ARTICLE 195 1, et al. axonomy Ustilaginales Australia Key Lucid Morphology Uredinales T , ! " · VOLUME 5 · # $%&M#(# VOLUME ! " · Pucciniomycotina . 2008). Despite the importance of rust fungi et al. 2008). Despite the importance of rust and Vánky & Shivas (2008) revised the Australian smut fungi, Australian Vánky & Shivas (2008) revised the and a separate interactive Lucid key to 296 species with and a separate interactive Lucid key the revision over 1000 images was developed to accompany (Shivas over a century Australia, the most recent monograph is in (McAlpine 1906). old and considered about 160 species Australia has in The number of known smut and rust fungi discoveries of new increased since these revisions through of biological control taxa, new incursions, and introductions agents. of the host species. based on morphology and knowledge et al. between sori and teliospores (McTaggart differences !"#! $ !"#' * + + in their life cycles (Hennen & Hennen 2000, Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). Morphological characters of the teliospore and urediniospore stages, such as size, apex shape and wall thickness, ornamentation, and germ pore position and / rust fungus may be challenging if a life cycle stage is absent on ; < = <=> / = / = ?@B species or genera of smut and rust fungi in cases where the host is unknown or morphology is inconclusive (Schoch This approach is limited to fungi that have an available 2012). ; 1,2 , , ), ) are available online at http://collections. ) are available online Puccinia ). Pucciniales . on rubbervine Endocronartium , ), wheat stripe rust Myrtaceae in natural and Pucciniomycotina , and Alistair R. McTaggart , and 1 , together represent the on skeleton weed (Cullen ), pine-gall rust ( ) Pucciniales et al. 2014). Several species of smut Maravalia cryptostegiae
, Dean R. Beasley , Dean R. 1 ) and rust fungi (Pucciniomycotina ) and rust fungi (Pucciniomycotina ) in the Basidiomycota ), coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and ), coffee / + Ustilaginomycotina B appeared in Australia in 2010, and now threatens appeared in U B B X / + > + U Z [ \[] ^ _ !`j ^ Plant Pathology Herbarium, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, GPO Box 267, Brisbane 400 Fisheries and Forestry, Agriculture, of Biosecurity Queensland, Department Plant Pathology Herbarium, Queensland, Australia; corresponding author e-mail: + N ; + Australia; Queensland, Australia Queensland 4001, Microbotryales ; + < (from approximately 360 species (317 species in 37 genera) and 100 rust fungi Australian smut fungi The over 1,600 and 570 images respectively. smut and rust keys are illustrated with The in 37 genera). end-users including mycologists, plant health diagnosticians, keys are designed to assist a wide range of The keys are dynamic and will be university students. biosecurity scientists, plant pathologists, and and incorporate new detections, taxa, distributions and regularly updated to include taxonomic changes smut and rust fungi are encouraged to participate in the on- Australian images. Researchers working with keys going development and improvement of these = { !j | !"#}~ B { '# ] !"#}~ [ { ## @ + !"#} © 2014 International Mycological Association © 2014 International Mycological conditions: distribute and transmit the work, under the following are free to share - to copy, You Attribution: 2 1 Roger G. Shivas Roger G. ) Ustilaginomycotina Non-commercial: No derivative works: Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. permission from the copyright holder. (Tomley & Evans 2004). (Tomley psidii many susceptible, native species of environments (Pegg Australia pose serious and rust fungi that are absent from biosecurity threats to agriculture if introduced, e.g. karnal indica bunt of wheat (T. harknessii grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis). Several rust fungi Australia as biological control agents have been introduced to of environmental weeds, with some having considerable success, e.g. Puccinia chondrillina et al. 1973), and wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis hordei striiformis), and barley leaf rust (P. (P. Microbotryales Pucciniales group of plant most economically important and largest great A Vánky 2011). pathogens (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003, both agricultural and diversity of smut and rust fungi occur on there are about 1650 environmental species. Worldwide, and almost 8000 species species of smut fungi (Vánky 2011) of rust fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). Economically important smut common bunt Australia include wheat and rust species in caries), sugarcane smut (Sporisorium scitamineum (Tilletia INTRODUCTION The smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina doi:10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.03 VOLUME 5 · NO. 2 "* + et al. ARTICLE
, $, Fact sheet for Anthracocystis heteropogonicola from the Smut Fungi of Australia Lucid key.
