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Population and Development Review, Volume 24, Number 3 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW Hania Zlotnik International migration VOLUME 24 NUMBER 3 1965–96: An overview S E P T E M B E R 1 9 9 8 Kay Johnson, Huang Banghan, and Wang Liyao Infant abandonment and adoption in China William Seltzer Population statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg trials Robert A. Hummer, Richard G. Rogers, and Isaac W. Eberstein Sociodemographic differentials in adult mortality: A review of analytic approaches Notes and Commentary C. Ipsen, Recent literature on population policy in the age of Fascism Data and Perspectives J.R. Wilmoth, On the pace of the Japanese mortality decline Archives On the populousness of Africa: An eighteenth-century text and a comment by R.M. Prothero Book Reviews Review essays by V. Smil and S.R. Johansson; reviews by W. Petersen, A.W. Crosby, J. Isbister, B.L. Lowell, M.M. Kritz, L.H. Day, and others Documents The impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality in Africa; deficient birth registration in developing countries; the social impact of the Indonesian crisis Population and Development Review seeks to advance knowledge of the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development and provides a forum for discussion of related issues of public policy. EDITOR Paul Demeny MANAGING EDITOR Ethel P. Churchill EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Paul Demeny, Chair Geoffrey McNicoll Ethel P. Churchill Michael P. Todaro Susan Greenhalgh EDITORIAL STAFF Robert Heidel, Production Editor Y. Christina Tse, Production/Design Margaret A. Knoll, Circulation Sura Rosenthal / Susan Rowe, Production ADVISORY BOARD Ester Boserup Akin L. Mabogunje Gustavo Cabrera Milos˘ Macura John C. Caldwell Carmen A. Miró Mercedes B. Concepción Asok Mitra Richard A. Easterlin Samuel H. Preston Signed articles are the responsibility of the authors. Views expressed in the Review do not necessarily reflect the views of the Population Council. Direct manuscripts, comments on articles, and correspondence to: Population and Development Review Population Council One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, New York 10017 USA Subscription information appears on the inside back cover. Support from the United Nations Population Fund is gratefully acknowledged. Volumes are available on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. The website for Population and Development Review is www. popcouncil.org/pdr The full contents of Volumes 1–19 (1975–93) are available through participating libraries from JSTOR at www.jstor.org/journals/00987921.html Population and Development Review (ISSN 0098-7921) is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Population and Development Review, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017. © 1998 by The Population Council, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-27311 ISSN 0098-7921 Information for Subscribers Population and Development Review is available on a paid subscription basis at the following rates: One year (4 issues) US$32.00 Two years (8 issues) US$60.00 To enter a subscription, send payment by check or money order drawn on a US bank, payable to the Population Council, or by Visa or MasterCard (provide card number and expiration date), together with mailing address to: Population and Development Review Population Council One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, New York 10017 USA Credit card orders may also be placed by phone to (212) 339-0514, by fax to (212) 755-6052, or by e-mail to [email protected] Complimentary subscriptions Complimentary subscriptions are available to qualified applicants residing in developing countries. Individuals and institutions wishing to apply for complimentary subscriptions should send requests on letterhead stationery to the above address stating the nature of professional involvement in development- and population-related issues. Back issues Casebound (hardcover) volumes are available at $45.00 each. Single back issues are available at $8.00 per issue. Please designate copies desired by volume and issue number. Orders may be placed by mail, phone, fax, or e-mail as indicated above. Complimentary copies are available to qualified individuals residing in developing countries. A twenty-year cumulative index to Volumes 1–20 (1975–94) is available at no charge to subscribers to the Review. Printed on recycled paper in the USA. