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Coding and Modulation for Digital Television Multimedia Systems and Applications Series CODING AND MODULATION FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS SERIES Consulting Editor Borko Furht Florida Atlantic University Recently Published Titles: CELLULAR AUTOMATA TRANSFORMS: Theory and Applications in Multimedia Compression, Encryption, and Modeling, by Olu Lafe ISBN: 0-7923-7857- 1 COMPUTED SYNCHRONIZATION FOR MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS, by Charles B. Owen and Fillia Makedon ISBN: 0-7923-8565-9 STILL IMAGE COMPRESSION ON PARALLEL COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES, by Savitri Bevinakoppa ISBN: 0-7923-8322-2 INTERACTIVE VIDEO-ON-DEMAND SYSTEMS: Resource Management and Scheduling Strategies, by T. P. Jimmy To and Babak Hamidzadeh ISBN: 0-7923-8320-6 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS FOR THE 21st CENTURY: Visions of World Experts, by Borko Furht ISBN: 0-7923-8074-6 INTELLIGENT IMAGE DATABASES: Towards Advanced Image Retrieval, by Yihong Gong ISBN: 0-7923-8015-0 BUFFERING TECHNIQUES FOR DELIVERY OF COMPRESSED VIDEO IN VIDEO-ON-DEMAND SYSTEMS, by Wu-chi Feng ISBN: 0-7923-9998-6 HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION USING THIRD-ORDER SYNTHETIC NEURAL NETWORKS, by Okechukwu A. Uwechue, and Abhijit S. Pandya ISBN: 0-7923-9957-9 MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION SYSTEMS, by Marios C. Angelides and Schahram Dustdar ISBN: 0-7923-9915-3 MOTION ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO COMPRESSION, by Borko Furht, Joshua Greenberg and Raymond Westwater ISBN: 0-7923-9793-2 VIDEO DATA COMPRESSION FOR MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING, edited by Hua Harry Li, Shan Sun, Haluk Derin ISBN: 0-7923-9790-8 REAL-TIME VIDEO COMPRESSION: Techniques and Algorithms, by Raymond Westwater and Borko Furht ISBN: 0-7923-9787-8 MULTIMEDIA DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, by B. Prabhakaran ISBN: 0-7923-9784-3 CODING AND MODULATION FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION by Gordon Drury Garik Markarian Keith Pickavance KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON , DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN 0-306-47036-5 Print ISBN 0-792-37969-1 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents Preface ix 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION 1 1. Television History 1 2. The History of Radio 3 3. Television Standards 5 3.1 Introduction 5 3.2 Colour – NTSC, PAL and SECAM 6 3.3 The MAC Family 7 3.4 W-MAC 8 3.5 HD-MAC 8 3.6 MUSE 8 3.7 Enhanced PAL (E-PAL) 8 3.8 PALPlus 9 3.9 High Definition TV 9 4. Emergence of DTV 11 4.1 Broadcasting 11 4.2 Computing 13 5. The Business of TV 14 5.1 The Infrastructure of Broadcasting 14 5.2 Regulation 15 5.3 Commercial Matters 17 6. Digital Broadcasting Standards 18 6.1 Administration of Technical Standards 18 6.2 European approach – DVB 20 6.3 North America 22 6.4 Japan 24 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL TV BROADCASTING 27 1. Why Digital 27 2. Digital Coding of existing TV signals 29 3. The Compression Process 32 vi CODING AND MODULATION FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION 4. ISO/IEC MPEG-1 and -2 34 5. Beyond MPEG2 – MPEG-4, 7 and 21 37 6. Conditional Access 38 7. Interactive TV 40 8. Modulation and Error Control 42 9. The Future 43 3. MODULATION TECHNIQUES IN DIGITAL TV BROADCASTING 47 1. Principles and Basic Definitions of Digital Modulation 47 2. Phase Shift Keying Modulation Techniques 49 2.1 Definition and Major Parameters 49 2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying 51 2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 51 2.4. Phase Shift Keying With Increased Spectral Efficiency 54 3. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 55 3.1 Definitions and Major Parameters 55 3.2 Methods of Generating and Detecting QAM 59 4. Vestigial Sideband Modulation 61 4.1 Basic Principles 61 4.2 Vestigial Sideband Modulation for ATSC Transmission System 63 5. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 66 5.1 History of OFDM 66 5.2 Basic Principles of OFDM 68 5.3 Spectrum Shaping of the OFDM Signals 71 5.4 Developing OFDM Modems 75 6. Demodulation of the Received Signals 77 6.1 Definition of the Optimum Receiver 77 6.2 Correlation Receiver 78 7. Synchronisation Systems 80 7.1 Introduction 80 7.