B _ ' '#" <=> ; !#" for examination. Biological and distribution data for many of / = ; !# '}` / = ; these specimens can be accessed at http://collections.daff. ; \ ^ # ; + March 2014. We have developed interactive keys as contemporary Morphology and image capture B Spores of smut or rust fungi were removed from host material and rust fungi. The keys are freely available, dynamic, and will with a scalpel and mounted in clear lactic acid (100 % v/v) be upgraded to accommodate untreated or newly discovered on a microscope slide and gently heated to boiling. Slide taxa in Australia, as well as changes in taxonomy, host range preparations were examined with a Leica DM 2500 compound and distribution. microscope using differential interference microscopy and images taken with a Leica DFC550 or DFC500 camera. * Measurements of spore dimensions were made from a Taxon selection minimum of 20 spores, with values expressed as ranges The taxa covered by the keys include all 317 known Australian and outliers given in parentheses. Composite images were smut fungi and 100 rust fungi. The initial 100 rust fungi were constructed with image stacking software Helicon Focus chosen from species that are agriculturally important, recently (Helicon Soft, Kharkov). introduced, or endemic. All specimens have been lodged Some of the images of spores were captured in two in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Biosecurity Queensland ; ^*/[ = the other through the upper surface of the spores. A simple B ?B* Z< [Z* $[*/ JavaScript was employed to allow users to toggle between
196 IMA FUNGUS ARTICLE
, #, Fact sheet for Puccinia stylidii from the Rust Fungi of Australia Lucid key.
the two different focal planes when viewing these spore fungi. The key to smut fungi uses 53 readily observable features (characters) and 334 character states that include using an array of compact digital cameras and digital SLR host, distribution and morphology of the sori and spores. / The Lucid guide for the rust fungi uses 92 features and 512 Z [ $j"" \ character states that also includes host, distribution and minimum resolution of 300 dpi. Close-up images of sori, morphological features of all of the spore stages known to especially aecia, uredinia and telia, were captured with a occur in Australia. Leica DFC550 camera mounted on a Leica M165C stereo Lucid software was used to automatically generate / ; natural language descriptions for all taxa included in the key diagnostic potential. to Australian rust fungi. Scores for the 92 features were used to provide uniform description formats for all species in the Key development key. Fact sheets for each of the smut and rust taxa were Lucid 3.5.16 (www.lucidcentral.org) software was used authored using Adobe Dreamweaver CS5.5 software. to produce two interactive, multi-access keys, one for the Australian smut fungi, and the other for the Australian rust
VOLUME 5 · NO. 2 197 "* + et al. ARTICLE
, /, Screenshot of the Lucid matrix key from Smut Fungi of Australia.
0 $ @ B !"" "1 2 1 3 Aizoago tetragoniae Tetragonia diptera Vánky & Shivas (2013) Aizoago tetragonioides Tetragonia tetragonioides Vánky & Shivas (2013) Anomalomyces yakirrae Yakirra majuscula Shivas et al. (2013) Aurantiosporium subnitens Scleria novae-hollandiae This publication Entyloma ageratinae Ageratina riparia Morin (2012) Eriocortex eriocauli Eriocaulon scullionii Vánky et al. (2013) Macalpinomyces mackinlayi Eulalia mackinlayi McTaggart & Shivas (2009a) Moreaua actinoschoeni Actinoschoenus sp. Shivas et al. (2011) Moreaua chrysitricis Chrysitrix distigmatosa Shivas et al. (2011) Moreaua peckii Schoenus cruentus Vánky (2009) Sporisorium andrewmitchellii Enneapogon aff. lindleyanus Crous et al. (2012) Sporisorium warambiense [ = = + !"