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Rossella Bardazzi Maria Grazia Pazienza Alberto Tonini Lecture Notes in Energy 31 Rossella Bardazzi Maria Grazia Pazienza Alberto Tonini Editors European Energy and Climate Security Public Policies, Energy Sources, and Eastern Partners Lecture Notes in Energy Volume 31 [email protected] Lecture Notes in Energy (LNE) is a series that reports on new developments in the study of energy: from science and engineering to the analysis of energy policy. The series’ scope includes but is not limited to, renewable and green energy, nuclear, fossil fuels and carbon capture, energy systems, energy storage and harvesting, batteries and fuel cells, power systems, energy efficiency, energy in buildings, energy policy, as well as energy-related topics in economics, management and transportation. Books published in LNE are original and timely and bridge between advanced textbooks and the forefront of research. Readers of LNE include postgraduate students and non-specialist researchers wishing to gain an accessible introduction to a field of research as well as professionals and researchers with a need for an up-to-date reference book on a well-defined topic. The series publishes single and multi-authored volumes as well as advanced textbooks. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8874 [email protected] Rossella Bardazzi • Maria Grazia Pazienza Alberto Tonini Editors European Energy and Climate Security Public Policies, Energy Sources, and Eastern Partners 123 [email protected] Editors Rossella Bardazzi Alberto Tonini Department of Economics and Management Department of Political and Social Sciences University of Florence University of Florence Florence Florence Italy Italy Maria Grazia Pazienza Department of Economics and Management University of Florence Florence Italy This project has been funded with the support of the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union. The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Energy ISBN 978-3-319-21301-9 ISBN 978-3-319-21302-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21302-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015948769 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) [email protected] Contents Enhancing European Energy and Climate Security: Eastern Strategic Partners, Unconventional Sources and Public Policies ....................................... 1 Rossella Bardazzi, Maria Grazia Pazienza and Alberto Tonini Part I EU and Eastern Energy Partners: Some Key Issues The EEC Commission and European Energy Policy: A Historical Appraisal..................................... 13 Alberto Tonini A Link of Steel. The Western Europe-Russia Gas Pipeline Network in the Post-Soviet Era .............................. 37 Matteo Verda Turkey as an Energy Hub for Europe ......................... 65 Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney Russia’s Oil Dilemmas. Production: To Go North-East or to Go Deep? Exports: Is a Compromise Between Westward and Eastward Directions Possible?.................... 81 Valeriy A. Kryukov Part II Unconventional Hydrocarbons: New Patterns and Impacts on Europe Game Changer: Industrial Impacts of the Shale Gas Revolution in the U.S. ............................................. 113 Douglas S. Meade Shale Fuels: The Solution to the Energy Conundrum? ............. 133 Virginia Di Nino and Ivan Faiella v [email protected] vi Contents Does the Trade-off Between Energy Security and Climate Change Protection Matter? The Canadian Tar Sands Case.......... 155 Laura Castellucci Part III Public Policies as a Tool to Strengthen European Energy and Climate Security Rationales for a Revisited European Energy Technology Policy....... 185 Sophia Ruester German Energiewende - quo vadis?........................... 203 Ulrike Lehr and Christian Lutz Taxing Energy Use: Patterns and Incoherencies in Energy Taxation in Europe and the OECD ........................... 233 Michelle Harding, Chiara Martini and Alastair Thomas Public Policies and the Energy Mix in Italy: Where Do We Stand?.... 265 Rossella Bardazzi and Maria Grazia Pazienza [email protected] Contributors Rossella Bardazzi Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Laura Castellucci University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Virginia Di Nino Economics, Statistics and Research Department, Bank of Italy, Rome, Italy Ivan Faiella Economics, Statistics and Research Department, Bank of Italy, Rome, Italy Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Yildiz Technical University, Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey Michelle Harding Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, OECD, Paris, France Valeriy A. Kryukov Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Novosibirsk, Russia Ulrike Lehr Institute of Economic Structures Research GWS, Osnabrück, Germany Christian Lutz Institute of Economic Structures Research GWS, Osnabrück, Germany Chiara Martini Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy; Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, OECD, Paris, France Douglas S. Meade University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Maria Grazia Pazienza Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy vii [email protected] viii Contributors Sophia Ruester German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany Alastair Thomas Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, OECD, Paris, France Alberto Tonini Department of Political and Social Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Matteo Verda Dipartimento di scienze politiche e sociali, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy [email protected] Enhancing European Energy and Climate Security: Eastern Strategic Partners, Unconventional Sources and Public Policies Rossella Bardazzi, Maria Grazia Pazienza and Alberto Tonini Abstract Energy security has become a heavily discussed topic due to rising energy demand worldwide, increasing import dependence in many European countries, geopolitical tensions and conflicts and the need for a regulatory and policy response. The papers collected in this volume aim at analyzing how energy security in Europe influences international relations and environmental issues with a multidisciplinary perspective, corresponding to the book three sections: interna- tional relations, focusing on Eastern EU partners; energy economics, highlighting the current unconventional hydrocarbons revolution and its impact on EU energy and climate strategies; public policy perspective, with the analysis of EU policies and two case studies. The issues considered in the volume represent a selection of hot topics in the debate that are framed together by this introductory chapter where the editors give an overview of the research themes, outline the structure of the book and summarize the contents of the individual chapters. 1 The Issue: Energy and Climate Security Recent years have seen increasing attention being paid to the broad issues of energy security and climate change, which are of the utmost importance for the European Union and its member states. Energy security has become a heavily discussed topic due to rising energy demand worldwide, increasing import dependence in many European countries, geopolitical tensions and conflicts, the globalization of for- merly regional markets, and the need for a regulatory and policy response. R. Bardazzi (&) Á M.G. Pazienza Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Via delle Pandette 21, 50127 Florence, Italy e-mail: rossella.bardazzi@unifi.it A. Tonini Department of Political and Social Science, University of Florence, Via delle Pandette 21, 50127 Florence, Italy © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1 R. Bardazzi et al. (eds.), European Energy and Climate Security, Lecture Notes in Energy 31, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21302-6_1 [email protected] 2 R. Bardazzi et al. A possible forthcoming fossil fuel depletion, geopolitical instability, and competing energy demands from high-growth countries are only a short list of the emerging
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