly in Lithuania.

The Baltic Sea related research has increased in quantitative terms in the period from 1995- 1998, and especially since 1997 when the Institute received a new grant from the Volkswagen Stiftung. In qualitative terms the Institute and its colleagues have experienced a turn away from the euphoria of 1990/91.

In the near future the Institute will try to focus more on social policy and social insurance issues in Estonia, Lativia and Lithuania.

86 The Institute has extensive co-operation with the Nordeuropa Institut at the Humboldt Universität Berlin, in particular with Bernd Henningsen. The Institute also has co-operation with Latvia University in Riga concerning exchange of teachers, and with the Department of Political Science at the same university. Furthermore the Institute has co-operation with the University of Kiel (ship).

At the moment the Institute has two ongoing projects that deal with the Baltic Sea Region. One deals with Social Policy and Social Insurance in the Baltic States and is carried out by G. Armbrüster in co-operation with LV Riga and TU Tallinn. The second project deals with Changes in the Baltic Administration, being written by Michael Kruy and Axel Rect in co- operation with LV Riga.

87 88 7. Conclusion Per Åke Nilsson

7.1. Different National Approaches This investigation is a result of a Danish wish to know more about the Baltic Sea Region and especially about research within the region: are we re-inventing the wheel (again and again)? are there some obvious holes in the research landscape to be filled?

The goals of the Danish Policy for the Baltic Sea Region aim at stability and security, democratic development with respect to human rights and finally a sustainable growth based on market economy (Foreign Minister Niels Helveg Petersen, at a conference at DUPI November 27, 1997). This investigation of Baltic Research within the Social Science field of research shows that the research in Scandinavia and Germany fits in with these goals to a great extent, at least at first sight. Stability and security are studied especially at the military oriented research Institutes like FOA in Sweden, FFI in Norway and Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg in Germany. All countries also have Institutes for foreign policy studies like DUPI in Denmark, UI in Sweden, and NUPI in Norway. The Finnish Institute at Turku University is dealing specifically with trade. Peace research institutes do also conduct studies within the field of security policies. Democratic development is in focus especially the departments at political science at the various universities. There are, in this report, 15 Departments of Political Sciences which have claimed that they have research on the Baltic Sea Region. Research on the economic growth and market economy is frequently represented in all countries, especially within the Business Schools.

Other research areas, not alluded to in Helveg Petersen’s speech, are regional development and social welfare. Several Departments of Geography are involved in spatial based studies on the Baltic Sea Region but there are few Departments of Sociology interested in social welfare development in these countries. The Fafo Institute in Norway is on the orther hand focused on the transfer of social technology to the Baltic Sea Region.

Håken R. Nilson is discussing in his report, the different approach of the Norwegian government to Baltic Sea Region studies and studies of the Barents Region. For the latter, there has been a deliberately formed policy, even within research, but for the Baltic Sea Region there has been no general idea of what research would be of national interest. For Sweden, the national interest for the environmental status of the Baltic Sea is manifested in many political decisions. By that, natural science oriented research on the environment in the Baltic Sea Region has been encouraged and the area is clearly defined: the drainage area of the Baltic Sea. For Finland, the strong cultural ties to Estonia, Karelia and the Barents Region have even had an impact on research (cf. The Research Programme for Russia and Eastern Europe 1995- 200, Suomen Akatemia, 1997) and for Germany, the West-East integration process has been high-lighted. For Denmark, except for Helveg Petersen’s statements, the democratic process seems to have been prioritised.

89 7.2. Spread research At the conference at DUPI, Henning Christophersen from the EU Commission, stated that there is a lack of knowledge of what the different Institutes are doing and especially what is happening in different countries. This report indicates that Christophersen is right. Research in social science on the Baltic Sea Region is spread throughout the studied area and not concentrated with regard to Institutes and there is no comprehensive point of view or common goals for how researchers in different countries should act concerning research on the Baltic Sea Region.

Some remarks should, however, be made on this statement.

There is a distinction between research with direct focus on the Baltic Sea Region in particular and research on Eastern Europe in general with the Baltic Sea states as part of the research. If dealing with Eastern European Studies in general, the impression is that research on the Baltic region is spread over many Institutes and that it is a question of particular personal research interests where it is to be found. Some Institutes are larger than others and are not dependent on one or two persons particular research interest, however, they do not focus their research on the Baltic Sea Region.

Institutes with focus directly on the Baltic Sea Region are found among those devoted to strategic studies and foreign policy. They are national institutes with national foreign policy and security as main research areas. They are closely linked to their government and to national interests.

In Germany, Baltic research seems to be concentrated to the Mecklenburg Institutes - University of Rostock and Fachhochschule in Stralsund - to the Humboldt University in Berlin and to the University of Kiel.

In Sweden, Södertörns Högskola has a distinct position since a special foundation offers Södertörn SEK 80m per annum for Baltic research. This funding is not available for any other institute or university. In the course of time, social science research on the Baltic region will have a very strong position in Södertörn.

In Finland, the University of Joensuu appears to have an interest in Eastern European studies. Joensuu is located in a province, Karelia, which was divided after World War II into a Russian and a Finnish part. After the fall of the wall, Joensuu as capital of the North Karelia County in Finland and Petrozavodsk as the capital of the autonomus Republic of Karelia in Russia, realised that the new situation made it possible for them to make cross-border arrangements. However, the interest in the Baltic Sea Region is not as great as the interest in Karelia.

7.3. Researchers and Institutes There are about 250 researchers, listed in this report, and about 100 Institutes. These are not 250 full time researchers but 250 names of researchers, active or previously active within

90 research on the Baltic Sea Region. We have been in contact with more institutes than those mentioned in the report, but we have not been able to make a presentation of them that fits in with the publication. Most of the institutes are located in Sweden and Germany, whereas three other countries have around 15 institutes each. All these figures are not quite comparable since the four researcher’s methodologies have slightly differed.

Political Science is the most frequent discipline, more than a quarter of all researchers belong to that field. Almost the same amount of researchers are working within the field of economics. Development and planning (regional and environmental development and spatial planning including its political basis) is in third place, whereas sociology attracts the least number of researchers.

There are national differences: development and planning is a strong research field in Denmark, especially in Roskilde, while political science is relatively strong in Sweden and geography in Finland (Joensuu). The report from Norway indicates that strategic and security studies are important and it is interesting to see how the Norwegians and Swedes are co- operating: the Swedes do research in the Baltic Sea Region and the Norwegians in the Atlantic region. The results from Germany show that the research here is more evenly spread among the disciplines. Probably, the differences reflect more the strength of the different disciplines in different countries than any deliberate policy.

7.4. Research subjects Some subjects are frequently studied in all countries. Security aspects is the most frequently studied research area and is represented in all five countries. This clearly reflects the strategic position of the region both before and after the fall of the wall.

Transitions economy is also represented as a research area in all countries, i.e. by research in political transition processes. There seems to be a need for incorporating the area into the Western democratic market economy as soon as possible. This may just be another side of the security issue.

Research on integration, technology transfer and environment is conducted at least at one institute or department in each country, but receiving different attention both in regard to subjects and countries studied.

Several subjects appear in just one or two countries like gender, tourism, migration, human rights, civic culture, social welfare, culture. The lack of gender approach may be caused by the research environment in the Scandinavian research institutes but it may also be because of the lack of interest in the post-communist states. Tourism is a subject studied as a spatial phenomenon at departments of geography, as a human behaviour at the departments of sociology or as a commercial activity at departments of economics or the Business Schools. In all three cases, it is normally a low priority study area. There are some research institutes and departments with tourism as the main research field but they do not seem to have prioritised the Baltic Sea Region. With migration is meant labour force migration from or to the post-

91 communist countries or labour migrations within the countries. It also includes the consultant aid from west to east. Human rights include the situation for the Russian citizens in the Baltic States but also the minority rights in different countries. Civic culture is an expression made famous by for example the American sociologist Putnam and means the social structure in a country that either supports or promotes economic development or is a barrier to it. Social welfare includes transfer of social welfare knowledge but also studies in public health and programmes for promoting public health. Culture is normally part of humanities but knowledge of the culture of a country is necessary as a base for understanding the structures of a society. Finland has a common culture with its neighbours in some cases and is therefore a natural research field for some Finnish researchers. For Germany, it is a way to extend the east-west dimension of the new country.

Religion and its impact on politics is studied at the University at Greifswald and the ideological and philosophical implications of development and economic growth is studied at the University of Rostock.

In Denmark, transitions economy and planning (including environment) are the main subject areas while there is a lack of research in the fields of tourism, gender, migration, civic culture, social welfare and human rights.

In Sweden, security issues, transitions economy, and regional planning are the main subject areas together with transport while there is a lack of research in the fields of minorities, migration, and human rights.

In Norway, security issues is the main topic together with minorities, regional planning and human rights, while there is a lack of research in the fields of gender, migration, and civic culture.

In Finland, transitions economy and regional planning (including environment) together with social welfare studies are the main subject areas while there is a lack of research in the field of tourism.

In Germany, transport, security, culture and planning (including environment) together with tourism are the main subject areas while there is a lack of research in the fields of gender, migration, and human rights.

7.5. Level of Analysis There is a focus upon general analysis and not on analysis on a local/sub-regional level like SWOT analysis of regions, the need for infrastructure and so on. The choice of study area or study field seems to be a little at random, based on what the researcher already knows of factual development projects or joint venture agreements. It may also depend on hobby-horses or self-interests of individual researchers. The need of analysis of regional differences in different countries and the need for more sector-oriented studies certainly also have an impact on the choice of study field for many researchers. Another problem is the lack of data so far.

92 The Business Schools in both Copenhagen and Stockholm collect a lot of data for the time being like other Institutes, but the databases must be constructed from zero in most cases. The general picture is that many Institutes start from scratch and therefore the analysis is in general terms.

There is also a lack of gender or gender perspectives with few exceptions: The Centre for Women Studies in Lund and the Department of Sociology at the University of Helsinki.

7.6. Old and New Institutes Eastern European Studies existed long before the fall of the wall, like The Thorkil Kristensen Institute in Denmark, the Department of Eastern European Studies in Uppsala, Sweden, and the Institute of Eastern European and Oriental Studies in Oslo and the Institute for Comparative Politics in Bergen, both Norway. For some of these institutes, there has been a history as Institutes with focus upon sovietology or kremlinology.

The old institutes, which existed before the fall of the wall, had well organised research on the Soviet Union in general but not much on the Baltic Sea Region. The old Eastern Europe Institutes are still today more occupied with general problems in Russia than with problems in Central Europe.

After the fall of the wall, new Institutes have emerged and several researchers at different departments at the Universities have decided to focus on Baltic Sea Region studies. These new Institutes have no bias from the Soviet era and are by that free to make new acquaintances, to establish new networks, and capable of creating a new type of knowledge. On the other hand, they suffer from a lack of the more comprehensive type of knowledge that the old Institutes collected and established.

7.7. Trends The trend seems to be, to go for more specialisation, more theoretical approaches and a rising student interest for the region.

The reasons for these trends are probably also connected with the fall of the wall but also because of different development traits in different countries. Before the fall, Eastern European studies had great difficulty in finding data in Eastern Europe. The researchers had to rely upon domestic data with all the different types of bias connected with it. After the fall, the collecting of data has started and enabled researchers to specialise more and more. At the beginning of this new era case studies were very frequent; comparison of these case studies today, delivers the material for formulating theoretical frameworks for further studies.

The more descriptive studies of today will probably be followed by more structured models, for instance gravity and trade models. Furthermore, focus will be more on national differences among Baltic Sea Region states because of differences in national integration levels.

93 A lot of education activities have occurred parallel with and previous to research activities. These education programmes have attracted many PhD-students who now are able to do more specialised research in the region. It is debatable whether these education programmes created a network, which then promoted research, or if research on the Baltic Sea Region developed away from education programmes. The most remarkable aspect of this is the enormous amount of courses, available at the University of Uppsala (Baltic University Studies), and the rather small amount of research taking place there.

Apart from research and academic education programmes, there are Institutes for Baltic relations in many places. These Institutes are mostly organised as consultancy offices with close contacts with trade and commerce and industry, often with governmental support.

7.8. Final remarks The question remains whether the Baltic Sea Region is a research field, which can be defined as an independent field with its own set of problems, characteristics and theories or if it is just a case among others in another transition with regard to changes in security, power and strategy politics.

Development in the Baltic Sea Region is hardly an ubiquitors process. Economic development is today seldom geographically defined because of globalisation. On the other hand, there are big regional differences with regard to growth potential and there are possibilities for a dispersed development. If the region is parceled out, it may be because of the fact that the Baltic Sea Region is a region of regions. Perhaps the region has to be studied in a comprehensive way by political scientists and in a more individualised way by economists. Maybe there is a deeper dichotomy between these two disciplines: a dichotomy on a more constructive and long-term view (political science) versus a more functional and direct- concrete view (economics)?

94 8. Publications

8.1. Denmark Andersen, Erik André (1997) An Ethnic Perspective on Economic Reform: The Case of Estonia (forthcoming). Aldershot. Ashgate Andersen, Erik André (1997) An Ethnic Perspective on Economic Reform: What are the consequences of Privatization for the Russian Population in Estonia?, pp. 227-230. in Herald Runblom et al. (eds.): 50 Years after World War 2: International Politics in the Baltic Sea Region 1945-1995. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego. Gdansk Andersen, Erik André (1997) An Ethnically Divided was Promoted by Privitization in Estonia. COPRI (working paper). Andersen, Erik André (1997) Privatiseringens konsekvenser for den russiske befolkning i Estland. Perioden 1987-1995 (The Consequences of Privatization for the Russian Population in Estonia: The Period 1987-1995). Samfundslitteratur, 1998. ISBN 87-593- 0673-4. Copenhagen Andersen, Erik André (1997) The legal status of Russians in Estonian privatisation legislation 1989-1995, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 49, no. 2. Andersen, Jan (1995) Municipal and Regional Heat Planning in The Katowice Region. Environmental and Energy Planning project in Poland, The Danish Joint Venture Group (20 separate reports). Archer, Clive (1997) Nordic Involvement in the Baltic States Security: Need, Motives and Success. (COPRI working paper). Beach, Derek (1997) Institutions Matter: The Role of International Institutions in the Lithuanian Economic Transition (working paper). Fuglsang, Lars (1994) The Baltic Region as an Industrial Estate: An Institutionalist Critique, in AI & Society, vol. 8. Groth, Niels Boje The Committee for Spatial Development in the Baltic Sea Region (CSD/BSR): Spatial Planning for sustainable Development in the Baltic Sea Region. A VASAB 2010 contribution to Baltic 21, drafted for CSD/BSR by Ole Damsgaard and Niels Boje Groth (in print). Groth, Niels Boje(1997) Keynote address given at the workshop on: Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, held by the Senior Officials Group responsible for preparing the Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region and the Committee on Spatial Development responsible for Visions and Strategies around the Baltic Sea 2010 in Riga. Groth, Niels Bojek (1997) Baltic Agenda 21, Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development. Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute. Hansen, Birthe (1996) Dansk Baltikumpolitik 1989-1994. In: Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Årbog 1995. DUPI. København Hansen, Birthe (1996) The Baltic States in World Politics (working paper). Heurlin, Bertel (1996) Denmark: A new activism in foreign and security policy (working paper).