## Tilletia challinoriae Panicum trachyrhachis McTaggart & Shivas (2009b) Tilletia geeringii Eriachne festucacea Li et al. (2014) Tilletia mactaggartii Eriachne burkittii Li et al. (2014) Tilletia majuscula Yakirra majuscula Shivas & McTaggart (2009) Tilletia marjaniae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii Li et al. (2014) Tilletia micrairae Micraira dunlopii Barrett et al. (2009) Tilletia pseudoraphidis Pseudoraphis spinescens Shivas & McTaggart (2009) Tilletia sehimicola Sehima nervosum Shivas & McTaggart (2009) Ustanciosporium appendiculatum Rhynchospora exserta Shivas et al. (2010)
198 IMA FUNGUS
0 # @ B #"` ARTICLE "1 † 2 1 4 0 1 3 Aecidium acanthocarpi Acanthocarpus verticillatus $ / B Walker & van der Merwe (2009) (Lomandraceae) Aecidium brachycomes Brachycome sp. (Asteraceae) @= Petrak (1953) Aecidium gaubae Arthrocnemum arbuscula Ourjen, Vic. Petrak (1953) (Amaranthaceae) Atelocauda shivasii Ormosia ormondii (Fabaceae) @ ^ U Walker (2001) Bibulocystis gloriosa Caesalpinia scortechinii Mt Glorious, Qld Walker & Shivas (2009) (Fabaceae) Bibulocystis pulcherrima Daviesia latifolia (Fabaceae) McKinnon’s Corner, Vic. Walker et al. (2006) Cystopsora notelaeae Notelaea longifolia (Oleaceae) [ @= Sydow (1937b) Endoraecium parvum Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) Caloundra, Qld Berndt (2011) Endoraecium tierneyi Acacia harpophylla (Fabaceae) Tambo, Qld Walker (2001), Scholler & Aime (2006) Endoraecium violae-faustiae Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) Kuranda, Qld Berndt (2011) Endoraecium walkerianum Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) @= Berndt (2011) Maravalia limoniformis Austrosteenisia blackii Cooktown, Qld McTaggart et al. (2008) (Fabaceae) Nyssopsora citriobati = @= Sydow (1938) (Pittosporaceae) Puccinia argophyllae Argophyllum nullumense Lost World Valley, Qld Teakle (1959) (Argophyllaceae) Puccinia arthrocnemi Arthrocnemum halocnemoides Eucolo Gorge, SA Hansford (1954) (Amaranthaceae) Puccinia bassiae Bassia spp. (Amaranthaceae) @= =B Samuel (1924) Puccinia cygnorum Kunzea glabrescens (Myrtaceae) Perth, WA Shivas & Walker (1994), Makinson & Butcher (2014) Puccinia gastrolobii Gastrolobium calycinum WA Dietel (1922) (Fabaceae) Puccinia grevilleae Grevillea mimosoides Almaden, Qld McTaggart & Shivas (2008) (Proteaceae) Puccinia kenmorensis Bothriochloa decipiens Brisbane, Qld Cummins (1945) (Poaceae) Puccinia orellana Senecio dryadens (Asteraceae) ^ @= Sydow (1937a) Puccinia osbornii Olearia rudis (Asteraceae) / =B Sydow (1937a) Puccinia paspalina Paspalum orbiculare (Poaceae) Brisbane, Qld Cummins (1945) Puccinia scaevolincola Scaevola aemula @= Petrak (1953) (Goodeniaceae) Puccinia sclerolaenae (Amaranthaceae) Roma, Qld Massee (1910) Puccinia semibarbatae Bulbine semibarbata (Liliaceae) Eyre Peninsula, SA Osborn & Samuel (1922) Puccinia ursiniae Ursinia anthemoides Perth, WA Shivas (1991) (Asteraceae) Puccinia visci Viscum angulatum (Santalaceae) Brisbane, Qld Cribb (1955) Sphaerophragmium quadricellulare Acacia pennata (Fabaceae) Cape York Peninsula, Qld Alcorn & Walker (1996) Uredo xanthostemonis Xanthostemon paradoxus Z B * + @ Walker (1983) (Myrtaceae) Uredopeltis chevalieri (Tiliaceae) Beverley Springs, WA Walker & Shivas (2004) Uredopeltis euphaeus Hypoxis glabella (Hypoxidaceae) R X @= Sydow (1937b) Uromyces gaubae Caltha introloba @= Petrak (1953) (Ranunculaceae) Uromyces lomandracearum Lomandra longifolia @ @= Walker & van der Merwe (2009) (Lomandraceae) Uromycladium naracoortensis Acacia spp. (Fabaceae) @ + =B Berndt (2010) † _
VOLUME 5 · NO. 2 199 "* + et al.
