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In the Holy Quran

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In the Holy Quran Archive of SID Language Related Research Vol.8, No.1 (Tome 36), March, April & May 2017 A Semantic Criticism of the Persian Translation of the Arabic Term “Doon” in the Holy Quran Fatemeh Goli Malekabadi 1*, Mohammad Khaqani Isfahan 2, Reza Shokrani 3 1. Ph.D. in Arabic Language and Literature, University of Isfahan, Isfahan , Iran 2. Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, University of Isfahan , Isfahan , Iran 3. Associate Professor of Theology University of Isfahan Iran, Isfahan , Iran Received: 23/02/2015 Accepted: 2/06/2015 Today, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses are widely applied by literature researchers and experts as principal methods in understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Taking syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses into consideration, this research seeks to explore the explicit and implicit meanings of the Arabic term (Doon), literally translated as “other than, instead of, besides, and apart from”, in the Holy Quran. It also aims to determine how much attention Quran translators have paid to the meanings of the term and in transferring them into the target language, namely Persian. The study, conducted based on structural semantics and "دون" using descriptive –analytic research methodology, has found that the term (Doon) has various meanings and functions in the Holy Quran, but in some cases, translators have failed to render them correctly. The original meaning of the term is “other than and inferior” which is seen almost in all phrases and lexical ," دون ﷲ " combinations in the Holy Book. Therefore, for instance, the phrase which has been transplanted as “other than, besides and apart from Allah” in famous translations, can be rendered as “[someone/something] other as Allah that Inferior to)" have been used as equivalents) از ِود" Inferior)" or) ِود" .”is inferior Doon) in old Persian translations of the Quran which closely correspond) "دون" to with the denotation of the Arabic word ,since they contain both the sense of “other Doon) can bear different meanings in) "دون" ,than” and “inferior”. However different contexts. Keywords: The Holy Quran, Persian translation, The Arabic term “Doon”, Semantics. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ * Corresponding Author's E-mail: [email protected] 331 www.SID.ir Archive of SID دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ د8 ، ش 1 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 36 )، ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1396 ، ﺻﺺ -207 230 ﻧﻘﺪي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ واژة « دون» در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﻚ آﺑﺎدي1 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻗﺎﻧﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ2* ، رﺿﺎ ﺷﻜﺮاﻧﻲ3 1 . داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﺔ دﻛﺘﺮي زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻋﺮﺑﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان .2 اﺳﺘﺎد زﺑﺎن ﻋﺮﺑﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان 3 . اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر اﻟﻬﻴﺎت، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /4 12/ 93 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 94/3/12 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺻﻞ رواﺑﻂ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ، از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ راه ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ادب ﭘﮋوﻫﺎن در ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺘﻮن از آن اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺻﻞ ، ﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ درﺑﺎرة ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺻﺮﻳﺢ و ﺿﻤﻨﻲ ﻇﺮف « دون » در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﺤﺚ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎ ن ﻗﺮآن ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آن ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ( ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ) را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ــ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮي و زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ــ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ واژة « دون » ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘ ﺮﺟﻤﺎن در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آن ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺒﻮده اﻧﺪ . ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﺔ آن ( ﻏﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﻔﻞ) ، ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮرد؛ ازاﻳﻦ رو، در ﺑﺮﮔﺮدان ﻣ« ﻦ دوناﷲ»، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از « ﺟﺰ ﺧﺪا ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ » ﺑﻬﺮه ﺟﺴﺖ . ﺑﺮﮔﺮدان « ﻓﺮود » ﻳﺎ « از ﻓﺮود » در ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻬﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻧﻴ ﺰ، از اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮي ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﺎ واژه ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ؛ زﻳﺮا ﻫﻢ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي « ﻏﻴﺮ » و ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي « ﺗﺴﻔﻞ» و « ﻓﺮوﺗﺮي » را در ﺧﻮد ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻴﺎق و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻼم، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻣﺘﻌﻠَﻖ « دون» ، در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﻲ آن ﻣﺆﺛﺮ و ﺑﻪ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﺮب و ﺗﺄﺧّﺮ و ﺗﺴﻔّﻞ در رﺗﺒﻪ، ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ داراي ﻣﻌ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺿﻤﻨﻲ « ﻗﺒﻞ، اﻣﺎم، ﻏﻴﺮ، اﻗﻞ، و ...» ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ . ﻛﻠﻴﺪوا ژه ﻫﺎ : ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ، واژة « دون» ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ . ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــ ∗ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪة ﻣﺴﺌ ﻮل ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: E-mail: [email protected] www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﻚ آﺑﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻧﻘﺪي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ... 1 . ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 1 ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ واژه ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺑﺎﻓﺖ زﺑﺎﻧ ﻲ ــ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ آن ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ــ در ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺻﺤﻴﺢ آﻳﺎت ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ، ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻜﺎر اﺳﺖ ؛ اﻳﻦ داﻧﺶ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي 2 ﻳﻚ واژه ، ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﻣ ﻲ ﭘﺮدازد و ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ، ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻢ ﺟﻮارﻫﺎي واژه و ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﺶ در ﻣﺘﻦ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺻﺮﻳﺢ و 3 ﺿﻤﻨﻲ آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻳﻜﻲ از واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ در ﻗﺮ آن « دون » اﺳﺖ . « دون » در ﻗﺮآن، در ﻧُﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻇﺮف ﻣﻨﺼﻮب و در ﻫﻔﺘﺎد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﻼﻟﻪ، در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ « ﻣﻦ دون اﷲ » ــ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻬﻲ از ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﭼﻴﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮدي ﻏﻴﺮ از ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎم ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮي اﺳﺖ ــ و رويﻫﻢ رﻓﺘﻪ 144ﺑﺎر در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨ ﻮع ﺗﻜﺮار ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ، از ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه و اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار، و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ آن اﻣﺮي ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮي، ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد 4 درﺑﺎرة ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ واژة « دون » در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﺎ روش ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎ ﺧﺘ ﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﺑﺮاﺳﺎ س 6 5 ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷ ﻮد و درﺑﺎرة ﺷﻴﻮة ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ واژه در ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ (ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ آﻳﺘﻲ، ﻣﻜﺎرم ﺷﻴﺮازي، ﺧﺮﻣﺸﺎﻫﻲ، ﻓﻮﻻدوﻧﺪ و رﺿﺎﻳﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) ﻛﻨﻜﺎش ﺷﻮد ؛ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘ ﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ واژة « دون » در ﻗﺮآن و ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب آن در ﺗ ﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﻮار اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ « دون » در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻼم 8 7 و ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ، ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲِ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارد؛ اﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ آن ﻧﺰد ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن، ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ اﺳﺘﻮار ﻧ ﻴﺴﺖ و اراﺋﺔ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣ ﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪه از اﻳﻦ واژه، ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم دﻗﻴﻖ آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ؛ ازاﻳﻦ رو، ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي و دﻗﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ. 2 . ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ 9 ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﺴﺖو ﺟﻮي ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن، در زﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻇﺮوف ﻗﺮآﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻋﺎم، و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻇﺮف 1 Sem antics 2 term 3 explicit and im plicit meanings 4 structural semantics 5 Paradigmatic relation 6 syntagmatic relation 7 original m eaning 8 Relative m eaning 9 Criticism 208 www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﺑﺎﻧﻲ دورة 8 ، ﺷﻤﺎرة 1 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 36 )، ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1396 « دون» ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﻳﮋه ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﺘ ﻘﻞ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ در ﺣﻮز ة ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻗﺮآﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ، ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، « ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻖ در ﻗﺮآن ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي از ﺷﻴﻮة ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ» از ﻓﺮﻫﺎد ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ و ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ آزادي ( 1391 ) ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣ ﺪﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮزة ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﻲ ﺣﻖ در ﻗﺮآن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ؛ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ واژﮔﺎن ﻗﺮآن اﺛﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﻀﻴﻤﻪ ( 1380 )، در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ راﻫﮕﺸﺎﺳﺖ. 