95 Heurlin, Bertel (1996) The US Impact in European Security as we Approach the Year 2000 (working paper). Heurlin, Bertel (1997) Denmark and the Baltic Sea. Three minor articles (working paper). Heurlin, Bertel (1997) Military Command Structures in the Baltic Sea Area (working paper). Heurlin, Bertel (1997) NATO, Security and the Baltic States (working paper). Heurlin, Bertel (1997) Security Problems in the Baltic Region in the 1990´s (working paper). Hjorth, R. ed (1994) Proceedings from the conference: Governing our Environment. Copenhagen Holm, Hans Henrik (1996) Denmark’s Active Internationalism. Advocating International Norms with Domestic Constraints (working paper). Holm, J. The Effectiveness of the Baltic Sea Environmental Regime - Criteria Discussion. Holm, Jesper (1996) The Effectiveness of the Baltic Regime of Environmental Cooperation - Influence of Bilateral Environmental Aid Programmes. Ronnie Hjorth (ed.): Baltic Environmental Cooperation - A Regime in Transition. Linköping Jensen, Jens-Jørgen (1996) Baltikum og NATO udvidelsen, In: Vindue mod Øst , no. 38. Jensen, Jens-Jørgen The Baltic Countries: A New Grey Zone in Europe?, Working Papers on European Integration and Regime Formation (under publication). Joenniemi, Pertti & Jan Prawitz eds. (1997) Kaliningrad: The European Amber Region. Ashgate (in press). London Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) Kaliningrad: A Double Periphery (COPRI working paper).Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) Kaliningrad: A Region in Search for a Past and a Future, pp. 84-107 in Mare Balticum 1996. Ostsee- Akademie. Lübeck-Travemünde Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) Norden as a Post-Nationalist Construction, pp. 181-235 in Pertti Joenniemi (ed.): Neo-Nationalism or Regionality? The Restructuring of Political Space around the Baltic Rim. NordREFO. Stockholm Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) Security in the Baltic Sea Region. The Contest Between Different Agendas, pp. 231-47 in Hans Rundblom et al. (ed.): 50 Years After World War II. International Politics in the Baltic Sea Region 1945-1995. The Baltic Sea University Programme. Gdansk Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) The Nordic Ides in a Post-Sovereign Europe, pp. 71-79 in Pär Stenbäck (ed.): The Nordic Countries in the New Europe. The Nordic Council of Ministers. Copenhagen Joenniemi, Pertti (1997) Åland in the New Europe: A Case of Post- Sovereign Political Life. pp. 9-22 in Lauri Hannikainen and Frank Horn (eds.): Autonomy and Demilitarization in International Law: The Åland Islands in a changing Europe. Kluwer Law International. Haag Joenniemi, Pertti ed (1997) Neo-Nationalism or Regionality? The Restructuring of Political Space around the Baltic Rim. In: NordREFO, ISBN 91-88808-26-2. Stockholm Joenniemi, Pertti, Juris Prikulis and Håkon Wiberg eds (1996) The Baltic States as partners of Baltic Sea Cooperation. Center of Baltic - Nordic History and Political Studies. Riga Jurgaitjeine, Kornelius & Ole Wæver (1996) ‘Lithuania’. In: Mouritzen, Hans; Håkon Wiberg and Ole Wæver: European Integration and National Adaptation: A Theoretical Inquiry(Forthcoming). Nova Science Publishers. New York

96 Jæger, Øjvind (1997) Securitising Russia, Discursive Practices of the Baltic States. (COPRI working paper). Kalmi, Panu (1995) Evolution of Ownership Change in Poland: Review of Economies in Transition (Bank of Finland) (CEES working paper). Kalmi, Panu (1995) Insider-Led Privatization in Poland, Russia and Lithuania: a Comparison: Review of Economies in Transition (Bank of Finland), no. 9. (CEES working paper). Kalmi, Panu (1998) Ownership Change in Employee-Owned Enterprises in Poland and Russia: M.Soc.Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki, in Review of Economies in Transition (Bank of Finland), forthcoming in Russian and East European Finance and Trade. Kjær, T. (1994) Oprettelse af et fælles affaldsselskab og -anlæg i Gniezno Kommune i Polen (Establishment of a Joint Waste Management Company and Facility in Municipality of Gniezno in Poland). Kjær, T. (1995) Planlægningsmetoder og resultater. Kommunal og regional energiplanlægning i Polen. (Planning Methods and Results. Municipal and Regional Energy Planning in Poland). Report from the energy project in the Region of Katowice, supported by the Danish IMØ Project Fund. Kjærgård, B. (1995) Aspects of municipal waste management in Poland. In: J. Köhn and U. Schiewer, ed: The Future of the Baltic Sea. Metropolis-Verlag. Marburg Kjærgård, B. (1996) Women and Gender in Agriculture, Food Processing and Consumption - Rural Communities and Sustainable Perspectives in a Period of Transformation. Synopsis for the SEPMA workshop on ‘Transformation and the Environment’, pp. 1-2. Presented at The Annual Meeting in The International Research Network for Sustainable Environmental Planning and Management (SEPMA). Riga Klemmensen, Børge & Jens Mortensen, Jesper Holm & Elfar Loftsson (1996) Implementation of International Environmental Regulation - some lessons from a comparative study of Baltic Environmental Regime. RUC Klemmensen, Børge & Poul Kragh (1996) Pollution prevention, decent living and security, - in search of the policy-research dialogue on key elements in the Baltic Agenda 21. in Dietz, Aasland, Klemmensen and Kragh (eds.): Our Common Environment, - Prospects for Baltic-Nordic Cooperation, FAFO, Oslo Klemmensen, Børge (1996) Research and policy implementation in the Nordic- Baltic Region in Dietz, Aasland, Klemmensen and Kragh (eds.): Our Common Environment, - Prospects for Baltic-Nordic Cooperation, FAFO. Oslo Kostecki, Wojciech (1995) Dania: tozamosc w obliczu Europy (Denmark: Identity in the Face of Europe, pp. 93-99 in Grabowska, Lipinska Iwona, eds. Racja stanu w dobie transformacjii ladu europejskiego. Implikacje dla Polski (Raison d’Etat in the Age of Transformation of the European Order: Implications for Poland). V ISP PAN. Warsaw Kragh, P. (1994) Can Expertise on Environmental Management in Companies be Improved by International Environmental Cooperation? A paper for a PhD-course/EURO-conference: Environmental Management in Corporations and Related Public Policy. University of Twente. The Netherlands Kragh, P. (1994) Transfer of Expertise and Local Institution-Building in Baltic Environmental Cooperation - Implementation Studies. In: Governing Our Environment, Conference Report, CESAM & SØM. Copenhagen

97 Kragh, P. (1995) Saglighedens sejr eller erkendelses endelighed - en kommentar til Jette Ranks papir (Victorious Objectivity versus Finite Epistemology - a comment to Jette Rank). In: Pedersen, Kaare (ed): Planlægning - mellem genstand, viden og magt (Planning - between Subject, Knowledge and Power). Teksam Forlaget at Roskilde University. Roskilde Kragh, Poul (1996) The role of Expert Knowledge in the Implementation of Regional Environmental Commitments - Cases from Poland. Ronnie Hjorth (ed.): Baltic Environmental Cooperation - A Regime in Transition. Report 23, Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University. Linköping Laursen, Finn & Søren Riishøj eds (1996).The EU and Central Europe: Status and Prospects. In: International Political Economy Series. South Jutland University Press, Esbjerg Matthiessen, C. W (1997) Øresundsregionen: Ny synergi. Et intergrationsscenario. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok, no. 72. Meyer, Klaus (1998) Direct Investment in Transition Economies, Aldershot, UK and Lyme, US: Edward Elgar (CEES working paper). Miniotaité, Grañina (1995) Lithuania - La Storia Della Liberazione Nonviolenta (Lithuania: A Story of Nonviolent Liberation), Quarderni della DPN, no. 29. La Meridiana. Molfetta Miniotaité, Grañina (1998) Lithuania, pp. 165-193. In: Hans Mouritzen (ed.): Bordering Russia: Theory and Prospects for Europe’s Baltic Rim (in press). ISBN 1-85521-959-X. Aldershot. Ashgate Mouritzen, Hans (1995) The Nordic Model as a Foreign Policy Instrument: Its Rise and Fall, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 32, no. 1. Mouritzen, Hans (1996) ‘Denmark’ In: Mouritzen, Hans; Håkon Wiberg and Ole Wæver: European Integration and National Adaptation: A Theoretical Inquiry (Forthcoming). Nova Science Publishers. New York Mouritzen, Hans (1996) ‘Finland’ In: Mouritzen, Hans; Håkon Wiberg and Ole Wæver: European Integration and National Adaptation: A Theoretical Inquiry(Forthcoming). Nova Science Publishers. New York Mouritzen, Hans (1996) Denmark in the Post-Cold War Era. Mouritzen, Hans (1997) Denmark in a Post-Cold War Era: The Salient Action Spheres. Mouritzen, Hans ed (1998) Bordering Russia: Theory and Prospects for Europe’s Baltic Rim(in press). ISBN 1-85521-959-X. Aldershot. Ashgate Mygind, Niels (1994) The Economic Transition in the Baltic Countries - Differences and Similarities. In: The Politics of Transition in the Baltic States - Democratization and Economic Reform Policies. J. Å. Dellenbrant and O. Nørgaard, Research Report no. 2. Umeå University (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels (1996) The Economic Performance of Employee-owned Enterprises in the Baltic Countries. CBS, (working paper) Mygind, Niels (1997) A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Transition in the Baltic Countries - Barriers, Strategies, Perspectives. In: T. Haavisto; Edward Elgar: The Transition to a Market Economy - Transformation and Reform in the Baltic States (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels (1997) Different Paths of Transition in the Baltics, no. 5 (CEES working paper).

98 Mygind, Niels (1997) Different Paths of Transition in the Baltics. In: B. Dahl and R. Shirator ed. Law, Economics and Business in the Melting Pot - The Case of Regional Development and Cooperation in the Baltic States, Tokai University European Center/CBS (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels (1997) Employee-ownership in the Baltic Countries. In D. Vaughan-Whitehead and M. Uvalic, eds: Privatization Surprises in Transition Economies - Employee- Ownership in Central and Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Mygind, Niels (1997) Privatization and Employee Ownership - The Development in the Baltic Countries. In: N. Hood, R. Kilis and J. Vahlne eds: Transitions in the Baltic States, Macmillan Press. London Mygind, Niels (1997) The Economic Performance of Employee-owned Enterprises in the Baltic Countries, no. 6 (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels ed. (1995) Privatization and Financial Participation in the Baltic Countries - Midterm Results. CBS, This book includes: Privatization and employee-ownership in the Baltic countries - a comparative analysis of conditions and development (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels ed. (1996) Privatization and Financial Participation in the Baltic Countries. Part I , CBS. Also including: The Baltic Countries in Transition - a comparative analysis (CEES working paper). Mygind, Niels ed. (1996) Privatization and Financial Participation in the Baltic Countries - case studies (Junior co-editor: Peter Nørgaard Pedersen), CBS (CEES working paper). Nørgaard, O. (1996) Cooperation in Research, Technological Development and Demonstration with Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. Danish Experiences and Perspectives. INCO-meeting, Ministry of Research. Nørgaard, O. (1996) Den økonomiske udvikling i Central- og Østeuropa - 4 år efter. In: Jordbruget og samfundsøkonomien - en foredragssamling. Kjærgaard, N.; Pedersen, D.E. (Eds.). Jordbrugsforlaget. København Nørgaard, O. (1996) From Sovietology to Transitiology. An Old Debate on New Bottles? NOPSA Conference ‘96, University of Helsinki, Aarhus Nørgaard, O., Hindsgaul, D., Johannsen, L., Willumsen, H. (1996) The Baltic States after Independence. Studies of Communism in Transition. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, US Olsen, O.J. (1997) Pricing and the Prospects of Different Heat and Power Technologies in the Baltic Countries. In: European Energy Markets, Conference Proceedings, International Association for Energy Economics. Vienna Olsen, Ole Jess; C. Albertsen & F. Kjerulf (1996) Energy Tariff Project - Latvia, Organization of the Natural Gas Sector. Nellermann, Nielsen & Rauschenberger. Pedersen, Kaare (1995) Why Environment - on the Energy Situation in Poland. Paper presented at the ‘PhD-Euroconference - Sustainable Dimensions of Energy Policy’ (in press). Roskilde Pedersen, Kaare Environment and Politics - exemplified by the Polish Energy Situation. In: Greening Industrial Behaviour - a Broad Perspective of Instruments, Methods and

99 Approaches. Text from Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, RUC. The Baltic Regional textbook, CESAMS, University of Latvia. Riga Pedersen Kaare (1995) Energi og miljø i Polen - Energisystemet i strategisk, teknisk, natur- og samfundsmæssigt perspektiv, bearbejdet PhD-afhandling (Energy and Environment in Polen - The Energy System in a Strategic, Technical, Environmental and Social Perspective, PhD-Thesis), Tek-Sam forlaget. University of Roskilde Pedersen, Ove Kaj (1996) Legacies of Change. Transformations of Postcommunist European Economies (co-author John L. Campell), Aldine De Cruyter. New York Prikulis, Juris & Håkon Wiberg eds. (1998) The Baltic States as partners of Baltic Sea Cooperation (in press). Centre of Baltic-Nordic History and Political Studies. Riga Riishøj, Søren (1995) Polens Vest-handel og Øst-handel, meget ulige størrelser, In: Vindue mod Øst, no. 31. Riishøj, Søren (1997) Polen og EU, Vindue mod Øst, no. 39. Schröder, Philipp & Ebbe Yndgaard (1996) Inflationen i kølvandet på den økonomiske transition i Central- og Østeuropa, Markeder i opbrud, Aarhus universitetsforlag. Aarhus Schröder, P.J.H. & Ebbe Yndgaard (1997) Fiscal Constraints to Restructuring: A Dynamic Simulation Study, mimeo, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus. Aarhus Sergounin, Alexander A. (1997) Between neo-imperialism and realpolitik: Russia in search of a new Baltic strategy in the post-Cold War era, pp. 253-276. In: Hans Rundblom et al. (ed.): 50 Years After World War II. International Politics in the Baltic Sea Region 1945- 1995. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego. Gdansk Sergounin, Alexander A. (1997) In search of a new strategy in the Baltic/Nordic area, pp. 325- 349. In Vladimir Baranovsky (ed.): Russia and Europe: the emerging security agenda. Oxford University Press. New York Sergounin, Alexander A. (1997) Russia and evolving security environment in the Baltic Sea area, University of Nizhny Novgorod. Novgorod Sergounin, Alexander A. The Russia Dimension. In: Hans Mouritzen (ed.): Bordering Russia: Theory and Prospects for Europe’s Baltic Rim (in press). ISBN 1-85521-959-X. Aldershot. Ashgate Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard (1998) Privatization in Eastern Europe (working paper). Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard Social Capital, Economic Growth and Transition Economies. WP 98-2: ISSN 1397-4831. Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard Transition to Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Lobbyism in Russia. WP 98-1. ISSN 1397-4831 . Uffe Jacobsen (forthcoming) Concepts of democracy and theories of democratization. In: Mieczyslaw Nurek et. al. (eds): International Politics in the Baltic Sea Region 1945-1995. The Baltic University Programme. Gdansk/Uppsala Wæver, Ole & Håkon Wiberg (1995) Baltic Sea/Black Sea: Regionalization on the fringes of the “new Europe”. In Maxim, Ioan & Olav Fagelund Knudsen (eds.) Reginalisation: Concepts and Approaches at the turn of the Century. Romanian Institute of International Studies and Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Bucharest Wæver, Ole (1996) Squeezed between two modern empires? The Baltic Region in the 1990s. In: Prikulis, Juris; Pertti Joeniemmi & Håkon Wiberg (eds.), The Baltic States as partners

100 of Baltic Sea Cooperation (in print). Center of Baltic-Nordic History and Political Studies. Riga Wæver, Ole (1997) The Baltic Sea: A Region after Post- Modernity?, pp. 293-342. In: Pertti Joenniemi (ed.): Neo- nationalism or Regionality? the Restructuring of Political space around the Baltic Rim. NordREFO. Stockholm Yndgaard, E.; Schröder, P.J.H. (1996) Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Nordic Economic Outlook (2). Yndgaard, E.; Schröder, P.J.H. (1996) Latvia. Nordic Economic Outlook (1). Stockholm Yndgaard, Ebbe & P. Schröder (1995) Critical Issues for the Latvian Economy (working paper). Yndgaard, Ebbe (1992) The Economy of Latvia in Transition. Institute of Economics (working paper). Aarhus Yndgaard, Ebbe (1992) The International Disequilibrium of Latvia. Institute of Economics (working paper). Aarhus Yndgaard, Ebbe (1992) Two Notes on Economic Methodology. Institute of Economics (working paper). Aarhus Yndgaard, Ebbe (1993) The Economic Pincers around Latvia. In Stetting, L., Svendsen, K.E., Yndgaard, E., Global Change and Transformation. Economic Essays in Honor of Karsten Laursen. Handelshøjskolens Forlag. København Yndgaard, Ebbe (1996) De centrale- og østeuropæiske landes økonomiske transformation - nogle udtalte fællestræk og forskelle. Ib Nyboe Andersen et al. (eds.), Festskrift til Anders Ølgaard. Supplement publication in Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift. København Aage, Hans (1996) Baltic Environmental Problems: International Assistance and Economic Adjustment. Paper presented at the Fourth EACES Conference on: Institutional Changes and Problems of Adjustment. Grenoble Aage, Hans (1996) International Environmental Problems and Assistance in the Baltic Region. Paper presented at the Nordic Baltic Symposium on Comparative Environmental Economics. Nordic Economic Research Council and Roskilde University. Svaneke

