Rapportering Og Revisjon Av Olje- Og Gassreserver

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Rapportering Og Revisjon Av Olje- Og Gassreserver NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Bergen, 18.06.2007 Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver med utgangspunkt i Shell-skandalen 2004. Olav Søvik Olsen Veileder: Professor Aasmund Eilifsen Utredning i fordypningsområdet: Økonomisk styring NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Denne utredningen er gjennomført som et ledd i masterstudiet i økonomisk-administrative fag ved Norges Handelshøyskole og godkjent som sådan. Godkjenningen innebærer ikke at høyskolen innestår for de metoder som er anvendt, de resultater som er fremkommet eller de konklusjoner som er trukket i arbeidet. Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver Sammendrag Denne utredningen starter med å presentere oljeselskapet Royal Dutch Shell og deretter tar den for seg Shell sin skandale i 2004 vedrørende rapportering av olje- og gassreserver. Det fokuseres her på hvordan toppledelsen til Shell håndterte situasjonen, samt hvilke rapporteringsregelverk som var gjeldende. Etter dette tar utredningen for seg hvordan rapporteringen av olje- og gassreserver foregår og hvilke rammeverk for rapportering som er det beste i dag. Det kommer frem av denne innsikten at rammeverket til Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) er et av de mest brukte og anerkjente i oljebransjen, og det gis eksempler på hvordan estimering av olje- og gassreserver foregår etter dette rammeverket. Til slutt i oppgaven presenteres det ulike moment som er viktige for en attestasjon/revisjon av et oljeselskaps olje- og gassreserver. Ved utarbeidelsen av disse momentene blir hovedsakelig ulike revisjonsstandarder, samt materiale utarbeidet av SPE benyttet. 2 Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE SAMMENDRAG--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE----------------------------------------------------------------- 3 ILLUSTRASJONER---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 FORKORTELSER------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 1.0 INNLEDNING------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1 VALG AV PROBLEMSTILLING---------------------------------------------------- 7 2.0 SELSKAPET OG LITT HISTORIE---------------------------------------------------- 9 2.1 ROYAL DUTCH SHELL -------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.2 HISTORIE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.2.1 Begynnelsen---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.2.2 En rekke uheldige hendelser--------------------------------------------------- 13 2.2.3 Allikevel et av verdens største og fremste oljeselskap--------------------- 14 3.0 SKANDALEN 2004------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.1 HVA GJORDE LEDELSEN----------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.2 OPPRYDDINGEN STARTER---------------------------------------------------------17 3.2.1 Davis Polk & Wardwell (DP&W)-------------------------------------------- 18 3.2.2 Intern krig------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 3.2.3 Ingen vei tilbake----------------------------------------------------------------- 21 3.2.4 De fire problemområdene------------------------------------------------------ 22 3.2.5 Intern kontroll-------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 3.3 HVILKE REGLER GJALDT?--------------------------------------------------------- 24 3.3.1 Rule 4-10------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 3.3.2 Hvor Shell brøt med Rule 4-10------------------------------------------------ 26 4.0 RAPPORTERING OG REVISJON----------------------------------------------------- 29 4.1 REGLER FOR ESTIMERING AV OLJE- OG GASSRESERVER-------------- 30 4.1.1 Svakheter ved SEC sitt regelverk--------------------------------------------- 30 4.1.2 Oslo Børs sirkulære nr. 2/2007------------------------------------------------ 30 4.1.3 Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)--------------------------------------- 33 4.1.4 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD)------------------------------------ 40 4.2 REVISJON AV OLJERESERVER----------------------------------------------------41 4.2.1 Hva er en revisjon av oljereserver?