Atina Grossmann: Juden, Deutsche, Alliierte

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Atina Grossmann: Juden, Deutsche, Alliierte Atina Grossmann Juden, Deutsche, Alliierte Hamburger Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Juden Für die Stiftung Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden herausgegeben von Andreas Brämer und Miriam Rürup Bd. XXXIX Atina Grossmann Juden, Deutsche, Alliierte Begegnungen im besetzten Deutschland Aus dem Englischen von Ulrike Bischoff WALLSTEIN VERLAG Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Hamburg, der Stiftung Irene Bollag-Herzheimer, Basel und der Axel Springer Stiftung, Berlin Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Titel der englischen Originalausgabe: Jews, Germans, And Allies. Close Encounters in Occupied Germany Th is edition was fi rst published by Princeton University Press Für die deutsche Ausgabe: © Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012 www.wallstein-verlag.de Vom Verlag gesetzt aus der Adobe Garamond Umschlaggestaltung: Susanne Gerhards, Düsseldorf Umschlagbild unter Verwendung folgender Abbildungen: (siehe Bildnachweis Nr. 4.2. und 3.4.). Druck: Hubert & Co, Göttingen ISBN 978-3-8353-0934-0 Inhalt Vorwort. Wo ist Feldafing? . 9 Einleitung. Verwickelte Geschichte und heikle Begegnungen 12 1. »Armes Deutschland«. Berlin und die Besatzung . 34 Aus den Trümmern heraus: Es lebe Berlin . 37 Erstes Wiederaufleben: Rivalisierende Sieger und jüdische Spuren . 44 Eroberer und Befreier, nicht Unterdrücker: die Vorzüge der Besatzung . 51 Die Politik des Elends und Selbstmitleids: umstrittene Opferrolle . 58 Entnazifizierung und Unzufriedenheit: Eroberte und Befreite 63 Deutsche Schuldlosigkeit und Schuld, jüdische Verachtung . 69 »Armes Deutschland«: Opferdiskurse . 73 2. Genderspezifische Niederlage. Vergewaltigung, Mutterschaft und Fraternisierung. 84 Deutsche als Opfer: Vergewaltigung in Berlin . 86 Vergewaltigung überleben und erzählen . 93 Umgang mit Vergewaltigung: Medizinische und politische Reaktionen . 101 Vergewaltigung als Rache und Kriegsfolge . 107 Vergewaltigung und die amerikanischen Eroberer . 118 Fraternisierung: sexuelle, politische und rassische Grenzübertretungen . 124 Kriegserinnerungen. 133 Frauen, Viktimisierung und die Schuldfrage . 141 5 inhalt 3. »Es gab wenige Überlebende und viele Tote«. Juden im besetzten Berlin. 148 Auftauchen und sich als Jude zu erkennen geben. 151 Umstrittene Identitäten: Wer ist Jude und warum? . 162 Erklärungsversuche: Erste Berichte. 170 Rückkehr und zaghafter Wiederaufbau . 172 Vergeltung und Wiedergutmachung: Frühe Konflikte . 183 Kämpfe um Rückerstattung: Das Hotel Astoria in der Fasanenstraße . 187 Juden und Alliierte . 191 Transitstation Berlin: DPs, Deutsche Juden und Amis . 197 »Die Gestapo schien mich vergessen zu haben«: Amalies Geschichte. 211 4. Der gerettete und rettende Rest. Jüdische Displaced Persons in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone . 214 Mir zaynen do (Wir sind da) . 217 She’erit Hapletah: Anerkennung und Politik . 226 »Die Dinge selbst in die Hand nehmen«: amerikanisch-jüdische Botschaften und Sichtweisen . 233 »Lebende Leichen«: »Wir waren so viele menschliche Wracks« 241 Joint Distribution Committee und UNRRA: zwiespältige Hilfe . 251 »Sie dachten, wir wären gestorben und würden nie wiederkommen«: Die osteuropäischen »Infiltrees« . 260 Besiegte Deutsche, entwurzelte Juden, amerikanische »Beschützer und Wärter« . 265 Imaginierte Heimat . 273 Das Ende der »goldenen Ära« und die »emotionale Ökonomie« der Besatzung . 279 Therapeutischer Zionismus. 287 5. Mir Zaynen Do. Sexualität, Arbeit und der DP-Babyboom 294 Sexualität und Ehe . 298 Babyboom . 302 Rückgewinnung der Zukunft. 311 Vergeltung und Erinnerung . 318 6 inhalt Babys, Kinderwagen und die Pflicht zur Gesunderhaltung . 324 Vorgeführte Körper . 330 Jüdische Mütter und deutsche Kindermädchen . 335 Unter Deutschen: diverse Formen der Koexistenz . 352 Handel, Vertrauen und Feindseligkeit . 358 »Geschäftsfrau« in Feldafing . 359 Heikle Begegnungen und Konfrontationen . 362 Intime Kontakte . 367 Leben mit dem »Feind« . 372 6. Schluss. Ende des »Interregnums« . 379 Wechsel der Feinde: Berlin. 382 Nicht länger »Heimat«: Juden in Berlin . 388 Ende der DP-Ära . 396 Debatten über eine jüdische Zukunft in Deutschland . 406 Neuer Antisemitismus . 411 Der »harte Kern« . 416 Ressentiments und Entschädigungen: Der Fall Auerbach und die jüdische Präsenz . 420 Bibliografie . 431 Archive . 459 Abbildungen . 460 Abkürzungen . 462 Dank . 463 Personenregister . 