101 8.2. Sweden Berencreutz, M. (1996): Estates and Peasants in western Estonia – A case study of landownership, demesne farming and tenant-labour during agrarian crisis and Swedish expansionism, forthcoming. Department of Geography. University of Stockholm. Berglund, Sten (1994) The new democracies in Eastern Europe party systems and political cleavages Aldershot Elgar Berglund, Sten, Tomas Helèn, Frank Aarebrot (1998) Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Aldershot Elgar. Brikell, Berndt H. ( 1994) The politics of ozone. Örebro Högsk. Bynander, Fredrik (1998) Crisis analogies a decision making analysis of the Swedish Hårsfjärden submarine incident of 1982. Stockholm. Utrikespolitiska Institutet Cicinskas, Jonas, Peter K. Cornelius, and Dalia Treigiene (1996) Trade Policies and Lithuania’s Reintegration into the Global Economy. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 111 Dalsjö, Robert (1997) Ryssland och Natoutvidgningen en kritisk granskning i ljuset av svenska intressen, Stockholm, Institutionen för säkerhetspolitik och strategi, Avd. för försvarsanalys, FOA Danermark,Berth and Ingemar Elander (1994) Social rented housing in Europe policy, tenure and design. Delft Univ. Danjoux, Olivier (1997) De baltiska staterna mellan nationalism och integration, in Fazlhashemi and Fruitman (ed), Medborgarskap • Reflexioner kring ett problematiskt europeiskt begrepp Stockholm: SNS förlag, Dreborg, Karl Henrik (1997) Gaming and backcasting two approaches in the face of uncertainty. Stockholm Kungl. Tekniska högskolan Gerner, Kristian (1995) Hjärnridån det europeiska projektet och det gåtfulla Ryssland. Stockholm Fischer Gerner, Kristian (1996) Palermo eller Lübeck? De baltiska staterna och framtiden. In Working Papers, No 26, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies. Gerner, Kristian (1996) Nationalismen i Östeuropa, in Världspolitikens dagsfrågor, No. 4. Gerner, Kristian (1996) Post-Soviet Russian Society in Working Papers, No. 24, Uppsala: Department of East European Studies. Gerner, Kristian (1993) Baltic empires the Baltic region in a macro-historical perspective. Uppsala Baltic University Secretariat, Uppsala University Gooch, Geoffrey D (1995) Territories of environmental concern. Linköping Tema, Univ. Haavisto, Tarmo ed The Transition to a Market Economy Transformation and reform in the Baltic States. Published by Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, Brookfield, US Hansson, Ardo H. (1995) Macroeconomic Stabilization in the Baltic States. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 108 Hansson, Ardo H. and Triinu Tombak (1996) Banking Crises in the Baltic States: Causes, Solutions, and Lessons. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 112 Hedlund, Stefan (1996) Rysslands ekonomiska reformer: en studie i politisk ekonomi (with Niclas Sundström), Stockholm: SNS Hedlund, Stefan (1996) Vart går Ryssland? Vårt Försvar, No. 1

102 Hedlund, Stefan (1996) Rysslands ekonomiska reformer en studie i politisk ekonomi. Stockholm SNS (Studieförb. Näringsliv och samhälle) Hettne, Björn (1997) Den europeiska paradoxen om integration och desintegration i Europa. Stockholm Nerenius & Santérus Hjorth, Ronnie (1994) Environmental policies in Poland, Sweden and the Netherlands a comparative study of surface water pollution control. Linköping Univ., Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies Hjorth, Ronnie (1996) Baltic environmental cooperation a regime in transition. LinköpingUniv. Kristoffersson, Jonas and Peter Wesslau (1995) Trade Reorientation in the Baltic States. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 106 Levinsson, Claes (1996) Minoritetsfrågan i Estland och Lettland. Problem och möjligheter för den Europeiska Unionens östutvidgning” in Nordisk Östforum, No. 4 Lidskog, Rolf (1997) Samhälle, risk och miljö sociologiska perspektiv på det moderna samhällets miljöproblem. Lund Studentlitteratur Lindhqvist, Thomas, Håkan Rodhe & Peter Kisch (1995) Industrial Waste Minimisation Initiatives in Central and Eastern Europe - Progress Report autumn 1995, commissioned by the OECD, Lund, October Niklasson, Tomas (1997) The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 1988-89: Interactions between Domestic Change and Foreign Policy, i Pridham & Vanhanen (ed), Democratization in Eastern Europe. Nilsson, Per Åke, ed (1996) Destination Baltikum. Rapport: TUR R 1996:5, Mitthögskolan, Östersund. Nygren, Bertil (1993) American Sovietology and Knowledge Utilization in the Formation of US Soviet Policy. Dep of political studies. University of Stockholm. Oldberg, Ingmar (1994) Risk för rustning i Ryssland? Rustningsfaktorer i Sovjetunionen och Ryssland. Stockholm Centralförb. Folk och försvar 1994 Oldberg, Ingmar (1995) Rysslands krig mot Tjetjenien. Stockholm Utrikespolitiska Institutet 1995 Purju, Alari (1996) Foreign Trade of Estonia: Factors Supporting Integration. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 113 Richards, Anthony and Gunnar Tersman (1995) Growth, Nontradeables, and Price Convergence in the Baltics. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 107 Rodhe, Håkan & Thomas Lindhqvist (1996) Danish Cleaner Production Projects in Central and Eastern Europe 1991-95 - A review. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Review No.2 Rosefielde, Steven (1996) Communist Misindustrialization and Russia’s Blighted Industrial Potential. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 114 Shteinbuka, Inna and Aleksandra Cirule (1996) Foreign Trade in Latvia: On the Way to EU Membership. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 115 Stern, Eric R. (1990) The U-137 incident a study in Swedish crisis management. Stockholm Univ., International Graduate School Sundelius, Bengt - Stern, Eric S. (1997) Beyond groupthink political group dynamics and foreign policy-making. Ann Arbor, Mich. Press

103 Wallensteen, P. et al. (1994, 1995 2nd ed), Towards a Security Community in the Baltic Region. Uppsala: The Baltic University. Wallner, Klaus (1997) Anticipatory Specific Investments and the EU Enlargement Negotiations. Business School of Stockholm. Report no 124 Vensel,Vello and Clas Wihlborg (1996) Financial conditions and constraints on entrepreneurship: The case of Estonia Gothenburg Studies in Financial Economics 1996:11. Business School of Gothenburg Östhol, Anders (1996) Politisk integration och gränsöverskridande regionbildning i Europa. Umeå Universitet

104 8.3. Norway Baev, Pavel (1993) Europeiske utbryterstater og nye grenser, in Internasjonal Politikk, No. 4/1993 - Temanummer: Europas nye grenser. Baev, Pavel K. (1996) Russia’s Conflicting Interests in the Baltic States, in Platzöder, Renate and Philomène Verlaan, The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Cooperation. Kluwer Law International. (PRIO). Baev, Pavel K. (no year) The Russian Army in a Time of Troubles, PRIO/Sage Publications, Oslo/London. Barth, Theodor (1995) Jewish Vilna/Vilnius: A Diatribe with History, NUPI Working Paper No. 525/1995. Bauwens, Werner, Armand Clesse and Olav F. Knudsen eds (1996) Small States and the Security Challenge in the New Europe, Brassey’s, London-Washington. Blakkisrud, Helge (1995) De russiske minoritetene i Estland og Latvia. Minoriteters responsstrategier ved endrede rammebetingelser. NUPI Report No. 194. Blakkisrud, Helge (1995) Minoriteter og mennekserettighetssprørsmål i Norge og Baltikum. Oslo, Utenrikesdepartementet. Brundtland, Arne Olav (1995) Norge, Norden og Baltikum, In Europeiske sikkerhetsspørsmål, Utenriksdepartementet, Oslo. Brundtland, Arne Olav and Don M. Snider eds (1994) Nordic-Baltic security: an international perspective, CSIS Report, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC/Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, NUPI Report. Dietz, Jan, Borge Klemmensen, Poul Kragh and Aadne Aasland eds (1996) Baltic-Nordic Rendezvous. The Politics of Environmental Cooperation. Common Security Forum Studies No. 204/1996. Dolva, Trond (1992) Implementing International Standards of Human Rights in Domestic law, in Human Rights in National Legislation in Aspect of European and International Standards. Joint Baltic-Norwegian Conference, Riga/Jurmala. Fauchald, Ole Kristian (1992) International and National Standards on the Protection of the Environment - The Aspect of Human Rights in Human Rights in National Legislation in Aspect of European and International Standards. Joint Baltic-Norwegian Conference, Riga/Jurmala. Grøgaard, Jens B. ed. (1996) Estonia in the grip of Change. FAFO Report No. 190/1996. Gude, Benedicte (1995) Russland og eventuell NATO-utvidelse, in Internasjonal Politikk, No. 2/1995 Halser, Torunn and Brita Skuland (1994) Najsonsbygning og integrasjon i Latvia, Internasjonal Politikk, No. 2/1994. Hansen, Erik (1996) Coping with it: St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad Facing Reform, FAFO report 201/1996. Haraldsen, T.K., A. Jansons, R. Sudars Spricis and N. Vagstad (1997) Influence of long-term heavy applications of pig slurry on soil and water quality in Latvia. Proceeding of the 9th Conference of the International Soil Conservation Organisation (ISCO), Bonn, Germany, August 1996.

105 Helgesen, Jan (1992) Cooperation - and co-existence - between Domestic Legal Systems and United Nations and European Institutions on Matters of Human Rights in Human Rights in National Legislation in Aspect of European and International Standards. Joint Baltic- Norwegian conference, Riga/Jurmala. Hilmer Pedersen, Karin ed. (1995) The Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Policy in the Agricultural Sector, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Cooperation in Science and Technology with Central and Eastern European Countries. Environmental Programme, Area III (SEER), Report 1, South Jutland University Press. Holm-Hansen ed. (forthcoming) The use of knowledge in post-socialist environmental management. The Institutional Framework of Russia (Arkhangelsk Region), Latvia, Poland and the Czech Republic. Joint Working Paper NIBR. Hustad, Ragnhild Valle (1997) Sjokkterapi eller gradualisme? Økonomiske forventninger i Øst- og Sentral-Europa, 1990-94, Internasjonal Politikk No. 1/1997. Jevell, Sverr, Mare Kukk and Pertti Joenniemi eds (1992) The Baltic Sea - A Region in the Making, Oslo, Europaprogrammet. Jæger, Øyvind (1993) Drømmen om EF - litauisk nasjonalisme som moderniseringsstragi, Internasjonal Politikk, No. 4/1993. Kjellberg, Fransesco, Jana Reschova, Georg Sootla and John Taylor (1994) The Role of Local Autonomy in Democratic and Democratizing Societies. The New Local Government Acts in the Czech Republic, Estonia and Norway. Institutt for statsvitenskap, UiO, Working Paper No. 05/94. Knudsen, Knud (1996) Lithuania in a Period of Transition, FAFO-report 186. Knudsen, Olav F. (1992) The Baltic States on the way to a New Europe. The Western View, NUPI Working Paper No. 484. Knudsen, Olav F. (1993) Baltic Security: Domestic Factors No. 493, NUPI. Knudsen, Olav F. (1993) Utviklingen i Baltikum. Militære og politiske forhold NUPI Working Paper No. 488. Knudsen, Olav F. (1994) The Baltic states on the way to a new Europe: the Western view, PRIO Report, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, NUPI Report. Knudsen, Olav F. (1996) Baltikum i makttriangelet og norsk politikk, in Iver B. Neumann and Ståle Ulriksen (eds), Sikkerhetspolitikk. Norge i makttriangelet mellom EU, Russland og USA, Tano, Oslo. Knudsen, Olav F. (1996) Bound to Fail? Regional security cooperation in the Baltic Sea area and North East Asia, NUPI Working Paper No. 566 Knudsen, Olav F. (1996) Subregional Security Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Area: towards an International Regime on NUPI Working Paper No. 496 Knudsen, Olav F. (1996) The Emergence of a Norwegian Policy Towards the Baltic States and the Baltic Sea Area, in Axel Krohn ed., The Baltic Sea Region, National and International Security Perspectives. Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden, Vol. 105, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden. Knudsen, Olav F. (1996) Tillegsevaluering av handlingsprogrammet for Øst-Europa. NUPI’s delrapporter til Statskonsults utredning, avlevert januar 1996, NUPI-rapport (NUPI report) No. 203.

106 Knudsen, Olav F. (1997) Long-Term Prospects for Nordic-Baltic Security: Diagnostic Statements by Governments in the Baltic Sea Region, December 1996 - July No. 574 Knudsen, Olav F. (forthcoming, working title) Regional Security Cooperation: Long Term Security Prospects for the Baltic Sea Area. (NUPI) Knudsen, Olav F. and Iver B. Neumann (1995) Subregional Security Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Area. An Exploratory Study, NUPI Report No. 189. Knudsen, Olav F., (forthcoming), What promise for Regional Cooperative Security? A comparison of the Baltic Sea Region and Southeast Asia. (NUPI). Knudsen, Olav F. (no year) Russland og Baltikum: Nordens rolle? NUPI Working Paper No. 583 Kolstø, Pål (1993) Minority Rights Protection in the Baltic States: A Least Destabilizing Solution to the Russian Diaspora Problem, in Latvijas Zinatnu Akademijas Vestis (Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, part A), No. 5, pp. 25-30. Kolstø, Pål (1993) National Minorities in the Non-Russian Soviet Successor States of the Former Soviet Union, RAND report DRU-565-FF. Kolstø, Pål (1993) The new Russian Diaspora. Russians. Outside Russia. Minority Protection in the Soviet Successor States, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 30, No. 2., pp. 197-217. Kolstø, Pål (1996) Integrasjon eller fremmedgjøring? Russernes stilling i de tidligere sovjetrepublikkene, Internasjonal Politikk, 1996/1, pp. 33-52. Kolstø, Pål (1996) Russians in the Former Soviet Republics, Christopher Hurst/Indiana University Press, London. Kolstø, Pål (1996) The new Russian Diaspora - an identity of its own? Possible identity trajectories for Russians in the former Soviet republic. Ethnic and Racial studies, July 1996, pp. 609-639, Institutt for østeuropeiske og orientalske studier. Kolstø, Pål (1997) Bulletin of Electoral Statistics and Public Opinion Research Data Patterns of Nation Building and Political Integration in a Bifurcated Post-communist State: Ethnic Aspects of Parliamentary Elections in Latvia. East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 366-391. Kristoffersen, Harald and Arne Tesli (1996) Environmental Impact Assessment in the Baltic States and Poland: Screening and quality control, Report from a Nordic-Baltic-Polish cooperation project, Nord 1996:12. Mathiassen, Terje (1990) Grammatical consequences of the principle of equal rights between men and women in society. Examples from European languages, especially the languages of the Baltic Sea area, Symposium Balticum. A Festschrift to honour Professor Velta Ruke-Dravina, ed. by Baiba Metuzale-Kangere and Helge D. Rinholm, Hamburg, pp. 281-289. Mathiassen, Terje (1996) A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Columbus, Ohio. Mathiassen, Terje (1996) Some Aspects of Language Contacts and Convergency Phenomena in the Baltic Area - Evidence from Lithuanian, Latvian, Livonian, Estonian, Russian and Polish, in Contacts de langues et de cultures dans l’aire baltique. Mélanges offerts à Fanny de Sivers, Uppsala Multiethnic Papers 39, Uppsala 1996, pp. 171-179. Mathiassen, Terje (1996) Tense, Mood and Aspect in Lithuanian and Latvian, Meddelelser Slavisk-baltisk Institutt 75, Oslo.

107 Mathiassen, Terje (1997) A Short Grammar of Latvian, Slavica Publishers, Columbus, Ohio (USA) Mathiassen, Terje (forthcoming) Regulations and Language Planning in Latvia and Lithuania, Proceedings form the Ivar Aasen Conference at the University of Oslo, Nov. 1996. Mathiassen, Terje (no year) Latvian Historical Morphology. A Contrastive Latvian-Lithuanian Study within an Indo-European and Typological (Areal) Framework. Mazing, Valerij (1995) Russlands utenrikspolitikk og sikkerhetspolitikk overfor Nord-Europa, in Internasjonal Politikk, No. 2/1995 Mydske, Per Kristen (1994) Comparing Nordic and Baltic Countries: Environmental Problems and Policies in Agriculture and Forestry. Tema Nord 1994: 572, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. Mydske, Per Kristen (1995) New Strategies in the Use of Environmental Policy Instruments: Comparative Studies of Nordic and Baltic Countries. Paper presented at the conference: “Policy instruments for combating water pollution in the Baltic Sea: Perspectives from economics and political science.” Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy, Sept. Mydske, Per Kristen (1995) The Use of Environmental Policy Instruments in Nordic and Baltic Countries: An Application of Implementation Theory and Transition Theory in a Comparative Setting. Paper prepared for the Nordisk Forskarsymposium om miljø och samhälle, Gothenburg, June. Mydske, Per Kristen (1996) Implementation of environmental policies in agriculture: A watercourse project Norway, in Jan v. Dunne ed., Non-Point Source River Pollution: The case of the Meuse, Kluwer Law International Ltd. Mydske, Per Kristen (1997) Baltic Democracies - Consolidation and Development. Balticum Workshop: Democracy and Cultural Identity, 10-11 March 1997. Det norske Universitetsråd/SIU. Norges Forskningsråd. Workshop report 1997. Mydske, Per Kristen (1997) National Engagement in Environmental values in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia, Academy of Cultural Heritage, Neighbours in the East, Røros. Mydske, Per Kristen and Jan Hjelle (1997) Comparing the Nordic countries. Paper presented at a conference at the Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy, April 1997. Mydske, Per Kristen ed. (1996) Implementing Environmental Policy Instruments in Nordic and Post-Communist Countries, Research Report, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Nilson, Håken R. (1993) Europeisk integrasjon og miljøsamarbeid i Barentsregionen: Østersjøen som forbilde for “europeisering”, Internasjonal Politikk, No. 4/1993. Nilson, Håken R. (1994) The Role of the European Community in the Baltic Sea Region: Which Model for Environmental Management is Offered, and how?, in Security for the Baltic Region, PRIO Report 4/94. Oldberg, Ingmar (1995) Kaliningrad-områdets framtid, in Internasjonal Politikk, No. 3/1995. Runander, Ola (1992) Karl XII som kompass (Charles XII as Compass), Internationella Studier, No. 4, Stockholm pp. 84-88.