36" 70" 1937b), Dasturella (Johnson 1985), Diabole (Burrows et al. 2012), Goplana (Langdon & Herbert 1944), Kernkampella Both keys have been compiled for use on the internet, and (Walker et al. 2006), Maravalia (Tomley & Evans 2004), are freely available at the following URLs: Masseeëlla (Liberato et al. 2014), Miyagia (Cooke & Dube 1989), Nyssopsora (Sydow 1938), Olivea (Daly et al. 2006),
ARTICLE ; + Phakopsora (Weinert et al. 2003), Prospodium (Thomas ; + et al. 2006), Pucciniastrum (Shivas 1989), Ravenelia (Walker 1983), Sphaerophragmium (Alcorn & Walker 1996), The keys are wrapped in a web page, along with the applet Thekopsora (McTaggart et al. 2013), and Uredopeltis (Walker version of the Lucid Player (Fig. 3). To access the keys, users & Shivas 2004). ; | + * Z + The keys to the smut and rust fungi of Australia are the which can be downloaded for free from www.java.com. Each _ taxon has its own web page (Figs 1–2), which is accompanied B B by additional resources including host index, glossary, < references, and a tutorial on how to use the key. been released at the URL ; + Since the revision of Australian smut fungi by Vánky & key/thaismutfungi. A similar key for the rust fungi of south- Shivas (2008), a further 21 species of smut fungi have been east Asia is under development. We invite ustilaginologists described or recorded as new records (Table 1). Since the and uredinologists to contribute to the construction of these revision of Australian rust fungi by McAlpine (1906), 35 new keys. Protocols for the submission of images, morphological species of rust fungi have been described in Australia (Table + / ^ The Lucid guides to the Australian smut fungi and rust 36 636 96" _ Alcorn JL, Walker J (1996) Sphaerophragmium quadricellulare sp. available characters selected by the user. These characters nov. (Mycota, Uredinales) on Acacia in Australia, with brief notes on some related rust genera. Mycotaxon 58: 325–330. of specimen identity is enhanced by comparison with high Anon. (2014) Fangipani rust. { ; + ; lifestyle-horticulture/nursery/frangipani-rust. Barrett MD, Barrett RL, Shivas RG, McTaggart AR (2009) Tilletia Since the last revision of smut fungi in Australia (Vánky & micrairae. Persoonia 22: 170–171. Shivas 2008), six new generic names with type species from Berndt R (2010) Uromycladium naracoortensis, a new species of Australia have been established: Aizoago (Vánky & Shivas rust fungi (Uredinales) from Australia, with new observations on 2013), Langdonia (McTaggart et al. 2012b), Shivasia (Lutz described Uromycladium species. Polish Botanical Journal 55: et al. 2012), Stollia (McTaggart et al. 2012b), Triodiomyces 299–308. (McTaggart et al. 2012b), and Tubisorus (Vánky & Lutz 2011). Berndt R (2011) Taxonomic revision of Endoraecium digitatum (rust The genus Anthracosystis was resurrected (McTaggart et al. fungi, Uredinales) with description of four new species from !"#! + Aurantiosporium from Australia and Hawaii. Mycological Progress $(: 497–517. Australia was collected (Table 1). ^ @| < ^$ < |* !"#! * + McAlpine (1906) treated ten genera in the Rusts of rust Diabole cubensis, released as a classical biological control Australia, and this number has more than tripled since his agent against the invasive weed Mimosa pigra in Australia. revision. McAlpine (1906) included several taxa that were Australasian Plant Disease Notes 7: 171–175. later combined into new genera, such as Ceratocoma Cooke RP, Dubé AJ (1989). Host-Pathogen Index of Plant Diseases (Cronartium) jacksoniae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003), in South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Department of Endoraecium (Uromyces) digitatum (Scholler & Aime 2006), Agriculture. Hamaspora (Phragmidium) acutissima (as longissima), Cribb JW (1955) Puccinia visci sp. n. on Viscum in Queensland. Tranzschelia (Puccinia) discolor and Skierka (Uromyces) Papers, University of Queensland Department of Botany /: 75– diploglottidis. There are several additional genera that have 76. been reported from Australia: Atelocauda (Walker 2001), [ = ^B = + *\ ^ / ? B et Bibulocystis (Walker et al. 2006), Cerotelium (Simmonds al. (2012) Fungal Planet description sheets: 107–127. Persoonia 1966), Coleosporium (Anon. 2014), Cystopsora (Sydow 28: 138–182. 