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Waste Stock Exchange Management System in Ghana Third Progress Report

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Waste Stock Exchange Management System in Ghana Third Progress Report UNIDO PROJECT: GP/RAF/04/004 SUBCONTRACT NO. 16001212 FOR THE DEFINITION OF WASTE STOCK EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN GHANA THIRD PROGRESS REPORT (REVISED) PREPARED BY MAMSCO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONSORTIUM LTD. P.O. BOX GP. 1938, FAX: +233-21-324488 TEL: +233-21-312401, +233-277522466, E-mail: [email protected] ACCRA. MAY 2009 1.0 INTRODUCTION The first two reports have identified eleven non-hazardous industrial wastes in the coastal belt of Ghana and estimated their quantities respectively. This third progress report, according to the terms of reference for the assignment, covers the disposal methods, and existing recycling and environmental management plans for these wastes. The assignment has been carried out through the administration of appropriately designed questionnaires, one-on-one interviews, data collection and analysis. The major problem in waste management in Ghana is the haphazard and irregular manner in which waste is disposed of. Very few factories recycle all or part of their wastes. The national policy framework and legislation for the management of waste in Ghana include: i) The “National Environment Policy”, 1990, ii) the Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) and iii) the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994, (Act 490). These documents task the District Assemblies to be responsible for the management, treatment and final disposal of all types of waste in their areas of jurisdiction. However, poor planning for waste management, inadequate equipment and operational funds to support waste management activities, inadequate land-fill sites and facilities of waste management operations, inadequate skills and capacity of waste management staff; and negative attitude of the general public towards the environment have rendered the policy and legislative instruments ineffective in all environmental management issues nation wide. The major wastes identified in the first progress report were: i. Plastics, ii. Waste Oil, iii. Sawdust/Wood shavings, iv. Gypsum, v. Dyestuffs, vi. Slaked (hydrated) Lime, vii. Steel Slag, viii. Scrap Metal, ix. Carbon Anodes x. Cocoa Shells, and xi. Wheat Bran (In the case of carbon anodes, the only producer, Volta Aluminium Co. Ltd. is no longer in operation) This report has identified the disposal and recycling methods for these non-hazardous wastes as well as their existing environmental management plans. 1 2.0 PLASTIC WASTE 2.1 Introduction Plastic waste disposal starts from communities, beaches and garbage dumps where plastic products such as sachet water bags, plastic buckets and plates, plastic containers, polythene bags, are discarded and left over to pollute the environment. This study describes the current methods used for recycling plastic wastes, as a means to deal with the environmental pollution caused by improper disposal of used plastic materials. Plastics are by far the most voluminous non-hazardous wastes identified in the coastal belt of Ghana. Sachet water bags, wrapping materials and black polythene carrier bags, all made from flexi-plastic granules, form the principal visible pollution materials along the coastal belt. All the beaches, drains and open areas are littered with these plastic materials. This is mainly due to their non-biodegradable nature and their light weight. 2.2 Disposal of Plastic Waste In Ghanaian communities, waste disposal mainly originates from the household level. Each household carries its waste in bags, buckets, containers, etc. in the mornings and dumps it into waste containers, either in approved or unapproved dumping sites. Plastic waste is mixed with organic household wastes and dumped together. There is no segregation at source to separate plastic waste from other household wastes. Some households leave their wastes in various types of containers at their doorsteps for collection and disposal by metropolitan, municipal or district authorities. Others engage private waste collectors to cart their household wastes from their doorsteps to disposable sites for a fee. In some cases, inefficient waste collection systems, such as the breakdown of waste collection vehicles, leave such wastes at the mercy of wind and rain. Plastics, being light, are often carried away into gutters, and open places in general to pollute the receiving environment. Metropolitan, municipal or district authorities are trying to improve their waste collection systems by placing plastic waste receptacles at vantage points in open places like lorry parks, community markets, garages, etc. for people to dump plastic and other wastes into them. Unfortunately, these receptacles are not sufficient thus allowing people to throw plastic wastes, especially the sachet water bags, on the ground everywhere in public places. In certain situations also, the inability of the authorities to collect the wastes from the receptacles once they are full encourages people to throw their wastes wherever they find convenient. One major problem identified with the indiscriminate littering is ineffective public education. Industries likewise dump their wastes, without segregation, into waste containers placed at vantage points within the factory premises, and later into landfill sites to compete with urban wastes for space. 2.3 Recycling of Plastic Waste There are five (5) major plastic waste recycling companies operating within the Greater Accra Region. These companies recycle plastic wastes ranging from high and low density plastic film materials, mostly sachet water bags and packaging materials. These industries recycle plastic 2 wastes through cleaning and grinding to produce plastic pellets, the basic raw material for the manufacture of plastic materials. All these factories rely on plastic waste collectors for their raw material, and due to ineffective and inadequate collection facilities, they all produce well below their nominal capacities. 2.3.1 Collection of plastic waste Plastic waste recycling industries engage plastic waste collectors who move from place to place to pick up these wastes in carts and jute bags. Along the beaches one usually sees collectors all day collecting plastic “trash” and stuffing them in their containers. When containers of collectors are filled they take them to container depots, sited at convenient spots in town, to sell to plastic recycling agents. According to the collectors and collection agents employed by container depot owners, it takes over fourteen (14) hours a day to make enough money to survive on. The collectors are paid between Gh¢ 0.15 to Gh¢ 0.2 per kilogram of plastic waste, which is unattractive to the collectors. The depot owners who purchase the plastic wastes give guidelines to collectors and agents as to what is “desired”. When such wastes are brought they are weighed and a pre-determined price is paid. Different plastic wastes attract different prices. Hence the price of plastic bucket wastes differs from the price of polythene or sachet water bag wastes which are lighter in weight. The degree of contamination also contributes to the price. The plastic waste is thoroughly inspected before weighing to check unscrupulous collectors who add other materials like stones and metals to increase the weight. When containers at the depot are filled, which takes a couple of months, the content is removed and sold to plastic recycling firms. Individuals living in and around the recycling plants take their small plastic waste collections directly to such plants to sell. 2.3.2 Recycling Processes There are two groups of recycling plants, viz., the small and medium size recycling plants, whose operations are limited to semi-finished products, i.e. preparation of wastes and grinding of the wastes to pellets in readiness for processing to plastic materials, and the large plants whose operations cover complete recycling, from plastic waste to plastic pellets and plastic products. The few large ones, such as Interplast Ltd., buy the semi-finished products from the small and medium size plants to complete the recycling for finished products. However, large firms also buy plastic wastes from collectors and process them from the “raw material” (that is, the plastic waste) to the finished product. Plastic wastes are separated into the type of plastic (e.g. polythene or polypropylene; flexible or rigid) and colour. For example, all polythene bags which are black in colour are grouped together while other coloured polythene bag wastes are also grouped separately. In other words, there is no mixing of the different wastes. The nature of plastic material also determines its mode of processing after cleaning as well as the use to which the processed material is to be put. Generally, rigid polypropylene materials are processed through the use of injection machines. These machines grind the materials into sheets and pellets and the process is carried on by mainly small and medium sized firms, but some large firms also grind the wastes. The production processes, grinding and formation of pellets, recapture about 85% of plastic material while 15% becomes residue in powder form. 3 According to officials of small and medium sized firms, special clay ovens are built for burning the residues. Flexible polythene materials go through almost similar processes of thorough washing many times before being sent through the extruder machines which finally turns the materials into blocks and pellets as the final products. Residues from the recycling process are also burnt in ovens. The table below (Table 2.1) presents the five major plastic recycling plants located
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