108 Ruus, J. and A. Steen (1997) Communist Continuity Among Estonian Elites. Myth or Reality? - Paper to EXPR Joint Session of Workshops. Workshop: Elite Configurations in Post- Communist countries: Causes and Consequences, Bern, Switzerland. Sjersted, Fredrik (1996) Parliament and Constitution: on the Constitutional Status and Actual Functions of Parliaments and the Challenge of European Integration, in Constitution as a legal base for a system and functions of organs of the state. The 4th Baltic-Norwegian conference on Constitutional Issues, Tallinn. Smith, Eivind (1992) The Citizen and the Public Administration: Introduction and Main Elements in Human rights in National Legislation in Aspect of European and International Standards. Joint Baltic-Norwegian Conference, Riga. Smith, Eivind (1996) Judicial Review of Legislation in a Comparative Perspective, in Constitution as a legal base for a system and functions of organs of the state. The 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues, Tallinn. Steen, A. (1993) The elites in the Baltic states: integration and policy views in transitional societies. Outline of a research project, paper, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1994) Confidence in Institutions in Post-Communist Societies: The Case of the Baltic States, Working Paper Series, 12/94, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1994) Elite transformation and integration in post-communist countries, Paper presented at the workshop “National Elites and European Integration, at the 22nd ECPR Joint Session of Workshops, Madrid, Spain. Steen, A. (1994) Environmental Policy Priorities Among Baltic Elites, paper presented at a conference on “Environmental Policy Instruments”, Tallinn, Estonia. Steen, A. (1994) Recirculation and Expultion: The New Elites in the Baltic States, Working Paper Series, 09/94, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1995) Change of Regime and Political Recruitment. The political Elites in the Baltic States, paper presented at the ECPR Joint Session of Workshops, Bordeaux, 27.4. - 2.5.1995. Steen, A. (1995) Consolidation and competence. The Politics of recruiting political elites in the Baltic states, working paper, no. 3/95, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1995) Does Elite Background Matter for Ideological views? The parliamentary elites in the Baltic states, Paper in conference report “Political Science”, to the First Conference on Baltic Studies in Europe. University of Latvia/Latvian Academy of Science, Riga, 16- 18 June 1995. Steen, A. (1995) Elite Personality and Democratic Development in Post Totalitarian States, working paper, no. 04/95, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1995) Elites and democratic development in post-communist states, Paper to the First Conference on Baltic Studies in Europe, Riga 16-18 June 1995. Steen, A. (1995) Political science research in the Baltic States, paper to the Workshop on Cooperation in the Social Sciences between Western and Central/Eastern European Countries, Academy of Science, Warsaw, 18-20 May 1995.

109 Steen, A. (1996) Confidence in Institutions in Post-Communist Societies: The Case of the Baltic States, in Scandinavian Political Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-225. Steen, A. (1996) Consolidation and competence. The Politics of Recruiting Political Elites in the Baltic States, in The Journal of Baltic Studies, Summer, Vol. XXVII, No. 3. Steen, A. (1996) Democracy and State Development. A Comparison of Elite-Attitudes in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Paper delivered to the seminar Administrative Reforms and Governance in Eastern Europe and Russia, November 29 - 30, 1996, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1996) Elites, Democracy and Policy Development in Post-Communist States. a Comparative Study of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Research Report 02/1996, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1996) How Important is Environmental Policy Among Baltic Elites? A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, in Mydske, P.K. ed., Implementing Environmental Policy Instruments in Nordic and Post-Communist Countries. Research Report No. 03/1996, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Steen, A. (1997) Baltikum i internasjonal politikk: forbilder og samarbeid, Internasjonal Politikk, Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt, 1997:55 (1). Steen, A. (1997) Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Post-Communist countries. A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Ashgate, 1997:389. Steen, A. (1997) Cleavage Structures, Elite Configurations and Democracy in Post-Communist Countries - the Case of the Baltic States, in Steen, A. ed., Ethnicity and Politics in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Research Report, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, 1997, 1-22. Steen, A. (1997) The Baltic elites after change of regime, in Best, H. and U. Becker eds, Elites in Transition, Informations-Zentrum Sozialwissenschaften, Leske und Budrich. 149-170 Steen, A. (1997), Cleavage Structures, Elite Configurations and Democracy in Post- Communist Countries: The Case of the Baltic States, Paper ECPR Joint Session of Workshops 1997, Workshop: Elite configurations in Post-Communist Countries: Causes and Consequences. Bern. Steen, A. and E. Semanis (1995) Latvijas Lideru Attieksmes. 1993/94. G. Petijums. Pamatinformacija Par Petijuma Rezultatiern, The Attitudes of the Latvian Elites, report in Latvian and English, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo and Department of Political Science, University of Latvia. Steen, A. and P.K. Mydske (1996) Public Administration Reforms in Latvia, in Hallinnon Tutkimus (Administrative Studies, No. 4, pp. 275-281. Steen, A. ed. (1997) Ethnicity and Politics in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Research Report 1997:134. Steen, Anton (1997) Baltikum i internasjonal politikk: forbilder og samarbeid, In Internasjonal Politikk, No. 1/1997. Tunander, Ola (1992) Sweden and the Baltic Region - Military Strategic Significance in Wellmann, Christian, ed. Baltic Sea Region - Conflict an Cooperation: Region-Making, Security, Disarmament and Conversion, Kieler Schriften zur Friedenswissenschaft, Münster & Hamburg: Lit. (PRIO).

110 Tunander, Ola (1992) The Strategic Significance of the Nordic-Baltic Region, Oslo, The Europe Programme, No. 2., p. 22. Tunander, Ola (1993) Frihet, murer og frimurere i 90-talets Europa (Freedom, Walls and Free Masons in Europe of 1990s), International politikk, no. 4, pp. 419-434. (PRIO). Tunander, Ola (1993) Norden och Havet (Scandinavia and the Sea), pp. 82-103 in Bull, Bernt and Anders Kjølberg eds., Norge i det politiske kraftfeltet (Norway in the political force of Power), Oslo, Cappelen/The Europe Programme. (PRIO). Tunander, Ola (1994) Inventing the Barents Region - Overcoming the East-West Divide, pp. 31-44 in Schram Stokke, Olav and Ola Tunander eds, 1994, The Barents Region - Cooperation in the Arctic Europe, London, SAGE Publications. Tunander, Ola (1995) Murar - Essäer om makt, identitet och territorialitet (Walls - Essays on Power, Identity and Territoriality), Ålborg, Nordic Summer University. Tunander, Ola (1995) Norge og Norden (Norway and the Nordic Countries) in Torbrjørn Knutsen, Gunnar Sørbø and Svein Gjerdåker, eds, Norges Utenrikspolitikk (Norwegian Foreign Policy), Oslo, pp. 260-277. (PRIO). Tunander, Ola (1995) Should NATO be Extended? in Security Dialogue, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 350-351. Tunander, Ola (1996) Norway’s Post-Cold War Security - The Nordic Region Between Friend and Foe, or Between Cosmos and Chaos, in The Olof Palme International Center, Visions of European Security - Focal Point Sweden and Northern Europe, Report from a Project organized by the Olof Palme International Center, Stockholm, pp. 48-63. Tunander, Ola and Olav Schram Stokke eds (1994) The Barents Region - Cooperation in Arctic Europe, London, SAGE Publications. Tunander, Ola and Ole Wæver (1995) Murar - Europas nye medeltid (Walls - The New Middle Ages of Europe) in Ola Tunander ed., Europa och Muren, Ålborg, Nordic Summer University. Tunander, Ola ed. (1995) Europa oh Muren - Om “den andre”, gränslandet och historiens återkomst i 90-talets Europa (Europe and the Wall - On “the other”, the Borderland and the Return of History in Europe of the 1990s), Ålborg, Nordic Summer University. Tunander, Ola (1997) Post-Cold War Europe - a synthesis of a Bipolar Friend-Foe Structure and a Hierarchic cosmos-Chaos Structure?, pp. 15-41 in Tunander, et al., eds., 1997, Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe - Security, Territory and Identity, London, SAGE Publications. Tunander, Ola, and Victoria Ingrid Einagel eds (1997) Geopolitics in Post-Wall Europe - Security, Identity and Territory. London, SAGE Publications. Aasland, Aadne and Vida Cesnuityte (1997) Living conditions in the Baltic Countries Compared, FAFO-paper 1997:16. Aasland, Aadne ed. (1996) Latvia: The Impact of the Transformation. FAF Report No. 188. Aasland, Aadne, Knud Knudsen, Dagmar Kutsar and Ilze Rapenciere eds (1997) The Baltic Countries Revisited: Living Conditions and Comparative Challenges, FAF Report No. 230/1997

111 8.4. Finland Ainamo, A. & W. Cardwell (1998) After Privatisation: Economic Development, Social Transformation and Corporate Governance in the Baltic States. Journal of Eastern European Management Studies Bennehard, Guillaume (1998) Democratisation under Influence. The National Strategies for Information Society around the Baltic Sea Region, First part: Approaches and prospects in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden (INSOC working paper). Tampere (forthcoming). Bennehard, Guillaume (1998) The Logic of Networks: Enabling Transnationality around the Baltic Sea Region (forthcoming in Nordeuropäische Studien), Arno Spitz Verlag. Berlin Berg, Birgitta & Kaarel Kilvits & Mihkel Tombak (1996) Technology Policy for Improving Competitiveness of Estonian Industries. Berg, Birgitta, ed. (1997) Estonian Economy and European Integration. Berg-Andersson, Birgitta (1997) Comparative Evaluation of Science & Technology Policies in Lithua, Latvia and Estonia. Bernotas, Dainius & Arvydas Guogis & Romas Lazutka (1998) Social Security in Lithuania: A review. Borsos, Julianna & Mika Erkkilä (1995) Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Flows between the Nordic Countries and The Baltic States. Borsos, Julianna & Mika Erkkilä (1995) Regional Integration in the Baltic Rim - FDI and Trade-Based Integration in the Triangle of Finland, Estonia and St. Petersburg. Borsos, Julianna (1994) Foreign Companies in Estonia - Industrial Environment and Experiences. Borsos, Julianna (1995) Domestic employment effects of Finnish FDIs in Eastern Europe. Borsos-Torstila, Julianna (1997) Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer. Results of a survey in selected branches in Estonia. Department of Strategic and Defence Studies, National Defence College Helsinki (1997) Research Report no. 1. Military Cooperation and its Prospects in the Baltic Sea Region. Helsinki Eskelinen, Heikki & Perttu Vartiainen (1996) New rendezvous in St. Petersburg. In Eira Varis & Sisko Porter, eds: Karelia and St. Petersburg - From Lakeland Interior to European Metropolis, Joensuu University Press. Joensuu Forsström, Bo & Perttu Vartiainen & Harri Andersson (1996) Urban networking as a Learning Process in the Baltic Sea Region. In Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea 2010 and their Relevance to Central and Eastern Europe. IÖR- Schrift 17. Hazley, Colin & Inkeri Hirvensalo (1998) Barriers to Foreign Direct Investment in the Baltic Sea Region. Heikkinen, Kaija & Elena Zdravomyslova, eds. (1996) Civil Society in the European North. Concept and Context. (in Russian and English) Centre for Independent Social Research. St. Petersburg Heikkinen, Kaija and Elena Zdravomyslova, eds.(1996) Civil Society in the European North. Concept and Context. (in Russian and in English) Centre for Independent Social Research. St. Petersburg

112 Hernesniemi, Hannu (1996) Barriers to Economic Cooperation of Baltic Rim Countries. Herzen, Gustav Von & Julianna Borsos (1994) An Agro-food Industrial Strategy for the Baltic States. Hirvensalo, Inkeri (1996) Strategic Adapti-on of Enterprises to Turbulent Transitionary Markets; Operation Strategies of Finnish Firms in Russia and the Baltic States during 1991-95. Huru, Jouko, Olli-Pekka Jalonen & Helena Mannonen (1998) The Integration of the Baltic States into the EU’, University of Tampere, Tampere Peace Research Institute, Research report. Hyvärinen, Jari & Julianna Borsos (1994) Emerging Estonian Industrial Transformation - Towards a Dual Industrial Strategy for Estonia. Hyvärinen, Jari (1996) A Survey of Corporate Governance - Which Model for Transition Countries? Haapanen, Elisa (1995) Foreign Direct Investments in Russian Karelia. In: Margareta Dahlström, Heikki Eskelinen & Ulf Wiberg, eds. The East-West Interface in the European North NST. Uppsala Haavio-Mannila, Elina & Aili Kelam (1996) Young families and gender roles in Estonia and Finland in 1984 and 1993. // Idäntutkimus. Suomen Venäjän ja Itä-Euroopan tutkimuksen seura ISSN 1237-6051. 3: 3-4. Helsinki Haavio-Mannila, Elina & Kaisa Kauppinen (1994) Changes in the status of women in Russia and Estonia. // Change and continuity in Eastern Europe. Aldershot : ISBN 1-85521-499- 7. s. 173-203. Dartmouth Joenniemi, Pertti & Juris Prikulis, eds (1994) The Foreign Policies of the Baltic Countries. Basic Issues, Research Report 56. Tampere Peace Research Institute Joenniemi, Pertti & Peeter Vares, eds (1993) New Actors on the International Arena: The Foreign Policies of the Baltic Countries. Research Report 50. Tampere Peace Research Institute Joenniemi, Pertti ed (1993) Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region, Taylor & Francis. London Kalmi, Panu (1997) Ownership change in employee-owned enterprises in Poland and Russia / Panu Kalmi. - Suomen Pankki, idäntalouksien yksikkö.(Idäntalouksien katsauksia ISSN 1235-7405 ; 1). Helsinki Kandolin, Irja (1997) Gender Worklife and family responsibilities in Finland and Estonia: effects on economic and mental well-being / Irja Kandolin, - 53, (People and work, Research reports ISSN 1237-6183 ; 15) ISBN 951-802-204-6. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Helsinki Kilvits, Kaarel (1994) Current State of Estonian Industry. The Basic Material Prepared in Autumn 1993 for the Joint Estonian-Finnish Study Project on “the Future of Estonian Industry”. Kivikari, Urpo (1996) The Legacy of Hansa. The Baltic Sea Economic Region. OTAVA Kivikari, Urpo (1998) Foreign Direct Investment: Problems in Deepening the Integration of the Baltic Sea Region. In: NEBI Yearbook 1998. Springer Lainela, Seija & Pekka Sutela (1997) Institutional choice in transition economies: the Baltic monetary reforms. // The challenge of globalization and institution building : lessons from small European states. ISBN 0-8133-9009-5, Westview Press. Boulder (Colo)

113 Lainela, Seija & Pekka Sutela (1997) Introducing new currencies in the Baltic countries. // The transition to a market economy: transformation and reform in the Baltic states. Edward Elgar, cop. ISBN 1-85898-393-2. Cheltenham Liikanen, Ilkka & Pentti Stranius, eds (1996) Matkalla Kansalaisyhteiskuntaan. Liikettä ja liikkeitä luoteis-Venäjällä. Karjalan tutkimuslaitoksen julkaisuja. Joensuu Liikanen, Ilkka (1996) Preface by Teoksessa Kaija Heikkinen & Elena Zdravomyslova, eds. Civil Society in the European North. Concept and Context. Centre for Independent Social Research. St. Petersburg Liikanen, Ilkka (1996) The politics of civic organization. Karelian republic in a comparative perspective. Teoksessa Kaija Heikkinen & Elena Zdravomyslova, eds. Civil Society in the European North. Concept and Context. Centre for Independent Social Research. St.Petersburg Liuhto, Kari (1994) Foreign Investments in Estonia since 1987 - Statistical Approach. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Institute for East-West Trade Liuhto, Kari (1995) Entrepreneurial Transition in Estonia - Three Views. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Institute for East-West Trade Liuhto, Kari (1996) Estonian Enterprise Managers’ Opinions on the Impact of the European Union on Estonia. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Institute for East-West Trade Liuhto, Kari (1997) The Baltic States and the European Union Integration. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Institute for East-West Trade Lähteenmäki, Kaisa, ed (1994) Dimensions of Conflict and Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Rim. Research Report 58. Tampere Peace Research Institute Morkuniene, Audrone (1998) The Lithuanian Pension System and Alternatives for the Future. Nieminen, Jarmo & Jan-Åke Törnroos (1995) Market Entry and Business Development Strategies in Estonia: Four Finnish Case Studies. Turku School of Economics and Business Administration. Institute for East-West Trade Nieminen, Jarmo & Jan-Åke Törnroos, eds Starting and developing business relations with Eastern Europe - a learning perspective. Perko, Susanna (1996) Towards a Baltic Sea Region - Overcoming the East-West Divide in a Patchwork of Multiple Actors: An introduction. In Susanna Perko (ed.): Nordic-Baltic Region in Transition. New Actors, New Issues, New Perspectives. Research Report no. 75. Tampere Peace Research Institute. Tampere Perko, Susanna (1996) Trends in Economic Cross-Border Exchanges in the Baltic Region. In: Susanna Perko (ed.): Nordic-Baltic Region in Transition. New Actors, New Issues, New Perspectives. Research Report 75. Tampere Peace Research Institute. Tampere Perko, Susanna, ed (1996) Nordic-Baltic Region in Transition. New Actors, New Issues, New Perspectives. Research Report no. 68 Paasi, Marianne (1996) The Absorptive Capacities of Estonian Firms - Can a Technologybased Industrial Strategy Succeed? Paasi, Marianne (1996) The Inherited and Emerging Absorptive Capacities of Firms. Results of a firms survey in the Estonian electronics industry. Rumpunen, Juha (1995) Estonia: Policy and Criteria for EU-Membership.