200 IMA FUNGUS Cullen JM, Kable PF, Catt M (1973) Epidemic spread of a rust Morin L (2012) Entyloma ageratinae. Australasian Plant Pathology ARTICLE imported for biological control. Nature 244: 462–464. Society, Pathogen of the Month – November 2012. http://www. \^ #} ? $// Bulletin of the appsnet.org/Publications/potm/pdf/nov12.pdf Torrey Botanical Club 72: 205–222. Osborn TGB, Samuel G (1922) Some new records of fungi for South Cummins GB, Hiratsuka Y (2003) Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. B // = [ @{ B [ = [ Puccinia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Daly AM, Shivas RG, Pegg GS, Mackie AE (2006) First record of South Australia 46: 166–180. teak leaf rust (Olivea tectonae) in Australia. Australasian Plant [ \= \ X* B* \ \[ / Disease Notes $: 25–26. KB, Shivas RG, Perry S (2014) Puccinia psidii in Queensland, Dietel P von (1922) Einige neue oder bemerkenswerte Uredineen. Australia: disease symptoms, distribution and impact. Plant Annales Mycologici #(: 293–295. Pathology G/: 1005–1021. \ #} B X // @ + Petrak F (1953) Ein kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Uredineen Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales @%: Australiens. Sydowia 7: 1–7. 97–141. [ = = + *\ !"## Sporisorium warambiense sp. nov., Hennen JF, Hennen MMW (2000) Terminology applied to sori and life a fourth smut fungus on Xerochloa in Australia. Mycological cycles of rust fungi (Uredinales) from 1729 to 2000. Biológico, Progress $(: 57–60. 62: 113–126. Samuel G (1924) Some new records of fungi for South Australia part | \/ # * Dasturella divina) of Bambusa / /// Puccinia. Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology $F: 54–55. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth & Australia 48: 149–161. Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th edn. Wallingford: CAB = < = B = * $ = |< < + ; / B X^ !"#! @ < *X ?B #}} * U /$ / = + ?@B Papers, University of Queensland Department of Botany 2: 1–4. marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Li Y-M, Shivas RG, Cai L (2014) Three new species of Tilletia on Sciences, USA $(%: 6241–6246. Eriachne from north-western Australia. Mycoscience 55: 361–366. Scholler M, Aime MC (2006) On some rust fungi (Uredinales) Liberato JR, McTaggart AR, Shivas RG (2014) First report of collected in an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha woodland, Masseeëlla capparis in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease < * ^ / Mycoscience 47: 159–165. Notes{ ?]/{ #" #""j #''#}"#'"#!# Shivas RG (1989) Fungal and bacterial diseases of plants in Western Lutz M, Vánky K, Piatek M (2012) Shivasia gen. nov. for the Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 72: Australasian smut Ustilago solida that historically shifted through 1–62. + IMA Fungus /: 143–154. Shivas RG (1991) Puccinia ursiniae sp. nov. on Ursinia anthemoides. Makinson RO, Butcher R (2014) The type-host species of Puccinia Mycological Research %&: 379–381. cygnorum re-determined as Kunzea glabrescens (Myrtaceae). Shivas RG, Beasley DR, Vánky K (2008) Smut Fungi of Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes{ ?]/{ #" #""j #''#}"#}"#}#! < ?*] { =/*] [ Massee GE (1910) Fungi exotici, X. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Shivas RG, McTaggart AR (2009) Three new species of Tilletia Information, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew /: 1–6. on native grasses from northern Australia. Australasian Plant McAlpine D (1906) The Rusts of Australia. Government Printer, Pathology /H: 128–131. Melbourne. Shivas RG, Barrett MD, Barrett RL, Vánky K (2011) Two new McTaggart AR, Geering ADW, Shivas RG (2013) Thekopsora minima species of Moreaua (Ustilaginomycetes), on Actinoschoenus causes blueberry rust in south-eastern Queensland and northern and Chrysitrix, from Western Australia. Mycologia Balcanica 8: @ = Australasian Plant Disease Notes{ ?]/{ 137–140. 