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW VOLUME 24 NUMBER 3 S E P T E M B E R 1998 ARTICLES International Migration 1965–96: An Overview 429 HANIA ZLOTNIK Infant Abandonment and Adoption in China 469 KAY JOHNSON HUANG BANGHAN WANG LIYAO Population Statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials 511 WILLIAM SELTZER Sociodemographic Differentials in Adult Mortality: A Review of Analytic Approaches 553 ROBERT A. HUMMER RICHARD G. ROGERS ISAAC W. EBERSTEIN NOTES AND COMMENTARY Population Policy in the Age of Fascism: Observations on Recent Literature 579 CARL IPSEN DATA AND PERSPECTIVES Is the Pace of Japanese Mortality Decline Converging Toward International Trends? 593 JOHN R. WILMOTH ARCHIVES On the Populousness of Africa: An Eighteenth-Century Text 601 John Hippisley on the Populousness of Africa: A Comment 609 R. MANSELL PROTHERO BOOK REVIEWS Nature’s Services, Human Follies: A Review Essay on Gretchen C. Daily (ed.), Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems; Julian L. Simon, The Ultimate Resource 2; and Ernst von Weizsäcker, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use VACLAV SMIL 613 Medicine and Its Blessings: A Review Essay on Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present S. RYAN JOHANSSON 624 Samuel Hollander, The Economics of Thomas Robert Malthus WILLIAM PETERSEN 633 Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650 ALFRED W. CROSBY 634 James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.), The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration JOHN ISBISTER 636 Myron Weiner and Tadashi Hanami (eds.), Temporary Workers or Future Citizens? Japanese and U.S. Migration Policies B. LINDSAY LOWELL 637 Richard E. Bilsborrow (ed.), Migration, Urbanization, and Development: New Directions and Issues MARY M. KRITZ 639 Bill McKibben, Maybe One: A Personal and Environmental Argument for Single-Child Families LINCOLN H. DAY 642 Short Reviews 644 DOCUMENTS The United Nations on the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Adult Mortality in sub-Saharan Africa 655 UNICEF on Deficient Birth Registration in Developing Countries 659 The World Bank on the Social Impact of the Indonesian Crisis 664 ABSTRACTS 667 AUTHORS FOR THIS ISSUE 673 International Migration 1965–96: An Overview HANIA ZLOTNIK THE TASK OF providing an overview of levels of and trends in international migration is complicated by two well-known facts: (1) many countries ei- ther lack a system for the continuous registration of international migra- tion or, if they have such a system, do not process and publish the data emanating from it; and (2) among those countries that do produce statis- tics on international migration, the meaning and scope of those statistics vary considerably. The problems of international migration statistics have been discussed in depth elsewhere (see, for instance, International Migra- tion Review 1987 or Bilsborrow et al. 1997) and are not the main topic of this article. Nevertheless, these problems are largely responsible for the fact that some relatively straightforward questions, such as: “How many people migrate internationally every year?” or “How many international migrants are there?”, can at best be answered tentatively. Furthermore, because the statistical information available is often par- tial and context-dependent, it provides a poor basis for answering other more insightful questions about the nature of international migration. It is not surprising, therefore, that several of the claims being made about the evolution of migration and its changing characteristics depend on weak statistical evidence or do not rely on statistics at all. This article presents and discusses the available statistical evidence to answer a few key ques- tions about the evolution of international migration during the last third of the twentieth century. It also includes an overview of the main changes that have taken place since 1990. International migration at the global level It is common wisdom among those who study international migration that the late twentieth century is “the age of migration” (see, for instance, Castles and Miller 1996). It is also recognized, however, that international migra- tion remains an “exceptional” phenomenon within a world that is orga- POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 24(3):429–468 (SEPTEMBER 1998)429 Click to print article Click to return to Table of Contents Click to return to Table of Contents 430 I NTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 1965–96 nized into mutually exclusive and legally sovereign states that impose bar- riers to international mobility in general and to international migration in particular (Zolberg 1981). Those focusing on the process of globalization note that although there has been a tendency to free the flows of goods and capital, there has been no parallel trend at the global level to free the flows of people. Yet, since 1960, several key countries
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