114 Seppelin, Markus (1997) Constraints of the agricultural cooperative sector in Estonia. // Eesti põllumajandusülikooli teadustööde kogumik. Eesti põllumajandusülikool. Tartu Sutela, Pekka & Seija Lainela (1995) Escaping from the ruble: Estonia and Latvia compared. // Integration and disintegration in European economies. - Aldershot: Dartmouth Törnroos, Jan-Åke & Jarmo Nieminen (1994) Evolution of East-West Industrial Networks. Experiences from Finnish-Estonian Business. Proceedings of the IMP-Conference. Groningen Törnroos, Jan-Åke (1993) Penetration of industrial markets and industrial marketing to Estonia - a network approach.. In: Proceedings of The Second World Business Conference by Erdener Kaynak & Jarmo Nieminen ed. Turku Törnroos, Jan-Åke (1996) New Business Development and Industrial Marketing to Estonia - a Network Approach, Journal of East-West Business, Haworth Press, vol. 1 no. 4. Co- published simultaneously in Nieminen, J. (Ed.) East-West Business Relationships: Establishment and Development. International Business Press/Haworth Press Inc. Haworth Vartiainen, Perttu (1997) Urban networking: an emerging idea in spatial development planning. Proceedings of the 37th European Congress of the Regional Science Association, . CD-ROM (http://www.economia.utovrm.it/ersa97.htm). Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) Itämeren alueen kaupunkiverkon kuvausjärjestelmä. Ympäristöministeriö (in press, possibly translated into English). Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) Itämeren alueen kaupunkiverkon kuvausjärjestelmä. Ympäristöministeriö (in press, possibly translated into English). Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) Läroprocessen i urbana nätverk kring Östersjöregionen. A paper presented at the NordREFOs closing conference in Stockholm 12-13 June 1997. NordREFO (in press). Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) The advantages of a network of Baltic cities. A report for the Council of Europe. The Challenge facing European Society with the Approach of the Year 2000: Strategies for Sustainable Development of the Northern States in Europe, Helsinki 1997. Conference proceedings (forthcoming). Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) Urban networking as a learning process: an exploratory framework for transborder cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region. In: U.Graute ed: Sustainable Development for Central and Eastern Europe. Springer. Berlin Vartiainen, Perttu (1998) Urban networking in the Baltic Sea Region. A Nordic view. In H. Eskelinen et al., eds.: Curtains of Iron and Gold. European Peripheries and New Scales of Cross-border Interaction. Ashgate (in press).

115 8.5. Germany Breitzmann, K.-H., ed (1998) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern im Ostseeraum, Wirtschaft-Verkehr- Tourismus. Universität Rostock Breitzmann, K.-H. (1997) Wirtschaft und Verkehr im Ostseeraum. Universität Rostock Breitzmann, K.-H. ed (1994) Shipping, Ports and Transport in Transition to a Market Economy/Seeschiffahrt, Seehäfen und Verkehr im Prozeß der marktwirtschaftlichen Transformation. Institut für Verkehr und Logistik: Rostocker Beiträge zur Verkehrswissenschaft und Logistik. Universität Rostock Breitzmann, K.-H. ed (1996) Marktwirtschaftliche Transformation und Strukturveränderungen im Seeverkehr derOstseeländer. Institut für Verkehr und Logistik: Rostocker Contribution at the Verkehrswissenschaft und Logistik, Heft 5. Universität Rostock Breitzmann, K.-H. (5./6. September 1994) Structural changes in Baltic Sea transport - the role of ports for cohesion in North-Eastern Europe. Contribution at the V. International Conference “Cooperation and Competition between East and West in Maritime Transport” in Gdansk-Sobieszewo Breitzmann, K.-H. (1995) Die Position der Ostseehäfen in der zukünftigen Verkehrsentwicklung im Ostseeraum. 4. Hamburger Logistik-Kolloquium “Transport und Hafenlogistik”, Forschungsgemeinschaft für Logistik e.V., 9. Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg Breitzmann, K.-H. (1995) Stand und Entwicklung des Fähr- und Ro/Ro-Verkehrs in der Ostsee - Rahmenbedingungen der Verkehrsentwicklung in der Ostseeregion. Contribution at the Symposium “Meerestechnik, Schiffstechnik, See- und Hafenwirtschaft zur Landestechnikfachmesse ROTECH ‘95. Breitzmann, K.-H. (1995) Marktwirtschaftliche Transformation in der Hafenwirtschaft. Contribution at the Conference “Logistics and Education Problems in Maritime Transport”, Estonian Maritime Academy. Pärnu Breitzmann, K.-H. (1995) Commercialization and privatization of sea ports - the Eastern General example.Contribution at the “World Port Privatisation ‘95”. London Breitzmann, K.-H. (1996) Maritime transport and its importance for the Baltic-Sea Region. Contribution at the Kolloquium “Russian Shortsea Shipping and Transport Investigation”. Rostock Breitzmann, K.-H. (1996) Die Rolle der Nord-Süd-Achse für den Ostseeverkehr.Contribution at the 3. Osteuropa-Colloquium “Perspektiven der großen europäischen Verkehrsachsen” der Deutschen Verkehrswissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Berlin Breitzmann, K.-H. (1996) The role of transit transport in the process of establishing on Economic Baltic Sea Region. Contribution at theVI. International Conference on Cooperation and Competition in Maritime Transport: Transit Chains in the Baltic Sea Area. Helsinki Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1995) Transportinfrastructure in the Baltic States during the transformation to market economies. In: Journal of Transport Geography 3. Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1995) Schiene oder Straße? -Grundfragen der künftigen Verkehrpolitik in den baltischen Republiken. In: Zeitschrift für den Erdkundeunterricht 47.

116 Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1995) Infrastrukturausstattung der baltischen Staaten im Zeichen neuer Marktorientierung. In: 49. Deutscher Geographentag Bochum 1993, V. 4. Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1995) Spacial aspects of the transition processes in Poland. In: Viessmann Discussion Papers on Europe. No. 7. Waterloo, Ontario Buchhofer, Ekkehard & B. Kortus, ed. (1995) Polska - wschodni sasiad Niemiec. In: Polska i Niemcy. Geografia sasiedztwa w nowej Europie. Krakow Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1997) Räumliche Aspekte der Transformation polnischer Industriebetriebe. In: Geografía, czlowiek, gospodarka. Profesorowi B. Kortusowi w 70. rocznice urodzin. Kraków Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1997) Die Notwendigkeit des Verkehrs - Die Entwicklung zu einer hochmobilen Gesellschaft. In: Länder, Völker, Kontinente. V. 1. Die Erde als Natur- und Lebensraum. Gütersloh Buchhofer, Ekkehard (1997) Die Seehäfen des Baltikums. Wettbewerbsperspektiven im neuen Europa. In: Zeitschr. für den Erdkundeunterricht 49. Callsen, S. & O. Jäger-Roschko (1996) Langfristige Entwicklungspotentiale für die Regionen des Ostseeraums (working Paper). In: K. Peschel (ed.): Beiträge aus dem Institut für Regionalforschung der Universität Kiel, Nr. 22. Kiel Callsen, S. and K. Peschel (1996) On potentials for long term development and policy options in the Baltic Sea Region (unpublished report). Kurzstudie zur Vorbereitung des kooperativen Forschungsprojektes im Auftrag der Industri- und Handelskammer zu Kiel. Callsen, S. (1998) Trading Potentials for Northern Europe and Consequences for Traffic Flows. In: Hedegaard, L. et. al. (eds.) The NEBI Yearbook 1998 - North European and Baltic Sea Integration. Springer Fanning, Hiltgunt (1997) Internationales Regionalsymposium: Rußland – Wirtschaftspartner Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, Tagungsbericht 1997, ISSN 1435-5523. Stralsund Henningsen, Bernd (1995) Der Norden: Eine Erfindung. Das europäische Projekt einer regionalen Identität. Humboldt Universität. Berlin Henningsen, Bernd (1997) Die schwedische Konstruktion einer nordischen Identität durch Olof Rudbeck. In: Working paper “Gemeinschaften”, Heft 9, Berlin, 40 S. [engl. Edition: The Swedish Construction of Nordic Identity. In: Øystein Sørensen, Bo Stråth (ed.): The Cultural Construction of Norden. Oslo Henningsen, Bernd and Bo Stråth (1996) Deutschland, Schweden und die Ostsee-Region. Baden-Baden, (Nordeuropäische Studien; 10) Henningsen, Bernd and Stephan Michael Schröder (1997) Vom Ende der Humboldt-Kosmen. Konturen von Kulturwissenschaft. Baden-Baden Henningsen, Bernd (1996) Der “neue” Norden und die Ostsee-Region. In: Bernd Henningsen, Bo Stråth (Hrsgg.): Deutschland, Schweden und die Ostsee-Region. Baden-Baden, (= Nordeuropäische Studien; 10) Jäger-Roschko, O., H. Herrmann and A. Lewandowski (1996) Szenarien künftiger Handelsverflechtungen im Ostseeraum - Konsequenzen für die Verkehrsströme über die Ostsee und für die Ostseehäfen. In: Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ed.), Arbeitsmaterial.Landesentwicklung in Norddeutschland - Funktionsteilung und Hinterlandanbindung der Häfen an Nord- und Ostsee. Hannover

117 Jäger-Roschko, O. (1995) Zukünftige Handelsverflechtungen im Ostseeraum. Projektionen auf Basis eines Regressionsmodells. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung im Ostseeraum. Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (ed.), Arbeitsmaterial. Hannover Jäger-Roschko, O. (1997) Internationaler Handel im Ostseeraum - Szenarien auf Basis eines Regressionsansatzes. Band 15. Schriften des Instituts für Regionalforschung der Universität Kiel. V. Florentz. München Krister, Hanne (1995) Westeuropäische Integration und Nordeuropa. Berlin Krister, Hanne (1996) Nordische Identitäten? Der Streit um die Zukunft des nordischen Projekts in Europa. Wien Krister, Hanne (1996) Europäische Integration: der Weg ins nächste Jahrhundert. Oslo Krister, Hanne (1996) Ostseeraum: Regionale Sicherheit nicht gefragt. Baden-Baden Noack, Axel (1997) Northern Europe – Märkte und Erfolgsstrategien, Tagungsbericht 1997, 3. International Baltic Sea Forum 1997 at the Fachhochschule Stralsund (forthcoming), ISSN 1432-9042. Stralsund Rothlauf, Jürgen (1997) Die Ostsee im Transformationsprozess - Tagungsbericht, 2. International Baltic Sea Forum 1996 at the Fachhochschule Stralsund, ISSN 1432-9042. Stralsund Stadsholt, André (1996) Das sicherheitpolitische Konzept der baltischen Staaten, BIAB- Berichte, in contact with the universtities of Kiel and Greifswald.

118 9. Addresses

9.1. Denmark University of Aarhus:

Department of Economics Bartholins Allé, Bygning 350 Universitetsparken DK-8000 Århus C E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (+45) 89 42 11 33 Fax: (+45) 89 42 15 40 http://www.au.dk/uk/sam/okonomi/index.html#adresse

Gotfredsen, Arne, E-mail: [email protected]

Paldam, Martin, E-mail: [email protected]

Yndgaard, Ebbe, E-mail: [email protected]

The Department of Political Science Bartholins Allé, Bygning 330 Universitetsparken DK-8000 Århus C E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (+45) 89 42 11 33 Fax: (+45) 86 13 98 39 http://www.au.dk/uk/sam/statskun/index.html#adresse

Johannsen, Lars, E-mail: [email protected]

Mikkel, Evald, E-mail: [email protected]

Nørgaard, Ole, E-mail: [email protected]

Pedersen, Karin Hilmer, E-mail: [email protected]

119 The Aarhus School of Business

Department of Economics / Nationaløkonomisk Institut (NAT, I-bygningen) The Aarhus School of Business Fuglesangs Allé 20 DK-8210 Århus V Phone: (+45) 89 48 63 96 Fax: (+45) 86 15 51 75

Brandt, Urs Steiner Phone: (+45) 89 48 66 88 or direct +45 89 48 64 06 Fax: (+45) 86 15 51 75 E-mail: [email protected]

Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard Phone: (+45) 89 48 66 88 or direct (+45) 89 48 64 08 or private (+45) 86 26 52 20 Fax: (+45) 86 15 51 75 E-mail: [email protected]

Roskilde University:

Department of Social Sciences Marbjergvej 35 P.O. Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Phone: (+45) 46 74 20 00 Fax: (+45) 46 74 30 00 E-mail : [email protected] http://www.ssc.ruc.dk/

Fuglsang, Lars Phone: (+45) 46 74 21 65 E-mail: [email protected]

Nielsen, Klaus Phone: (+45) 46 74 21 86 E-mail: [email protected]

Wolffsen, Poul Phone: (+45) 46 74 23 52 E-mail: [email protected]

120 Aage, Hans Phone: (+45) 46 74 24 58 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Geography - http://www.geo.ruc.dk/ Illeris, Sven Phone: (+45) 46 74-25 14 E-mail: [email protected]

Plum, Viggo Phone: (+45) 46 74-21 51 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies (TEK-SAM) House 11.2 PO Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Phone: (+45) 46 74 20 00 Fax: (+45) 46 74 30 41 E-mail:[email protected] http://www.teksam.ruc.dk/

Andersen, Jan, e-mail: [email protected]

Holm, Jesper, e-mail: [email protected]

Jelsøe, Erling, e-mail: [email protected]

Kjærgård, Bente, e-mail: [email protected]

Klemmensen, Børge, e-mail: [email protected]

Kragh, Poul, e-mail: [email protected]

Land, Birgit, e-mail: [email protected]

Mortensen, Jens Peter, e-mail: [email protected]

Olsen, Ole Jess, e-mail: [email protected]

Pedersen, Kirsten Bransholm, e-mail: [email protected]

Pedersen, Niels Kaare, e-mail: [email protected]

121 South Jutland University Centre, (SUC) Niels Bohrs Vej 9 DK-6700 Esbjerg Phone: (+45) 79 14 11 11 Fax: (+45) 79 14 11 99 http://www.suc.dk/

Jensen, Jens Jørgen, e-mail: [email protected]

Laursen, Finn, e-mail: [email protected]

Magnusson, Märta-Lisa, e-mail: [email protected]

Riishøj, Søren, e-mail: [email protected]

Kledal, Børge, e-mail: [email protected]

Odense University:

Department of Economics Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Phone: (+45) 66 15 86 00 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ou.dk/busieco/e/index.htm

Hansen, Jørgen Drud Phone: (+45) 65 57 21 20 Fax: (+45) 66 15 87 90 E-mail: [email protected]