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimate Criteria for Carrier Recovery Systems 82 7.3 Basic Carrier Recovery System 86 7.4 Enhanced Carrier Recovery System for High-Order QPSK 87 Carrier Recovery System for QPSK 87 Carrier Recovery for 8-PSK Modulation 88 Carrier Recovery for 16-PSK 88 Implementation Consideration 90 7.5 Clock Recovery Systems 91 Squaring Clock Recovery Technique 92 Early-Late Clock Recovery System 92 Zero Crossing Clock Recovery 93 Synchroniser 94 Contents vii 4. ERROR CONTROL CODING IN DIGITAL TV BROADCASTING 95 1. Basic Elements of Error Control Coding 95 2. Block Codes 95 2.1 Introduction 95 Groups 96 Rings 97 2.2 Polynomial Rings 99 Finite Fields 100 Linear Dependence and Independence 101 Subspaces 102 Polynomial Rings 103 2.3 Finite Fields 104 2.4 Polynomial Representation 106 Reducing Polynomials modulo another polynomial 106 3. Linear Block Codes 109 3.1 The Generator Matrix and Parity Check Matrix 111 3.2 Hamming Codes 114 3.3 Decoding Linear Codes 116 Syndrome Decoding 117 4. Cyclic Codes 119 4.1 Matrix Notation of Cyclic Codes 121 4.2 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 123 Syndrome Decoding 123 5. Reed-Solomon Codes 126 5.1 Encoding Reed-Solomon Codes 127 5.2 Reed-Solomon Decoders 127 6. Convolutional Codes 134 6.1 Shift Register Representation 135 6.2 Time Domain Approach 136 6.3 The Generator Matrix 137 6.4 Transform Domain Approach 138 6.5 Polynomial Matrix Representation 138 6.6 The case k > 1 139 6.7 Systematic and Non-Systematic Convolutional Codes 141 6.8 Distance Properties 143 6.9 Graphical Representation 143 Tree Diagram 143 Trellis Diagram 144 6.10 Encoder State Diagram 144 6.11 Decoding of Convolutional Codes 145 6.12 Optimal Decoding 147 6.13 Maximum Likelihood Decoding 148 6.14 Practical Encoders 149 6.15 Catastrophic Encoders 149 6.16 State Diagrams when k > 1 150 7. Viterbi Decoding 150 7.1 Soft Decision Viterbi Decoding 160 viii CODING AND MODULATION FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION 8 . Punctured Convolutional Codes 161 9 . Interleaving and deinterleaving 164 9.1 Block Interleavers 165 9.2 Convolutional Interleavers 166 10. Trellis Coded Modulation 167 11. Pragmatic Trellis Coded Modulation 169 5. EXISTING STANDARDS FOR DIGITAL TV BROADCASTING 171 1. Major DVB Standards 171 1.1 DVB-S Standard 171 1.2 DSNG Standard 176 1.3 DVB-C Standard 182 1.4 DVB-T Standard 184 2. Advanced Television System Committee [ATSC] 189 3. Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting [ISDB-T] 194 4. North American Cable Standard - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications [DOCSIS] 199 6. FUTURE TRENDS IN DIGITAL TELEVISION 203 1. Estimation of system performance 203 2. Modulation Techniques for Future DTV Systems 205 2.1 Mu1ti-Dimensional Modulation Formats 205 2.2 Minimum Shift Keying 208 2.3 Continuous Phase Modulation Schemes 209 2.4 An Alternative Approach 211 3. Soft Output Decoding Techniques 215 3.1 Turbo Codes 216 Turbo Convolutional Codes 216 Turbo Block Codes 221 3.2 Other Iterative Decoding 225 Soft Input Soft Output Convolutional codes 225 Soft Input Soft Output Block Codes 226 References 229 Index 247 Preface For over 50 years analogue TV systems, such as NTSC, PAL and SECAM, have proved to be very rugged and reliable, providing reasonable quality pictures and audio even in severe environments. However, the world’s consumers paid a high price for the diversity of analogue broadcasting standards. The division of the world television services between NTSC, PAL and SECAM built substantial barriers not only between the different continents, but also between countries of the same continent. The latest advances of technology attempt to remove this diversity by provid- ing the transmission of digital television (DTV) signals in the same bandwidth, currently used by the analogue signal. Such a transmission can offer improved quality video and audio reception, with none of the usual impairments seen in analogue transmission, e.g. multi-path, white noise, etc. The main benefit of such developments is the possible addition of extra services that can be offered. There are two major directions for the development of DTV: (i) To deliver an increased number TV programmes of standard definition in the existing bandwidth - the approach taken by Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) in Europe; (ii) Broadcasting of high definition television (HDTV) programmes in the existing bandwidth - the approach taken by American Telecommunications Standard Committee (ATSC) in the United States of America and in Australia. Both standards are based on the use of the MPEG-2 compression algorithm (the second generation source coding algorithm developed by the Moving Pic- tures Expert Group) with the major differences being in the types of error control coding and digital modulation schemes chosen for a particular environ- ment. Furthermore, with the introduction of new DTV systems and services (e.g. interactive TV, video broadcasting in third generation mobile telephones, etc) these differences become more and more apparent. The main aim of this book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive description of all error control coding and digital modulation techniques used x CODING AND MODULATION FOR DIGITAL TELEVISION in the DTV. The book commands a potentially wide audience including both undergraduate and postgraduate students, broadcasting and communication en- gineers, researchers, marketing managers, regulatory bodies, governmental or- ganisations and standardisation institutions of the digital television industry.
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