469 7 Zum Andenken an Toni Bernhard Busse, 1884-1943? Gertrud Dewitz Grossmann, 1873-1943? Vorwort Wo ist Feldafing? Da ich als Kind deutscher Juden in New York geboren wurde, wuchs ich in einer Welt von Flüchtlingen auf, für die das europäisch-jüdische Leben 1943 in einer Katastrophe geendet hatte. Deutsche Juden waren in alle Erdteile geflüchtet. Meine Eltern waren in New York gelandet, nachdem sie zehn abenteurliche Jahre im Orient gelebt hatten, im Iran, und mein Vater während des Krieges einige Jahre als feindlicher deutscher Auslän- der von den Briten im Himalaya interniert war. Verwandte und Freunde schickten Fotos und blaue Luftpostbriefe mit exotischen Briefmarken aus Israel, England, Südafrika, Argentinien, Dänemark, Frankreich und Japan (und nach Stalins Tod sogar aus der Sowjetunion) in unsere zuneh- mend behagliche deutschsprachige Enklave in der Upper West Side von Manhattan. Unwiderruflich, so glaubte ich, trennte Deutschland und Juden ein drastischer, traumatischer historischer Bruch, seit die Nazis die letzten Ausreisemöglichkeiten 1941 unterbunden hatten, Goebbels 1943 ein »judenfreies« Berlin versprochen hatte und die Deportationszüge Richtung Osten aus der Stadt gerollt waren. Aber ich hätte es besser wissen müssen. Juden, Deutsche und (ins- besondere amerikanische) Alliierte – und manche, die mehr als einer dieser Gruppen zuzurechnen sind –, deren Begegnungen dieses Buch nachzeichnet, gibt es alle auch in meiner eigenen Familiengeschichte. Mein Großvater mütterlicherseits, dessen Geschichte dieses Buch in Teilen erzählt, verbrachte die ersten Nachkriegsjahre in Berlin, das er nie verlassen hatte. Er war 1943 untergetaucht und gehörte zu den wenigen deutschen Juden, die innerhalb Deutschlands überlebt hatten. Sein in Berlin geborener und aufgewachsener Neffe, der bei Kriegsende ameri- kanischer GI war, fand ihn im Juli 1945, als die Amerikaner ihren Sektor der Stadt übernahmen. In meiner Kindheit und Jugend fuhren wir jeden Sommer nach Bad Homburg bei Frankfurt, um den jüngeren Bruder meines Vaters und dessen Familie zu besuchen. Er war zum Katholizis- mus konvertiert und mit seiner Frau und seinen fünf »halbjüdischen« Kindern in Deutschland geblieben, bis man ihn 1943 nach Auschwitz deportiert hatte. Auch er hatte überlebt, zunächst als Häftlingsarzt in der Krankenstation des Zwangsarbeiterlagers Monowitz, später als Häftling in Mauthausen, wo er von amerikanischen Truppen befreit wurde. Er starb Anfang der 1950er Jahre als spätes Opfer der Vernichtungspolitik der Nazis. Vorher bekam er allerdings noch ein sechstes Kind, überstand 9 vorwort das Chaos und Elend der deutschen Kriegsniederlage, wurde Direktor eines deutschen Krankenhauses und kämpfte gemeinsam mit meinem Vater um die Rückgabe ihrer »arisierten« Immobilie in Berlin – eine weitere Geschichte, die in diesem Buch geschildert wird. In den vielen blauen Luftpostbriefen, die ich Jahre später in vergilbten Akten meiner Eltern fand, gab es daher eine Fülle von Geschichten über Deutsche, Amerikaner – und Juden – im Nachkriegsdeutschland. Aber mein Großvater war 1947 von Berlin nach New York ausgewan- dert, und meine Cousins und Cousinen in Bad Homburg – die einzigen nahen Verwandten, die annähernd in meinem Alter waren – waren nicht wirklich jüdisch. Erst als ich 1971 als Studentin mit meinem damaligen Freund Michael durch Europa und Asien reiste, begegnete ich erstmals bewusst einer jüdischen Geschichte im Nachkriegsdeutschland, die sich erheblich von den Flüchtlings- und Emigrantenerzählungen meiner Kindheit und Jugend unterschied. Ich wusste damals praktisch nichts über die merkwürdigen historischen Umstände, die Michaels Familien- geschichte geprägt hatten: dass 1946 /47, drei Jahre nachdem Deutsch- land für »judenrein« erklärt worden war und ein Jahr nach der Nieder- lage des Dritten Reichs, wieder etwa 250 000 überwiegend nichtdeutsche Juden auf – zwar besiegter und besetzter – »verfluchter deutscher Erde« lebten. In Michaels amerikanischem Pass stand als Geburtsort lediglich »Deutschland«, was ihn erheblich ärgerte. Denn dieser Eintrag war eine zusätzliche Kränkung für jemanden, der in einem DP-Lager zur Welt gekommen war, in dem seine rumänischen Eltern Zuflucht gefunden hatten, nachdem sie im Krieg mehrere Arbeits- und Konzentrationslager der Nazis und Ungarn überlebt hatten. Michael und ich fuhren nach Baia Mare, eine mittelgroße Stadt an der Grenze zur damaligen Sowje- tunion, wo seine Tante Gittie und sein Onkel Shimon – DPs, die nach Rumänien zurückgekehrt waren – auf ihre Ausreisegenehmigung nach Israel warteten. Im Zug schaute ich mir noch einmal seinen irritierenden Pass an und fragte schließlich: »Michael, wo bist du denn nun wirklich geboren?« Er nannte mir einen Ortsnamen, den ich in Gesprächen im Haus seiner Eltern in der Bronx häufig gehört hatte, ohne damals ge- nauer nachzufragen: »Feldafing«. Und wo liegt Feldafing, wollte ich nun wissen. Michael zögerte kurz, als ob diese Frage bislang niemand hätte stellen müssen, und
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