Jensen, Camilla Phone: (+45) 65 57 33 51 Fax: (+45) 66 15 87 90 E-mail: [email protected]

Nielsen, Lene Phone: (+45) 65 57 21 48 Fax: (+45) 66 15 87 90 E-mail: [email protected]

122 Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering Grundtvigs Allé 150 DK - 6400 Sønderborg Phone: (+ 45) 79 32 11 11 Fax: (+ 45) 79 32 13 87 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.hhs.dk/tlf/tlf_uk.html

The campus in Esbjerg: Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering Niels Bohrs Vej 10 DK - 6700 Esbjerg Phone: (+45) 79 32 11 11 Fax (+45) 79 32 15 50 E-mail: [email protected]

The campus in Kolding: Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering Engstien 1 DK - 6000 Kolding Phone: (+45) 79 32 11 11 Fax: (+45) 79 32 14 48 E-mail: [email protected]

The campus in Sønderborg: Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering Grundtvigs Allé 150 DK - 6400 Sønderborg Phone: (+45) 79 32 11 11 Fax: (+45) 79 32 13 87 E-mail: [email protected]

The campus in Flensborg: Southern Denmark School of Business and Engineering Kanzleistrasse 91-93 D -24943 Flensburg Germany Phone: (+ 45) 79 32 11 11 Fax: +49 (0)461 805 990 E-mail: [email protected]

Cornett, Andreas Phone: (+45) 79 32 12 11 E-mail: [email protected]

123 Iversen, Søren Peter Phone: (+45) 79 32 12 20 E-mail: [email protected]

University of Copenhagen:

Institute of Political Science Rosenborggade 15 DK-1130 Copenhagen K Phone: (+45) 35 32 33 66 Fax: (+45) 35 39 33 99 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.polsci.ku.dk/

Hansen, Birthe, e-mail: [email protected]

Jacobsen, Uffe, e-mail: [email protected]

Pedersen, Ove Kaj, e-mail: [email protected]

Institute of Economics Studiestræde 6 DK-1455 Copenhagen K Phone: (+45) 35 32 26 26 Fax: (+45) 35 32 30 00 http://www.econ.ku.dk/department/default.htm

Christensen, Jørgen Peter, [email protected]

Gunnarsson, Jan, E-mail: [email protected]

Institute of Geography Øster Voldgade 10 DK-1350 Copenhagen K Phone.: (+45) 35 32 25 00 Fax : (+45) 35 32 25 01 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.geogr.ku.dk/

Jørgensen, John Noes Phone: (+45) 35 32 25 64 Fax: (+45) 35 32 25 01 E-mail: [email protected]

124 Larsen, Henrik Gutzon Phone: (+45) 35 32 25 73 Fax: (+45) 35 32 25 01 E-mail: [email protected]

Matthiessen, Christian Wichmann Phone: (+45) 35 32 25 00 Fax: (+45) 35 32 25 01 E-mail: [email protected]

University of Aalborg

Department of Development and Planning Fibigerstraede 11 DK-9220 Aalborg Ø Phone: (+45) 96 35 80 80 Fax: (+45) 98 15 65 41 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.i4.auc.dk/

Sørensen, Olav Jull Phone: (+45) 96 35 80 80/ (+45) 96 35 83 22 Fax: (+45) 98 15 69 50 E-mail: [email protected]

Zetterholm, Staffan E-mail: [email protected]

Copenhagen Business School (CBS)

Center for East European Studies 15 Dalgas Have DK-2000 Frederiksberg Phone: (+45) 38 15 30 30 Fax: (+45) 38 15 30 37 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.econ.cbs.dk/Institutes/cees/sider/index.html

Kalmi, Panu Phone: (+45) 38 15 3 034 Fax: (+45) 38 15 30 37 E-mail: [email protected]

125 Meyer, Klaus Phone: (+45) 38 15 30 33 Fax: (+45) 38 15 30 37 E-mail: [email protected]

Mygind, Niels Phone: (+45) 38 15 30 32 Fax: (+45) 38 15 30 37 E-mail: [email protected]

COPRI, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute Fredericiagade 18 DK-1310 Copenhagen K Phone: (+45) 33 45 50 50 Fax: (+45) 33 45 50 60 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.copri.dk/

Research Fellow, Lene Hansen Phone: (+45) 33 45 50 68 E-mail: [email protected]

Senior Project Research Fellow, Project Director, Pertti Joenniemi Phone: (+45) 33 45 50 58 E-mail: [email protected]

Senior Research Fellow, Ole Wæver Phone: (+45) 33 45 50 67 E-mail: [email protected]

Erik André Andersen Phone: (+45) 33 45 50 57 E-mail: [email protected]

DUPI, Danish Institute of International Affairs Nytorv 5 DK-1450 København K Phone: (+45) 33 36 65 65 Fax: (+45) 33 36 65 66, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dupi.dk/

126 Professor Bertel Heurlin Phone: (+45) 33 36 65 72 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. scient.pol. Hans Mouritzen Phone: (+45) 33 36 65 90 E-mail: [email protected]

Birthe Hansen, Phone: (+45) 35 32 33 90 E-mail: [email protected]

AKF, Institute of Local Government Studies Nyropsgade 37 DK-1602 København V Phone: (+45) 33 11 03 00 http://www.akf.dk/index.html

Bjarne Madsen Phone: (+45) 33 14 59 49 + 80 E-mail: [email protected]

127 9.2. Sweden Försvarets Forskningsanstalt - FOA Avdelningen för Försvarsanalys Institutionen för Säkerhet och strategi Jan Leijonhielm FOA S-172 90 Stockholm Phone: +46 (0)8 706 30 00 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.foa.se/1sakerhet.html

Ingmar Oldberg. FOA S-172 90 Stockholm Phone: +46 (0)8 706 30 00 E-mail: [email protected]

Jan Knopf FOA S-172 90 Stockholm Phone: +46 (0)8 706 30 00

Göteborgs Universitet

School of Economics and Commercial Law Dept of Finance and Financial Economics S-411 80 Gothenburg Phone: +46 (0)31 773 10 00 Fax: +46 (0)31 773 10 43 http://www.gu.se/

Professor Clas Wihlborg Financial Economics S-411 80 Gothenburg Phone: +46 (0)31 773 10 00 Fax: +46 (0)31 773 10 43

Padrigu Brogatan 4 S-413 01 Göteborg Phone: +46 (0)31 773 14 28 Fax: +46 (0)31 773 4910 E-mail: [email protected]

128 Björn Hettne Professor department: freds- och utvecklingsforskning, samhallsvetenskapliga fakulteten Phone: +46 (0)31 773 1426 Fax: +46 (0)31 773 4910 E-mail: [email protected]

Handelshögskolan - Stockholm School of Economics

SITE Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics and East European Economies Box 6501 S-113 83 Stockholm Street address: Sveavägen 65, S-113 83 Stockholm Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22 http://www.hhs.se/site Lorand Ambrus-Lakatos Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

Erik Berglöf Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

Annette Brown Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

David Brown Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

Mike Burkart Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

John Earle Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

Guido Friebel Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

129 Klaus Wallner Phone: +46 (0)8 736 9670 Fax: +46 (0)8 31 64 22

Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Strelnieku iela 4a Riga LV1010, Latvia Phone: +371 701 58 00 Fax: + 371 783 02 49

Högskolan i Örebro

Centrum för stadsmiljöforskning Institutionen för Samhällsvetenskap Högskolan i Örebro S-701 82 Örebro http://www.hoe.se/

Ingemar Elander, FD Coordinator Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 30 69 Fax: + 46 (0)19 30 34 84 E-mail: [email protected]

Agne Sandberg FK Secretary for the Centre Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 30 17 Fax: + 46 (0)19 30 34 84 E-mail: [email protected]

Danermark, Berth, FD,docent in Sociology Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 30 41 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Political Science Sten Berglund Professor in Political Science Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 38 60 , E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Bernt Brikell PhD in Political Science Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 38 91 E-mail: [email protected]

130 Rolf Lidskog, FD, docent, univ.lektor in Sociology Phone: + 46 (0)19 30 32 72 E-mail:[email protected]

Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan - KTH Valhallavägen 79, S-100 44 STOCKHOLM Phone: +46 (0)8 790 60 00 Fax: +46 (0)8 790 65 00 http://www.kth.se/

Dept. of regional planning Lars Lundquist Phone: +46 (0)8 790 84 28 Fax: +46 (0)8 790 67 61 E-mail: [email protected]

Lars Olov Persson Phone: +46 (0)8 790 85 91 Fax: +46 (0)8 790 67 61 E-mail: [email protected]

Linköpings Universitet - University of Linköping

Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies Hassler Björn , PhD Student Phone: +46 (0)13 28 23 03 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.liu.se/

Dept of Political Science Hjorth Ronnie FD, studierektor Phone: +46 (0)13 28 18 02 E-mail: [email protected]

Gooch Geoffrey FD Phone: +46 (0)13-28 25 46 E-mail: [email protected]

131 Lunds Universitet

Department of Economics P.O. Box 7082 S-222 07 LUND, Phone: +46 (0)46 222 00 00 Fax:: +46 (0)46 222 46 13 http://www.lu.se/

Haavisto Tarmo Phone: +46 (0)46 222 86 83 Fax:: +46 (0)46 222 46 13 E-mail: [email protected]

Research Policy Institute PESTO, Box 2017 S-220 02 Lund Phone: +46 (0)46 222 76 22 (23) Fax: +46 (0)46 14 69 86 E-mail: andrew [email protected]

Ring , Magnus , Amanuens Phone: +46 (0)46 222 76 22 Fax: +46 (0)46 14 69 86 E-mail: [email protected]

Miljövetenskapligt centrum vid Lunds universitet Sölvegatan 37 Box 117 S-221 00 Lund Phone: +46 (0)46 222 00 00 Fax: +46 (0)46 222 36 69

Centrum för Europaforskning Paradisgatan 5, Eden, Hus H Box 52 S-221 00 Lund Phone: +46 (0)46 222 00 00 Fax: +46 (0)46 222 40 06

132 Interdisciplinary Centre (Centre for Women Studies) Box 117 S-221 00 Lund Phone: +46 (0)46 222 40 59 Fax: +46 (0)46 222 40 04

Mitthögskolan - Mid Sweden University S-871 88 Härnösand Phone: +46 (0)611 860 00 Fax: +46 (0)611 860 65

S-851 70 Sundsvall Phone: +46 (0)60 14 86 00 Fax: +46 (0)60 14 87 00

S-831 25 Östersund Phone: +46 (0)63 16 53 00 Fax: +46 (0)63 16 54 54 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.mh.se/]

Department of Tourism Studies, Östersund Per Åke Nilsson. S-831 25 Östersund Phone: +46 (0)63 16 53 75 Fax: + 46 (0)63 16 54 88 E-mail: [email protected]

Margareta Wolf Dennis Zalamans

Södertörns Högskola Alfred Nobels allé 11, Flemingsberg Box 4101 S-141 04 Huddinge Phone: +46 (0)8 58 58 8000 Fax: +46 (0)8 58 58 8010 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.sh.se/

Christan Lange Phone: +46 (0)8 58 88 227 E-mail: [email protected]

133 Erik Hansen Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen Alina Piaszczyk Pär Spareén Denny Vågerö Pirjo Janulf Bernhard Wächli

Department of Political Science Uhlin , Anders Phone: +46 (0)8 58 88 133 E-mail: [email protected]

Nilsson , Per Ola Phone: +46 (0)8 58 88 126

Stockholms Universitet S-106 91 Stockholm http://www.su.se

Dept of Geography S-106 91 Stockholm Phone +46 (0)8 1620 00. Fax: +46 (0)8 16 49 69. E-mail: [email protected]

Berencreutz, Magnus S-106 91 Stockholm Phone +46 (0)8 16 20 00. Fax: +46 (0)8 16 49 69.

Tiina Peil S-106 91 Stockholm Phone +46 (0)8 1620 00. Fax: +46 (0)8 16 49 69.

Dept. of Political Science Kjell Goldmann, Professor Phone +46 (0)8 16 30 88 Fax +46 (0)8 15 25 29 E-mail: [email protected]

134 Jan Hallenberg, FD, docent Phone +46 (0)8-16 31 37 Fax +46 (0)8 15 25 29 E-mail: [email protected]

Alexa Robertsson, FD Phone +46 (0)8 16 32 63 Fax +46 (0)8 15 25 29 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of History Artéus Gunnar, FD, docent Department of History S-106 91 Stockholm Phone +46 (0)8 788 93 84

SIR, Statens Institut för Regionalforskning Kyrkgatan 43B S-831 34 Östersund http://www.sir.se/

Umeå Universitet - University of Umeå International Office of Umeå University S-901 87 Umeå Phone: +46 (0)90 786 68 75 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 64 62 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.umu.se/

Department of Economic History Umeå universitet Samhällsvetarhuset, våning 3. S-901 87 Umeå Phone: +46 (0)90 786 50 00 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 71 38 Tf prefekt: Ove Lundberg http://www.umu.se/umu/sam_fak/sv/utbildpr.html#gastro

Krantz Olle, Professor Phone: +46 (0)90 786 62 32 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 71 38 E-mail: [email protected]

135 Nordlund Sven, Univ.lektor Phone: +46 (0)90 786 56 82 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 71 38 E-mail: [email protected]

Jörgensen Hans, PhD-student Phone: +46 (0)90 786 79 21 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 71 38 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Legal Science S-901 87 Umeå Phone: +46 (0)90-786 50 00. Fax: +46 (0)90 786 65 87.

Per Falk, Professor Phone: +46 (0)90786 50 00 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 65 87. E-mail: [email protected]

Per Bergling Phone: +46 (0)90 786 71 17 Fax: +46 (0)90 786 65 87. E-mail: [email protected]

Uppsala Universitet - University of Uppsala

Institutionen för östeuropastudier - Institute for East European Studies Gamla Torget 3, 3 trappor Box 514 S-751 20 Uppsala Fax: +46 (0)18 10 63 97 E-mail:[email protected] http://www.uu.se/

Cecilia Andrae, FK Political Science, research assistant Focus on Russian Domestic Policies after 1991. Phone: +46 (0)18 471 16 91 E-mail: [email protected]

Anders Fogelklou, Professor in East European Studies, especially East European Law Phone: +46 (0)18 471 16 86 E-mail: [email protected]

136 Kristian Gerner, prefekt, Professor in East European Studies, especially East European Law culture and history. Focus on political and cultural processes in Central- and East Europe during the 1900s Phone: +46 (0)18 471 14 59 E-mail: [email protected]

Stefan Hedlund, Professor in East European Studies Docent in economics, background within Third World Economy Phone: +46 (0)18 471 16 99 E-mail: [email protected]

Claes Levinsson, FM in Political Science, research assistant Focus on historical and political processes in East Europe, especially minority problems and the social and political development in Estonia and Latvia. Phone: +46 (0)18 471 16 96 E-mail: [email protected]

Ingvar Svanberg, FL, researcher Ethnologist with focus on Eurasia, Central-Asia, island societies. Phone: +46 (0)18 471 16 85 E-mail: [email protected]

Företagsekonomiska institutionen Humanistiskt-samhällsvetenskapligt centrum (HSC) Kyrkogårdsg. 1 Postadr: Box 513, 75120 Uppsala Phone: +46 (0)18 471 00 00. Fax: +46 (0)18 55 53 86 http://www.fek.uu.se/

Nazeem Seyed-Mohamed Phone: +46 (0)18 471 1374. Fax: +46 (0)18 55 53 86 E-mail:[email protected]

137 Department of Peace and Conflict Research Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning: Gamla Torget 3, 1 tr Mail adr: Box 514 75120 Uppsala Phone: +46 (0)18 471 2349 Fax: +46 (0)18 69 51 02 E-mail: [email protected] http://www2.uu.se/insts/pcr/freds.html

The Baltic University Programme - Östersjöuniversitetet Stureg. 2A II Box 2109, 750 02 Uppsala Phone: +46 (0)8 471 18 40 Fax: +46 (0)8 471 17 89 E-mail: [email protected] Director: Lars Rydén http://www.balticuniv.uadm.uu.se/

Utrikespolitiska Institutet - The Swedish Institute of International Affairs Jesper Grönvall University of Stockholm Project: Crisis Management Phone: +46 (0)8 23 40 60 Fax: +46 (0)8 20 10 49 E-mail: [email protected]

Eric R. Stern University of Stockholm Project: Crisis Management Phone: +46 (0)8 16 26 26 Fax: +46 (0)8 15 25 29 E-mail: [email protected]

138 9.3. Norway

Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt/NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs) Visiting address: Grønlandsleiret 25, Oslo 1 Mail address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep., N-0033 Oslo Home page: http//:www.nupi.no

Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité/DNAK (The Norwegian Atlantic Committee) Visiting address: Fridtjof Nansens gt. 6, N-0160 Oslo Home page: None.

Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt/FFI (Defence Research Institute) Mail address: P.O. Box 25, N-2997 Kjeller Home page: http://www.ffi.no

Institutt for Forsvarsstudier/IFS (Institute for Defence Studies) Visiting address: Tollbugt. 10, N-0152 Oslo Home page: None.

Institutt for Fredsforskning/PRIO (International Institute of Peace Research, Oslo) Visiting address: Fuglehauggata 11, N-0260 Oslo Home page: http://www.prio.no

Europa-programmet (The Europe Programme) Visiting address: Hammersborg Torg 1, 0130 Oslo Mail address: P.O. Box 6877 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo Home page: None.

Det Norske Videnskabsakademi (The Norwegian Academy of Science) Visiting address: Drammensveien 78, N-0205 Oslo Mail address: P.O.Box 7585 Skillebekk, N-0205 Oslo Home page: http://web.sol.no/dnva

Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo (The Research Foundation Fafo) Visiting address: Borggata 2, N-0608 Oslo Mail address: P.O.Box 2947 Tøyen, N-0608 Oslo Home page: http://www.fafo.no

Institutt for Menneskerettigheter/Institute of Human Rights Visiting address: Universitetsgt. 22, 0162 Oslo Home page: http://www.uio.no/www.misc/imr/indexno.html

139 Prosjekt Balticum at the University of Oslo Visiting address: Sognsveien 70, N-3870 Oslo Home page: Under preparation, will become operative during 1998.

Institute of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen Visiting address: Christies gt. 15, N-5007 Bergen Home page: http://www.svf.uib.no/sampol/welcome.html

Norsk Institutt for By- og Regionsforskning/NIBR (Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional Research Visiting address: Gaustadalleen 21, N-0313 Oslo Mail address: P.O.Box 443 Blindern, N-0313 Oslo Home page: http://www.nibr.no

Institute of East European and Oriental Studies at the University of Oslo Visiting address: Niels Treschows Hus, 11th floor, University Campus, Blindern, Oslo Home page: Under preparation, will become operative during 1998.

Lillehammer School of Management Visiting address: Gudbrandsdalsveien 350, Lillehammer. Mail address: P.O.Box 1004, 2601 Lillehammer Home page: http://www.hil.no/home.html

140 9.4. Finland

University of Joensuu P.O. Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Phone: +358 (0)13 2511 http://cc.joensuu.fi/

Department of Geography P.O. Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu Phone: +358 (0)13 2511

Assistant in Human Geography, Janne Antikainen [email protected]

Professor of Human Geography, Dr. Perttu Vartiainen [email protected]

Karelian Institute P.O.Box 111 FIN-80101 Joensuu http://cc.joensuu.fi/~alma/

Ilkka Liikanen Phone +358 (0)13 251 2461 Fax +358 (0)13 251 2472 Email [email protected]

University of Helsinki:

Department of Political Science P.O. Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37) FIN-00014 Helsinki http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/vol/index.htm

Professor Timo Kivimäki Res. Björkkulla Gråmarböle FIN-10120 Tähtelä Phone: +358 (0) 9 191 8818. / +358 (0) 9 2214 612.

141 Department of Economics P.O. Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37) FIN-00014 Helsinki Phone: +358 (0)9 191 8897 Fax: +358 (0)9 191 8877 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/katal/

Department of Sociology P.O.Box 18 FIN-00014 Helsinki Street address: Unioninkatu 35 Phone: +358 (0)9 191 239 17 Fax: +358 (0)9 191 239 67 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/kv/ects/sociol.htm

Finnish Centre for Russian and East European Studies, Aleksanteri Institute Po Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 5) FIN-00014 Helsinki http://www.hatk.helsinki.fi/~fcrees/English/index.html

Director, Markku Kivinen Phone: (+358) (0)9 191 22 787 E-mail: [email protected]

University of Turku:

Department of Political Science FIN-20014 Turku Phone: +358 (0)2 333 53 90 Fax: +358 (0)2 333 5090 http://www.utu.fi/yht/valtio-oppi/index2.html

Researcher, Antti Kaski Phone: + 358 (0)2 333 5065 Fax. + 358 (0)2 333 6270 E-mail: [email protected]

142 Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Institute for East-West Trade Lemminkäisenkatu (14-18 C) P.O. Box 110 FIN-20521 Turku Phone: +358 (0)2 33 83 11 Fax +358 (0)2 338 32 68 http://www.tukkk.fi/ewt/

Professor of International Economics, Urpo Kivikari Phone: +358 (0)2 338 35 70 Fax: +358 (0)2 338 32 68 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tukkk.fi/itak/

Researcher Maarit Lindström Phone: +358 (0)2 338 35 82 Fax: +358 (0)2 338 32 68 [email protected] http://www.tukkk.fi/itak/

Senior Associate Researcher, Birgitta Sandberg Phone: +358 (0)2 338 35 68 Fax: +358 (0)2 338 32 68 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tukkk.fi/itak/

Titta Tuokko Phone: +358 (0)2 338 35 69 Fax: +358 (0)2 338 32 68 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tukkk.fi/itak/

University of Tampere:

Department of Regional Studies and Environmental Policy Kehruukoulunkatu 1 P.O.Box 607 FIN-33101 Tampere Phone: +358 (0)3 215 64 21 Fax: +358 (0)3 215 73 11 http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/alue/inenglish.html

143 Professor Olli Kultalahti Phone: +358 (0)3 215 64 70 E-mail: [email protected]

Researcher, Ilari Karppi Phone: +358 (0)3 215 71 91 E-mail: [email protected]

Researcher, Heikki Rantala Phone: +358 (0)3 215 64 82 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Political Science and International Relations P.O.Box 607, FIN-33101 Tampere Phone: +358 (0)3 215 64 17 http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/politiikka/endex.html

TAPRI / Peace Research Institute Åkerlundinkatu 3, 4th floor P.O. Box 607 FIN-33101 Tampere Phone: +358 (0)3 215 76 96 Fax: +358 (0)3 223 66 20 http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/tapri/taprien.html

Senior Research Fellow, Unto Vesa Phone: +358 (0)3 215 76 95 E-mail: [email protected]

Research Fellow, Jouko Huru Phone: +358 (0)3 215 76 99 E-mail: [email protected]

Visiting Researcher, Arto Nokkala Phone: +358 (0)19 719 988 E-mail: [email protected]

For further contact addresses: http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/tapri/taprien

144 Swedish School of Economics and Business and Administration P.O.Box 479 FIN-00101 Helsinki Phone: +358 (0)6 324 75 11 Fax: +358-(0)9-431 33 333 http://www.shh.fi/index_eng.htm

Lindell Martin Phone: +358 (0)9 431 33 274 E-mail: [email protected]

Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå (ÅSUB) Pb 60 FIN-22101 MARIEHAMN Phone: +358 (0)18 250 00 Fax: +358 (0)18 194 95 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.asub.aland.fi/kontakt.html

Bjarne Lindström Phone: +358 (0)18 254 92 E-mail: [email protected]

Bank of Finland P.O Box 160 FIN-00101 Helsinki Phone: +358 (09 183 26 51 http://www.bof.fi/env/eng/tie/yhteys.stm#yht-pk.html

The Åland Islands Peace Institute Ålands fredsinstitut Ålandsvägen 48, PB 85 FIN-22101 Mariehamn Phone: +358 (0)18 15570 Fax: +358 (0)18 21026 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.peace.aland.fi/

145 9.5. Germany

Philipps-Universität Marburg

Fachbereich Geographie Biegenstraße 10, D-35032 Marburg Prof. Dr. Ekkehard Buchhofer Phone: +49 (0)6421 28 42 12 http://www.uni-marburg.de/geographie/

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald

Institut für Politische Wissenschaft Arndtstraße 10 D-17489 Greifswald Phone: +49 (0)3834 86 31 50 Fax: +49 (0)3834 86 31 53 http://gryps2.rz.uni-greifswald.de/~politik/

Wirtschaftswissenschaften Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 70 D-17489 Greifswald Phone: +49 (0)3834 86 24 90 Fax: +49 (0)3834 86 24 89 http://gryps2.rz.uni-greifswald.de/~wiwi-www/prowi.html

Universität Rostock

Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät Lehrstuhl für ABWL: Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologie Parkstr. 6 D-18051 Rostock Dr. Rosina Neumann Phone: +49 (0)381 498 29 13 http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~wipsy/welcome.htm

146 Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre - Lehrstuhl für Außenwirtschaft Parkstraße 6 D-18057 Rostock Phone: +49 (0)381 498 29 65 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~auswi/

Institut für Verkehr und Logistik Schröderstraße 23 D-18051 Rostock Phone: +49 (0)381 498 29 83 Fax: +49 (0)381 498 29 84 E-mail [email protected] http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~verkehr/

Ostseeinstitut für Marketing, Verkehr und Tourismus Schröderstraße 23 D-18051 Rostock Phone: +49 (0)381 498 29 83 Fax: +49 (0)381 498 29 84 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~verkehr/ostseeinstitut/

Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte Lehrstuhl für Politische Theorie undIdeengeschichte D-18051 Rostock Prof. Dr. Yves Bizeul Tel. +49 (0)381 498 33 29 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~polreg/LEHRBIZE.htm

Lehrstuhl für Internationale Politik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit D-18051 Rostock http://www.wiwi.uni-rostock.de/~polreg/LEHRRUEL.htm#lehre

Fachhochschule Stralsund, University of Applied Science Fachbereich Wirtschaft Zur Schwedenschanze 15 D-18435 Stralsund. Phone: +49 (0)381 45 67 93 Fax: +49 (0)381 45 66 04 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.fh-stralsund.de/

147 Frank Zühlke Fachbereich Wirtschaft / BMS Phone: +49 (0)381 45 67 91 Fax: +49 (0)381 456 604 http://www.fh-stralsund.de/

Humbolt Universität zu Berlin Nordeuropa Institut Unter den Linden 6 D-10099 Berlin http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/inside/skan/index.html

Bernd Henningsen Schützenstr. 21, 3. Obergeschoß, R. 237 Geb. 1945 D-24937 Flensburg Phone: +49 (0)30 201 96 625 Fax: +49 (0)30 201 96 626 E-mail: [email protected]

Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät Fachgebiet Unternehmenstheorie und -politik Professor Allbach Spandauer Straße D-10178 Berlin Phone: +49 (0)30 209 35 642 Fax +49 (0)30 209 35 643 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/unth/

Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg Pressestelle Holstenhofweg 85 D-22043 Hamburg Phone: +49 (0)40 6541-2774/2337 Fax: +49 (0)40 6541-2774 E-mail: [email protected]

148 Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel

Institut für Politische Wissenschaft Olshausenstr. 40 D-24098 Kiel. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.bwl.uni-kiel.de/polwiss/Kaltefleiter/index.html

Geographisches Institut Olshausenstraße 40 D-24098 Kiel Phone: +49 (0)431 880-2943 Fax :+49 (0)431 880-4658 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.uni-kiel.de:8080/Geographie/

Institut für Weltwirtschaft: Düsternbrooker Weg 120 D-24105 Kiel Phone: +49 (0)431 8814-1 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.bwl.uni-kiel.de/vwlInstitute/Herberg/ECTS_Eng.html#Institutes of the Department of Economics

Institut für Regionalforschung Olshausenstraße 40 D-24098 Kiel Phone:+49 (0)431 880-3375 Fax:+49 (0)431 880-3366 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.bwl.uni-kiel.de/vwlInstitute/ifr/index.html

Fachhochschule Hamburg Akademisches Auslandsamt Winterhuder Weg 29 D-22085 Hamburg Fax: + 49 (0)40 29 88 32 17 http://www.fh-hamburg.de

149 Universität Hamburg

Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik Falkenstein 1 D-22587 Hamburg Phone: + 49 (0)40 866 0770 http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de-issh-welcome.htm

Freie Universität Berlin

Institut für Geographische Wissenschaften Grunewaldstr. 35 D-12165 Berlin-Steglitz Phone: +49 (0)30 838 4807/3892 http://www.geog.fu-berlin.de/

Institut für Internationale Politik und Regionalstudien (WE 4) Ihnestr. 21, Ihnestr. 22, Ihnestr. 31, Garystr. 45, Harnackstr.1, Kiebitzweg 3, D-14195 Berlin Director, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Albrecht Phone: +49 (0)30 838 66 40 http://www.sowifo.fu-berlin.de/osi/

150 10. Index Please note that this index is built according to Scandinavian spelling principles, i.e. Scandinavien letters Æ, Ø, Å and their equivalents Ä, Ö, Aa, are to be found at the end of the alphabet.

Aggestam, Lisbeth...... 42 AKF ...... 30 Albach, Horst ...... 83 Aleksanteri Institute ...... 67; 68 Alho, Kari ...... 74 Alupuro, Risto ...... 68 Ambrus-Lakatos, Lorand ...... 35 Andersen, Erik André...... 30 Andersen, Jan...... 24 Andersson, Bengt ...... 31 Antikainen, Janne...... 15; 64 Antti Kaski,...... 64 Armbrüster, G...... 87 Artéus, Gunnar...... 28; 43 Assmuth, Laura ...... 68 Baev, Pavel...... 52 BALLERINA...... 46 Baltic Sea Region…11; 12; 13; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 23; 26; 28; 29; 30; 37; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 46; 47; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 89; 90; 93; 94 Belorussia...... 76 Bennehard, Guillaume...... 63 Berencreutz, Magnus...... 43 Berg-Andersson, Birgitta...... 74 Bergling, Per ...... 44 Berglund, Sten...... 37 Berglöf, Erik...... 33; 34 Bizeul, Yves ...... 79 Björklund, Jan ...... 37 Blakkisrud, Helge ...... 50 booking ...... 165 Borsos-Tortila, Julianna...... 74 Brandt, Urs Steiner...... 21 Breitzmann, Karl Heinz...... 77; 78 Brikell, Bernt...... 37 Brown, Annette ...... 34 Brown, David ...... 33; 34; 36

151 Brundtland, Arne Olav ...... 50 Buchhofer, Ekkehard...... 75 Burkart, Mike...... 36 Callsen, Stefan...... 85 CEES ...... 17; 18; 22 CERUM ...... 44 Civil Society ...... 65; 68 Clemmesen, Michael ...... 18 Copenhagen Business School...... 17; 22 COPRI...... 28; 29 Cornett, Andreas ...... 20 culture ...... 15; 26; 44; 65; 67; 68; 75; 76; 80; 81 Danermark, Berth...... 37 Denmark…..11; 12; 13; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 32; 39; 46; 50; 55; 60; 76; 77; 80; 81; 82; 89; 91; 93 DNAK...... 50 DUPI ...... 11; 16; 26; 27; 89; 90 Earle, John ...... 33; 34; 37 Eide, Asbjørn...... 55 Eide, Espen Barth...... 50 Elander, Ingemar...... 37 Engelbrekt, Kjell ...... 42 environment ...... 19; 21; 24; 25; 27; 35; 37; 46; 57; 59; 60 Erkklä, Mika ...... 74 Estonia…..17; 19; 20; 22; 23; 30; 36; 40; 41; 43; 44; 46; 48; 51; 58; 60; 64; 65; 66; 68; 69; 73; 80; 85; 89 Europe…..16; 17; 18; 20; 21; 22; 23; 25; 27; 28; 29; 30; 32; 40; 41; 43; 44; 50; 56; 58; 59; 63; 65; 66; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 81; 82; 85; 89; 90; 93 Fanning, Hilgunt ...... 80 Finland…11; 12; 13; 27; 32; 42; 46; 50; 55; 60; 63; 65; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 77; 80; 82; 89; 91 FOA ...... 31; 45; 51; 89 Fogelklou, Anders ...... 44 Freie Universität...... 81; 86 Friebel, Guido...... 35 Froesse ...... 85 Fuglsang, Lars...... 23 Gdansk ...... 22; 23; 26; 32; 81 gender ...... 25; 68; 93 geography...... 12; 15; 34; 37; 60; 64; 75; 77 Germany...... 11; 12; 13; 29; 32; 37; 46; 50; 76; 81; 89; 90; 91 Gerner, Kristian...... 45 Gidlund, Jan Erik ...... 17 Giessmann, Hans-Joachim...... 86

