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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Economic History 63 Regional Cooperation Organizations in a Multipolar World. Comparing the Baltic and the Black Sea Regions Tiziana Melchiorre Regional cooperation organizations in a multipolar world. Comparing the Baltic and the Black Sea regions Tiziana Melchiorre ©Tiziana Melchiorre and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis ISSN 0346-8305 ISBN printed version 978-91-87235-84-9 ISBN electronic version 978-91-87235-83-2 The publication is available for free on www.sub.su.se Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: Stockholm University Library Table of Contents Chapter 1 Overview of the thesis ............................................................... 12 Introduction .............................................................................................. 12 Aims of the thesis ...................................................................................... 16 Theoretical approach ............................................................................... 18 An overview of neorealism ....................................................................... 19 Geopolitics ............................................................................................... 25 The ‘region’ and its related concepts ....................................................... 27 Neorealism, regionalism and geopolitics around the Baltic and the Black Sea ............................................................................................................ 31 International regimes theory .................................................................... 39 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea regions and the international regimes theory ........................................................................................................ 45 Method ...................................................................................................... 49 Delimitations ............................................................................................ 58 Sources ..................................................................................................... 59 Printed material ....................................................................................... 59 Interviews ................................................................................................. 60 Internet websites ....................................................................................... 61 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................... 61 Chapter 2 Council of the Baltic Sea States and Black Sea Economic Cooperation: a historical and geopolitical analysis ................................. 64 Introduction .............................................................................................. 64 The Baltic and the Black Sea between history and geography ................ 65 The Baltic Sea region ............................................................................... 68 The premises for region-building on the Baltic Sea ................................. 68 The CBSS .................................................................................................. 75 The structure of the CBSS ........................................................................ 79 The CBSS Permanent Secretariat............................................................. 81 The Black Sea region ................................................................................ 83 The premises for region-building on the Black Sea ................................. 83 The BSEC ................................................................................................. 89 The structure of the BSEC ........................................................................ 93 The BSEC Permanent Secretariat ............................................................ 95 BSEC related bodies ................................................................................. 96 BSEC Affiliated Centres ........................................................................... 96 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea region compared................................. 97 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 105 Chapter 3 The Case of Hard Security .................................................... 107 Introduction ............................................................................................ 107 Security in the Baltic Sea region ............................................................ 108 Security in the Black Sea region............................................................. 125 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea region compared............................... 149 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 158 Chapter 4 The Case of Energy ................................................................. 159 Introduction ............................................................................................ 159 Energy in the Baltic Sea region .............................................................. 160 Energy in the Black Sea region .............................................................. 172 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea region compared............................... 186 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 194 Chapter 5 The Case of Economic Development ..................................... 196 Introduction ........................................................................................... 196 Economic development in the Baltic Sea region .................................... 197 Economic development in the Black Sea region..................................... 208 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea region compared............................... 226 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 234 Chapter 6 The Case of Environment....................................................... 236 Introduction ............................................................................................ 236 Environment in the Baltic Sea region ..................................................... 236 Environment in the Black Sea region ..................................................... 247 The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea region compared............................... 254 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 258 Chapter 7 Conclusions .............................................................................. 259 Summary .................................................................................................... 271 Sammanfattning ........................................................................................ 273 Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 275 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 276 Abbreviations AC Arctic Council BALREPA Energy Training and Partnering in the Baltic Sea Region BALTBAT Baltic Battalion BALTDEFCOL Baltic Defence College BALTLOG Baltic Logistics System BALTMED Baltic Medical Unit BALTPERS Registration and Management System for Person- Subject to Military Service BALTREL Baltic Ring Electricity Cooperation BALTRON Baltic Naval Squadron BASPA Black and Azov Seas Ports Association BASREC Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation BASTUN Baltic Sea Trade Union Network BDF Baltic Development Forum BEAC Barents Euro-Arctic Council BEMIP Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan BINSA Black Sea International Shipowners Association BLACKSEAFOR Black sea Naval Force BPO Baltic Ports Organization BRASS Black & Azov Seas Ports Association BSC Baltic Sea Commission BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation BSEC-URTA Black Sea Economic Cooperation Region BSF Black Sea Forum for Dialogue and Partnership BSLF Baltic Sea Labour Forum BSLN Baltic Sea Labour Network BSPC Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference BSS Black Sea Strategy BSSSC Baltic Sea States Sub-regional Cooperation BSTDB Black Sea Trade and Development Bank BSUN Black Sea Universities Network BTC Baky–Tbilisi–Ceyhan BSTC Baltic Sea Tourism Commission BTE Baky–Tbilisi–Erzurum CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CDC Community of Democratic Choice CEFTA Central European Free Trade Agreement CEI Central European Initiative CFE Treaty of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CMFA Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs CPMR Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe CSI Community of Independent States CSO Committee of Senior Officials EaP Eastern Partnership EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment EC European Community ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EFTA European Free Trade Area ENP European Neighbourhood Policy EP European Parliament ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union EUSBSR EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region FCMA Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance GDP Gross Domestic Product GSEO Group of Senior Energy Officials GUAM-ODED Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova- Organization for Democracy and Economic Devel- opment GUEU Georgia-Ukraine-EU HLG High Level Group ICBSS International Centre for Black Sea Studies IEA
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