3 . دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﭘﮋوﻫﺎن درﺑﺎرة واژه « دون » » ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﻳﺎن، « دون » ﻇﺮف ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﺼﻮب ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎرﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ ( ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ، 1977 ، ج13: 164؛ زﺟﺎﺟﻲ، 1982 ، ج 2: 341؛ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻣﺮاﻳﻲ 2012 ، ج 2 : 182 )، ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي « ﭘﻴﺶ و ﻗﺒﻞ » ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ، « ﻇﺮف زﻣﺎن » ﺑﻮدن آن ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ درﺑﺎرة زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻮدن آن در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ آﻳﺎت ﻗﺮآن (اﻟﺴﺠﺪة ، آﻳﻪ 21؛ اﻟﻄﻮر ، آﻳﻪ 47 ) اﺗﻔﺎق ﻧﻈﺮ وﺟﻮد دارد . ﺟﺪا از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲِ ﺗﻤﺎم آراء، واژه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ « دون » ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺟﺎﻣﺪ اﺳﺖ . ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺼﺪري ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ازآن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد ( وﻻﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ؛ اﺑﻦ ﻓﺎرس، 1991، ج 3: 284؛ ا ﻷزﻫﺮي ، 2010، ج 14: 180 )؛ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺼﺪري اﺳﺖ، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﻲ ازآن ﻓﻌﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ وآن را ﻣﺼﺪر « دانَ/ دانَ ﻟـ » داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ : « دان ﻳﺪون دوﻧﺎ إذا ﺿﻌﻒ » ( ﻓﺮاﻫﻴﺪى، 1410 ، ج 8 : 72، زﺟﺎﺟﻲ، 1982 ، ج :2 341؛ راﻏﺐ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ، ﺑﻲ ﺗﺎ: 323 ). ). ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آراء اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ « دون » ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ « دون » ﺻﻔﺖ واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد، ﻣﺼﺪر ﺑﻮدن آن ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ؛ زﻳﺮا ﻣﺼﺪر در ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﻣﻲ رود و ﻧﻪ اﺳﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ . اﺑﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از زﻣﺨﺸﺮي ( 1414 ) ﮔﻮﻳﺪ: « ﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻲء اﻟﻤﺼﺪر وﻳﺮاد ﺑﻪ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ و اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎدر ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت، ﻓﻮﺿﻌﻮا اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ، ﻓﻌﺪل ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺎدل » ( 1378 ، ج 6 : 50). ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر در ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد؛ زﻳﺮا آوردن ﻣﺼﺪ ر ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﻖ، ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ در ﺻﻔﺖ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ: « وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ، وذﻛﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪه ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺪر » ( ﻫﻤﺎن، ج :5 108 ). ). دون در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺻﻔﺖ و ﻧﻌﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ « رﺟﻞٌ دونٌ»، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺮد ﻣﺴﺘﺮذل، « ﺛﻮب دون» ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻟﺒﺎس ﺑﻲ ارزش؛ دون در ﻧﻘﺶ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي « ﺣﻘﻴﺮٌ»، « ﺧَﺴﻴﺲ » اﺳﺖ ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ « ﻫﻮ دوﻧﻚ » ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﺮِ ﺗﻮﺳﺖ (ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ، 1977 ، ج 13: 164)؛ « اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﺪة : 209 www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﻚ آﺑﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻧﻘﺪي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ... دونُ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ، ﻳﻜﻮن ﻇﺮﻓﺎً ﻓﻴﻨﺼﺐ، وﻳﻜﻮن اﺳﻤﺎً ﻓﻴﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ » (اﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، 1408 : 13 : 164 ) اﮔﺮ ﻇﺮف واﻗﻊ ﺷﻮد، ﻣﻌﻨﺎي آن « ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ » اﺳﺖ ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ « ﻫﺬا دون ذﻟﻚ » ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺗﺮ از آن اﺳﺖ ( اﻟ ﺴﺎﻣﺮاﺋﻲ ، 2012، ج 2: 182 .) ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اي در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻋﺮاب و ﻧﻘﺶ واژة « دون » در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دارد. اﻳﻦ واژه در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ، در ﻇﺮف ﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻧﻤﻲ رود و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺣﻘﺎرت ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ و ﻣﻌﺎﻧ ﻲ اي ﭼﻮن « ﻓﺮوﻣﺎﻳﻪ » و « ﭘﺴﺖ » دارد ( دﻫﺨﺪا، 1352 ؛ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ، 1362 )؛ اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ، در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ آن را ﺷﺒﻪ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ، ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از زﺑﺎن ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ داﻧﻨﺪ ( ﺧﻄﻴﺐ رﻫﺒﺮ، 1367 : 355 ).
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