152 globalisation ...... 32; 39; 63; 94 Goldman, Kjell...... 43 Gooch, Geoffrey...... 38 Gotfredsen, Arne ...... 20 Greifswald...... 75 Gronow, Jukka...... 68 Groth, Niels Boje...... 72 Gunnarsson, Jan ...... 16 Götz, Norbert...... 82 Hallenberg, Jan...... 43 Hamburg ...... 83; 85; 86; 89 Hansen, Birthe...... 16; 27 Hansen, Erik...... 44; 53 Hansen, Jørgen Drude...... 20; 26 Hansen, Lene...... 29 Hassler, Björn...... 38 Hedegaard, Lars...... 72 Hedlund, Stefan...... 45 Helsinki...... 18; 42; 63; 64; 66; 67; 68; 69; 93 Henningsen, Bernd ...... 81; 82 Hermann, Hayo...... 85 Hettne, Björn ...... 32 Heurlin, Bertel...... 27; 28; 29 Hirvensalo, Inkeri...... 74 history ...... 16; 26; 34; 37; 44; 65; 67; 80; 83 Hjorth, Ronnie...... 38 Holm, Jesper...... 24 Holm-Hansen, Jørn...... 60; 61 Holtsmark, Sven ...... 51 Honkkila, Juha...... 69 Hoppe, Göran ...... 43 humanities...... 12; 44 Humboldt...... 81; 90 Huru, Jouko ...... 72 Häkli, Jouni ...... 65 Haaviio-Manila, Elina ...... 68 Haavisto, Tarmo ...... 39 Illeris, Svend ...... 23 infrastructure...... 15; 92 internationalisation...... 15; 16; 21 Iversen, Søren P...... 20 Jakobsen, Uffe ...... 16 Jamison, Andrew...... 39 Jannik, Magnus ...... 17

153 Janulf, Pirjo ...... 44 Jelsøe, Erling...... 25 Jensen, Camilla ...... 20; 21 Jensen, Jens Jørgen...... 26 Joenniemi, Pertti...... 29 Joensuu...... 15; 42; 60; 64; 65; 66; 67 Johannsen, Lars...... 18; 19 Johansson, Lennart...... 31 Johansson, Mats ...... 15; 42; 64 Jukarainen, Pirjo...... 72 Jäger-Roschko, Olaf...... 85 Jörgensen, Hans...... 44 Jørgensen, John ...... 15; 64 Kaliningrad ...... 13; 20; 53; 54; 71; 75; 81 Kalmi, Panu ...... 17 Karppi, Ilari...... 63 Kauppi, Eija ...... 74 Kelam, Aili...... 68 Kerner, Manfried...... 82 Kiel ...... 83; 84; 85; 90 Kivikari, Urpo ...... 70; 71 Kivimäki, Timo ...... 68 Kivinen, Markku ...... 68 Kjærgård, Bente ...... 25 Kjølberg, Anders ...... 51 Kledal, Børge ...... 26 Klemmensen, Børge ...... 23 Kleven, Terje...... 60 Knoph, Jan ...... 31 Knudsen, Bjørn Olav ...... 51 Knudsen, Knud...... 53 Knudsen, Olav F...... 49; 50 Kolstø, Pål...... 60; 61 Korhonen, Ilkka...... 73 Korneevel, V...... 75 Kortus, B...... 75 Kragh, Poul ...... 24 Krister, Hanne ...... 82 Kristiansen, Tom...... 51 Krohn...... 84 Kruy, Michael...... 87 KTH ...... 38; 42 Kultalahti, Olli ...... 42; 63 Käkönen, Jyrki ...... 72

154 Kaakkurieniemi, Tapani ...... 67 Land, Birgit...... 25 Langhammer, Rolf J...... 84 Larsen, Henrik Gutzon ...... 15 Lassila, Jukka ...... 74 Latvia ...... 19; 23; 24; 25; 33; 36; 41; 46; 48; 53; 54; 55; 58; 59; 60; 61; 65; 67; 73; 80 Laugen, Torunn...... 51 Laursen, Finn ...... 26 Lehment, Harmen...... 84 Lenntorp, Bo ...... 43 Lidskog, Rolf...... 37 Liikanen, Ilkka ...... 64; 65; 66 Lindell, Martin ...... 70 Lindström, Bjarne...... 72 Lindström, Maarit ...... 70; 71 Linköping...... 38 Lithuania...... 19; 23; 36; 39; 41; 46; 54; 58; 65; 67; 73; 80 Lonkila, Markku...... 68 Lummepuro, Maija ...... 67 Lund...... 17; 39; 40; 93 Lundberg, Maria...... 55 Lundkvist, Lars...... 38 Lundquist, Carl Johan...... 17 Lundtorp, Svend ...... 30 Laaser...... 84 Madsen, Bjarne...... 30 Magnusson, Märta-Lisa ...... 26 Manniche, Jesper...... 13; 63 Matthée, Ulrichl ...... 83 Meyer, Klaus ...... 17 Mid Sweden University...... 40 Mikkel, Evald...... 18 Moore, Patrick...... 80 Mortensen, Jens Peter ...... 24 Mouritzen, Hans...... 27; 28; 29 Muschik, Stephan...... 82 Mydske, Per Kristen ...... 56 Mygind, Niels...... 17; 22 Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik...... 44 Mønnesland, Jan...... 60 Neumann, Iver B...... 50 Neumann, Rosina ...... 76 Nielsen, Klaus ...... 22; 26 Nielsen, Lene...... 21

155 Nilson, Håken R...... 11; 13; 49; 52; 89 Nilsson, Per Ola...... 37 Nilsson, Per Åke...... 31; 41; 89 Nivorozhkin, Eugeniy...... 32 Noack, Axel...... 80 Nokkala, Arto...... 72 NORBALT ...... 54 Nordic Council ...... 19; 41; 59; 60; 73 Nordlund, Sven...... 44 Nordregio ...... 41 Norway...... 11; 12; 13; 39; 46; 49; 50; 51; 52; 58; 61; 81; 82; 89; 91; 93 NUPI ...... 49; 50; 89 Nygren, Bertil...... 42 Nørgaard, Ole...... 18; 19 Obenaus, Hans...... 78 Oldberg, Ingmar ...... 31 Olle Krantz...... 44 Olsen, Mette Krogh ...... 13; 75 Olsen, Ole Jess ...... 24 Oslo...... 19; 49; 50; 51; 52; 55; 56; 58; 59; 60; 61; 66; 76; 93; 140; 141 Paldam, Martin...... 19; 21 Pautola, Niina...... 73 Pedersen, Karin Hilmer ...... 18 Pedersen, Kirsten Bransholm...... 25 Pedersen, Kaare...... 24 Pedersen, Ove Kaj ...... 16 Peil, Tiina...... 43 Pekonen, Erkki ...... 69 Perko, Susanna ...... 72 Persson, Lars Olov...... 38; 42 Peschel, Karin ...... 85 Petersen, John Storm ...... 23 Piaszczyk, Alina ...... 44 Plum, Viggo ...... 23 Poland ...... 16; 17; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 34; 37; 41; 46; 52; 70; 75; 76; 77; 81; 82 political science ...... 12; 15; 16; 18; 37; 64; 82; 89; 94 Pradetto ...... 83 PRIO ...... 51 Rantala, Heikki...... 63 Rascher, Michael...... 77 Rect, Axel...... 87 region…..11; 17; 18; 20; 21; 24; 25; 29; 30; 32; 49; 50; 63; 64; 70; 71; 74; 78; 79; 81; 82; 90; 93; 94 regional ...... 15; 16; 20; 23; 27; 30; 42; 61; 68; 72; 73; 84; 85; 92

156 Riga...... 23; 26; 32; 33; 36; 37; 48; 55; 60; 82 Riishøj, Søren...... 26 Ring, Magnus...... 39 Robertson, Alexa ...... 43 Roine, Elina...... 69 Rostock...... 76; 77; 78; 90 Rothlauf, Jürgen ...... 80 Rotkirch, Anna...... 68 Rottholz, Walther ...... 76 Russia…..13; 17; 18; 21; 22; 23; 25; 26; 28; 31; 33; 34; 36; 37; 42; 46; 48; 49; 52; 59; 64; 65; 66; 68; 70; 73; 74; 76; 81; 89; 93 Rüland, Jürgen ...... 79 Röhrich ...... 84 Samuelsson, Per...... 31 Sandberg, Birgitta...... 70; 71 Schafir, Schlomo ...... 80 Scharfe ...... 86 Schatz, Klaus-Werner...... 84 Schrader ...... 84 Schröder, Philipp...... 19 Security ...... 27; 28; 29; 31; 47; 50; 52; 71; 76 Seliaas, Andreas ...... 51 Siebert, Horst...... 84 Sigfrids, Camilla ...... 70 SIR...... 42; 60 SITE...... 33 sociology ...... 12; 39; 68; 77; 91 Southern Denmark School of Business...... 20 Soviet Union...... 16; 25; 43; 45; 65; 68; 93 Sparrén, Pär...... 44 Sperling, Werner ...... 78 St. Petersburg ...... 81 Stadsholt, André...... 82 Steen, Anton...... 56; 58 Stern, Eric ...... 48 Stettin...... 76 Stokke, Arne...... 56 Stralsund ...... 79; 90 Strømmen, Wegger...... 51 Sundelius, Bengt...... 31; 48 Sutela, Pekka...... 69; 73 Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard ...... 19; 21 Sverrisson, Arni...... 39

157 Sweden…..11; 12; 13; 15; 27; 32; 37; 38; 39; 42; 43; 45; 46; 47; 48; 50; 52; 55; 60; 81; 82; 89; 90; 91; 93 Södertörn...... 55 Södertörns Högskola...... 37; 43; 44; 82; 90 Sørensen, Olav Jull...... 21 Sørensen, René Hauge ...... 18 Tallinn ...... 32; 48; 55; 63; 65; 66; 68; 80 Tampere ...... 42; 65; 67; 71 Tartu ...... 40; 42; 46; 48; 55; 66; 68 Temkina, Anna...... 68 Tesli, Arne ...... 60 The Thorkil Kristensen Institute (TKI) ...... 25; 93 The Aarhus School of Business...... 21 Thingaard, Gert...... 26 Thorborg, Marina ...... 40 Tourism...... 41; 71; 78 trade ...... 15; 20; 21; 26; 47; 70; 73; 74; 75; 77; 80; 84; 85; 93 Tunander, Ola ...... 51 Tuokko, Titta...... 70; 71 Turku ...... 63; 64; 67; 69; 70; 71 Törnroos, Jan-Åke ...... 69 Uhlin, Anders...... 37 UI...... 47; 89 Ullrich, Christopher...... 69 Umeå...... 17; 19; 44 University of Copenhagen...... 15; 27; 30; 64; 74 University of Odense...... 16; 19; 20; 21; 26 University of Roskilde...... 22; 26 University of Stockholm ...... 42 University of Aalborg ...... 21 University of Aarhus...... 19; 20; 21; 26 Uppsala ...... 16; 45; 66; 76; 82; 93 Vartia, Pentti ...... 74 Vartiainen, Perttu ...... 64 Veggeland, Noralv...... 61 Vesa, Unto...... 72 Vilnius ...... 32; 55; 80 Virkkunen, Joni...... 65 von Rohr, H. G...... 84 Vonderau, Patrick...... 82 Välilä, Timo ...... 32 Väyrynen, Tarja...... 72 Vågerö, Denny...... 44; 55 Wallner, Klaus ...... 36

158 Wenske, Christian ...... 78 Wolf, Margareta ...... 41 Wolffsen, Poul...... 23 Women...... 40; 93 Wächli, Bernhard ...... 44 Wæver, Ole ...... 28; 29 Ylä-Anttila, Pekka...... 74 Yndgaard, Ebbe...... 19 Zalamans, Dennis...... 41 Zetterholm, Staffan...... 22 Örebro ...... 37; 76 Aage, Hans...... 22; 26 Aalborg ...... 21; 39 Aalbu, Hallgeir...... 41 Aalto, Pami ...... 69 Aarhus...... 16; 18; 19; 21; 69; 76 Aasland, Ådne...... 53 Åström, Linda ...... 37

159 160 Other reports published by the Research Centre of Bornholm

· Lars Lund og Ulrik Storm: Bornholms Teknologiske Udvikling - Vurdering af konkrete forslag til IT-investeringer. May 1998. · Tomas Vedsmand: Fiskeriets regulering og erhvervsudvikling - i et institutionelt perspektiv. Ph.d.-afhandling. May 1998. · Carl Henrik Marcussen: Distribution af danske turismeprodukter i Europa - status, trends og udviklingsmuligheder. May 1998. · Charlotte R. Rassing: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm, January 1997 - December 1997. April 1998. · Kresten Storgaard, Birgit Jæger, Jesper Manniche, Carl Henrik Marcussen, Jimmi Hansen, Sune Johansson: Bornholm på Nettet. December 1997. · Kresten Storgaard, Jesper Manniche, Jimmi Hansen: IT-initiativer på Bornholm. BTU- projektets handlingsrettede arbejde. December 1997. · Tage Petersen: Videregående uddannelsesinstitutioner og regional udvikling i perifere områder - et case-studie på Gotland. December 1997. · Jie Zhang og Svend Lundtorp: BornholmsTrafikkens økonomiske og beskæftigelsesmæssige betydning for Bornholm. October 1997. · Charlotte R. Rassing: STEAM. Datainput og -bearbejdning. October 1997. · Charlotte R. Rassing: STEAM for Allinge-Gudhjem Kommune. 1995 sammenlignet med 1996. October 1997. · Charlotte R. Rassing: STEAM for Ebeltoft Kommune. 1995 sammenlignet med 1996. October 1997. · Charlotte R. Rassing: STEAM for Sydthy Kommune. 1995 sammenlignet med 1996. October 1997. · Charlotte R. Rassing og Ann. Hartl-Nielsen: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm, January 1996 - December 1996. August 1997. · Elin Sundgaard: Hotel- og restauranterhvervet - med Bornholm som case. Juni 1997. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rømer Rassing and Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. October - December 1996. June 1997. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rømer Rassing and Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. July - September 1996. June 1997. · Jie Zhang: The Economic Relations between the European Union and East Asia. Ph.D. thesis. June 1997. · Birgit Jæger & Kresten Storgaard (eds.): Telematics and rural development. Proccedings from an International Workshop on the Danish Island of Bornholm. June 1997. · Svend Lundtorp: Turisme - struktur, økonomi og problemstillinger. May 1997. · Palle Mikkelsen: Status for Bornholm. April 1997. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rømer Rassing and Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. July 1995 - June 1996. April 1997.

161 · Anne-Mette Hjalager: Environmental regulation of tourism. Strategies and prospects on three European islands: Bornholm, Mallorca and the Isle of Wight. November 1996. · Udkantsområder - Regional- og turismeforskning på Bornholms Forskningscenter. En antologi. November 1996. · Louise Twining-Ward og Tom Twining-Ward: Tourist Destination Development. The Case of Bornholm and Gotland. November 1996. · Peter Saabye Simonsen og Birgitte Jørgensen: Cykelturisme. En økonomisk og miljømæssig bæredygtig turismeform? October 1996. · Carl Henrik Marcussen: Turistinformations- og bookingsystemer. October 1996. · Steen Schønemann: Bornholm: Economic Structures and Development. October 1996. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rassing Riis, Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. April - June 1996. October 1996. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rassing Riis, Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. January - March 1996. October 1996. · Ann. Hartl-Nielsen, Charlotte Rassing Riis, Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. October - December 1995. October 1996. · Birgitte Nohr Jørgensen: Beskæftigelsesfremskrivninger i RIMO og EMIL. September 1996. · Stephen Wanhill: Survey of Visitors to Bornholm. July - September 1995. September 1996. · Kresten Storgaard, Jesper Manniche, Carl Henrik Marcussen: Teknologi-anvendelse og -fornyelse i bornholmske erhverv. September 1996. · Anne-Mette Hjalager: Miljøinitiativer i turisme og fritid. August 1996. · Keld Jensen og Tage Petersen: Uddannelsespolitik i et udkantsområde. June 1996. · Keld Jensen og Tage Petersen: Analyse af uddannelsesstrukturen på det bornholmske arbejdsmarked. June 1996. · Anders Fitje: Naturbasert opplevelsesturisme på Bornholm. April 1996. · Thomas Rafn: Turismens økonomiske betydning for de danske amter. April 1996. · Kirstin Blomgren Jørgensen: Kirkerne og turismen. March 1996. · Stephen Wanhill: Principles of Tourist Destination Development. January 1996. · Keld Jensen: Befolkningsudviklingen på Bornholm. December 1995. · Tage Petersen: Interreg-Bornholm. December 1995. · Birgit Jæger, Jesper Manniche, Carl Henrik Marcussen og Kresten Storgaard: Telematik. Nye veje for Bornholm? November 1995. · Svend Lundtorp: Denmark og EU's Committee of Regions. June 1995. · Jesper Manniche: Informationsteknologi i bornholmske erhverv. July 1995. · Thomas Rafn: Turismens økonomiske betydning for Bornholm. June 1995. · Susanne Jensen og Christian Hansen: Turisme og beskæftigelse. March 1995. · Steen Schønemann: En ø uden tilskud. January 1995. · Steen Schønemann: Bornholms befolkning, erhvervsstruktur og udvikling. March 1994.

162