10.1007/s13314-013-0101-2 Shivas RG, Lutz M, McTaggart AR, Vánky K (2013) Emended McTaggart AR, Ono Y, Berndt R, Shivas RG (2008) Maravalia description of Anomalomyces (Ustilaginales), including in Australia, including Maravalia limoniformis sp. nov. on Anomalomyces yakirrae sp. nov. on (Poaceae) Austrosteenisia blackii. Australasian Mycologist 27: 41–44. from Australia. Mycobiota $: 17–24. McTaggart AR, Shivas RG (2008) The rusts on Proteaceae, including Shivas RG, McTaggart AR, Ryley MJ, Scharaschkin T, Gambley Puccinia grevilleae sp. nov. from northern Australia. Australasian CF (2010) First report of the smut fungus Ustanciosporium Plant Pathology /@: 344–346. appendiculatum in Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes McTaggart AR, Shivas RG (2009a) Macalpinomyces mackinlayi. 5: 17–18. Persoonia #/: 186–187. Shivas RG, Walker J (1994) Puccinia cygnorum sp. nov. on Kunzea McTaggart AR, Shivas RG (2009b) Tilletia challinorae. Persoonia #/: ericifolia in Australia. Mycological Research %H: 22–24. 184–185. Simmonds JH (1966) Host Index of Plant Diseases in Queensland. McTaggart AR, Shivas RG, Geering ADW, Callaghan B, Vánky K, Brisbane: Government Printer. = !"#! = = #'j @ for the systematics of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces M / Annales Mycologici /&: 22–49. complex (Ustilaginaceae). Persoonia #%: 63–77. = #'j @ McTaggart AR, Shivas RG, Geering ADW, Vánky K, Scharaschkin M // Annales Mycologici /&: 350–361. T (2012b) Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and = #' @ B Macalpinomyces. Persoonia #%: 116–132. M /// Annales Mycologici /G: 295–313. VOLUME 5 · NO. 2 201 "* + et al. Teakle DS (1959) Puccinia argophylli sp. n. on Argophyllum nullumense | #' [ { in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal irregularities in the distribution of plant parasitic fungi. Australian Sciences $G: 91–92. Journal of Botany Supplementary series $/: 89–136. Thomas SE, Ellison CA, Tomley AJ (2006) Studies on the rust Walker J (2001) A revision of the genus Atelocauda (Uredinales) Prospodium tuberculatum, a new classical biological control and description of Racospermyces gen. nov. for some rusts of ARTICLE agent released against the invasive alien weed Lantana camara Acacia. Australasian Mycologist #(: 3–28. in Australia. 2. Host range. Australasian Plant Pathology /&: | ^ $ [ /\ [ | !""` Bibulocystis 321–328. gen. nov. (Uredinales) on Daviesia (Fabaceae) and Albizia Tomley AJ, Evans HC (2004) Establishment of, and preliminary (Mimosaceae) in Australasia, with comments on the genera impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the Cystomyces and Dicheirinia and rust genera with teliospore invasive alien weed, ! in Queensland, cysts. Australasian Plant Pathology /&: 1–22. Australia. Plant Pathology &/: 475–484. Walker J, Shivas RG (2004) Uredopeltis chevalieri sp. nov., the rust of Vánky K (2009) Taxonomic studies on Ustilaginomycetes – 29. Grewia (Tiliaceae) formerly known as Phakopsora (or Dasturella) Mycotaxon $$(: 289–324. grewiae B $ !"## O!"#!P Smut Fungi of the World = [ @{ rusts of Grewia. Australasian Plant Pathology //: 41–47. American Phytopathological Society Press. Walker J, Shivas RG (2009) Bibulocystis gloriosa sp. nov. (Pucciniales) Vánky K (2013) Illustrated Genera of Smut Fungi = [ @{ on Caesalpinia scortechinii in Queensland, with comments on American Phytopathological Society Press. Spumula caesalpiniae. Australasian Plant Pathology /H: 29–35. Vánky K, Lutz M (2011) Tubisorus, a new genus of smut fungi Walker J, van der Merwe M (2009) Two previously undescribed rusts (Ustilaginomycetes) for Sporisorium pachycarpum. Mycologica of Acanthocarpus and Lomandra (Lomandraceae) in Australia. Balcanica 8: 129–135. Australasian Plant Pathology /H: 525–532. Vánky K, Shivas RG (2008) Fungi of Australia. The Smut Fungi. [ = + *\ [ *@ ? B !""' X { =/*] [ + @ B Vánky K, Shivas RG (2013) Aizoago, a new genus, and two new Australasian Plant Pathology /#: 117–118. species of smut fungi (Ustilaginales) on Tetragonia (Aizoaceae) in Australia. Mycobiota $: 1–7. Vánky K, Shivas RG, Barrett MD, Lutz M (2013) Eriocortex eriocauli, gen. et sp. nov. (Ustilaginomycetes) from Australia. Mycobiota $: 9–16. 202 IMA FUNGUS