------------------------------------------- 42 4.2.2 Krav til revisor for olje- og gassreserver------------------------------------- 43 3 Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver 4.2.3 Planlegging-----------------------------------------------------------------------44 4.2.4 Risiko for vesentlige feil------------------------------------------------------- 45 4.2.5 Håndtering av risiko------------------------------------------------------------ 47 4.2.6 Dokumentasjon------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 4.2.7 Eksempel på rapportering av olje- og gassreserver------------------------- 52 4.2.8 Oppsummering samt mulig fremgangsmåte--------------------------------- 53 5.0 AVSLUTNING-------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 KILDER------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 VEDLEGG 1 DEFINISJONER FRA RULE 4-10---------------------------------------- 61 VEDLEGG 2 FORKLARING PÅ TEKNISKE ORD OG UTTRYKK (SPE)------ 65 VEDLEGG 3 REN BERETNING FRA SPE----------------------------------------------- 69 4 Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver ILLUSTRASJONER Figur 2.1 Shells forretningsområder s. 9 Figur 2.2 Sammenlignbare regnskapstall s.10 Figur 2.3 Shells logo gjennom tidene s.14 Figur 4.1 Typisk produksjonsmønster hos oljeproduserende selskaper s.31 Figur 4.2 McKelvey box s.32 Figur 4.3 Vesentlige forskjeller mellom SEC og SPE s.33 Figur 4.4 SPE klassifiseringsrammeverk s.34 Figur 4.5 Confidence factors s.37 Figur 4.6 Portefølje effekt s.38 Figur 4.7 Datamodell for ressursevaluering s.40 Figur 4.8 NPD klassifiseringsrammeverk s.41 Figur 4.9 Estimat som enheten hevdet var riktig s.50 Figur 4.10 Estimat som revisor mente var riktig s.50 Figur 4.11 Utdrag fra Statoils sikre olje- og gassreserver s.52 FORKORTELSER ⇒ SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers ⇒ RRR Ratio of Reserves replacements ⇒ SEC Securities and Exchange Commision ⇒ GAC Group Audit Committee ⇒ O&P Oljeleting & Produksjon ⇒ NPD Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (Oljedirektoratet) ⇒ AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists ⇒ WPC World Petroleum Council ⇒ GRA Group Reserves Auditor 5 Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver 1.0 INNLEDNING Året er nå (i skrivende stund) 2007 og verden har de siste årene vært gjennom mange finansskandaler og konkurser. Eksempler er Enron, Parmalat, WorldCom og her i Norge: Finance Credit og Sponsorservice. 9. januar 2004 smalt det nok en bombe, denne gang i oljeverdenen. Shell kunngjorde da at sine olje- og gassreserver måtte reduseres med 3,9 milliarder fat, noe som betydde en reduksjon av selskapets reserver på ca 20 prosent. Shells aksjekurs falt med rundt 8 prosent over natten. Senere ble det også kjent at ytterligere 1,4 milliarder fat måtte nedskrives 1. Alt dette pluss innrømmelser fra ledelsen om at de har løyet om reservene i flere år gjorde at hodene begynte å rulle. Analytikere og investorer var nå livredde for at dette kun var toppen av isfjellet. Med Enron skandalen friskt i minnet var det de som trodde at Shell ville komme til å bukke under. Kravene om at nye reguleringer innen rapportering av oljereserver og også nye revisjonsstandarder for oljeestimater blusset også kraftig opp etter denne hendelsen. Hvordan oljeselskap estimerer oljereserver har vært et kontroversielt område med svært lite innsyn for utenforstående. Shells fiasko gjorde imidlertid at oljeindustriens lite synlige rapporteringspraksis ble satt i søkelyset 2. Andre olje- og energigiganter som BP og El Paso varslet nye gjennomganger av sine reserver. Senere skal vi også se at oljeselskap som deler det samme oljefeltet rapporterer sine oljereserver som sikre med radikalt forskjellige tall. Det som har vært og fremdeles er det regelverket som de fleste oljeselskaper følger ved rapportering av olje- og gassreserver er utarbeidet av Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Alle oljeselskaper oppført på New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) har rapporteringsplikt etter dette regelverket. Disse reglene ble imidlertid introdusert i 1975 og fokuserer på ”sikre reserver” og hva som skal til for å klassifisere estimater i denne klassen. SEC har riktignok gitt ut en del fortolkningsveiledninger gjennom tidene, men det er den originale versjonen fra 1975 som er gjeldende enda 3. Mange ønsker at SEC regelverket moderniseres, eventuelt nye regelverk utarbeides og også at SEC skal kreve at uavhengige aktører gjennomgår reservene til oljeselskapene for å kunne gi betryggende sikkerhet om at de er korrekte. I nyere tid er det en organisasjon som har kommet et godt 1 Cummins, I. & Beasant,J. : Shell Shock, The secrets and spin of an oil giant, Mainstream Publishing Company (Edinburgh) LTD, 2005. 2 The Economist, 04.03.2004, side 68: Brought to book. 3 Newman, P. & Burk, V. : Presenting the full picture. Oil and gas: reserves measurement and reporting in the 21st century, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2005. 6 Masteroppgave Rapportering og revisjon av olje- og gassreserver stykke på vei innen standarder for estimering av olje- og gassreserver, The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) . Peter J. Newman og Viktor A.
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